Since the commercialization of smartphones and wearable electronic devices, we are surrounded with various display applications in our daily lives. According to a healthcare survey,¹ the average daily screen time in the United States has increased from about 8.4 hours in 2018 to roughly 10 hours in 2019, and it is expected to exceed 13.5 hours in 2020. (This anticipated time is probably further increased due to the impacts of the COVID–19 pandemic.)

In recent years, emerging display applications started filtering onto the market as well, such as near-eye displays for virtual reality and augmented reality and head-up displays in automotive applications. But are current display technologies allowing these novel devices to reach their full potential?