Hydrogen fuel is seen as vital for decarbonizing the economy, through replacing fossil fuels in the industrial and transportation sectors as well as aiding in the storage of clean energy (Figure 1).

According to the International Energy Agency, since 1975, the demand for hydrogen fuel has tripled, reaching almost 70 million tons in 2018. According to the World Bank, in 2020, the global demand for hydrogen fuel reached 87 million tons and is anticipated to reach 500 to 680 million tons in 2050. Significant disruptions in the oil and gas sector due to the Russia–Ukraine war have further propelled the need for energy security in the global economy, mainly in Europe.