Controlling light with high spatial precision enables technologies ranging from imaging and sensing to communications.

Traditionally, optical components such as lenses and filters rely on bulk materials and fixed geometries, which limit their ability to adapt dynamically. Metasurfaces offer a fundamentally different approach. These materials consist of planar arrays of subwavelength structures that locally control the phase, amplitude, or polarization of light. In essence, each “pixel” of a metasurface can be engineered to shape light in a prescribed way, enabling flat and compact optical systems.