AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology Additive Manufacturing APRIL 2014 Patent basics for ceramics and glass History of high-alumina electrical insulators • MCARE and SCPD meeting highlights • Previews: GOMD, Biomedical Materials, Electrospinning • Corning Incorporated Corning is the world leader in specialty glass and ceramics. Drawing on more than 160 years of materials science and process engineering knowledge, Corning invents, manufactures, and sells keystone components that enable high-technology systems for consumer electronics, mobile emissions control, optical communications, and life sciences. Learn more at corning.com © 2014 Corning Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. CORNING contents feature articles April 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 3 Additive manufacturing―Turning manufacturing inside out. Peter Wray 17 No longer a laboratory or hobbyist curiosity, additive manufacturing techniques open doorways to entirely new ways of thinking about component design and drive a $2 billion plus industry. Industry embraces ceramic additive manufacturing-Layer by layer ... 24 Peter Wray Enthusiasm tempered by reality describes the current and future states of additive manufacturing of ceramic materials. Patent law fundamentals for innovators in the ceramic and glass industry. . Steve Ritchey 28 Part one of a two-part series presents the importance of patents to companies and the requirements that must be met before patents are granted. of high-voltage insulators. Alumina-enriched porcelain: Fifty years in the production 33 Johannes Liebermann talks about the progress and trends of porcelain high-voltage insulators. Martin Hartmann (translated by Arndt Spindler) cover story Additive manufacturing―Turning manufacturing inside out (Credit: Montoya, Sandia National Laboratory) - page 17 ALL Book review-\'Thriving in the 21st Century Economy: Transformational Skills for Technical Professionals\'. Oh-Hun Kwon 42 Globalization and digitization require STEM professionals to develop skills for all points along the innovation chain. meetings DGG-ACerS GOMD 2014 www 36 Conference information 36 Technical program 37 Innovations in Biomedical Materials: Focus on Ceramics . 38 Technical program 38 39 Hotel information. 3rd International Conference on Electrospinning Conference information Meeting Highlights: MCARE and Structural Clay Products Division 40 40 41 RIGHTS RESERVED PATENTED ALL RIGHTS RESERVED feature article Patent law fundamentals for innovators in the ceramic and glass industry - page 28 wwwwww m American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org research briefs 3D laser-engraved glass that mimics nacre is 200 times stronger (Credit: McGill U.) - page 14 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Associate Editor Jessica McMathis, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Andrew Gyekenyesi, Chair, Ohio Aerospace Institute Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Megan Bricker, Dir. Marketing & Membership Services mbricker@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Dir. Technical Publications & Meetings mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers David Green, President Kathleen Richardson, President-elect Richard Brow, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org contents April 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 3 departments News & Trends • Midwest lands new innovation hubs built to boost advanced manufacturing • Greater gender equity, integration could spur greater productivity, innovation • US backs $6.5-billion loan guarantee for first nuclear facilities in 30 years • • Spending declines at federal R&D centers • DOE announces $3 million for geothermal energy R&D, rare-earth element supply Canada makes $1.5-billion investment in research funding • World\'s tallest building-to-be faces construction challenges Acers Spotlight • Nominations open for GOMD Coopers Scholars Award Southwest Section to hold June meeting Singh to receive Michigan/Northwest Ohio Section Award Connect to the future: Outreach kits make materials science accessible to students • AACS: Banner year in 2013 begets even bigger things in 2014 Advances in Nanomaterials .. • Silica nanoparticle adhesives for hydrogels and tissues Ceramics in Energy. . • New nanogenerator shows promise for self-powered electronics Perovskite structure photovoltaics key to new solar-cell production • Self-cleaning coating solves solar\'s soiling problems Research Briefs • 3D laser-engraved glass that mimics nacre is 200 times stronger 3 11 12 14 • Ceramic-polymer composite microstructures built using 3D laser lithography • A new path to the synthesis of monomodal mesoporous metal oxides Ceramics in Biomedicine 16 • Biomedical nanoelectronics get a boost from alumina-protected silicon nanowires Silica-encased silver nanorattles may improve implants columns Deciphering the Discipline.. Theron Rodgers Working between disciplines resources New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 48 3777 43 44 45 47 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2014. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 93, No. 3, pp 1-48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 news & trends Midwest lands new innovation hubs built to boost advanced manufacturing A recent $280-million investment in two new innovation institutes cements a renewed commitment to advanced manufacturing in the United States. The investment added to already increased manufacturing production and jobs, which have increased by 622,000 since early 2010. Two new manufacturing innovation institutes will advance manufacturing, strengthen national security, and create highquality jobs in the US. The Obama Administration announced in late February the creation of new manufacturing innovation institutes, headquartered in Detroit and Chicago, that will bring the public and private sectors together to advance US manufacturing, strengthen national security, and create high-quality jobs. Led by the Department of Defense and representing a $140-million federal commitment and $140-million match from nonfederal sources, the two new regional hubs will bring together academia, industry, and government to encourage continued investment and advancement in innovative technologies that strengthen the US as a world leader in manufacturing. The first is the Lightweight and Modern Metals Manufacturing Innovation (LM3I) Institute, which will be headquartered in Detroit and led by Edison Welding Institute (Columbus, Ohio), according to a White House press release. LM3I is a 60-member consortium of manufacturers and researchers that seeks to expand the market for high-performance metals and alloys. The second is the Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation (DMDI) Institute, which will be headquartered in Chicago and led by University of Illinois Labs, also according to the press release. DMDI is a 73-member consortium of companies, nonprofits, and researchers that seeks to develop enhanced digital capabilities through design and testing of new marketable digital products. In heralding the creation of the two hubs, Obama also announced a competition to provide $70 million for a Department of Energy-sponsored manufacturing institute devoted to advanced composites and the development of \"lowcost, high-speed, and energy-efficient manufacturing and recycling processes.\" The administration plans to launch a total of four institutes in 2014. Greater gender equity, integration could spur greater productivity, innovation New research from Pennsylvania State University\'s School of Business suggests that when it comes to the workplace, the expertise of women working in science and engineering (S&E) fields is often underutilized. In her research “By Whom and When is Women\'s Expertise American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: N. Yeary; Flickr Creative Commons License.) Recognized? The Interactive Effects of Gender and Education in Science and Engineering Teams,\" associate professor Aparna Joshi found that such underutilization often led to less-than-optimal productivity and innovation. \"The rationale for fostering greater gender equity and integration goes beyond ensuring equal employment opportunity for men and women to accelerating scientific productivity and innovation within teams,\" Joshi writes in her paper in Administrative Science Quarterly. “In order to fully utilize diverse expertise and maximize productivity and innovation in teams, it is vital to enhance gender diversity within teams and across the disciplines in which these teams are embedded.\" Although statistics from the National Science Foundation show that women in S&E occupations or those with S&E degrees have doubled over the past two decades, they \"remain underrepresented in the S&E workforce, although to a lesser degree than in the past.\" They also have not broken through the glass ceiling when it comes to corporate roles, faculty positions, and salaries. New research from Pennsylvania State University suggests that further gender integration in science and engineering could lead to further productivity and innovation. 3 Paxon Reyes; Flickr Creative Commons License.) news & trends (Credit: NRC; Wikimedia Creative Commons License.) Joshi\'s data shows there is a \"disconnect\" in male and female team members\' ability to perceive expertise. Even when recognized, women\'s expertise is perceived as less regardless of the degrees earned. US backs $6.5-billion loan guarantee for first nuclear facilities in 30 years A multibillion-dollar investment from the federal government has brightened the outlook for nuclear energy development in the United States. According to a recent Department of Energy press release, two new nuclear power facilities—the first to be built in three decades—will be constructed at the Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant in Georgia, where two nuclear reactor units already reside. In announcing the backing of $6.5 billion in loan guarantees to Oglethorpe Power and Southern Company, US Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz said, \"The construction of new 4 Business news Corning Gorilla Glass to be used in SnapCab Elevator Interior Systems (www.corning.com)...Kyocera solar modules independently tested show excellent performance after 10 years of operation at Europe\'s largest solar research institute (www.kyocera. com)...Morgan Advanced Materials announces range of precision glass tubing and rods for electronics, telecommunications, and aerospace (www.morganadvancedmaterials.com)...Fritsch Milling and Sizing opens second subsidiary in China (www.fritsch-milling. com)... CoorsTek announces opening of new ceramic proppants manufacturing plant (www.coorstek.com)...PPG earns DOE funding to develop dynamically responsive IR window coating (www. ppg.com)...Kyocera begins operations at its first manufacturing facility in India (www.kyocera.com)...GrafTech reports Two new nuclear reactors will be constructed at the Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant in Georgia. nuclear power facilities like this one— which will provide carbon-free electricity to well over a million American energy consumers—is not only a major milestone in the Administration\'s com mitment to jumpstart the US nuclear power industry, it is also an important part of our all-of-the-above approach to losses for fourth quarter, full year (www. graftech.com)... NCDMM selects ATK as its partner for phase 2 of Air Force Research Laboratory project (www. atk.com)...Built-to-last Surmet reflects aspiration for advanced manufacturing to generate growth (www.surmet.com)... Acacia subsidiary partners with a leading research institute on patents relating to ceramics and associated manufacturing processes for medical devices (www. acaciaresearch.com)...Ceram Tec technical ceramics on a space exploration mission (www.ceramtec.com)... Centorr Vacuum Industries celebrates its 60th year in business in the vacuum furnace industry (www.vacuum-furnaces. com)...New VeroGlaze dental material for Stratasys 3D printers delivers color and details of natural teeth (www.stratasys.com) American energy as we move toward a low-carbon energy future.\" The DOE projects that construction of the plant\'s two 1,100-MW Westinghouse AP1000 advanced nuclear reactors, which are expected to provide power to 1.5 million American homes, is likely to create 3,500 jobs and an additional 800 permanent jobs once complete. Spending declines at federal R&D centers A new survey from the National Science Foundation found that the United States\' 39 federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs) are tightening their wallets and spending less. According to an NSF press release, FFRDCs, which are financed almost entirely by the government, invested $17.4 billion in R&D in 2012. That figure was $17.8 billion in 2011, which reflected an increase in R&D expenditures because of the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. All together, federal funding accounted for 97.5% of total FFRDC spending in 2012. Some of these R&D entities receive funds from nonfederal sources, though these sources (businesses, nonprofits, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 (Credit: NREL.) and mineral industries, the Department is working to expand the geographic diversity of clean, renewable geothermal energy beyond the traditional western region of the US.\" The announcement comes at a time when the call for clean energy sources, including footprint-reducing geothermal sources, is up, and US production and consumption of rare-earth elements are down. Advancements in the use of raw materials in everything from batteries to electronics to energy-producing Spending at the US\'s federally funded research and development centers, which include the National Renewable Energy Laboratory pictured above, declined in 2012. and state and local governments among them) account for only 2.5% or $440 million of total expenditures. The work represented by the centers is split among basic research (35.2%), applied research (30.7%), and development (34.1%). According to projections from the US Congressional Budget Office and reports from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, discretionary spending is expected to decrease to 5.2% in 2024. DOE announces $3 million for geothermal energy R&D, rareearth element supply The Department of Energy announced in February that it would fund $3 million for research and development of low-to-moderate-temperature geothermal resources in the United States as well as to support domestic supply of \"critical materials,\" in particular, lithium and rare-earth elements. According to a DOE press release, \"By partnering with the geothermal (Credit: USDA.) Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. • Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\"kiln for your specific needs • Robust, industrial design and construction • After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com Rare-earth elements, like these oxides, got a boost from the US Department of Energy\'s recent funding announcement. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 5 6 news & trends (Credit: Eager; Flickr Creative Commons License.) wind turbines have increased demand for rare-earth elements and lithium. Forecasts for the market—particularly the global lithium market, where demand for lithium batteries alone is expected to top 250,000 tons by 2017 project tremendous growth. Canada makes $1.5-billion investment in research funding Canada\'s new budget includes a $1.5-billion economic shot-in-the-arm for university research funding over the next 10 years. Starting with a $50-million investment in 2015–2016, the Canadian government hopes the new Canada First Research Excellence Fund will inspire a new generation of researchers—and demonstrate a long-term, ongoing commitment to innovation. \"This is a pivotal moment for research excellence and innovation in Canada,\" David Barnard, president of the University of Manitoba and chair of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada (AUCC), says in a press release. \"The establishment of an ambitious new research excellence fund, coupled with the commitment of enhanced funding in discovery research through the federal granting councils, represent a catalytic investment.\' \" Although the plan is, as Barnard says, \"ambitious,\" it is a welcome Canada has made a big commitment to university research funding over the next decade with the Canada First Research Excellence Fund. Pasteur, Flickr Creative Commons License.) acknowledgement of the contributions of university research to Canada\'s economy. According to the AUCC, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research will receive $37 million more for advanced research annually and, on an ongoing basis, $9 million for indirect expenses. World\'s tallest building-to-be faces construction challenges Gizmodo reports that construction has begun on the world\'s tallest and first kilometer-high building-to-bethe Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. tower, The $1.23-billion \"sky-higher\" is a proposed 200-floor, 3,280-foot-tall tower of concrete, glass, and steel. Developers are faced with many challenges—including wind loads, rigidity, and vertical transportation as well as one colossal concrete problem: How, exactly, do you pump the wet composite more than a half a mile into the sky? Given the more than half-million cubic meters of concrete and some 80,000 tons of steel required to complete the building project, engineers at Advanced Construction Technology Services (ACTS; Beirut, Lebanon) have been tasked with testing the materials that will shape the skyscraper. The team faces challenges, the first of which is building a strong foundation. The future Kingdom Tower sits just along the Red Sea and, as a result, requires a 200-foot-deep foundation built from high-performance concrete to stand up to salty waters. Another challenge is that once the foundation is firm, ACTS engineers must determine how to pump more than a million tons of wet concrete vertically through a six-inch, pressurized tube. \"There might be constraints for Crews working on the proposed kilometer-high Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (artist rendering above) face a number of construction challenges. the structural engineering—we do not know many things,\" said Sang Dae Kim, chairman of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in a recent Construction Week Online article. \"When you go up to one or two kilometers, we do not have much information surrounding the conditions.\" reach your audience with ceramicSOURCE update your listing ceramicsource.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 acers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org or visit ACerS special Corporate Member web page, ceramics.org/corporate. ADAMANT Adamant Co. Ltd. Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan www.adamant.jp/en/index.html ALLIED MINERAL PRODUCTS Allied Mineral Products Inc. Columbus, Ohio, USA www.alliedmineral.com Nominations open for GOMD Cooper Scholars Award The Glass & Optical Materials Division (GOMD) invites nominations for the Cooper Scholars Award, which recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research or project work in glass science or technology. Nominations due May 15, 2014 are open to students from any country, and membership in The American Ceramic Society, Glass & Optical Materials Division, or Material Advantage is not required. The winner ROBOCASTING 3-D Printing of Ceramics LATTICES filtration ⚫ catalyst supports static mixers Fraunhofer IKTS Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS Dresden, Saxony, Germany www.ikts.fraunhofer.de/en.html GFS CHEMICALS GFS Chemicals Inc. Columbus, Ohio, USA www.gfschemicals.com SILICO & CHEMICO PORCELAIN WORKS LABWARE • TGA/DTA • crucibles • custom 30+ materials Silico & Chemico Porcelain Works Khurja, Uttar Pradesh, India www.laboratoryporcelains.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | building millions of complex parts with 3-D printing since 2007 www.robocasting.net acers spotlight will present a lecture during the GOMD Cooper Session at MS&T\'14, Oct. 12-16 in Pittsburgh, Pa., and will receive an award plaque and check for $500. For more information, contact GOMD chair Shibin Jiang at sjiang@ advaluephotonics.com, Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org, or visit ceramics. org/awards. ACerS staff goes to school for Science Night UPE STA Cherrington Elementary School (Westerville, Ohio) recently hosted Westerville Science Night, a program designed to demonstrate the importance of science in our society to K-12 students, parents, and teachers. ACerS was among 10 other organizations— including NASA, Dawes Arboretum, Scott Courts, and Battelle—in attendance. Staff members Greg Geiger, Megan Bricker, and Tricia Freshour were able to showcase cool ceramic and glass items including space tile, armor, and bones while fielding questions from participants. For more photos from the evening, visit ceramics.org/ceramictech-today. Southwest Section to hold June meeting Mark your calendars for the 2014 meeting of the Southwest Section of The American Ceramic Society, June 11-13, at the Omni Colonnade, San Antonio, Texas. The program will include industry plant trips and tech(Credit: ACerS..) Realignment of responsibilities reveals new vision for education, student groups Sabolsky By Edward M. Sabolsky 2013-2014 Ceramic Education Council President With the introduction of the Education Integration Committee (EIC) last year, some of the traditional duties of ACerS\' various educational and student groups were realigned to better fit their intended objectives. For example, in the past, one of the prime responsibilities of the Ceramic Education Council (CEC) had been to organize the undergraduate and graduate speaking and poster contests at the Annual Meeting. In handing these responsibilities over to the Student Activities Committee (SAC), the council was left with a void in purpose. As a result, CEC officers spent a significant amount of time in 2013 developing a vision for the future. Under the leadership of 2012-2013 CEC president Kristen Brosnan, the council defined a plan to return to its roots and assist students in better understanding the current and future needs of the ceramics industry. Given the continuous transformation of the materials area where the line between ceramics, metals, polymers, and biological materials are blurred―students are often confused about their future career paths in industry. They are provided opportunities to participate in internships or co-op positions through their universities, but these offerings limit the students to a very narrow view of the entire spectrum of materials careers. The CEC decided that the best way to help educate students was to provide them opportunities for direct contact with industry, so they initiated new programs that provide students access to professionals in academia, national laboratories, and industry. One such program was the career roundtable event at PACRIM 2013, organized with the assistance of PCSA, which provided an informal environment for student groups to meet with various professionals in nine different ceramics or materials fields every 15 minutes. The event was a success with more than 45 students in attendance. Another initiative, “Lunch with Industry,\" provided students with a link to industry and national lab volunteers through a shared lunch hour at MS&T\'13 and ICACC\'14. The volunteers freely shared their respective career experiences with the students, who offered overwhelmingly positive feedback. “I was very pleased that I met a person with such a vast insight within the ceramics industry,\" said one student. “It really opened my ideas to what I can do after finishing my PhD.\" A second student indicated, \"It was really interesting to have a point of view of what\'s going on inside a company. And it was a good experience to hear what all of them went through along their career.\" Overall, each student that provided feedback felt the program should continue or even expand. The CEC is grateful to the academic, industry, and national lab volunteers who made these programs possible (and meaningful) for the students, and it is our hope that others from the Society will consider participating in future events. If you are interested in being a part of a similar event at a future ACerS meeting, please send me an email at ed.sabolsky@mail.wvu.edu. These are just a few examples of the new direction of the CEC. We look forward to advancing our vision to foster student-industry relationships and assist students in defining their future career paths. We welcome any feedback from the Society\'s membership on our new initiatives as well as any suggestions for other programs that may further student connection to the global ceramics community. 8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 nical papers as well as opportunities for suppliers to display their technology. Additionally, an interesting and interactive program for younger attendees will be available. Registration information, along with a detailed program, will be available by April 15 at ceramics.org. Singh to receive Michigan/Northwest Ohio Section Award Mrityunjay Singh, chief scientist at the Ohio Aerospace Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, and Fellow, director, and presidentelect-nominee of the Board of ACerS, will receive the Michigan/Northwest Ohio Section of The American Ceramic Society\'s Toledo Glass and Ceramic Award. The award recognizes distinguished scientific, technical, or engineering achievements in glass and ceramics. Singh is being honored for his contributions and leadership in the field of science, engineering, and applications of advanced ceramics and composite materials and technologies. Singh Presentation of the award will take place on April 17, 2014, at the Toledo Club, Toledo, Ohio. A social hour with cash bar begins at 6 p.m., and the dinner and award presentation, which will include Singh\'s remarks on “Human Space Exploration: Risks and Challenges,” will follow at 7 p.m. For more information or to make a reservation, contact Janet Bailey at jebailey@wowway.com or 248-348-6585 or Fred Stover at fstover@accesstoledo.com by April 14. PCSA accepting applications for 2014-2015 class The President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) is looking for dedicated and motivated undergraduate and graduate students who are eager to help promote ceramics and participation in The American Ceramic Society. Interested students should visit ceramics.org/pcsa and click on the \"Apply for PCSA\" link to complete an application by the April 15, 2014, deadline. Composed of ceramic-focused students, PCSA is ACerS\' student-led committee that seeks to engage students as active and long-term leaders in the ceramics community as well as to increase participation in ACerS at the local, national, and international levels. Connect to the future: Outreach kits make materials science accessible to students Do you participate in STEM outreach activities? If so, be sure to check out the new materials science and engineering outreach kits developed by ACerS\'s President\'s Council of Student Advisors. These new resources—along with the 13 comprehensive and interactive lessons available online at no charge-are designed for teaching a broad range of MSE concepts to stuAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org dents grades 7 through 12. Ten of these lessons are grouped into two different kits and include most of the materials necessary for classroom implementation. They are available for purchase online for $80 per kit. Corporate and industry representatives: These kits offer a unique opportunity to promote materials science in your area and connect students with the ceramics industry. For $100 your company can purchase a kit with a prominently placed label recognizing your company as the donor. Simply provide the name of the school to which you would like to donate a kit, and ACers will send it directly to the school on your behalf. For more information, including free downloadable versions of the lessons, sponsorship details, and pricing information, visit ceramics.org/pcsasciencekits. CERAMIC TECH TODAY Nacre, nonflammable paper, and ninja rocks are just a few of the stories we covered at ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday. Daily updates on breaking news and more, including: - Self-cleaning solar coatings - Manufacturing innovation hubs Termite robots Rumors surrounding Apple\'s sapphire screens www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. Over 40 years of service and reliability I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 9 acers spotlight AACS: Banner year in 2013 begets even bigger things in 2014 Walton Gates By Marc Walton, AACS Division chair, and Glenn Gates, AACS Division vice-chair The Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division (AACS) had a very busy year in 2013— updating the Division rules established in the 1950s, developing a dynamic website, and adding our first-ever treasurer. We also were able to organize a wellreceived workshop at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Cantor Center for the Visual Arts at Stanford University. Held in collaboration with the Basic Science Division, the workshop, entitled \"Using X-rays to Analyze Cultural Heritage,\" gave participants an opportunity to learn about solving artwork problems with synchrotrons. AACS capped off 2013 by holding a business meeting—our first—at MS&T\'13 in Montreal, where we discussed many great ideas for future Division activities. It was a productive year, but we\'re not done, and we enter 2014 full speed ahead. At MS&T\'14, there will be a symposium dedicated to the interface of art, science, and engineering—the first of its kind-titled “Understanding the Engineering Design of Art Objects and Cultural Heritage.\" Also, planning is well underway for our second workshop, which will be held in conjunction with the GOMD Annual Meeting in Miami, Fla., in May 2015. Although 2013 was a banner year for our Division-which grew from 55 members to 111 members-our future depends on your continued participation and that of your colleagues. If your membership has expired or is about to expire, please take a moment now to renew your AACS membership for the coming year. If you became a member through the free membership offered in 2013, consider renewing for 2014. Dues are only $10 per year. The Division\'s main strength lies in its existence at the intersection of art, culture, and science—and, as a result, can relate these disciplines to the general public with a multitude of perspectives. Our goal is to attract individuals like you who value such connections. To renew your AACS membership or to join, contact Customer Service at customerservice@ceramics.org or by calling 866-721-3322 (US) or 240-6467054 (outside the US). I Order Your Materials Science Kits Today! www.ceramics.org/pcsasciencekits The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org President\'s Council of Student Advisors 10 ACerS\' PCSA presents materials science teaching kits Materials science demonstration and laboratory kits give 7th to 12th grade students an introduction to the basic classes of materials. Order your kits today! www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 advances in nanomaterials Silica nanoparticle adhesives for hydrogels and tissues French researchers at École Supérieure of Industrial Physics and Chemistry of the City of Paris (ESPCI ParisTech) and Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) have devised an adhesive for gellike materials that performs where polymers cannot. The researchers recently reported in Nature a simple and inexpensive method of using commercial silica nanoparticles as an adhesive for gels and even biological tissues. The scientists glued together two pieces of poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) gel by simply adsorbing a solution containing silica nanoparticles to one gel surface and then sticking the two pieces together. The glued PDMA could withstand significant deformation without breakage, and the nanoparticle glue was water-resistant and self-repairing. With hopes of biological applications, they showed that it also was possible to glue together two cut pieces of calf liver tissue. The trick, the authors found, was to match the size of the nanoparticles to the gel network mesh size. The polymer chains within the gel pieces adsorb on the surfaces of the nanoparticles, providing a strong bond between two cut pieces. Because so many chains adsorb onto the nanoparticle surface, the material can support deformation through energy dissipation, rather than chain breakage, when the pieces are stretched apart. Because the size of the nanoparticles and their interaction with the gel network influence adhesion, silica nanoparticles could be tuned to specific applications and materials just by adjusting the particle size and surface chemistry. The French team\'s findings pave new avenues for adhesives. As stated in the press release, “This discovery opens up new applications and areas of research, particularly in the medical and veterinary fields and especially in surgery and regenerative medicine. It may, for example, be possible to use this method to glue together skin or organs having undergone an incision or a deep lesion. This method could moreover be of interest to the food processing and cosmetics industries as well as to manufacturers of prostheses and medical devices (bandages, patches, hydrogels, etc.).\" The paper is \"Nanoparticle solutions as adhesives for gels and biological tissues\" (DOI: 10.1038/nature12806). ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac French scientists have devised an adhesive from silica nanoparticles that can glue together gellike materials and resist deformation. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: CNRS Photothèque/ESPCI/MMC-Marcellan Alba.) HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING GASBARRE 回銷回 PRESS GROUP 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com 11 12 ceramics in energy New nanogenerator shows promise for self-powered electronics Scientists recently have devised a nanogenerator that can power a smartphone battery even when away from a charger. \"We believe this development could be a new solution for creating selfcharged personal electronics,\" Xudong Wang, senior author of the study and professor of materials science and engineering at the University of WisconsinMadison, says in a press release. The mesoporous piezoelectric nanogenerator developed by Wang, along with his PhD student Yanchao Mao and a team from Sun Yat-sen University (China) and the University of Minnesota Duluth, harvests and converts vibration energy from a surface, such as the passenger seat of a car, to electrical power. According to the press release, \"Rather than relying on a strain or an electrical field, the researchers incorporated zinc oxide nanoparticles into a PVDF thin film to trigger formation of the piezoelectric phase that enables it to harvest vibration energy. Then, they etched the nanoparticles off the film; the resulting interconnected porescalled \'mesopores\' because of their size cause the otherwise stiff material to behave somewhat like a sponge.\" That sponginess is cardinal, the researchers say, to harnessing vibration energy to power a device. They were able to apply the soft, flexible, mesoporous polymer film seamlessly to flat, rough, or curvy surfaces, including some of the flattest, roughest, and curviest surfaces known to man—human skin. When applied to a cell phone, however, the film \"uses the phone\'s own weight to enhance its displacement and amplify its electrical output,\" states the press release. The release also indicates that if the nanogenerator were to be incorporated in an electronic device, it could cull enough energy to power the device on its own. Additionally, because of the simplicity of the device\'s design and Researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a device that could be key to creating self-powered electronics. manufacture, Wang predicts potential applications on a much larger scale. says \"We can create tunable mechanical properties in the film,” he in the release. \"And also important is the design of the device. Because we can realize this structure, phone-powering cases or self-powered sensor systems might become possible.\" The paper, published in Advanced Energy Materials, is \"Sponge-like piezoelectric polymer films for scalable and integratable nanogenerators and selfpowered electronic systems\" (DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201301624). Perovskite structure photovoltaics key to new solar-cell production Engineers at the University of California, Los Angeles have discovered an innovative process that uses photovoltaic materials in the production of \"highly efficient\" solar cells. These \"perovskite\" materials are not made of the mineral of the same name, but mirror its crystalline structure to turn light into electricity. The research team, led by engineering professor Yang Yang, was able to create perovskite crystals of various compositions-organic (methyl ammonium halide) and inorganic (lead halide) into \"a thin film sandwiched between two electrodes.\" The result was a \"vapor-assisted\" solar-cell production process far more efficient and costeffective than those currently available. According to a UCLA press release, this process involves \"coating a substrate with the inorganic component and then treating it in a steam bath of organic molecules at about 150 degrees Celsius. The organic material infiltrates the inorganic matter and forms a compact perovskite film that is significantly more uniform than the films produced by the wet technique.” In testing, the scientists were able to fabricate solar cells with a power conversion rate exceeding 12%, which www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 (Credit: X. Wang, UW-M.) ICLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science.) UCLA postdoctoral researcher Huanping Zhou (pictured) helped develop a new process that uses perovskite materials to produce \"highly efficient\" solar cells. promis comparable to amorphous silicon cells, and are working to further improve performance. They also note that the labproduced cells, about the size of a postage stamp, show ise in terms of large-scale commercial applications. \"Perovskite cells are one of today\'s most promising solar technologies,\" says Yang. “Over the last year, the gains of perovskite solar cells in efficiency of converting sunlight to electricity far outpace the incremental gains of other solar materials.\" The paper, published in the Journal of The American Chemical Society, is \"Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells via vapor-assisted solution process\" (DOI: 10.1021/ ja411509g). Self-cleaning coating solves solar\'s soiling problems Dust and sand that tends to settle on the mirror or photovoltaic surfaces of solar reflectors can reduce reflectivity by up to 50% in two weeks. But these sun-blocking contaminates are no longer a problem, thanks to a “low-cost superhydrophobic\" coating developed by researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. According to the ORNL website, the lab is producing a more energy- and cost-efficient coating that repels water, viscous liquids, and most solid particles. Current manual methods use detergents and deionized water to clean solarcell surfaces, but the new coating lets Mother Nature, by way of wind and rain, do the work. Unlike other solutions to the soiling problem, ORNL\'s coatings no more than a few hundred nanometers thickare achieved with typical painting and spraying methods that mix organics and particles, so they are relatively low-cost. The development, by ORNL\'s Energy and Transportation Science Division, is sponsored by the Department of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org ORNL researchers have developed a new coating that helps solve soiling problems for solar panels. Energy\'s Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy SunShot Concentrating Solar Power Program. Further exposure and field testing, including utilizing the team\'s \"superhydrophobicity expertise to develop anti-soiling cool roof coatings as well as anti-icing and anti-condensation coatings for air conditioning and evaporative cooling applications,\" should begin in 2014. NEW! W Zirconia ◆ Sapphire Alumina Fused Quartz Crucibles ◆ Furnace Tubes Thermocouple Insulators Rods Plates & Disks ◆ Quartz Cuvettes Alumina & Sapphire Sample Pans for Thermal Analysis Custom Components ADVALUE TECHNOLOGY 3470 S. Dodge Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85713 Tel: 520-514-1100 Fax: 520-747-4024 sales@advaluetech.com ♦ www.advaluetech.com A AdValue Technology 24-hour Shipment of Many In-stock Standard Sizes Custom Fabrication for Special Requests 13 (Credit: ORNL.) Oresearch briefs 3D laser-engraved glass that mimics nacre is 200 times stronger Nacre is the shiny iridescent inside layer of seashells, and it makes shells strong and durable. It is composed of a form of calcium carbonate called aragonite that is arranged in repetitive nanoscale bricklike structures. Those brick provide structure and stability, and they are separated by layers of elastic biopolymer that give the nacre flexibility and durability. A new paper published in Nature Communications describes how nacre\'s structure inspired a group of scientists from McGill University (Canada) to toughen up glass in a similar way. The real secret behind the strength of nacre\'s microstructure is its weaknesses. In nature, brittle materials that are nonetheless tough-including nacre and teeth-have stiff architectural building blocks with weak interfaces. The authors write in the paper, \"The ability to guide and deflect cracks is fundamental to the performance of these materials, and it is only possible if the interfaces are weaker than the building blocks themselves.\" The scientists mimicked those building blocks by introducing tiny prescribed cracks into glass, \"the archetype of a brittle material,\" using 3D laser engraving with a UV laser to inscribe controlled microcrack structures in borosilicate glass slides. The scientists engineered microcrack designs that prevented crack propagation by making it more difficult for the glass to break. They created sets of squiggly lines that increased the 14 strength of the glass to 100 times more than that of intact glass. They went even further to increase the strength another two-fold-200 times stronger than intact glass—by infiltrating the glass with polyurethane for cohesive strength during bending. \"What we know now is that we can toughen glass, or other materials, by using patterns of microcracks to guide larger cracks and, in the process, absorb the energy from an impact,\" says Francois Barthelat, senior author and McGill biomedical engeering professor, in the press release. \"We chose to work with glass because we wanted to work with the archetypal brittle material. But we plan to go on to work with ceramics and polymers in [the] future. Observing the natural world can clearly lead to improved manmade designs.\" Barthelat confirmed in an email that his team is \"currently experimenting with ceramics.\" The paper is \"Overcoming the brittleness of glass through bio-inspiration and micro-architecture\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4166). wwwww www wwwwwww wwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwww Undulating microcracks can strengthen glass, similarly to how nacre\'s microstructure strengthens seashells. (Credit: McGill U.) Ceramic-polymer composite microstructures built using 3D laser lithography Scientists are looking to bone for inspiration of how to enhance the strength-to-weight ratio of materials. A group at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany reports a method for building porous materials that mimic trabecular or cancellous bone using 3D printing techniques. Published in the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science, the study used 3D direct laser writing, or 3D laser lithography, to fabricate nanoscale microstructures from alumina-polymer composites. Lead author Jens Bauer describes in an email the problems engineers face in building strong but lightweight materials: \"The strength is often limited by defects there are no solid materials that are significantly lighter than liquid water, but designing materials as cellular generally weakens them compared to bulk materials. We showed that applying microarchitecture can overcome those problems.\" Bauer explained that synthetic cellular materials are weak because they are comprised of random structures. Natural materials are strong because they contain an organized hierarchy consisting of nanoscaled building blocks. \"Because the size of the building blocks is that small, the material is much more flaw tolerant and, therefore, has a higher strength,\" Bauer says in the email. The scientists created various microstructure designs using 3D laser lithography, which precisely controlled local polymerization of a photoresist to provide design flexibility and control. They built ceramic-polymer composite shapes from polymer substrates and then coated with aluminum oxide of varying thicknesses using atomic layer deposition. The microstructures exhibited compressive strengths “in the range of bone material and advanced metallic alloys,\" the authors wrote in the paper. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 3pm Nanoscale microtruss structures built using 3D laser lithography mimic natural materials that are porous but strong. The best structure, an optimized honeycomb, achieved specific strengths up to 280 MPa, comparable with those of technical ceramics and high-strength steels and just shy of bulk alumina. Once the technology is scalable, \"such materials could be applied everywhere where high strength and low density is needed at the same time (aerospace, aviation, motorsports, etc.), and also where the porosity is advantageous, such as cushioning and filtration,\" Bauer says. The paper is “High-strength cellular ceramic composites with 3D microarchitecture\" (DOI: 10.1073/ pnas.1315147111). Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramictechtoday.org Online research, papers, policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations (Credit: Bauer, KIT.) A new path to the synthesis of monomodal mesoporous metal oxides Mesoporous materials (porosity ranging 2 nm to 50 nm diameter) have large surface areas that make them useful in a wide range of applications in adsorptive, sensing, optical, magnetic, and energy products. New research from the University of Connecticut may further widen those applications with a newfound ability to uniformly manufacture mesoporous materials. Published in Nature Communications, the study details a novel method that provides manufacturing flexibility by controlling the synthesis reaction in inverse micelles. The method is an improvement to the standard, long-used, water-based method developed by Mobil in the 1990s. Materials synthesized with the old method were past due for an overhaul because of problems with uniformity, stability, and more. The new method, developed in the lab of chemistry professor Steven Suib, swaps water for a recyclable surfactant and heats things up in the process. According to the press release, the team\'s development produced \"thermally controlled, thermally stable, uniform mesoporous materials with very strong crystalline walls.\" The process modifications made mesoporous materials with uniformly distributed pores (1.2 nm to 25 nm) from oxides of manganese, cobalt, and iron. Nitric oxide chemistry and heat allowed the scientists to adjust the pore size, providing manufacturing flexibility and control. The flexibility of the process is key. In the paper, the authors write that their development allows synthesis from various types of elements, including late transition metals (manganese, cobalt, iron, and nickel), early transition metals (titanium and zirconium), lanthanides (cerium), metalloids (silicon), and nonmetals (carbon). So it is no surprise that Suib\'s team is optimistic. \"We developed more than 60 families of materials,\" he says in the press release. \"For every single material we made, you can make dozens of others like it. You can dope them by adding small amounts of impurities. You can alter their properties. You can make sulfides in addition to oxides. There is a lot more research that needs to be done.\" The paper is \"A general approach to crystalline and monomodal pore size mesoporous materials\" (DOI: 10.1038/ ncomms3952). University of Connecticut scientists, including graduate student Altug Poyraz (left) and chemistry professor Steven Suib (right), have developed a new method to synthesize monomodal mesoporous materials. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: Peter Morenus/UConn Photo.) 15 ceramics in biomedicine Biomedical nanoelectronics get a boost from alumina-protected silicon nanowires m ALO, shell Si-NW 10 nm TEM image of a silicon nanowire (NW) encased in an alumina shell (false-colored in blue). Silicon nanowire nanoelectronics are promising for a wide host of biomedical sensing applications because of their biocompatibility, but problems with extended stability in physiological environments are a speedbump for long-term applications. Now a group from Harvard University has engineered a new approach by encasing silicon nanowires in alumina shells. Their results, published in Nano Letters, show considerable improvements in nanowire stability in preliminary long-term exposure to physiological environments. \"One of the main goals of this work is to allow us to exploit unique spatialtemporal resolution characteristics of nanowire devices for chronic/longterm in-vivo studies, which will be very promising for many biomedical and health care applications,\" lead authors Wei Zhou and Xiaochuan Dai say in an email. Zhou is a postdoctoral researcher and Dai is a graduate student in the laboratory of chemistry professor Charles Lieber. Using atomic layer deposition, the scientists layered silicon nanowires with 10-nm-thick alumina shells and then tested whether the shells could protect the wires in buffered solutions, including phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and cell culture media to mimic the isotonicity and composition of fluids the wires would encounter in the human body. Although naked silicon nanowires exhibit dissolution after just 10 days in body-temperature PBS, adding a 10-nm alumina shell extended nanowire life more than 10 times-shelled nanowires showed little dissolution after 100 days. The team saw similar results when the PBS was exchanged for cell culture media, suggesting such longevity also may be achieved in the body. The researchers went on to test the shelled nanowires\' applicability in fieldeffect transistors, showing the devices had vastly improved stability in warm PBS for at least four months. The next step is to see how well the shells hold up within an intact biological system. \"We have already started to work on chronic in-vivo electrophysiological studies in rodents using these newly developed core-shell nanowire devices that have improved chemical stability,\" Zhou and Dai say in the email. The paper is \"Long-term stability of nanowire nanoelectronics in physiological environments\" (DOI: 10.1021/ n1500070h). Silica-encased silver nanorattles may improve implants Silver is a great antimicrobial agent—the metal\'s ions permeabilize bacterial membranes and interrupt bacterial metabolism, but are relatively safe to human cells. However, because high local concentrations of silver ions are undesirable, the ability to slowly release silver nanoparticles in biomedical settings would be optimal for safe prevention of microbial biofilm growth on biomedical implants. Scientists from the University of Fribourg (Switzerland), led by Katharina Fromm, may have figured out a way to improve biomedical implants to prevent biofilm growth. The work, published in Particle & Particle Systems Characterization, details the synthesis of (Credit: Lieber; Harvard.) silica-encased silver nanoparticles in a single-pot microemulsion recipe. Their method formed uniform silver nanoparticles within reverse micelles in an oil-water emulsion. Then, by adding silica precursors aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTS) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), they synthesized silica capsules around the silver nanoparticle-containing micelles. The process resulted in a uniform mix of silver nanoparticles (4 nm to 10 nm in size) encased in hollow porous silica shells that were 13 nm to 20 nm in diameter. Under an electron microscope, the hollow void between the silver and the silica made the particles resemble little rattles-nanorattles. The team found that they could easily manipulate the qualities of the nanorattles, providing a simple means to tailor them for a specific application. The next step is in-vivo testing of the nanorattles and strategies for \"targeted release,\" according to a press release from the Swiss National Science Foundation. \"These nanorattles have many advantages,\" senior author Fromm say in an email. \"For the biomedical aspect, they are better than naked silver nanoparticles, because the cells seem to tolerate much better the \'wrapped up\' silver as compared to the naked silver. In terms of catalysis, one can profit from all kinds of silver-based catalysis, but can also limit access to nanoparticles by tuning the shell thickness and porosity.\" The article is \"One-pot synthesis and catalytic properties of encapsulated silver nanoparticles in silica nanocontainers\" (DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201300304). Silver nanoparticles encased in silica shells resemble little rattles, or nanorattles. 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 (Credit: Swiss National Science Foundation.) Figure 1. Robocasting deposits ceramic-loaded slurry through a syringe according to a computer-controlled pattern under the watchful eye of Joseph Cesarano. Additive manufacturingTurning manufacturing inside out Credit: Randy Montoya; Sandia National Laboratory.) By Peter Wray No longer a laboratory or hobbyist curiosity, additive manufacturing techniques open doorways to entirely new ways of thinking about component design and drive a $2 billion plus industry. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org O bulletin Cover story Here 3D ere is my theory: Whether it is called rapid prototyping, printing, or additive manufacturing (the preferred ASTM term), this innovation strikes an intuitive chord in the broad ceramic and glass community, including those that mainly consider themselves artists. After all, it is arguable that the very first examples of AM occurred when our ancestors started to make utilitarian pots and vessels by spiraling, shaping, compressing, and firing clay coils. Early on, those that practiced the clay arts learned that it could be more efficient to add material to construct items with very nearly the desired final shape, size, and features before firing, than to shape the hard and brittle pieces after firing. And, as manufacturing knowledge grew from brick and sanitary ware to semiconductors and medical implants, processes that involved adding material—rather than subtracting and machining away stuff-played an even more prominent role in the ceramic and glass fields. Based on the generally deserved excitement and recent boggling breakthroughs among contemporary AM pioneers, new additive processes already are rapidly transforming almost every field of materials and manufacturing, including some areas of ceramics. The pace of progress can at times make it very difficult to keep track of emerging innovations and which corporations, consortiums, and governments are placing big bets. Pioneers and prototyping If it seems like references to AM suddenly pop up everywhere, you are right. In popular culture, from comedic banter on TV shows like \"The Big Bang Theory\" to red carpet walkers showing off custom-made accessories, it is a hot and trendy topic. It is a hot topic, too, in the traditional media, including outlets, such as the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, The Economist, and Financial Times, who seem to agree that AM will play out to be one of the biggest historical disruptors in manufacturing-one that will upset major business models, supply chains, and, perhaps, global influence. How did we get to the explosive \"Age of AM?\" Although the fundamentals may be millennia old, a fuse with many strands was lit in the mid-1990s and quietly burned for decades—fanned by pockets of materials researchers, manufacturers, and even artists. Some of the major strands included materials and layering R&D from the printed circuit boards and semiconductors industries, 17 Additive manufacturing―Turning manufacturing inside out stereolithography, advanced robotics, data processing, computer-aided design and computer numerical control, advance joining, and, of course, materials research and design. Here and there, dedicated AM systems started to pop up. Expensive, yes, but the pioneering equipment could be justified in certain situations where, for example, time was the bottom line consideration (rapid prototyping), the cost or health effects of raw materials or complex machining was prohibitive (beryllium parts), or the design was impossible to build otherwise (tissue scaffolds and some art designs). Most, but not all, of these early systems were based on working with various waxes, polymers, plastics, and metals. Interest in \"printed\" ceramics existed early on, but faced unique challenges, such as postprocessing densification and finding slurry composi tions, including binders, that could be adapted to the few existing 3D printing machines. Nevertheless, there were significant ceramic 3D pioneers in the 1990s. Initially, researchers used the term \"freeform\" to describe their work. Great interest emerged in continuous ink-jet printing through a moving fine nozzle, such as the 1999 work by investigators at Drexel University to create prototype Ti₂SiC, carbide components. In the mid-1990s, Sandia National Laboratories\' Joseph Cesarano and University of Arizona\'s Paul Calvert demonstrated \"robocasting\" based originally on a moveable platform instead of a moving print head (Figure 1). A 1999 news release from SNL explained that robocasting \"relies on robotics for computer-controlled deposition of ceramic slurries mixtures of ceramic powder, water, and trace amounts of chemical modifiers through a syringe. The material, which flows like a milkshake even though the water content is only about 15 percent, is deposited in thin sequential layers onto a heated base.\" Said Cesarano, \"The robot squeezes the slurry out of the syringe, almost like a cake decorator, following a pattern prescribed by computer software.\" New ceramic materials also began to find use 18 in AM foundry work, where successful business models for rapid prototyping, casting, and tooling were established. Although optimism abounded, the early period of AM was one where available systems were relatively rare, typically expensive, and accessible only to a lucky few. It was a time of major spade work, and several proven categories of AM systems emerged (see \'ASTM\' sidebar) as well as several system manufacturers. Through the 2000s, AM grew at a slow but steady pace, still something of an \"gee-whiz\" oddity to the public. It was, at best, a niche solution or, at worst, an expensive indulgence to manufacturers. But the fuse kept burning. 3D goes \'boom\' According to a 2013 report from the Royal Academy of Engineering, the explosion in AM occurred around 2009, when a key patent for an AM system expired. The patent covered fuse deposition modeling, which involves the extrusion of a filament that forms the finished piece plus an additional material that serves as a removable support structure. In one notable example, the patent expiration allowed companies, such as MakerBot (well-known today in the small-scale “hobbyist\" world), to slash the prices of their 3D printing systems by as much as 90 percent. At the consumer level, this development unleashed an open-source AM printing marketplace and movement. Likewise, it was a wakeup call to a broad swath of manufacturers and investors that they needed to reckon with AM and the accompanying opportunities, challenges, and threats. Aerospace, automotive, and even architecture applications suddenly were being sized up for AM opportunities. Thus, compared with the years where AM was rare and expensive, 2014 is a sharp contrast. It is not much of an exaggeration to say that almost anyone can access AM systems that can make parts of nearly any shape imaginable, layer by layer, from a stable of materials that includes some ceramics. Furthermore, the current capabilities allow for almost any proASTM International F42 Committee Additive manufacturing process categories • Material extrusion-material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or orifice. • Material jetting—droplets of build material are selectively deposited. • Binder jetting-a liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join powder materials. • Sheet lamination-sheets of material are bonded to form an object. • Vat photopolymerization—liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by light-activated polymerization. • Powder bed fusion-thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder bed. • Directed energy deposition-focused thermal energy fuses materials by melting as the material is deposited. duction volume-from small scale and one-off supercustomized products (not just parts) to high-volume manufacturing of units that must perform in critical applications. What the future holds and who will end up as the AM winners and losers is unclear. Despite the decades of early work, AM remains generally an immature field. Even the best-informed prognosticators hedge as to what industrial sectors are most likely to benefit, what companies will emerge as AM business leaders, and what geopolitical regions will dominate in the near term. However, that does not mean that we have to fly blindly into the future of AM. To appreciate the growth arc of AM, there is value in examining a \"snapshot\" of the field just as a business\' balance sheet shows a snapshot of the enterprise. For AM snapshots, there is only one place to start: the annual \"Wohlers Report\" from Wohlers Associates (www. wohlersassociates.com). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.3 Russia Other 12.0% 1.4% Taiwan 1.5% China 8.7% Korea 2.3% Japan 9.7% Spain 1.3% Italy Turkey 3.8% UK 4.2% Sweden France 1.2% 3.2% Canada 1.4% Germany 1.9% 9.4% US 38.0% Figure 2. Cumulative international distribution of industrial additive manufacturing systems installed through 2012. Plenty of different numbers get thrown around when it comes to measuring current spending on AM-related activities, but founder Terrence Wohlers has been around AM for 27 years and has produced 18 editions of the yearly publication that bills itself as AM\'s \"Worldwide Progress Report.\" These reports have evolved into the field\'s most reputable reference, tracking spending, trends, opportunities, collaborations, research, and emerging technologies. According to Wohlers\' most recent report (November 2013), worldwide AM products and services grew at a hefty compounded annual growth rate of 28.6 percent in 2012, which translated as a market worth $2.204 billion. This compares with growth during 2011, when the market had reached $1.714 million. Wohlers\' best guess is that by 2021 the AM market will be more than $10 billion. To put this trend in perspective, a Wohlers\' news release notes, \"It took the 3D printing industry 20 years to reach $1 billion in size. In five additional years, the industry generated its second $1 billion. It is expected to double again, to $4 billion in 2015.\" That is just the direct impact of AM. McKinsey Global Institute research suggests the impact of AM on world GDP could reach $550 billion per year by 2025. Printers here, there, everywhere Another metric Wohlers follows is the number of AM units sold. Almost 8,000 industrial-use systems (those that sell for more than $5,000) were sold in 2012. The state of the global industry is uneven, as Figure 2 shows. Wohlers reports that the United States has a huge installation lead, having accumulated 38 percent of industrial systems. Japan, Germany, and China also have accumulated a sizable number of units. Some of the leading systems makers include the US\' 3D Systems and ExOne, Israel\'s Stratasys, Sweden\'s Arcam, and Germany\'s EOS and Voxeljet. Many of these are publicly traded companies, and 3D Systems, for example, has a market value approaching $8 billion. But, as in other tech sectors, change occurs rapidly. Wohlers warns: As of May 2013, 16 companies in Europe, seven in China, five in the US, and two in Japan were manufacturing and selling AM systems. This is a dramatic change from a decade ago when the mix consisted of 10 in the US, seven in Europe, seven in Japan, and three in China. What\'s more, all of the metal powder bed fusion systems are manufactured outside of the US. Seven American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Wohlers Report 2013.) manufacturers of these systems are in Europe and two are in China. The US maintains a strategic goal of remaining an AM leader, and the topic even earned a mention in President Obama\'s 2013 State of the Union address when he said, \"[AM] has the potential to revolutionize the way we make almost everything.\" Just months later, the Obama administration launched AmericaMakes (originally titled and often still referred to as the National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute) to serve as a supportive and collaborative hub for the nation\'s AM industry. Beyond industrial installations, some experts argue that an equally significant measure is the surge in number of small AM units sold, in large part because of the patent expiration. About 35,000 of the under-$5,000 systems were sold in 2012, some to hobbyists and do-ityourselfers. Many small units also are purchased by educational institutions and engineering students, a trend that has positive implications for innovation and for preparing a workforce for AM manufacturers. Although small AM system sales are a long, long way from those for personal computer sales, it is increasingly common to find them on campuses and secondary schools, and being demonstrated and offered for sale in a variety of retail outlets. Figure 3. Cobalt-chromium fuel nozzle for GE\'s LEAP engine. 19 (Credit: GE Aviation.) Additive manufacturing―Turning manufacturing inside out Fraction of revenue (%) 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 10 19.6 17.2 14 11.7 9.6 8.3 6.6 5 3.9 0 24 28.3 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year Figure 4. Additive manufactured production parts contribute an increasing fraction of overall revenues of AM products and services. \'This changes everything\' The do-it-yourself movement, the launch of AmericaMakes, and Obama\'s speech provided plenty of fodder for reporters and commentators in 2013. But the biggest AM news story in 2013 was an April announcement from General Electric signaling a high commitment to AM. In essence, GE said it was prepared to manufacture a relatively large volume of a critical aircraft mechanism using a metal-powder additive technology, direct metal laser melting (DMLM). The company said it had orders for thousands of its new LEAP jet engines for the Airbus Group\'s A320 planes and that each engine would have 19 fuel nozzles printed from a fine cobalt-chromium powder via DMLM (Figure 3). Further, GE said it was capable of producing at least 25,000 nozzles per year. Although that number of parts is considerably less than quantities found in consumer manufacturing, the quantity was an eyeopener to many in the business community and put them on notice that AM was entering the mainstream. The GE announcement probably did not catch Wohlers by surprise. He was aware that in 2012 GE had hosted a \"summit\" I on AM and that it had purchased Morris Technologies, then an innovative AM company specializing in metals, and hired CEO Greg Morris to be GE Aviation\'s business develop20 (Credit: Wohlers Report 2013.) ment leader for additive manufacturing. He also knew that the use of AM for final production parts had grown from almost nothing in 2003 to 28 percent of AM product and service revenues (Figure 4). Still, GE\'s move snagged Wohlers\' attention. In an interview with the Bloomberg News Service, he said, “[GE’s] investment changes everything, and it\'s also unprecedented. They see a big need and a lot of demand, but the supply is not there.\" In truth, other aerospace and turbine companies, such as Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and Siemens, also had been looking into AM. For example, United Technologies Corp. helped establish the collaborative Pratt & Whitney Additive Manufacturing Innovation Center at the University of Connecticut. Airbus Group itself, through its EADS Innovation Works in partnership with AM systems manufacture EOS, had been redesigning a nacelle hinge bracket (part of the engine housing), also for the A320. However, GE garnered most of the attention, and Greg Morris tells the ACerS Bulletin, It is important to understand what GE did and didn\'t do. We didn\'t set out to see if we could print an existing nozzle and see if it could match what was made by traditional methods, which required forming, machining, and joining about 20 pieces but also generates a lot of waste. Despite the generation of expensive waste, GE had a lot of experience with making nozzles the traditional subtractive way... The point is that for GE—and for any manufacturer-it is nearly impossible to make a good business case for simply switching from traditional methods to 3D. Instead, GE started over and used a \'design-to-process approach.\' That is, we altered our CAD designs to optimally exploit the benefits of DMLM. We had the opportunity to actually make a better product by allowing more complexity to enter the design. With AM, the complexity is no longer an issue, and the ability to print very complex designs allows us to make improvements that lead to weight reductions, materials and labor reductions while improving performance. We built in the cost and technical advantage, and at the same time moved from a 20-piece unit to a one-piece nozzle. Morris says although the printed pieces approach the shape of the final product, they must undergo some postprocessing to obtain, for example, optimized surface finishes for critical gas flow passages. says, AM manufacturing can create data management and storage issues. Morris \"If you are monitoring a lot of processes, you generate a lot of data, and, ideally, you have a real-time feedback loop that allows you to adjust as you go. We have the ability to monitor every voxel in every part, but the question is, what do you do with this data and how long do you keep it? It\'s a practical concern, but not something that can\'t be solved.\" Does Morris agree that AM is going to disrupt manufacturing? “It is hard not to believe it is not already being disruptive,” he says. “A disruptive technology is one that is big enough that it changes the course of how certain www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.3 industries behave and how certain parts perform. AM fits these categories.\" Morris predicts the disruption will play out in many ways, including the value of intellectual property. \"For example, a company may have a traditional process wrapped up in a lot of IP. But, the same company may wake up one day in the near future and suddenly find that additive manufacturing gets around its IP, and then they have to catch up,\" says Morris. \"The advantages to AM are broad and, if exploited correctly, can quickly add up,\" he continues. “I think AM will blossom into a market in the tens of billions of dollars in the not distant future.\" How far can GE go with AM? At least one company staffer had predicted that within his lifetime, half of all jet engine parts will be printed through an AM method. When asked to confirm this, Morris didn\'t back down. He says, \"It depends somewhat on how you define engine parts. We probably aren\'t going to print the nuts and bolts and some of the other relatively simple parts. But, I think it is reasonable that we could be printing half of the parts in the next 20 to 30 years. As the technology gets better, faster, and more efficient, and as we learn how to have better surface finishes and hold better tolerances, I think there is a compelling case that it could happen. It is a bold statement, but one that I can stand behind.\" The remaining challenges are substantial. Morris asks, “For example, how do we print parts in larger sizes, and how do we obtain better throughput? To an extent, we currently limit the amount of AM-made parts because of the costs. But, as more entrants get into producing AM machines, we are going to see costs come down. Another big concern is how to efficiently inspect these very complex parts when they are printed. How do we set standards for the raw materials and monitor the quality of components and consistently deliver every part at the same quality? As mentioned earlier, these parts often have critical surfaces in complex internal passages, and they also have to mate up with something or have critical tolerances in some areas.\" Christine Furstoss, GE Global Research\'s Technical Director of Manufacturing & Materials Technologies, expands on this point in an excellent 2013 video conference of AM experts (available on the company\'s website). She says a big interest now is how to wed additive and subtractive approaches. “The need for subtractive doesn\'t go away, and it is probably highlighted even more. If we design for AM, we have to design for its abilities as well as its limitations.\" Furstoss also explains that AM can shake up the traditional manufacturing supply chain in less than obvious ways. \"[Now with AM] you can think about a lot of models for distributed manufacturing, because you can now make parts without as much infrastructure.\" But, she warns, “The need for good quality control, qualification, repeatability, and inspection doesn\'t go away, and we also have to get those technologies distributed.\" Furstoss also says GE does not plan on going it alone and wants to encourage the growth of AM networks and sharing, and, like others in this field, she often thinks in terms of an \"AM ecosystem.\" For example, she notes, \"We\'d love it if more people were engaged on the materials side. ... The more people we can get engaged in thinking about the challenges, if they are a materials company, if their materials work for AM-type technologies, that\'s what is really going to spur the growth of this ecosystem.\" The views of some key players and thought leaders on how large the distributed manufacturing business will get covers a wide spectrum that includes narrow and multimaterial, multifunctional 3D manufacturing. Although GE is taking something of a wait-and-see approach, Avi Reichental paints a radically different picture of the evolution of AM manufacturing. As president and CEO of 3D Systems, Reichental is hardly a disinterested party, but he says AM will fundamentally disrupt distributed manufacturing models and carry some political overtones. In the GE video, he says, “I personally believe the ability to empower startups to make goods previously on a scale that was available only to deep-pocketed companies is a game changer. It is fundamentally going to shift how we look at starting businesses.\" Reichental says that AM will be a bridge that connects “virtual\" with the \"actual\" and bring about democratic access to true craftsmanship. \"And at the heart of this,\" he says, \"is the democratization of not just the devices-I am on the record as saying capable, multimaterial, highly functional 3D printers will soon cross the $1,000 barrier, and, in a few years, we will see them at the $500 level I see that also happening with content creation and ‘gamification\' of CAD and other design tools, and reverse engineering, scanning tools, and inspection tools. [This will] bring responsible desktop manufacturing not just for the AEROTECH This additive manufacturing machine at GE Global Research Center makes ultrasonic transducers by depositing a thin, uniform layer of ceramic slurry that is exposed to patterned ultraviolet light. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 21 21 (Credit: GE Global Research.) Additive manufacturing―Turning manufacturing inside out benefit of the makers but also for the benefit of entrepreneurs and startups and hobbyists in a way that makes it accessible, scalable, and also completes the design-to-manufacturing process, including built-in inspection, at price points that make it affordable for everybody to participate in.\" \"It\'s inevitable, it\'s imminent, the train has left the station, and I think there is a great deal of community movement and ecosystem to suggest that the innovation is not going to just come from large companies but also from individuals and universities and [AmericaMakes] and other organizations. None of us can do it alone,\" says Reichental. What is ahead? As if the qualitative developments in the AM world mentioned above were not enough, the sun is just dawning on the age of multimaterial, multifunctional 3D printing, particularly for biological-medical and functional electronic products. Systems devised with multiple print heads and hundreds of nozzles can deliver multiple materials—polymers, metals, glasses, ceramics, carbon fiber, composites, organ22 ics at multiple resolutions. At one extreme is the Californiabased Organovo, which designs and creates functional human tissues with bioprinting. The goal of this company is to make “reproducible 3D tissues that accurately represent human biology\" for pharmaceutical testing, to serve as platforms for medical application trials, and for tissue implants. Although it declined to publish details, the publicly traded Organovo announced that it delivered its first 3D liver tissue \"to a laboratory outside of the company to a key opinion leader for experimentation, and marks the achievement of a milestone along the pathway to commercial launch of its 3D liver tissue product.\" The company says it combines multicellular \"bio-inks\" with bio-inert hydrogels, which serve as supports and act as fillers to create channels. Another multimaterial, multifunctional 3D pioneer is University of Texas at El Paso\'s Ryan Wicker. Wicker is the director and founder of UTEP\'s WM Keck Center for 3D Innovation. Wicker thinks in terms of \"dynamic\" AM, where multiple systems Standardization in additive manufacturing ASTM International\'s F42 Committee and the ISO/TC261 Committee are working together to develop a common set of standards for the worldwide AM field. They held their first joint meeting in June 2013. Their plan is to have a hierarchy of AM standards, including the following three levels: • General standards: standards that specify general concepts, common requirements, or are generally applicable to most types of AM materials, processes, and applications; • Category standards: standards that specify requirements that are specific to a material category or process category; and • Specialized standards: standards that specify requirements that are specific to a material, process, or application. The two groups have formed a consensus list of high-priority candidates for potential joint AM standards development, as follows: • Qualification and certification methods; • Design guidelines; • Test methods for characteristics of raw materials; • Test methods for mechanical properties of finished AM parts; • Material recycling (re-use) guidelines; • Standard protocols for round robin testing; • Standard test artifacts; • Requirements for purchased AM parts; and • Harmonization of existing ISO 17296-1 and ASTM 52912 AM terminology standards. Source: \"AM Standards Development Plan,\" (www.astm.org/COMMIT/AM_Standards_Development_Plan_v2.docx) 22 and processes run concurrently. In the previously mentioned GE video, Wicker says, \"My research is in building these multifunctional components, and we are moving toward building moving, dynamic systems.\" Wicker speaks in terms of creating multimaterial, multifunctional products on a desktop printer. To prove his point, the Keck Center\'s website offers a video of a complete dc brushless motor being printed. “It still requires embedding some magnets, and inserting bearings and controllers, but you can see an entire electromechanical component being fully printed, where, when we are completed, you break it off the support structure,\" says Wicker. \"The rotor moves, you can spin the motor and plug it in and it works! In terms of materials characterization, even in single materials systems, we have a lot of research that needs to be done to look at the performance of these materials, but we are moving forward in printing these dynamic systems.\" However complex Wicker\'s ideas may seem, that sort of thinking is the whole point. Outside of rapid prototyping or maintaining \"virtual inventories\" of rarely used parts, the conversion from proven traditional manufacturing to AM probably does not make sense unless it exploits the macro and micro complexities that AM make possible. It has become something of a cliché, but AM practitioners repeatedly point out that \"complexity is free.\" Building on the concepts Wicker outlines, some believe the direct printing of high-volume, heterogenous consumer electronics, i.e., smartphones, is possible in the not distant future. Naturally, this would require the mixed use of several materials and would have to leverage the processing techniques of the respective materials fields. Although work in this area is still immature, the concepts are taken seriously, and these systems are expected to evolve from the normal AM embryonic stage of rapid prototyping and gradually mature from prototyping to small-lot and large-lot production. The ability to have flexible robotic 3D manufacturing systems may erase www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.3 3D printer instead of a toybox? 3D printers are starting to pop up in nonmanufacturing locales, including Staples, Office Depot, and UPS storefronts. Some investors even have speculated that Radio Shack might be reinventing itself to take advantage of its background in electronics and do-it-yourself projects. Even your local bicycle shop might have talented printers, too. In January, Stratasys demonstrated a new color, multimaterial printing system to produce functional prototypes of bicycle parts, helmets, and even sunglasses with translucent lenses in one print job. 3D printers may even find their way into the average household through a powerful and lucrative market: toys. As this was being written, Reichental\'s 3D Systems announced a cooperative venture with toymaker Hasbro and the acquisition of Digital Playspace (DPS). Hasbro is known for its brand of Transformers, My Little Pony, and Play-Doh products. DPS is an AM-based platform for making doll house-sized structures that are described in a company news release as \"a the feast-and-famine problems that plague some large electronics manufacturers who get trapped with equipment that cannot be easily and quickly reoriented for a different product. On the other hand, the appearance of superflexible AM systems could open opportunities for distributed manufacturing and entrepreneurs who can survive on printing a dozen or so phones a day. The emerging variables offered by AM are beginning to allow designers to exploit complex internal and external structures. \"Topology optimization\" is an important buzzword and AM goal that generally refers to maximizing performance while minimizing factors such as weight, material, and energy consumption. This topology optimization is at the heart of GE\'s AM announcement and future plans. 3D printing also allows \"cellular” designs that can optimize products by adding strength and durability through mimicking the natural hierarchy of nanostructures that have evolved in bone tissues. When thinking about the future, another topic that resurfaces is patent Bike helmet 3D printed in a single job. vivid 3D create-and-make experience for children and parents.\" Skeptics cite durability and safety issues about these toy product business concepts, but, if those issues can be resolved, it is easy to imagine how marketing campaigns for, say, the next \"Transformers\" movie could tie into home AM units. (Credit: Stratasys) expirations. As mentioned at the beginning of this article, the price of FDM printers dropped rapidly when the patent expired. In February, a patent on another popular and robust AM process, selective laser sintering (SLS), expired. Although it is unknown whether this expiration will trigger a similar dramatic discounting of SLS systems, Wohlers thinks a change will come. He predicts on his blog (www.wohlersassociates. com/blog) that in 2014 low-cost SLS systems will be available and, \"At least one Chinese manufacturer will test the waters by selling laser sintering products internationally.\" Whether one thinks of it in terms of an ecosystem or community or subcommunities, there is also excitement about how collaborations will spur AM\'s future. AmericaMakes (www. americamakes.us) is positioned to serve as an umbrella and roadmapping effort that already is funneling resources to industry-identified innovation goals and ensure international competitiveness. Another key group is the standards community, which will be providing standardization of processes, terms and definitions, process chains, test procedures, quality parameters, etc. ASTM International has established the F42 Committee to focus on AM, and there is a parallel and complimentary effort, the ISO/TC 261 Committee (see inset on p. 18). These broad-based efforts will help accelerate adoption of AM and lessen the burden of individual companies bearing the cost and burden of qualifying AM process and materials. Knowing the unknowable AM easily lends itself to much speculation about intriguing futures. When Avi Reichental was asked in the GE video what notable developments he expected from AM in the next 50 years, he mentioned, not unexpectedly, bioprinting and lots of consumer-oriented products. Surprisingly, he also firmly forecasted a rarely referenced topic in additive manufacturing food! As it turns out, Reichental\'s prediction may happen sooner than he or anyone else expected: In February, a research group at the London South Bank University demonstrated the \"food of the future” made with a 3D printer and insect “flour.” However, when it was Wohlers\' turn to forecast, he may have had the most accurate crystal ball. He initially suggested that in a half century we would see smart integrated electronics, human organs, and parts printed in space. Yet, despite his deep insights and nearly three decades in the field, Wohlers quickly followed with a verbal shrug about the future. He said, \"Honestly, I don\'t think we know. Not long ago, no one was able to forecast there would be a full-length movie inside our phone, because you couldn\'t get a VHS tape inside a phone. Additive manufacturing is really about what we don\'t know.\" About the author Peter Wray retired as director of communications and editor of the ACerS Bulletin in January 2013. He continues to contribute technical articles to the Bulletin. Contact: bulletineditor@ceramics.org. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 23 Figure 1. Binder jetting sytem by ExOne. Industry embraces ceramic additive manufacturing― Layer by layer By Peter Wray Enthusiasm tempered by reality describes the current and future states of additive manufacturing of ceramic materials. T \'he topic of additive manufacturing is not new to the ACerS Bulletin. For example, this publication has reported on developments ranging from research on two-photon prototyping for creating biomedical implants to investigations into robocasting to create functionally graded materials to the customized creation of dental prosthetics. To understand how well ceramic materials and additive manufacturing—manufacturing in a large-scale sense-mesh from a broad and technical standpoint, the best place to start is with the excellent “Introduction to additive manufacturing,\" published in the December 2012 issue of Ceramic Industry by a trio led by Ceralink Inc. president and materi24 als scientist Holly Shulman. Although the field is changing rapidly, the article still captures the most important details on the strengths and weaknesses of what happens when ceramics and glass collide with mainstream AM techniques. It also contains fairly up-to-date lists of the major system vendors and companies that fabricate custom or production ceramic parts using AM, and it offers suggestions on significant AM organizations and events. Although analysts consistently forecast that AM will be a broad disruption to manufacturing, Shulman suggests that AM might not be as disruptive for all ceramic materials and products. When contacted by the Bulletin for a deeper explanation, Shulman says that it is far from certain how disruptive AM will be and that the effects depend largely on the application. \"One area AM makes a lot of sense is with sand casting molds, where it is already disruptive,” Shulman says. \"You have to understand that it is not just the AM technology, but also how a new business model can wrap around the technology. The business model has allowed sand casting to grow from rapid prototyping to rapid manufacturing.” Delving further into this example, she says “just-in-time\" AM sand casting molds are playing an important role in the mining, oil, and gas industries, noting, “In Houston, near the customers, additive systems maker ExOne maintains a plant that uses binder jetting techniques to make the molds [see Figure 1]. In this case, if a part fails, a mold can quickly be 3D printed and given to a foundry to cast the part and get quickly into the field.\" Just-in-time sand casting molds, she says, are a successful idea because large financial losses can result from an inoperable well. it In contrast to porous sand casting molds, Shulman says binder jetting is a poor technique for fabricating dense and precise ceramic products, such as those made of alumina or silicon nitride. “With binder jetting, you have technical problems of the powder,” she says. “In order to make it flowable, you want large particles. But, if you want high strength and good structural properties, you want fine grains. Binder jetting is a perfect method for porous materials, but there are a lot of challenges for dense materials.\" Shulman underlines that one overriding issue in the domain of ceramics is that AM is generally a forming method. “You don\'t push a button and a finished ceramic part comes out. You almost always need postprocessing,\" she says. It should be noted that Shulman—and others—make a somewhat subtle distinction among various AM platforms when she discusses the technology. Although \"additive manufacturing” is a broadly acceptable umbrella term, Shulman uses the term \"3D printing” to connote an approach that creates a product from powders, such as binder jet printing. One issue, she reports, is that some standard AM systems are not suitable for ceramic products because of abrasion www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 problems. She credits ceramic engineer Andrew Jeffries with figuring out how to modify a commercial printer to be compatible with some ceramic materials. Jeffries\' insight enabled him to found Figulo Corp., a provider of 3D printed whiteware and art products, which was recently acquired by 3D Systems to bolster that company\'s ceramic capabilities. Shulman says whitewares are an interesting match with AM because the density and distortion concerns are not as critical and the product is supported by an overglaze. Shulman believes that there are other disruptive ceramic binder jetting opportunities in foundry metal working. \"The next step is investment cast molds,\" she says, \"not just sand casting. Investment casting needs finer features and represents higher-value molds and cores.\" To a large extent, the investment casting sector is already familiar with AM and has used 3D printing to form patterns from wax and other materials for many years, and this 3D patternmaking ability, itself, has been disruptive to the industry. But some researchers and investigators are attempting to make the leap to the direct printing of investment-grade molds and cores. For example, Georgia Institute of Technology\'s Suman Das (Figure 2) gained a DARPA grant to develop a 3D investment casting method that uses a technique called large-area maskless photopolymerization (LAMP) to make highly accurate, ready-to-pour ceramic molds. The Atlanta Business Journal reports that a spinoff company, DDM, was formed to test the use of LAMP for producing turbine blade molds. Another prospective investment casting group involves collaboration between a ceramic art faculty member at the University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, and the Aristo-Cast Corp. (Almont, Mich.). In the beginning, Daniel McGuire was a UWWhitewater sculpting instructor in search of a way to speed the process of finishing molds for metallic sculpture casting. With the assistance of Eric Hellstrom, a materials science and engineering professor at UW-Madison, McGuire discovered a ceramic process in the mid-2000s that could greatly speed the drying time of molds. Eventually McGuire TELFINOLOGY MACHINE DESIGN CONCEPT Figure 2. Suman Das shows an investment casting mold (right) fabricated by large-area maskless photopolymerization and a turbine blade casting (left). and Hellstrom realized their methods could be adapted to speed mold drying times for investment casting, too, and took the process to investment caster Aristo-Cast Corp. Jack Ziemba, Aristo-Cast president, embraced their innovation and began an ongoing collaboration with the duo that is moving into the field of printing complex investment cores. Ziemba tells the Bulletin, \"We had been using 3D printing of patterns since 1998, but we recently realized we hadn\'t been able to use our printing skills to the fullest extent.\" Ziemba recounts that McGuire and Hellstrom worked with Aristo-Cast to adapt an older Z Corp printer to make complex investment cores, and their collective ability has from there. grown He declined to provide the details, but tells the Bulletin that the group is working with other new binder jetting methods to successfully improve coremaking precision. “The name of the game in our field is speed. Investing casting also is in danger of being pushed aside by another AM method, direct metal laser melting (DMLM) and sintering, that can bypass the [entire] molding step,\" says Ziemba. McGuire echoes that DMLM poses a threat but says that they are confident they have moved efficient mold-making forward by totally eliminating the need for a pattern. Ziemba agrees that the systems they are creating \"will show that DMLM is not [the] end of investment casting. When it comes to speed, cost, and system equipment expense, we think we will be able to show that our 3D investment casting discoveries often can be a better choice than DMLM.\" Returning to the topic of dense ceramics, Shulman says, “Binder jetting may not be a good match, but there are other ways that AM techniques can be useful.\" Johannes Homa would agree and says he has a non-binder jetting solution for printing high-performance American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org ceramics. Homa is the founder and CEO of Lithoz GmbH (Austria) and, like Suman Das\' investment casting approach, Homa says his company uses a proprietary photopolymerization technique called lithograph-based ceramic manufacturing (LCM). Lithoz makes and sells custom slurries and binders as well as machinery that typically forms parts through the addition of 25-μm layers. He says each layer can be accurately reproduced within a 1-μm tolerance. \"We typically work with slurries made of cordierite, alumina, and zirconia and even ẞ-tricalcium phosphate for biomedical applications,\" Homa says. \"At first we struggled to print parts that were strong and began making ones that were only 10 to 20 percent of the bending strength of a normally produced ceramic. Today, LCM can produce pieces that are at least 90 percent of the normal strength.\" Homa says Lithoz\'s LCM slurries contain a monomer that is selectively converted to a polymer, which then acts as a binder. The selective conversion is accomplished not by a scanning laser but by an array of approximately a million tiny mirrors that discreetly turns light off and on. The resultant green body must be fired, but Homa says shrinkage is in line with normal ceramics. \"The LCM approach provides added value for three particular usages,” advises Homa, \"prototypes, small-quantity production, and complex parts that can be formed only by AM,\" including those shown in Figure 3. On the other hand, Shulman advocates that robocasting and laminate object manufacturing provide some of the most successful additive options for 25 (Credit: Das; Georgia Tech.) Industry embraces ceramic additive manufacturing-Layer by layer wave-assisted drying and firing with robocasting to significantly decrease the printingto-end-product time and give added value to this AM approach. Shulman also suggests that laminated object manufacturing (LOM) may be an AM technique that holds promise for dense and functionally graded ceramic products. LOM is a process pioneered by James McGuffinCawley, now the chair of Case Western Reserve University Department of Material Science and Engineering, that precisely cuts and stacks tape-cast sheets. In the 1990s, McGuffin-Cawley was part of a team that commercialized the \"CAM-LEM\" process to make functional LOM rapid prototyping systems. Ceralink has obtained a CAM-LEM machine and is currently exploring the combination of biomimic design with LOM using metals and ceramics. Figure 3. Austrian startup Lithoz GmbH developed lithograph-based ceramic manufacturing technology to fabricate small, intricate, strong ceramic parts in 25-µm increments. dense ceramics in scalable quantities. Shulman has respect for robocasting and the work of Joseph Cesarano, who is behind what may be the only example of high-volume ceramic additive manufacturing. Cesarano is credited with inventing and patenting the robocasting technique while working at Sandia National Laboratories in the 1990s and improving the methods to the point where a spinoff company, Robocasting Enterprises, could be launched. In brief, robocasting involves extruding ceramic slurry from a fixed head onto a moving table or from a robotic arm onto a stationary bed. “It is like toothpaste being squeezed from a tube, and Cesarano has figured out the rheology so that the deposited material can hold its own weight until it can be dried and fired,\" says Shulman. Cesarano discovered that robocasting could be a great way to manufacture the ceramic filters (Figure 4) used in processing molten metals. The traditional filter production method requires soaking a sponge in a ceramic slurry and then burning off the sponge. What remains is a matrix of \"struts\" and openings of irregular strengths and sizes. On the other hand, robocasting allows the engineering of specific openings to form a filter with better flow characteristics that will stop all the molten metal irregularities. Robocast filters also have significantly longer lives because of the engineered strut strength. With the support of an NSF SBIR grant, Shulman and Ceralink are working with Cesarano to integrate micro26 \"In nature, a lot of things are built up layer by layer, so it is interesting to use LOM to simulate some natural designs. For example, the New York State Energy and Research Development Authority is supporting nature-inspired 3D designs in a project that involves the use of ẞ-alumina for batteries using a stacked planar design, where LOM allows us to engineer and laminate in a fine substructure that gives more surface area, mimicking natural formations. There are also nearterm applications for LOM for microfluidics and the creation of microsized cooling channels,” Shulman says. Shulman says there are several other longer-term projects for LOM, such as sandwiching ceramic fibers between ceramic layers for ceramic-matrix composites. Ceralink has applied for patents in this area. Shulman says, “Both robocasting and LOM can make dense ceramics and are scalable, but the big difference is that with LOM you also can create very fine features using a CO2 laser and computer-assisted precision stacking. Having said that, I should note that we also are working with Cesarano on combining robocasting and LOM.\" Some of the big players in AM also have expressed interest in integrating ceramic materials into some of the new techniques under development. Greg Morris, GE Aviation\'s AM expert, tells the Bulletin that ceramics are great material for many GE applications. \"It is well-known that GE has a strong interest in ceramic-matrix composites,\" he says. \"[Ceramic-matrix composites] are a big path and a big technology swing we are taking. It is a compelling material that has great temperature resistance and a lot of other benefits. We will continue to push significant resources to productizing CMCs and optimizing their use, and it\'s another great technology that will help us achieve the aggressive fuel consumption reductions we talk about in aerospace.\" Christine Furstoss, GE Global Research\'s Technical Director of Manufacturing and Materials Technologies, goes further, saying, \"We at GE are very interested in how we can use 3D printing for ceramics. But, ceramic production today requires very heavy infrastructure, a lot of investment, and a lot of process knowledge. Process knowledge and materials knowledge won\'t go away, but we have done a lot of work in the past three to four years looking at printing up piezoelectric ceramic materials, predominantly for medical imaging. We actually had a partnership with the National Institutes of Health to look at whether 3D printing would allow us to manuFigure 4. Robocast molten-metal filter cup. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.3 (Credit: Robocasting Enterprises.) facture structures for things such as ultrasound probes. [This product] could give us much better fidelity at lower cost to make it accessible to more and more people. We had wonderful success in understanding that we could put features down in a ceramic [material], get it to the right integrity, and get tremendous improvement. Other requirements for the new probe still need to be met, and we are now in trials, and we want to make sure that this product is reliable and, most importantly, safe. So, we are trying ceramics out. There is no limitation from what we have found as to the type of ceramic material. Ceramics don\'t change because they are being 3D printed, and with AM we can get more and more interfaces through smaller particles and still process them.\" 3D System\'s Avi Reichental says, \"What excites us is the ability to compact basically finer ceramic powders and create fine feature details for a variety of applications. There are interesting applications in the medical and nonmedical arenas for ceramics, and we also are excited about ceramics for consumer applications, which are very different. But, nonetheless, as you begin to think about how we transition AM from professional and industrial applications to the consumer space, we also see lots of opportunities for consumer-type ceramics coming into the mainstream as well.\" Although it is not so process-oriented, one new AM business idea is represented by HotEnd Works in Oberlin, Ohio. Mechanical engineer Benjamin Becker launched HotEnd Works because he wanted to create a service center for additive-manufactured, industrial-grade ceramic prototypes. \"In one of my previous jobs, when we needed to test a new ceramic part and needed a prototype, I learned that if you go to a traditional technical ceramic vendor, you faced long lead times and problems getting them to the specifications we designed them to,\" recalls Becker. Becker found the solution closer to home. He says, \"We had a 3D printer in our company for nonceramic prototyping, so I wondered why there isn\'t some kind of service where you can submit your model for a ceramic piece like you can do now for plastic 3D printing and Seeing technical challenges as opportunities pays off for HotEnd Works By Benjamin Becker, HotEnd Works Founder Founded in 2012 and based near Cleveland, Ohio, HotEnd Works LLC, manufactures advanced ceramic components in prototype and small production quantities. The additive manufacturing approach allows for formation of complex ceramic objects using high-purity alumina ceramics and other materials that were thought to be impossible to make by traditional manufacturing means. HotEnd Works collaborates with companies across several industries, including aerospace, nuclear, semiconductor, defense, high technology, and general manufacturing. HotEnd Works has encountered many technological challenges. However, many of them have proved to be assets more than obstacles. The largest technology hurdles we have overcome were the development of materials and the development of equipment to fabricate the parts. The materials that we use with this additive ceramic technology have to be developed specifically for the system, as standard products, such as a ceramic slip, did not yield positive results during feasibility testing. Moreover, developing a method to ensure consistent material properties has been a challenge, because the available feedstocks have a prohibitively high cost. Currently, we use high-purity alumina, zirconia, and proprietary ceramic blends provided by our customers. We customize our binder formulation, which allows us to use unique ceramic compositions. This has been a chief get it back in two or three weeks?\" Not finding any off-the-shelf printers that met his needs, Becker did the next best thing: He designed, built, and tested his own AM equipment. “Binder jetting is fine for making pottery, but, when you get into the requirements technical ceramics have, you need tight tolerances. So, all of our 3D equipment is custom engineered and built by our company because we wanted to ensure the accuracy of what we make,\" Becker says. Without going to details, he says his system for printing 3D ceramic pieces is more akin to fused deposition modeling (see sidebar). Looking at the coming decade, Holly Shulman thinks the impact of AM will be mixed. “I think there will be some ceramic parts exclusively made by AM-ones that are a particularly good fit the way sand casting molds were a American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org Aerospace fuel pump shaft made of 99.8% alumina. The shaft is 1.5 in. long and 0.9 in. high. (Credit: HotEnd Works.) requirement during binder development―to provide a means for newcomers to the technology to easily adapt their current material and take advantage of the geometric possibilities of new designs. Materials that have been incorporated into this technology range from alumina-mullite blends to boron nitride. Fired densities of 98%+ are commonplace. Ceramic component fabrication starts with raw material qualification, including particle size assessment. The powder is combined with the inorganic binder system. This material and the support material then are dispensed to form the component shape. After it is formed, the component undergoes a presintering operation to ensure green density. The support material (if used) is removed, and the component is fired. If the density required is greater than 98%, the part is hot isostatically pressed to increase particle compaction. Finally, diamond grinding brings components designed with tight tolerances into specification. Generally, additive manufacturing of ceramic components yields a ±3% tolerance on all dimensions of the part, so, diamond grinding often is unnecessary. good fit for 3D platforms.\" She continues, \"We will also see AM parts similar to ones we use today that will be modified in form rather than function.\" However, Shulman warns, “As we move forward with ceramics, we need to both avoid the hype and the buzz, and also avoid prematurely negative conclusions. If nothing else, over the next ten years I believe we will have much more of a feel about what types of products match the best additive technologies and be able to quickly assess where to move forward and where to hold back.\" About the author Peter Wray retired as director of communications and editor of the ACerS Bulletin in January 2013. He continues to contribute technical articles to the Bulletin. Contact: bulletineditor@ceramics.org. 27 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PATENTED ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Patent law fundamentals for innovators in the ceramic and glass industry By Steve Ritchey Part one of a two-part series presents the importance of patents to companies and the requirements that must be met before patents are granted. atents are an important class of ☐ asset for any company. For a startup company, its patent portfolio may be its most important asset. Despite their importance, patents and the surrounding law may not be well understood by researchers and management. Therefore, they risk making decisions or taking actions that could negatively impact their ability to pursue and obtain patent protection for their inventions. The best way for a company to avoid costly mistakes at a critical juncture is to become better informed about the patent process and work closely with a patent attorney at all stages of an invention. Because of the significant changes wrought by the recent America Invents Act (AIA), it is more important than ever to take proactive, forward-looking measures to position innovations properly for the patent process. This article sets forth some fundamental principles regarding patents and the requirements for obtaining patents, describes the types of patents relevant to the ceramic and glass industry, and briefly discusses the significant changes in patent law from the AIA. What is a patent? In general, a patent is a grant of some privilege, property, or authority made by a government to one or more persons. In the United States, Article I, Section 8, Clause 8 of the Constitution provides Congress the power to \"promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.\" The patent and copyright clause of the Constitution was evidently uncontroversial, because there is no record of debate on the topic by the framers of the Constitution. The first Patent Act was enacted in 1790. Thomas Jefferson, as the first Secretary of the Department of State, had the primary responsibility for administering the statute, including examination procedures. The present Patent Act was enacted in 1952 and has been amended numerous times over the decades, includ ing the recent Leahy-Smith America Invents Act of 2011. As 28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 established in Title 35 of the United States Code, it provides that a patent grants to the owner, the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the invention throughout the United States or importing the invention into the United States, and if the invention is a process, of the right to exclude others from using, offering for sale or selling throughout the United States, or importing into the United States, products made by that process.. This excerpt from the law sets forth what may be the most misunderstood aspect of patent law. A patentee has the right only to exclude others from practicing the patented invention. A patentee does not have the right to practice the patented invention. The comic illustrates this concept. Types of patents There are two types of patents that are relevant to the ceramics industry— the utility patent and the design patent. A utility patent may be directed to a new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. Its term begins with the patent grant and ends 20 years from the earlier of the application\'s filing date or priority date. Recent utility patents issued in the ceramics field include a nanotube array light-emitting diode,¹ a silicon-on-insulator wafer in which the upper portion has a trapezoidal cross-section and the lower portion has a curved outer peripheral edge,² and a particular boroaluminosilicate glass composition for making dinner plates by a fusion draw process.³ In contrast, a design patent is directed to a new ornamental design for an object of manufacture and has a term of 14 years from issuance. Examples could be new designs for a coffee cup or bathtub. Utility and design patents are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, depending upon the circumstances, one may obtain both types of patent protection on a particular object of manufacture. For example, the composition of a white glass-ceramic capable of withstanding a a HOW DO PATENTS REALLY WORK TO PROTECT INVENTIONS? SMITH ALSO DISCOVERED THAT ADDING A BACK SUPPORT WAS BENEFICIAL. SO, ONE OF HIS CLAIMS WAS DIRECTED TO A STRUCTURE COMPRISING A BASE THREE LEGS, AND A BACK SUPPORT. THREE-LEGGED CHAIR WITH BACK SUPPORT NOT ONLY CAN JONES PREVENT SMITH AND OTHERS FROM MAKING, USING, AND SELLING THREE-LEGGED STOOLS, THE WORD \"COMPRISING MEANS JONES PATENT COVERED THREE-LEGGED CHAIRS, FOUR-LEGGED STOOLS, AND FOUR-LEGGED CHAIRS Diagram A. CARPENTER JONES DISCOVERED THAT A STOOL WITH THREE LEGS STAYED UPRIGHT. REALIZING THAT THREE-LEGGED STOOLS WERE GOING TO BE A BIG SELLER, HE DECIDED HE\'D BETTER PATENT HIS INVENTION CARPENTER SMITH TRIED ONE OF JONES\' THREE-LEGGED STOOLS, BUT IT TIPPED WHEN HE BENT FAR TO REACH A TOOL YET ANOTHER CLAIM IN THE SAME PATENT APPLICATION WAS DIRECTED TO A STRUCTURE COMPRISING A BASE FOUR LEGS, AND A BACK SUPPORT. FOUR-LEGGED CHAIR WITH BACK SUPPORT ON THE OTHER HAND, SMITH\'S INVENTION EXCLUDES JONES AND OTHERS FROM MAKING, USING, AND SELLING THREE-LEGGED CHAIRS, FOUR-LEGGED STOOLS, AND FOUR-LEGGED CHAIRS PATENT Comprising thermal shock of up to 450°C—which was originally developed for the US ballistic missile program—would be patentable along with the design of cookware made from the material. The increasing importance of patents may be seen in the fairly consistent growth in the number of patents issued since the creation of the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals in 1983 (Figure 1). The Federal Circuit is the exclusive court for patent appeals and was created, in large part, to develop more uniform patent law jurisprudence than what had developed among the various regional circuit courts of appeals. Parts of a patent A patent contains several parts. The front page contains a wealth of information about the patent, as shown in Figure 2. Immediately after the front page are the drawings, which may be images of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org Patent WORKING WITH HIS PATENT ATTORNEY, HE OBTAINED A PATENT TO \"A STRUCTURE FOR SITTING COMPRISING A BASE AND THREE LEGS ATTACHED TO THE BASE.\" SMITH DISCOVERED THAT A STOOL WITH FOUR LEGS IS MUCH MORE STABLE, AND OBTAINED A PATENT TO A STRUCTURE COMPRISING A BASE AND FOUR LEGS ATTACHED TO THE BASE. Patent WHEN SMITH TOLD HIS PATENT ATTORNEY THAT HE WAS GETTING READY TO SELL FOUR-LEGGED CHAIRS, HIS ATTORNEY GAVE SMITH SOME UNPLEASANT NEWS. SO FOR EITHER OF THEM TO MAKE USE, OR SELL THESE IMPROVED DESIGNS, EACH MUST GET THE OTHER\'S PERMISSION SMITH APPROACHED JONES AND THEY DECIDED TO ENTER INTO A CROSS-LICENSE AGREEMENT SO THEY EACH COULD SELL FOUR-LEGGED CHAIRS (Credit: Steve Ritchey; Thompson Coburn LLP.) one or more aspects of the invention or may include other relevant information, such as graphs of experimental data. The section often referred to as the \"specification,\" follows the drawings and may include a background of the invention, a brief summary of the invention, a brief description of the drawings, and a detailed description of the invention, which also may disclose experiments. The patent ends with its most important aspect: the claims, which define the scope of the invention and face the most scrutiny by the Patent Office and during patent infringement actions. As noted by the Supreme Court in 1892, \"[t]he specification and claims of a patent, particularly if the invention be at all complicated, constitute one of the most difficult legal instruments to draw with accuracy.\"4 As such, a precise use of language and considerable skill is required to draft claims that define a patentable invention over the prior art while still 29 Patent law fundamentals for innovators in the ceramic and glass industry 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 ° 1963 1968 1973 1978 1963 1968 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 Figure 1. Utility patents granted per year. embracing all the possible variations of the fundamental concepts of the invention so that the inventor/owner may obtain the full measure of protection to which he or she is entitled. Requirements to obtain a patent To obtain a patent, several statutory requirements must be satisfied. As indicated above, the claims are of the utmost importance. When the statute refers to an \"invention,\" it means the invention as claimed or the claimed invention. A threshold requirement is that the patent must be directed to patentable subject matter.5 Patentable subject matter includes a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, but does not include \"phenomena of nature, though just discovered, mental processes, and abstract intellectual concepts, as they are the basic tools of scientific and technological work.” Once the threshold patentable subject matter inquiry is addressed, one may turn to the four primary statutory requirements: utility, novelty, nonobviousness, and adequate disclosure. Utility The invention must be useful or have utility. Satisfying the utility requirement is typically not an issue. The invention need not work better than earlier technologies. Simply put, the application 30 (Credit: Dennis Crouch, Aasociate professor, University of Missouri School of Law, www.patentlyo.com, January 2, 2014.) must disclose a use that is presently available to benefit the public (i.e., it cannot prove useful at some future date after future research). Novelty The claimed invention must be novel or new, which generally means it must not have been available to the public before the effective filing date of the claimed invention. Although there is a one-year grace period for earlier disclosures made by the inventor and some other exceptions, the Patent Act defines prior art to a claimed invention as: • US and foreign patents, printed publications, public uses, and sales before the effective filing date of the claimed invention; and • US patents and published US patent applications having an effective filing date before that of the claimed invention. This is the \"prior art\" to which a claimed invention is compared for novelty and obviousness (discussed below). The claimed invention is not novel or is \"anticipated\" if a single prior art reference discloses all the claimed aspects of the invention. Whether a claim is novel is usually a straightforward, objective determination a single prior art reference either discloses all the aspects of a claim or it does not. That said, there are complications, such as \"inherent\" anticipation, in which a particular claim element is not expressly disclosed in a reference but it is necessarily present if the teachings of the prior art reference are followed. A federal circuit case from 1985, Titanium Metals, offers an example. The case involved a patent application for a titanium alloy that contained various ranges of nickel, molybdenum, iron, and titanium and was \"characterized by good corrosion resistance in hot brine environments.\" However, the court recognized a prior art reference—an article written by two Russian scientists—that disclosed a particular alloy falling within the patent\'s claimed ranges. Although the article did not disclose any corrosion resistance properties, it barred the granting of a patent because corrosion resistance was an inherent property of the alloy regardless of whether the Russian scientists knew that. Moreover, a determination as to whether a particular reference constitutes prior art can be complicated. As will be discussed in greater detail in a future article, the AIA significantly changed the provisions for determining whether a particular reference constitutes prior art to a patent application filed on or after March 16, 2013. Obviousness The invention must not be obvious over the prior art. 10 Unlike novelty, the consideration of obviousness is not limited to a single prior art reference. Instead, obviousness is judged from the point of view of a person of ordinary skill in the art, who is deemed to be aware of all the relevant prior art. Obviousness is the USPTO\'s most typical basis for the rejection of claims when examining a patent application. It is relatively rare that all the claims of a patent are defeated on the basis of novelty typically no single prior art reference exists that discloses all the elements of a claimed invention. However, the Office often finds all the claim elements in a combination of prior art references. The determination of obviousness is largely subjective and requires determining whether the differences between the claimed invention and one or a combination of prior art references is such that the claimed invention, as a whole, would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time the invention was made. Although primarily a subjective determination, objective evidence often referred to as \"secondary considerations” can support a finding of nonobviousness. Examples of secondary considerations include the invention\'s commercial success, long-felt but unresolved needs, the failure of others, skepticism by experts, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.3 First name inventor (12) United States Patent Title Wilson et al. US007921910B2 (10) Patent No.: (45) Date of Patent: US 7,921,910 B2 Apr. 12, 2011 Patent number Issue date (56) Inventors Patent owner (54) TAGGED PROPPING AGENTS AND RELATED METHODS (75) Inventors: Brett A. Wilson, Lafayette, LA (US); Robert Duenckel, Southlake, TX (US): Thomas C. Palamara, Eufaula, AL (US) (73) Assignee: Carbo Ceramics Inc., Houston, TX (US) 6,691,780 B2 2003/0196799 A1 2004/0129923 A1 2004/0162224 A1 Modifications to term of the patent Application number Filing date and related applications References Cited U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 4,879,181 A 5,182,051 A * 5,243,190 A 11/1989 Fitzgibbon 1/1993 Bandy et al. 9/1993 Bandy et al. 2/2004 Nguyen et al. 10/2003 Nguyen et al. 7/2004 Nguyen et al. 8/2004 Nguyen et al. 252/645 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 1355 038 A1 10/2003 OTHER PUBLICATIONS International Search Report for PCT/US05/009511, published by the International Bureau of WIPO on Jul. 5, 2005 under WO 2005/ 100746 A1. Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 246 days. EP (21) Appl. No.: 11/667,324 (22) PCT Filed: Mar. 22, 2005 (86) PCT No.: PCT/US2005/009511 § 371 (c)(1), (2), (4) Date: May 8, 2007 (87) PCT Pub. No.: WO2005/100746 PCT Pub. Date: Oct. 27, 2005 Publication information (65) Prior Publication Data US 2008/0210421 A1 Sep. 4, 2008 (51) Int. Cl. E21B 49/08 (2006.01) Technology classification of invention E21B 47/00 (2006.01) E21B 43/267 (2006.01) (52) U.S. CL. 166/250.12; 166/252.6; 166/280.2 (58) Field of Classification Search See application file for complete search history. None References considered by the examiner Office Action dated Jul. 10, 2009 for Chinese Application No. 20058005208.X, 6 pages. Examiner *cited by examiner Primary Examiner-Zakiya W. Bates (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Thompson Coburn LLP (57) ABSTRACT A proppant composition comprises a non-radioactive, detectable tracer at least partially embedded in a ceramic composition. The composition may be prepared by agglomerating granules of the ceramic material and granules of the nonradioactive, detectable material to produce the particle by compression. Backflow of proppants in a fractured subterranean formation into which a plurality of particles of the proppant composition have been introduced may be tracked by analyzing a sample of the backflow by detecting for presence of the tracer in the sample. 22 Claims, 1 Drawing Sheet Law firm Abstract of information Figure 2. Front page of a patent application. praise by others, teaching away by others (e.g., a prior art reference that claims an aspect of your invention would be, for example, undesirable, ineffective, counterproductive, or impossible), recognition of a problem, and copying of the invention by competitors. In 2007, the US Supreme Court\'s KSR v. Teleflex decision significantly changed how the USPTO and the courts analyze the question of obviousness. In particular, the Court rejected the rigid analysis that had developed in lower courts since its seminal Graham v. John Deere decision in 1966 in favor of a flexible inquiry. 12 The KSR decision is important from a legal point of view, and it provides a good illustration of an obviousness analysis involving the combination of multiple prior art references. In KSR, the claim was to a positionadjustable vehicle pedal having three elements: the pedal assembly has a fixed pivot point; an electronic pedal-position sensor is on the pedal assembly itself; and the sensor is attached to the fixed pivot point. The primary prior art reference disclosed a support structure for an adjustable pedal assembly in which one pivot point stays fixed, thereby satisfying nonmoving part of the pedal support the first claim element. According to the Court, the question \"was whether a pedal designer of ordinary y skill, facing the wide range of needs created by developments in the field of endeavor, would have seen a benefit to upgrading [the primary prior art design] with a sensor.\" The answer, of course, was yes. At the relevant time, the marketplace had created strong incentive to convert mechanical pedals to those using electronic sensors. Therefore, starting with the primary reference design, the question for a pedal designer \"was where to attach the sensor. The consequent legal question, then, is whether a pedal designer of ordinary skill starting with [the primary reference design] would have found it obvious to put the sensor on a fixed pivot point.\" Turning to the other prior art references, the Court determined a second reference taught the benefit of putting the sensor on the pedal assembly instead of the engine (i.e., the second claim limitation). A third reference taught that the sensor should not be on the pedal\'s footpad but instead on a American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org structure to avoid motion in the sensor wires, which causes wire-chafing. In view of the teachings about the sensor location and the fixed pivot point design of the primary references, the Court concluded that \"[t]he most obvious nonmoving point on the structure from which a sensor can easily detect the pedal\'s position is a pivot point.\" Therefore, all three of the claim limitations were found to be obvious in view of the prior art. As a result, the claim was deemed invalid. Adequate disclosure Lastly, the patent application must satisfy three distinct but related requirements: written description; enablement; and best mode. 13 These three requirements are the minimum level of disclosure. A patent may, and often does, have disclosure that surpasses the statutory minimum. Failing to comply with these requirements will render the affected claims invalid. The AIA removed invalidity as the consequence of failing to disclose best mode. Importantly, adequate disclosure requirements are evalu31 Patent law fundamentals for innovators in the ceramic and glass industry ated as of the effective filing date of the application, even if the issue does not come up until much later when a patent is the subject of litigation. The written description and enablement requirements tend to be issues for patents of chemical and biotech inventions and are usually not of concern for patents of mechanical and electrical inventions. Written description The written description requirement promotes the progress of the useful arts by ensuring the patentee adequately describes the invention in the patent specification in exchange for the right to exclude others from practicing the invention for the duration of the patent\'s term. To satisfy the written description requirement, a patent specification must describe the claimed invention in sufficient detail that a person of ordinary skill in the art can reasonably conclude that the inventor “possessed\" the claimed invention. Such possession is shown by describing the invention with all of its elements using descriptive means, including words, figures, diagrams, and formulas. For example, when considering a patent for a compound, the USPTO may look for a description incorporating chemical structures, physical and chemical properties, and functional characteristics coupled with a known or disclosed correlation between the function and structure, or some combination of such characteristics. As noted by the Federal Circuit, “[c]ompliance with the written description requirement is essentially a fact-based inquiry that will ‘necessarily vary depending on the nature of the invention claimed.\"\"\"14 Enablement The enablement requirement is satisfied with a specification that discloses sufficient information to allow a person of ordinary skill in the art to make and use (or \"practice\") the invention without undue experimentation (see Wands factors for evaluating whether experimentation needed to practice an invention is undue). As with the written description requirement, the enablement requirement is part of the bargain of promoting science and the useful arts in exchange for a limited monopoly. However, the 32 Wands factors for evaluating whether experimentation needed to practice an invention is undue Wands factor Quantity of the experimentation Amount of direction or guidance present Presence or absence of working examples Nature of the invention State of the prior art Relative skill of those in the art Predictability/unpredictability of the art Breadth of the claims Analysis The less experimentation, the better. Considered in terms of time, effort, cost, etc., in view of activities typical in the particular field. Thus, the fact that experimentation may be complex does not necessarily make it undue, if the art typically engages in such experimentation. The more guidance, the better. Working examples are not required but very helpful. Even prophetic examples can be helpful. As complication increases, more disclosure is needed. Applications to inventions in well-developed fields typically require less disclosure. The more the inventor\'s skill level is above that of others in the art (in terms of education and/or years of experience), the more disclosure that is needed. The chemical and biotech arts are generally considered to be more unpredictable, whereas the mechanical and electrical arts are considered to be more predictable. Fields can become more predictable as they develop. As claim scope increases, more disclosure is needed. The concept of undue experimentation with respect to enablement was set forth by the Supreme Court in 191615 but it was the Federal Circuit\'s 1988 In re Wands decision that first articulated what is to be considered when evaluating whether experimentation needed to practice the invention was undue and, thus, the disclosure was not enabling.16 enablement requirement is distinct from the written description requirement and goes beyond merely explaining how to make and use the invention. For example, an applicant could show possession of a claimed chemical compound by disclosing the chemical structure itself, but the structure may not convey the necessary information to allow a person of ordinary skill in the art to make the chemical compound. Best mode Disclosing what the inventor believes to be the best way to practice the invention at the time the application is filed satisfies the best mode requirement. In general, this requirement is not an issue, but it must be kept in mind if an inventor improves the invention while the patent application is being prepared, after the first application is filed, or when filing subsequent related patent applications. Although your attorney will likely ask if there have been developments you in the technology since you prepared the invention disclosure or the earlier application was filed, it is always best to be aware of this potential problem and keep your attorney apprised of significant developments. Your most important asset Patents protect one of the most important assets a company has—its intellectual property. Regardless of patent type, certain requirements must be met before a patent is granted, or which may be a basis for invalidating a patent in court. My next article will provide a detailed analysis of the AIA as it applies to the ceramic and glass industry, including best practices for working within it. About the author Steve Ritchey is a patent and intellectual property attorney at Thompson Coburn LLP, St. Louis, Mo. He earned his BS in ceramic engineering at Iowa State University. Ritchey earned his law degree from Saint Louis University School of Law. Contact: sritchey@ thompsoncoburn.com or 314-552-6000. References ¹A. Kastalsky, \"Nanotube array light-emitting diodes,\" US Pat. No. 8,610,125, Dec. 17, 2013. 2G.D. Zhang and R.R. Vandamme, \"Semiconductor and solar wafers,\" US Pat. No. 8,310,031, Nov. 13, 2012. 3A. Tanabe, \"Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof,\" US Pat. No. 8,598,055, Aug. 13, 2013. *Topliff v. Topliff, 145 US 156 171 (1892). 535 U.S.C. $101 \"Mayo v. Prometheus, 132 S.Ct. 1289, 1293 (2012). 735 U.S.C. $101 835 U.S.C. §102 \'Titanium Metals Corp. of America v. Banner, 778 F.2d 775 (Fed. Cir. 1985). 1035 U.S.C. $103 KSR Int\'l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 US 398 (2007). 12Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 US 1 (1966). 1335 U.S.C. $112(a) 14Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Gen-Probe Inc., 323 F.3d 956, 963 (Fed. Cir. 2002). 15Mineral Separation v. Hyde, 242 US 261 (1916). 16In re Wands, 858 F.2d 731 (Fed. Cir. 1988).■ www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.3 luane 73 Bonn, 22.4.62 Figure 1. Original notes (in German) for test batch No. 73 from November 22, 1962, implemented in manufacture on January 11, 1963. % kq 34,70 Weissenbrunner Regauntit 590 10,15 Petalit 473 2,40 Glattscheiben 41 13,05 Alzz makrokristallin 222 8,35 Blue-Clay 442 8,35 K-Clay 442 3,30 Kaolin Edel R 3,80 Spezial 6.30 Osmose Neka 961 100,00 56 61 64 69 107 114 orcelain has a long tradition of Pore use as a high-voltage insulator. As early as 1849, Werner von Siemens used the first porcelain insulators on telegraph cables from Frankfurt to Berlin. Porcelain\'s properties—such as hardness, mechanical strength, partial electric discharge with glowing discharge base points, and resistance to corrosion, chemicals, heat, and weather-have made it indispensable in insulation engineering. 163 775 4700 Maklerbit: la 3% Rauf DIN 100 Alumina-enriched porcelain: Fifty Siegfried Krämer is a key figure in the history of highvoltage insulators. Almost 50 years ago, as a manager of Wessel Isolatoren GmbH (Bonn, Germany), Krämer helped develop a new composition, then called “test batch No. 73,\" (Figure 1) that replaced the conventional quartz in porcelain with alumina and petalite, a lithium aluminosilicate. Postwar saturation of the high-voltage insulator market, largely because of the electrification of Federal Railways, spurred the innovation. Intense competition but high failure rates prompted the search to improve the inherent strength of porcelain. Test batch No. 73 achieved this by replacing porcelain\'s standard 25 wt% feldspar for 13 wt% alumina. The years in the evolutionary new alumina-enriched porcelain insulators were production of high-voltage insulators Interview of Johannes Liebermann by Martin Hartmann (translated by Arndt Spindler) Johannes Liebermann talks about the progress and trends of porcelain high-voltage insulators. so strong that they were an instant sensation at their introduction at the 1963 Hannover Fair. Johannes Liebermann worked many years for Siemens, managing their insulator production department as well as heading the R&D management division. An advocate for the science behind these ubiquitious and necessary components, Libermann lectures on the topic and recently wrote a book on the subject, High-Voltage Insulators. What follows is an interview with Liebermann (JL) about the present and future outlook for porcelain high-voltage insulators. In light of the improved qualities of high-grade alumina-enriched porcelain, why do quartz porcelain insulators still exist? What are the essential differences? JL: Worldwide today, large quantities of quartz porcelain supply small- and low-load insulators for the low- and mediumvoltage sectors, such as transformer bushings and pin and shackle insulators. For low demands on strength, inexpensive quartz porcelain has an unmatched price/performance ratio. However, when demands on strength and thermal shock resistance over time increase, quartz porcelain insulators often fail. Failure results from internal stresses and microcracks, which are caused by quartz crystals embedded in the microAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 33 33 Priority of parameters Figure 2. (From top to bottom) Microcracks in a quartz porcelain giant insulator; internal cracks in a demounted old quartz porcelain insulator; damaged microstructure of demounted old quartz porcelain insulators; and cracks caused by inhomogeneities and microstructure stress. structure. Weyl¹ calculated the internal stresses in quartz porcelain and found that the higher thermal contraction of quartz grains predicts microstructure stresses of at least 4,000 kg/cm². If a tensile strength of 1,000 kg/cm² is assumed, microcracks near quartz grains cause cracks the size of these crystals. Such microcracks can grow when the porcelain is loaded in testing and service. Crack growth reduces the strength of a loaded insulator, causing to age and break. Therefore, quartz porcelain has caused considerable problems in high-voltage applications, especially when heated suddenly and in longterm service. Damage caused by failure of quartz porcelain outdoor insulators, such as giant insulators in Germany, railway insulators in Russia, and cap 34 Increasing microstructure strength and stability ☑ - Quartz reduction - Generation of aggresive early eutectic melt phases - Increased Al2O3 content - Low firing temperature - Fast cooling above 1,000°C 1 2 3 4 5 Figure 3. Priority of parameters to increase microstructure strength and stability. insulators in Greece, has forced operators to make comprehensive and expensive repairs. Freese and Pohlmann² investigated the change of failure load values of unmounted used insulators. Their studies showed that the largest strength decrease occurs in quartz ceramics and that the upper limit of service length is 15 years. Figure 2 shows internal cracks and microstructure damage in an old quartz porcelain insulator. Alumina-enriched porcelain with lead cementing instead offers many advantages. However, higher-grade alumina-enriched ceramic materials also are flawed by embedded quartz grains introduced by feldspar and kaolin. You had a decisive role in the further development of bulk alumina. What was the course of this development in recent decades, and what is the current state of knowledge? JL: As a consequence of the described problems with quartz ceramic materials, reducing microstructure-induced stresses became the essential goal for improving porcelain. Krämer\'s initial work paved the way with the development of alumina-enriched porcelain. Now, a new microstructure component, corundum (α-Al,O₂), contributes to porcelain\'s strength by raising Young\'s modulus and increasing density. The mechanical strength of porcelain has a linear correlation with Young\'s modulus.³ Therefore, maximizing corundum in porcelain microstructure is advantageous. Corundum and mullite, too, are desirable microstructure constituents because they intensify interfacial bonding and interfacial friction to improve rupture behavior and mechanical properties of the material.4 However, undissolved quartz particles are detrimental because of the discontinuous expansion of these particles in the α to ẞ transformation. Volume changes from the transformation cause internal stresses and microcracks the size of quartz crystals. Stress and thermal shocks propagate the cracks. Therefore, as far as possible, large crystallites of residual quartz should be avoided in alumina-enriched porcelain. Today, prioritizing the features of porcelain (Figure 3) can achieve a stable and strong microstructure through a balance of increased corundum (≥40%) and mullite (≤15%) content and reduced residual quartz content (<1%).5 Is there a promising trend for the future of high-voltage insulation? JL: In countries with bauxite deposits, such as China and India, sintered bauxite is increasingly used as a costeffective Al2O3-containing raw material instead of more expensive alumina.4 Bauxite has a lower cost, and it promotes the course of sintering by early aggressive eutectic melt phases. This results in earlier dense sintering, and harmful residual quartz is dissolved almost completely. This is crucial for microstructure stability. To improve mechanical properties, a maximum amount of Al2O3 should be corundum, and mullite needles should be as small as possible, that is, they should not recrystallize again from long and intense firing. Figure 4 shows a www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 B Figure 4. SEM micrograph of a chemically etched high-strength C130 bauxite porcelain sintered at 1,190°C. A₁ =mullite; A2-vitreous phase; B=corundum particle; C-pore microstructure that achieves this goal. The low sintering temperature of 1,190°C provides an additional benefit by reducing manufacturers\' energy costs. Today, silicone compound insulators are an interesting alternative for operators because of their hydrophobic surface behavior and lightweight construction. In regions with high pollution loads, hydrophobic surface properties provide proven technical benefits. In principle, insulator surfaces made from silicate materials, such as porcelain and glass, are hydrophilic. Therefore, with increasing pollution, such as coastal regions with smog or saline mist, they are electrically inferior to silicone compound insulators. On the other hand, porcelain insulators are unequaled in regards to the essential nontracking quality in case of partial electric discharges with glowing discharge base points, making them superior to plastic insulators. Fifty years ago, Krämer\'s experiments played an essential role in initiating the epoch of high-alumina-enriched and bauxite porcelain, which have proved themselves in the ceramic high-voltage insulator sector. Together with silicone compound and glass cap insulators, porcelain insulators will continue to be used worldwide in the future, with the help of High Voltage Insulators-Basics and Trends for Producers, Users, and Students newly constructed and extended manufacturing capacities in threshold countries. About the authors Martin Hartmann is head of German Association of the Ceramic Industry. Dipl.-Sprachmittler Arndt Spindler is a translator. Contact: Arndt Spindler at spindler.arndt@tonline.de. References ¹D. Weyl, Über den Einfluss innerer Spannungen auf das Gefüge und die mechanische Festigkeit des Porzellans, Ber. Dtsch. Karam. Ges., 36 [10] 319-24 (1959). 2H.J. Frese and H. Pohlmann, Betriebserfahrungen und Untersuchungen an Langstabisolatoren, Elektrizitätswirtschaft, 98 [22] 38-43 (1999). ³O. Kröckel, Beitrag zum Festigkeitsverhalten keramischer Werkstoffe, Hermsdorfer Tech. Mitteilungen, 12 [33] 1039-52 (1972). 4W. Kollenberg, Härte keramischer Werkstoffe, Ch. 5.2.3.0; pp. 1–43. 10. Erg.-Lfg. Keramische Werkstoffe (1992), DKG Techn. Keram. Werkstoffe. 5J. Liebermann, High-Voltage Insulators: Basics and Trends for Producers, Users, and Students, 2nd ed. H.O. Schulze, Lichtenfels, Germany, 2012, ISBN-13: 978-3-87735-210-6. www.matscitech.org MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 Ⓡ David L. Lawrence Convention Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA The leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing and performance across the materials community. Reserve your booth by May 12th to save! HIGH-VOLTAGE INSULATORS HIGH-VOLTAGE INSULATORS UPMC Liebermann\'s book reflects a depth of experience acquired over the span of a decades-long career in the field. It covers the production, evaluation, and proper use of high-voltage insulators. Fundamental manufacturing considerations are covered in detail, as well. (ISBN-13: 978-3-87735-208-3; www.schulze-kg.de) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org contact a representative for more details on exhibiting, advertising or sponsorships: American The Ceramic Society AIST Mona Thiel Beth Kirschner (614) 794-5834 mthiel@ceramics.org (724) 814-3030 bkirschner@aist.org ASM Kelly Thomas (440) 338-1733 Kelly.Thomas@asminternational.org TMS Caron Gavrish (724) 814-3140 cgavrish@tms.org 35 www.dgg-gomd.org DGG-ACerS-GOMD 2014 Aachen, Germany | May 25-30, 2014 Register now for the 1st Joint Meeting of DGGACerS-GOMD. This congress merges, for the first time, the Annual Meetings of the German Society of Glass Technology (DGG) and of the Glass & Optical Materials Division of The American Ceramic Society (ACerS-GOMD). The joint meeting also hosts the 10th International Conference on Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass (AFPG), the 2nd International Glass Fiber Conference, a special symposium on nuclear waste forms, and a glass trend seminar. More than 400 oral and poster presentations cover a wide scope of topics ranging from the fundamentals of the glassy state and amorphous materials to energy applications of glass to topics related to health, medical, and biological applications as well as to optical materials and devices, and finally to glass production technology. This is truly a unique opportunity for glass scientists and technologists alike. Conference location. Eurogress Aachen Monheimsallee 48 D-52062 Aachen, Germany http://www.eurogress-aachen.de/ Organizers The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Technical programs and symposia chairs Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass Reinhard Conradt, RWTH Aachen University, Germany Ruud Beerkens, CelSian Glass & Solar b.v., The Netherlands Energy Applications of Glass - Fundamentals and Application Joachim Deubener, Clausthal University of Technology, Germany Steve W. Martin, Iowa State University, USA Health, Medical, Biological Aspects - Fundamentals and Application Aldo R. Boccaccini, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA Fundamentals of the Glassy State and Amorphous Materials Lothar Wondraczek, Otto Schott-Institute of Materials Research, University Jena, Germany Pierre Lucas, University of Arizona, USA Gang Chen, Ohio University, USA Optical Materials and Devices - Fundamentals and Application Juejun Hu, University of Delaware, USA Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida, USA Johann Troles, Université de Rennes 1, France Nuclear Waste Forms - Fundamentals and Application Joseph Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA Edda Raedlein, Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany 2nd International Glass Fiber Symposium Kirsten Hellmann, RWTH Aachen University, Germany Reinhard Conradt, RWTH Aachen University, Germany Thomas Gries, RWTH Aachen University, Germany Davide Pico, RWTH Aachen University, Germany 36 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 Points of contact: Steve W. Martin Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa swmartin@iastate.edu Gang Chen Ohio University, Athens, Ohio cheng3@ohio.edu Micoulaut Kiczenski Hayden Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture GOMD/DGG/Glass trend meetings Matthieu Micoulaut, professor, Université Pierre et Monday, May 26, 2014 Marie Curie (UPMC) Title: Reversibility in glasses Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture TJ Kiczenski, research associate, glass research group, Corning Incorporated Title: Advancing the understanding and utilization of glass relaxation in commercial applications Stookey Lecture of Discovery Joseph S. Hayden, research fellow, research and technology development, SCHOTT Title: Overcoming technical challenges and moving into the future with laser glass Annual members\' meeting of DGG GOMD Executive Committee meeting Annual members\' meeting of HVG Tuesday, May 27, 2014 Glass Trend council meeting GOMD general business meeting Thank you sponsors! ArdaghGroup 8- 9:15 a.m. 8 – 9:15 a.m. 6:15 - 7:30 p.m. 5:45 – 7:45 p.m. 6-7 p.m. CelSian Glass & Solar GERRESHEIMER George W. Morey Award Stephen R. Elliott, Cambridge University Title: Chalcogenide phase-change materials: Past and future PDU PLANSEE Rio Tinto SCHOTT Elliott Lezzi Norbert J. Kreidl Award Peter J. Lezzi, PhD student, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Title: Strength increase of silica glass fibers by surface stress relaxation: A new mechanical strengthening method SAINT-GOBAIN SEFPRO glass made of ideas verallia vetropack&Coe College CORNING mo sci CORPORATION Accommodation Participants of the conference can book their accommodation online by April 25, 2014. Visit the web for booking information. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org PPG IMI NFG 37 332 RAPID-FIRE PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS DUE MAY 15TH Organizer: Steven Jung, PhD Chief technology officer Mo-Sci Corporation 573-364-2338 Innovations in Biomedical Materials: Focus on Ceramics Hilton Columbus Downtown, Columbus, Ohio July 30-August 1, 2014 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Bioceramics 2014 brings together applied researchers, medical practitioners, and medical ceramic materials manufacturers and marketers to better develop emerging technologies, treatments, and products and devices. Program Thursday, July 31, 2014 8:30 to 9:30 a.m. Plenary Session I Affordable healthcare? The role of bioceramic technology Larry Hench, professor, Florida Institute of Technology, and inventor of Bioglass 10:00 to 11:00 a.m. Orthopedics | Panel Discussion This session discusses new and emerging bioceramic technologies and technologies that are in the commercial pipeline. It will focus on bioceramics with orthopedic applications, including cranial, facial, orthopedic, bone void fillers, and spinal applications. Individual panelists will discuss the many used of bioactive glass for the treatment of bone injuries and bone defects in the body. It will explore material properties and forms along with dynamic bioactive bone graft material that can be molded into desired shapes for implantation. Confirmed Panelists: ⚫ Zehra Tosun, senior R&D biomedical engineer, NovaBone Products LLC · Charanpreet S. Bagga, president and CEO, Prosidyan, Inc. ⚫ Markus Reiterer, senior principal scientist, Medtronic, Inc. ⚫ Larry Hench, professor, Florida Institute of Technology 11:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. New Technologies Panel Discussion This panel discussion focuses on emerging technologies containing bioceramics covering wound care, bone grafting, drug delivery and coatings. Specific topics include emerging topics of bioactive glasses, including new frontiers in wound care and bone grafting. In addition drug delivery will be discussed including nanoparticulate alternatives for drug delivery, porous silica microspheres for medical applications, and coating technologies for medical implants. Confirmed Panelists: • James H. Adair, professor, materials science & engineering, bioengineering and pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University . • George Wicks, president, Wicks Consulting Services Orville Bailey, president, Covalent Coatings Technologies, LLC Jacob J. Stiglich, president and CEO, Advanced Materials Associates 1:30 to 2:30 p.m. Plenary Session II The current regulatory environment Glenn Stiegman, vice president, regulatory affairs, Musculoskeletal Clinical Regulatory Advisers, LLC (MCRA) 3:00 to 4:00 p.m. Regulatory Panel Discussion This panel discussion focuses on the current regulatory environment, Food and Drug Administration trends, how to obtain and maintain compliance, patent trends and protecting intellectual property. Confirmed Panelists: • • Aditya Sukthankar, regulatory consultant, MDI Consultants Inc. • Tram Nguyen, partner, Monument IP Law Group Glenn Stiegman, vice president, Regulatory Affairs, Musculoskeletal Clinical Regulatory Advisers, LLC (MCRA) 4:00 to 5:00 p.m. Radiotherapeutics Panel Discussion Radiotherapeutics will discuss clinical efficacy of tenured products along with new treatment options from emerging technologies and applications. Panelists will discuss product development, materials requirements, properties of good radiotherapeutic materials, chemical durability, how to maximize specific activity, method of activation and the right type of radioisotope. Confirmed Panelists: Mark Tann, MD, associate professor of clinical radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine • Wayne Mullet, director of development, BTG International Canada Inc. ⚫ Delbert Day, Curators\' Professor Emeritus of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 www.ceramics.org/bioceramics2014 Call for rapid-fire presentations: Participate in the inaugural \"Rapid-Fire Presentation\" session hosted Wednesday, July 30, from 4:30 to 6 p.m. Presenters will give a two-minute preview of their poster prior to the welcome reception and poster session. In addition to the talk, presenters may use two PowerPoint slides to highlight their research. Friday, August 1, 2014 8:30 to 9:30 a.m. Plenary Session III Clinical Testing Dr. Safdar Khan, MD, chief, division of spine, The Ohio State University 10:00 to 11:00 a.m. Clinical Testing Panel Discussion This panel discussion focuses on the efficacy of a multitude of products from a variety of medical fields and how these products may be improved to get an improved outcome. Panelists will cover preliminary and primary research, testing required for commercialization, and clinical trials. Confirmed Panelists: ⚫ Lynda Bonewald, vice chancellor for translational and clinical research, University of Missouri-Kansas ⚫ Dr. Safdar Khan, MD, chief, division of spine, The Ohio State University ⚫ Dr. Paul Weinberger, MD, assistant professor, Georgia Regents University 11:00 AM to 12:00 p.m. Bioceramic Testing Panel Discussion This panel discussion focuses on test methods currently used for evaluating bioceramics, especially in-vitro and cellular biology. The panelists will also discuss which animal models to use for acceptance by regulatory groups for specific indications of treatment. Confirmed Panelists: ⚫ David Greenspan, president, Spinode Consulting 1:30 to 2:30 p.m. Plenary Session IV Surgical Trends Dr. Hyun Bae, MD, surgeon, The Spine Institute 3:00 to 4:00 p.m. Orthopedics II Panel Discussion This follow-up session to Orthopedics I discusses new and emerging bioceramic technologies and technologies that are in the commercial pipeline. Individual panelists will discuss collagen ceramic products engineered to mimic the composition and pore structure of natural human bone along with bioactive bone graft materials that undergoes a time dependent surface modification upon implanting in living tissue eventually resulting the formation of new bone. Confirmed Panelists: Sunil Saini, director, R&D, Integra ⚫ John Brunelle, chief Technology officer, BioStructures LLC ⚫ David Hill, associate professor, department of anatomy and cell biology, Georgia Regents University 4:00 to 5:00 p.m. Dental Applications Panel Discussion This panel discussion focuses on new and emerging bioceramic technologies and technologies that are in the commercial pipeline with dental applications. Confirmed Panelists: ⚫ Carolyn Primus, Primus Consulting Bill Poulson, product manager, Biomet 3i ⚫ Gregory Pomrick, vice president, research & development, NovaBones Products LLC Hotel Hilton Columbus Downtown 401 North High Street Columbus, Ohio, US Tel: 614-384-8600 Rates: Single/Double: $159 Cutoff Date: July 8, 2014 Sponsors: moosci CORPORATION Florida Institute of Technology NOVABONE American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 39 register now! 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROSPINNING August 4-7, 2014 | Westin San Francisco | San Francisco, Calif. INTRODUCTION Electrospin 2014 will provide a platform for researchers, engineers, and students to exchange knowledge and advance the field of electrospinning, nanomaterials, and their applications. The conference topics will address theory; all materials, including polymers, metals, and ceramics; applications in energy storage and harvesting; filtration; materials for sustainability; biomedical applications; and more. Special focus will be given to the fast-growing field of ceramic nanomaterials. Register now to participate in this biennial event. WHO SHOULD ATTEND Professionals in the academic field and industry should make their plans to attend. Newcomers to the field are highly welcome and will profit from the high-quality presentations from top scientists and engineers from around the world. Students will meet and learn from the best and have a chance to interact with companies that electrospin or fabricate nanomaterials. ORGANIZERS: SESSION TOPICS - Advances in electrospinning theory and modeling - Energy storage and harvesting with electrospun or sprayed materials - Novel developments in electrospinning and other nanofiber fabrication technologies - Ceramic and composite nanofibers -Polymer nanofibers - Biomedical applications of electrospun materials - Filtration and textiles - Electrospinning for green materials and sustainability HOTEL The Westin San Francisco Market Street 50 Third Street San Francisco, CA 9410 40 Wolfgang Sigmund University of Florida Tel +1-352-846-3343 wsigm@mse.ufl.edu Younan Xia Georgia Tech Tel +1-404-385-3209 yxia45@gatech.edu THE WESTIN MARKET STREET www.ceramics.org/electrospin2014 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy conference commits to international presence N early 200 engineers, scientists, business people, and students from 30 countries came to Clearwater, Fla., for the 2014 installment of the Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy. The conference returned to the United States after being held in China last year. Besides offering outstanding technical sessions covering topics that are critical to alternative energy technology development, MCARE 2014 hosted a European-USA workshop based on Horizon 2020, which is a joint international workshop to identify collaborative projects for new European funding. The workshop helped researchers and entrepreneurs establish new collaborations to create new project consortia. Breaking from tradition, MCARE organizers agreed to hold the conference in the US in even-numbered years, and ACers will provide the opportunity for organizations to host the conference outside North America in odd-numbered years. Plans are to hold MCARE 2015 in Jeju, South Korea, in February or March 2015 and return to the US in spring 2016. 1 A highlight of the meeting occurred when meeting organizers honored MCARE conference founders George Wicks and Jack Simon during a plenary session. Pictured from left: Ragaiy Zidan and Sanjay Mathur, MCARE 2014 cochairs; George Wicks and Jack Simon, MCARE founders; H.T. Lin, MCARE 2014 cochair; and Mark Mecklenborg, ACerS staff. 2 2 Bor Z. Jang, cofounder and CEO of Angstron Materials and Nanotek Instruments presents his ideas for using graphene in electrochemical energy storage applications in a plenary session. 3 Great networking took place during a beachside welcome reception as well as three lunches and a poster session. 4 Graduate students contributed research and ideas with posters, talks, and friendship. 5 The Society has much to offer, as these two discover at the ACerS membership table. 4 2 (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) ACerS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION MEETING in conjunction with The National Brick Research Center Meeting 3 4 D espite inclement weather in and around Knoxville, Tenn., 58 attended the 2014 ACerS Structural Clay Products Division Meeting March 3–5 at the Hilton Knoxville Hotel. This is the second consecutive year primarily manufacturers or suppliers to the brick and structural clay industries, enjoyed two receptions sponsored by industry suppliers; two plant tours-General Shale and Crossville Inc.; and a morning technical session on a variety of topics, including updates on the EPA\'s MACT Standards and OSHA\'s PEL of respirable crystalline silica. General Shale\'s modern 150,000-square-foot manufacturing plant in Spring City, Tenn., opened in 2009 and produces a premier line of residential brick as well as thin rock products. After the tour, attendees enjoyed a delicious barbeque lunch provided by General Shale before traveling up to Crossville, Inc. for a tour 5 of their porcelain tile plant. This modern and impressive plant boasts the largest dry press in the United States and has the capability to decorate the tile with up to 20 applications-creating some stunning and unique finished floor and wall tile. For additional details of the meeting, including the technical program and sponsors, visit ACerS Meetings Archive page at http://ceramics. org/meetings/meetings-archives. complemented two plant tours. 1 Chair-elect (right) Bill Daidone, 3 The technical presentations Acme Brick Technical Center, presents Greg Grabert, Basic Machinery Co. Inc. (left) with a certificate of appreciation for his contribution as SCPD chair for 2013-2014. 2 Robotic equipment at General Shale. 4 An attentive audience learns about the coal-fired tunnel kiln from General Shale staff, Jack Bolus. 5 SCPD attendees examine General Shale brick before it enters the dryer. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 41 book review \'Thriving in the 21st Century Economy: Transformational Skills for Technical Professionals\' By K. Subramanian and U.S. Rangan Professionals in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) have played a direct role in driving economic growth. This book analyzes the changing roles of STEM professionals in preglobalization and globalization eras as well in the future. It defines the desired skills and competencies for successful STEM professionals to thrive in the 21st century economy. Globalization and digitization of information has resulted in a major redefinition of jobs and skills for technical professionals worldwide. The authors refer to a new economic order known as the “binary economy,\" which attributes a larger share of economic growth to improved technology rather than to increased labor productivity. Today, the authors say, companies need either \"Solution Creators\" who can discover, develop, and deploy new solutions, or less-skilled but competent \"Solution Replicators\" (see figure). In this book, the authors analyze their observations and propose directions for the future of technical professionals worldwide. The authors assert that \"end-to-end innovation\" is the new order for STEM professionals. That is, an innovation cannot be successful all the way to market if the innovation chain from the initial new solution to final impact is not connected well. Technical professionals assigned primarily to the front end of the innovation chain face a deep disadvantage. They need a model of innovation where the idea is pursued successfully THRIVING IN THE 21st CENTURY ECONOMY Transformational Sale for Technical Professionals End to End nation Care Technogy Platfe OPITHE cence Capobail Langings Profesora Shine Mange into the development phase and its logical conclusion, leading to commercial impact. This unbroken chain is called end-to-end innovation. Therefore, the authors propose that the STEM professionals should not limit themselves to physical technologies and digital technologies—their traditional comfort zones. They should act themselves as architects, designers, and innovation drivers in complex engineering systems. They must be capable of various transformational skills to be successful drivers for the end-to-end innovation. The authors identify and propose transformational skills STEM professionals will need to be productive in an increasingly global and technical workplace: the ability to develop a common language, 3D view of core capabilities, a systems approach, emphasis on the science and use of mobile diagnostic tools and methods, ability to build ecosystem based on core technology, end-to-end innovation, and emotional intelligence for new solutions. Training for most of these transformational skills is not available as standard courses in educational institutions. The authors challenge readers to further refine and adapt them to their specific discipline of academic excellence in conjunction with their activity. The authors describe a more integral role of future STEM professionals, writing, Oh-Hun Kwon Guest columnist \"The 21st century technical professionals may have a working arrangement similar to that of today\'s medical professionals! They may have their own offices with specialized diagnostic tools, some of which may be portable. These changes will require technical professionals to deviate from their task-oriented practice of doing what they are asked to do and transform into system thinkers and solution providers. They will be the true knowledge workers, integrating knowledge from all sources and applying [it] toward comprehensive solutions for a series of identified needs in rapid succession.\" High Technical skills required Low New solutions Replication of known solutions Few Many Number of jobs This book is enlightening and provides definition for the similar observations and experiences of the binary economy many have witnessed without benefit of such insights. It provides excellent career advice for those who want to be passionate drivers of end-toend innovation all the way through to market success. The book is 212 pages and was published in 2013 by ASME. Order at www.asme.org. (ISBN 9780791860168) About the reviewer Oh-Hun Kwon is technical director for processing technology at SaintGobain Northboro R&D Center in Northboro, Mass. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 42 new products 3D surface metrology system Lei Chip voltages span 600 V to 5,000 V, capacitance values span 1.5 pF to 0.82 μF, and case sizes range from 0805 to 3640. Exhibiting high capacitance values, low ESR at high frequencies, and excellent performance across all voltages, the series is ideal for use in a variety of automotive, medical, commercial, and industrial electronics applications. Rated for operating temperatures spanning -55°C to +125°C, the capacitors are available in nine voltages: 600 V, 630 V, 1000 V, 1500 V, 2000 V, 2500 V, 3000 V, 4000 V, and 5000 V; and nine case sizes: 0805, 1206, 1210, 1808, 1812, 1825, 2220, 2225, 3640, although nonstandard chip sizes are available upon request. AVX Co. eica Microsystems\'s DCM8 nondestructive 3D surface metrology system is a combined confocal and interferometric optical profiler. The instrument offers high-definition confocal microscopy for lateral resolution up to 140 nm and interferometry to reach vertical resolution up to 0.1 nm. The DCM8 contains confocal scanning (Fountain Inn, S.C.) technology without moving parts in the sensor head for enhanced reproducibility and stability. A wide choice of objectives with four LED light sources and an integrated CCD camera are available. Leica Microsystems (Wetzlar, Germany) www.leica-microsystems.com +49 6441 29-0 www.avx.com 864-967-2150 unit also features unique \"rapid-start\" modes on each port to increase efficiency and instrument flexibility. Smart VacPrep software includes default and programmable ramp and temperature parameters, and SOP methods can be created through customizable degassing protocols. Micromeritics Instrument Co. (Norcross, Ga.) www.micromeritics.com 770-662-3636 STEDMA Multilayer ceramic chip capacitors VX has expanded the capacitance er ceramic (MLC) chip capacitor series with X7R and NPO (COG) options. Vertical roller mill tedman\'s new Vertical Roller Mill SRM) in swept fine grinding system has improved particle-size distribution when compared with traditional ball or vertical roller mills. Consistent wear and long-life grinding zone components deliver consistent results. The new system, available in four sizes from 10 hp to 150 hp, is designed to economically grind a variety of materials, icromeritics\'s new Smart VacPrep including MSHA rock dust, activated carbon, calcium carbonate, coal, lime, and pet coke. Gas adsorption device Micromeritics\'s new Smart VacPrep may aration system with six independently controlled degas ports. Degas programs be controlled with corresponding software or with manual machine controls, and degassing automatically terminates when samples have completed all programmed steps. The American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org Stedman Machine Co. (Aurora, Ind.) www.stedman-machine.com 800-262-5401 43 ●resources Calendar of events April 2014 7-9 4th Annual Ceramic Leadership Summit - Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel, Baltimore, Md.; www.ceramics.org/ dates-deadlines/4th-ceramic-leadershipsummit 7-9 Nanomaterials for Industry Crowne Plaza San Diego Mission Valley, San Diego, Calif.; www.executive-conference.com/conferences/nano13.php 7-10 Advanced Material for Demanding Applications - Glyndŵr University, St. Asaph, UK; www. amda2014.iopconfs.org/home 28-May 2 Int\'l Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films San Diego, Calif.; www2.avs.org/conferences/ICMCTF May 2014 25-28 ISSNOX4: 4th Int\'l Symposium on SIAIONS and Non-oxides - Nagahama Royal Hotel, Shiga, Japan; http://ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/ISSNOX4 28-31 MMA2014: Microwave Materials and Their Applications - Boise Centre, Boise, Idaho; www.mma2014. com June 2014 1-5 American Conference on Neutron Scattering Crown Plaza, Knoxville, Tenn.; www.mrs.org/acns-2014 → 4-6 Workshop on Testing and Modeling Ceramic and Carbon Matrix Composites - Paris, France; www.lmt. ens-cachan.fr 8-13 CIMTEC 2014: 13th Int\'l Ceramics Conference - Montecatini Terme, Italy; www.cimtec-congress.org/2014 15-20 6th Forum on New Materials - Montecatini Terme, Italy; www.cimteccongress.org/2014 22-25 Hydrometallurgy 2014: 7th Int\'l Symposium - Victoria, BC, Canada; http://web.cim.org/hydro2014 August 2014 17-21 ICC5: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Beijing Int\'l Conference Center, Beijing, China; www.icc-5.com 24-28 ISNOG 2014: Int\'l Symposium on Non-oxide and New Optical Glasses - Ramada Plaza Hotel, Jeju, Republic of Korea; www.isnog.org September 2014 22-25 Int\'l Commission on Glass XXIII Int\'l Congress - Parma, Italy; www. icglass.org 28-Oct. 1 COM 2014: 53rd Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Hyatt Regency Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada; http://web.cim.org/COM2014/ October 2014 5-10 EPD 2014: 5th Intl Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications Schloss Hernstein Seminar Hotel, Hernstein, Austria; www.engconf.org 12-16 MS&T\'14: Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition -Materials 2014 - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org 12-16 ACerS Annual Meeting and Awards Banquet - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.ceramics.org 21-24 Glasstec 2014: Int\'l Trade Fair for Glass Production - Düsseldorf, Germany; www.glasstec-online.com 26-29 ISHA2014: 4th Int\'l Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Conference Bordeaux, France; www.isha2014.univbordeaux.fr November 2014 3-6 75th Conference on Glass Problems Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www. glassproblemsconference.org April 2015 28-30 Ceramics Expo 2015 - IX Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www. ceramicsexpousa.com Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. ceramics expo April 28-30, 2015 Cleveland, Ohio The manufacturing tradeshow for advanced ceramic materials and technologies 2015 exhibition & sponsorship opportunities now open Founding Partner The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Register online today for a free pass www.ceramicsexpousa.com 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services consulting/engineering services DELKIC & ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS Custom Machined Insulation Zircar Zirconia, Inc. Alumina & Zirconia Fiber Insulation • • Lab Furnace Reline Kits . 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Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082 merican Ceramic ociety ww.ceramics.org 47 O deciphering the discipline Theron Rodgers Guest columnist (Credit: UVa.) Working between disciplines A common criticism of science and engineering PhD programs is that they train students in one narrow field. The engineering physics program at the University of Virginia, where I am a student, defies this criticism. Instead of a fixed curriculum, students take four physics, four engineering, and two mathematics courses-the exact topics are up to them—and choose an advisor in any science or engineering department. As a result, each student has a unique combination of coursework and research training. Interdisciplinary programs, such as engineering physics, create opportunities and challenges, technically and interpersonally. Although interdisciplinary work might seem like a new concept, many programs are surprisingly long established. University of Virginia founded its first PhD-granting engineering program in 1952 with the establishment of engineering physics. Notably, Willard Gibbs earned his doctorate in applied science and engineering, the first engineering PhD degree in the United States, in 1863. The undeveloped state of science and engineering research at that time necessitated early interdisciplinary programs. Now, they are needed to bridge highly developed individual disciplines that each require extensive experience. Interdisciplinary students face challenges communicating across disciplines and departments. In my experience, these challenges begin on the first day of class. Almost all of my classmates belong to more traditional programs. Because they already knew each other, they shared several core classes and quickly formed study groups. Interdisciplinary students must either work to connect with their classmates 48 or quickly develop good personal study skills. เล Interdisciplinary students, like these at the University of Virginia, must learn to hone their communication skills. Communication challenges also appear during research. Students in my program often work on research projects that are outside the core competency of their group. For example, I work in the materials science and engineering department, but perform fluid dynamics simulations to optimize vapor deposition performance. Although deposition conditions significantly influence the coatings, our group members typically focus on the resulting material properties and behaviors. This creates a communication gap that both sides must work to overcome. Interdisciplinary students must understand subjects beyond their immediate discipline and be able to communicate results to experts and nonexperts alike. Interdisciplinary students also face difficulty \"talking shop” with members of their research because group of the diverse nature of studies. For example, my most similar colleague studies Pluto\'s atmosphere! Therefore, students often must look beyond their research group to find useful technical advice. This requires additional networking, but it also can help connect students to the greater technical community of an institution. These connections can help when a problem occurs, because interdisciplinary group members have diverse expertise and additional connections. But you don\'t have to be in an interdisciplinary program to incorporate knowledge from other fields into your work. For example, all engineering graduate students, regardless of discipline, should acquire some level of programming skills. Graduate students are widely expected to interact with and write code, whether for labequipment controllers or data analysis. University of Virginia now offers a \"Computation as a Research Tool\" graduate course with several emphases, depending on the skills needed by each student. These types of courses can give students a huge jump-start in programming, where new graduate students sometimes struggle. One inevitable trade-off of interdisciplinary education is the reduced experience students gain in their core fields. However, students learn how to quickly come up to speed with a new topic while doing useful work. Interdisciplinary programs give students confidence that they will be able to work through challenges, a skill that is especially useful postgraduation. Although interdisciplinary programs may create short-term challenges, they ultimately provide long-term benefits for students and the technical community as a whole. Theron Rodgers is a final-year PhD candidate in engineering physics at the University of Virginia. He holds a BS in physics from the University of Missouri. He is the president of possibly the world\'s only science and engineering graduate student a cappella group, The First Harmonics. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 3 CALL FOR PAPERS! 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