The estimated United States energy usage report conducted annually by Lawrence Livermore National Lab indicated that in 2017, nearly 67 percent of energy was wasted, primarily in the form of heat.¹

Regulating and recycling this excess heat would enable breakthroughs in energy conversion systems, heating and refrigeration, manufacturing and materials processing, data storage, and electronics thermal management. The current toolbox used by engineers to manage heat flow, however, is highly limited.