AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology Hidden treasures: Turning food waste into glass AUGUST 2014 Aluminum nitride powder synthesis Flash sintering process maps • Annual USGS raw materials report Reduce research time and avoid costly experimentation with ACerS-NIST critically-evaluated phase diagrams for ceramic systems. Version 4.0 contains 25,000 phase diagrams, 637 new figures and 1,000 new diagrams. Contact ACerS Customer Service at 1-866-721-3322 or 1-240-646-7054 or www.ceramics.org/phasecd to order. ORDER NOW Single User License: $950 Multi User License: $1,625 VERSION 4.0 PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMIC SYSTEMS The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NLST ORDER TODAY www.ceramics.org/phasecd • 866-721-3322 • 240-646-7054 contents feature articles August 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 6 Hidden treasures: Turning food waste into glass I.A. Cornejo, S. Ramalingam, J.S. Fish, and I.E. Reimanis New research shows glass and glass-ceramics can be made using only mineral content of food waste ash. 24 Manufacturing of aluminum nitride powder for advanced applications.... 28 Mohan Ramisetty, Suri Sastri, and Uday Kashalikar Production of aluminum nitride powder by direct nitridation or carbothermal reduction and nitridation requires balancing trade-offs between cost, carbon footprint, and properties. cover story Hidden treasures: Turning food waste into glass Developing processing maps for implementing flash sintering into manufacture of whiteware ceramics. . 32 Fabio Trombin and Rishi Raj Credit: istock Flash sintering could lead to energy savings payoffs for ceramic manufacturers. - page 24 Raw materials report 2014. 36 ACerS\'s annual report on critical raw materials from the USGS minerals report. meetings MS&T14: Materials Science & Technology 2014 3rd International Conference on Electrospinning 440 40 46 11th Int\'l Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications.. 48 8 2015 GOMD-DGG Joint Annual Meeting.. uminum Nitride feature mics 49 Glass, gemütlichkeit, and comedy at first DGG-GOMD joint meeting in Germany.. 50 50 Manufacturing of aluminum nitride powder for advanced applications Credit: Surmet - page 28 columns Deciphering the Discipline . . Sapna Gupta Ceramics for energy solutions resources New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 56 56 departments News & Trends ACers Spotlight. 3 8 Research Briefs.. 14 5555 51 52 Ceramics in Biomedicine 16 53 Advances in Nanomaterials ... 17 Ceramics in Energy 18 Ceramics in the Environment 20 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Associate Editor Jessica McMathis, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Andrew Gyekenyesi, Chair, Ohio Aerospace Institute Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers David Green, President Kathleen Richardson, President-Elect Richard Brow, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 contents August 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 6 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, for the latest trends and news at http://bit.ly/acersctt. CERAMIC TECH TODAY ACerS Ceramic Materials, Applications & Business Blog Researchers levitate liquid metal oxide ceramics in mid-air to abuse them Maybe it was frustration at failed: experiments, publication woes, or decreased funding for science but one thing seems to be true-researchers have taken their frustrations out on ceramics glasstec OCT. 21-24, 2014 DUSSELDORF GERMANY INTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIR FOR GLASS PRODUCTION Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some top posts: Emerald isle? Researchers uncover oh-so-private Pantelleria\'s \'island of glass\' past http://bit.ly/1lCdY1X Beer begets better bones Bioceramics from beer brewing waste may be the key to bone replacements http://bit.ly/1lpueJM Blurred lines in Art, science converge in identification of rare iron oxide in ancient Chinese ceramics http://bit.ly/R5fjqt Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Corrections to the June/July ACers Bulletin Dalton Divine\'s name was misspelled as Dalton Devine. Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2014. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 93, No. 6, pp 1-56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 news & trends Obama administration designates a dozen manufacturing communities to strengthen competitive edge, supply chains As part of an effort to strengthen the United States manufacturing sector and spur job creation, President Obama recently designated 12 communities as Manufacturing Communities—the country\'s first-backed by federal agencies and funds. Introduced last September, the administration\'s Investing in Manufacturing Communities Partnership (IMCP) pairs government agencies with local communities to \"develop comprehensive economic development strategies that will strengthen their competitive edge for attracting global manufacturer and supply chain investments.\" More than 70 communities applied, and the 12 selected-all of which have \"developed strong economic development plans and have deep partnerships in place across the public and private sectors to carry out their plans\"-include • Southwest Alabama led by the University of South Alabama; • Southern California led by the University of Southern California Center for Economic Development; • Northwest Georgia led by the Northwest Georgia Regional Commission; • Chicago metro region led by the Cook County Bureau of Economic Development; • South Kansas led by Wichita State University; • Greater Portland region in Maine led by the Greater Portland Council of Governments; . Southeastern Michigan led by the Wayne County Economic Development Growth Engine; • New York Finger Lakes region led by the City of Rochester; • Southwestern Ohio Aerospace Region led by the City of Cincinnati; • Tennessee Valley led by the University of Tennessee; Washington Puget Sound region Bioactive Glass Engineering for a better life led by the Puget Sound Regional Council; and • Milwaukee 7 region led by the mo.sci CORPORATION Bioactive and biocompatible compositions in the silicate, borate, and phosphate glass families are available. Custom compositions are welcomed. Mo-Sci specializes in final form manufacturing which includes frit, fibers, ribbon, spheres, cast objects, and porous materials. The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with design and develop your project. you to Mo-Sci is ISO 9001:2008 and AS9100C certified. mo.sci HEALTH CARE mo.sci SPECIALTY PRODUCTS www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 mo-sci PRECISION MATERIALS American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 3 Onews & trends ed growth for commercial applications of technical glass, while the university Ph.D. pipeline produces only a trickle of quali fied new glass scientists. According to David Morse, chief technology officer, the global market for technical glass is more than $30 billion and expected to grow. Every cell phone, for example, conA dozen communities across the U.S. have been desig- tains three or four pieces of nated Manufacturing Communities, part of the adminis- glass—each engineered to meet a tration\'s efforts to strengthen the manufacturing sector. specific technical requirement. Redevelopment Authority of the City of Milwaukee. Eleven federal agencies will channel more than $1.3 billion to help the communities make targeted investments strengthen regional manufacturing. According to the White House, they also will receive federal liaisons, branding, and promotion as a designated Manufacturing Community \"to help attract additional private investments and partnerships.\" Corning Glass Research Summit nucleates game plan for glass science research Corning Incorporated held an invitation-only Glass Research Summit in June designed to address two trends that are driving a growing gap and sounding an alarm in Corning\'s C-suite offices. The gap Corning sees is unprecedentAs the wireless device segment grows, so will the glass market. “Fifty billion wireless things are still solid things,\" Morse says. Corning has been watching the emerging gap for some time. Its first indicator was difficulty finding qualified glass scientists to hire. Last fall John Mauro, research manager of glass research, and several colleagues went looking for data underlying the causes for the talent dearth and found a steady decline in the number of scientific papers published on industrially important glass systems (i.e., silicates), which correlates to a drop in silicate glass research at universities. The Summit had two goals-to revitalize interest in glass research in academia and to find collaborators. Mauro says in an email, \"Our hope was that the Summit would stimulate discussion within the glass research community and open the possibility of developing new Participants at Corning\'s Glass Research Summit. 4 Credit: ACerS collaborations with university research partners to increase emphasis on glass research in the United States.\" Besides building up a pool of candidates, Corning wants to set the stage for collaborations with academia. \"We can\'t hire all the smart people,\" says Daniel Vaughn, manager of external collaborations and intellectual assets. \"We need a strong community of collaborators and a healthy pipeline.\" Michael Pambianchi, research director of glass research and summit emcee, says in an email, “Industrial companies like Corning need a pipeline of students prepared in the field of glass science, so we need to make sure there is a robust academic community to support them.” The message was clear-the company wants to be a proactive partner with academia, for its own good and the good of glass science. Mauro sums up in an email, \"Corning can only do so much with its resources and priorities. The broader academic community offers the potential of wider collaborations, attracting more funding, etc. Corning is serving as a crystallizing organization to stimulate the glass science ecosystem.\" Steel-supported, triple-laminated glass attraction offers \'epic\' view of Chicago Housed at the 94th floor of the John Hancock Center, Chicago\'s newest attraction, Tilt!, tilts out some 30 degrees to provide patrons a downward view of the Windy City from 1,000 feet up. According to the website, the angled attraction, a viewing window that couples steel-supported, triple-laminated glass and heavy-duty hydraulics, is \"epic\" and \"will forever change the way visitors see Chicago.\" In a press release, 360 Chicago says, \"A one-of-a-kind experience, Tilt is an enclosed, glass and steel moveable platform that holds up to eight visitors per cycle. Once [visitors are] safely situated inside, the platform slowly tilts outward to an adventurous angle, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Credit: 360 Chicago of NIST\'s newest programs. The Advanced Manufacturing Technology Consortia (AMTech), launched last year, is a competitive grants program to create or strengthen existing consortia, driven by industry, to address \"high-priority research challenges impeding the growth of advanced manufacturing in the U.S.\" (i.e., bridge the gap between R&D and technology). According to the NIST news release, the awarded projects include those that identify and rank research and development goals, define workforce needs, Steel-supported, triple-laminated glass and hydraulics give Tilt! its tilt. generating downward-facing views of Chicago-from one thousand feet above The Magnificent Mile. Tilt! gives thrillseekers an exciting and safe way to take in unsurpassable views of the city, from a never-before-seen angle.\" Faced with a tight timeline-according to U.S. Glass Magazine, work began on the project last November and it opened to the public in May-the project\'s developing groups also faced several challenges in taking Tilt! from sketch to sky, \"as the unique tilting aspect of the system resulted in work that involved \'a lot of almost bridge-type building rather than building-type construction.\' \"\" Tilt! also required squeezing a large amount of steel into not-so-much space. \"When you think about how much steel and how many parts had to be put together up on the 94th floor, it\'s rather incredible,\" Rick Hamlin, one of the developing firm\'s sales manager, says. NIST awards 19 grants to bolster manufacturing, innovation The National Institute of Standards and Technology recently announced advanced manufacturing technology grants to 19 United States universities and nonprofits as part of ongoing efforts to strengthen manufacturing and innovation output and performance through technology roadmapping. The grants, which range from $378,900 to $540,000 for up to two years, are the first presented by one Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. 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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com 5 Onews & trends and improve manufacturing capabilities across all industries and technologieseverything from \"flexible-electronics manufacturing to biomanufacturing and from pulp-and-paper manufacturing to forming and joining technologies.” The focus of each project will be the development of a technology roadmap. \"The AMTech awards provide incentives for partnerships to tackle the important jobs of planning, setting strategic manufacturing technology goals, and developing a shared vision of how Business news Infinium uses ceramics to make metals cleaner, cheaper (www.infiniummetals. com)... Morgan Advanced Materials acquires Porextherm Dämmstoffe GmbH (www.morganadvancedmaterials. com)...GE breaks ground on $400M Power & Water advanced manufacturing facility (www.ge.com)...PPG to manufacture Starphire glass using oxy-fuel furnace in Fresno (www.ppg.com)... NSG flips switch in new Vietnam float glass line (www.nsg.com)...Composites Horizons expands with ceramic operations facility to support GE Aviation partnership (www.aipaerospace.com)…… Saint-Gobain and Central Glass Co. to of Purdue Calumet; EOS; Young/NIST NIST awarded 19 advanced manufacturing technology planning grants to support technology roadmapping efforts in the U.S. to work collaboratively to get there,\" NIST director Patrick Gallagher says. \"These are essential first steps toward building the research infrastructure necessary to sustain a healthy, innovative, advanced manufacturing sector-one that invents, demonstrates, prototypes, and produces here, in the U.S.\" More than 80 applications were received for the first round of planning grants, and of the 19 inaugural awardees, 11 are new endeavors funded with AmTech monies. open Jakarta automotive glass plant (www.saint-gobain.com)…..Ferro Corp. to sell majority of assets in its Specialty Plastics business to A. Schulman Inc. for $91M (www.ferro.com)...Asahi India Glass stops production at float glass manufacturing unit (www.aisglass. com)...Baltic Ceramic Investments plans factory to supply input for fracking shale gas (www.balticceramicsinvestments. com)...Corning Inc. opens Innovation Support Center (www.corning.com)... Xaar partners with Keda Clean Energy and Guangdong Wanxing Inorganic Pigment (www.xaar.com) DOE accelerates energy research with more than $100M in funding The United States Department of Energy is fast-tracking the \"scientific breakthroughs needed to build the 21st-century energy economy\" by awarding more than $100 million to the country\'s Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs). This is the second $100-million shot in the arm EFRCs have received since September 2013. Established in 2009, the EFRC program is a multidisciplinary approach to solving energy problems and advancing of solar energy, electrical energy storage, carbon capture and sequestration, materials and chemistry by design, biosciences, and extreme environments. \"Today, we are mobilizing some of our most talented scientists to join forces and pursue the discoveries and breakthroughs that will lay the foundation for our nation\'s energy future,\" U.S. Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz says in a recent DOE press release announcing the awards. \"The funding we\'re announcing today will help fuel scientific and technological innovation.\" More than 200 proposals were received in this second funding competition. Ten of the 32 projects granted DOE monies (anywhere from $2 million to $4 million per year for up to four fiscal years) are new. The balance received funding renewals based on their accomplishments thus far. According to the release, 23 of the projects will be led by universities, eight by national labs, and one by a nonprofit organization. The department plans to open the EFRC program to new applications every two years. DOE also recently announced $7 million in awards to help fund six projects \"to develop lightweight, compact, and inexpensive advanced hydrogen storage systems that will enable longer driving ranges and help make fuel cell systems competitive for different platforms and sizes of vehicles.\" 6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Argonne National Laboratory is home to three Energy Frontier Research Centers, which will receive $100 million from a recent U.S. Department of Energy award. The successful awards are • Materia (Pasadena, Calif.)—$2 million to reduce the cost of compressed hydrogen storage systems. The project will demonstrate a novel resin system that reduces the use of expensive carbonfiber composites for high-pressure storage tanks. • PPG Industries (Greensboro, N.C.) -$1.2 million to demonstrate a novel high-strength glass fiber that is stronger than the carbon fibers used today at half of the cost. • Sandia National Laboratories (Livermore, Calif.)-$1.2 million to systematically screen low-cost alternative materials for use in hydrogen storage systems. • Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, Calif.)-$1.2 million to develop a reversible, high-capacity storage material that can bond to and release hydrogen in a vehicle, reducing the amount of hydrogen that needs to be pumped in the tank. • Ardica (San Francisco, Calif.)-$1.2 million to transition and scale up a lowcost production process for the production of aluminum hydride, a potential high-capacity hydrogen storage material. • HRL Laboratories (Malibu, Calif.)— $1 million to develop high-capacity reversible hydrogen storage materials that have properties needed for practical hydrogen storage applications. DOE also pledged an additional $2 million to help develop a supply chain for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. According to the release, \"This funding will support projects that focus on scaling up the production of today\'s hydrogen and fuel cell components and systems to commercial scale. Currently, these components and systems are being built using laboratory-scale fabrication technologies, but developing a robust supply chain to support mass production of these systems can enable the market for these technologies to grow.\" A DELTECH, INC. WE BUILD Argonne National Laboratory; Flickr BY NC-SA 2.0 THE FURNACE TO FIT YOUR NEED® 114 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Sustained Operating Temperatures up to 2000°C www.deltechfurnaces.com 7 acers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Megan Bricker at mbricker@ceramics.org or visit www. ceramics.org/corporate. ABK BIOMEDICAL ABK Biomedical Inc. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada www.abkbiomedical.com EXOTHERMICS INC ACerS president works out MOU with Brazilian Ceramic Society Strengthening ties between The American Ceramic Society and ceramic societies of the Americas has been a top priority for ACerS president David Green. During his May trip to the 58th Brazilian Ceramics Congress, he advanced that goal, reaching a verbal agreement with Brazilian ACerS president David Green attended the 58th Brazilian Ceramic Society presi- Ceramics Congress organized by the Brazilian Ceramic dent Samuel M. Toffoli Society (Associação Brasileira de Cerâmica, ABC). to draft a Memorandum of Understanding between the two societies. The organizations will work to make the other\'s activities more visible, including special membership rates for members of both societies, a lecture exchange program, and working together to publish technical articles and promote each other\'s events. ACers delegates travel to Shanghai Exothermics, Inc. Amherst, N.H., USA www.exothermicsinc.com From left: Fu, Xu, Shou, Brow, Choudhary, Jiang, and Li. TA TA Instruments New Castle, Del., USA www.tainstruments.com Calling all potential Emeritus members Will you be 65 years old (or older) by December 31, 2014, and have completed 35 or more years of continuous ACerS membership? If so, you qualify for Emeritus membership. Emeritus members have their dues waived and receive reduced registration rates for ACerS meetings. To verify your eligibility, contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. 8 A delegation representing The American Ceramic Society met with colleagues from the Chinese Ceramic Society and the International Commission on Glass to discuss the XXIV International Congress on Glass, to be held in Shanghai in 2016. Richard Brow (Missouri S&T, ACerS past-president), Manoj Choudhary (Owens Corning, ICG vice president), Shibin Jiang (AdValue Photonics, GOMD chair), and Hong Li (PPG Industries Inc., ACerS representative to the ICG) met with Peng Shou, president of the ICG and of China Triumph International Engineering Co., Yongmo Xu, president of CCerS, and Tan Fu, deputy secretary of CCerS, to develop plans to promote the participation by ACerS members in the 2016 Congress. MS&T14 Distinguished Life Member, Senior, Emeritus registration, student stipends, and contests ACerS offers free MS&T14 registration for Distinguished Life members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These offers are available only through ACerS. Registration forms are available at www.ceramics.org/ annual meeting and should be submitted by August 15 to Marcia Stout at mstout@ ceramics.org. Additionally, ACerS Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division is sponsoring two $500 stipends to help fund students with current or future interests in the nuclear or environmental www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 (Associação Brasileira de Cerâmica, ABC). fields attend MS&T14. To apply by the September 1 deadline, visit the Division page at www.ceramics.org/acers-community/division-pages. Finally, students will not want to miss the Material Advantage contests. For more information, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition entry open The 2014 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by ACerS Basic Science Division, will be held at MS&T14 in October. Submit your entry to Karren More at morekl1@ornl.gov by September 30 or visit www.ceramics. org/awards for more information. GPC student travel grants The Glass Manufacturing Industry Council is encouraging interest in glass industry careers by offering $500 travel grants to 20 students attending the 75th Conference on Glass Problems in Columbus, Ohio, November 3-6. Students also are invited to attend the Owens Corning Plant Tour on November 3. To apply for a grant or RSVP for the tour, contact Donna Banks at dbanks@gmic.org by September 30. Fellows nominations due September 1 Nominations for the ACerS 2015 Class of Fellows should be submitted by September 1. Fellows should have reached their 35th birthday and been members of the Society at least five continuous years. Visit www.ceramics.org/awards or contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. Grads: Free one-year ACerS membership available Are you a recent graduate? If so, you are eligible for a free one-year ACerS membership. Join now at www.ceramics.org/ associate-membership-application. Pittsburgh Section Golf Outing ACerS Pittsburgh Section will host its annual golf outing on September 8 at The Links at Spring Church in Apollo, Pa. Reserve your spot by the September 1 deadline at www.ceramics.org/sections/ pittsburgh-section. AMERICAN cheme CORPORATION In Memoriam Mattison K. Ferber David J. Pungratz William D. Scott Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. MADE IN MONTANA SOLD TO THE WORLD Give Ceramists Something to Think About CUPRIC OXIDE COPPER GRANULES • Blue and Red Glazes and Glass Iron Spot Brick GUPROUS OXIDE • Blue Glass and Glaze • Brick Colorants and Ferrites ZING OXIDES • For Ferrite, Brick, Fibre Glass Copper & Zinc for Farrites Plants in Montana and Tennessee Stock Avallable Worldwide AMERICAN CHEMET 740 Waukegan Road P.O. Box 437 Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA Phone +1-847-948-0800 Fax +1-847-948-0811 www.chemet.com Sales@chemet.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight Names in the News Brennecka Brennecka joins CSM faculty Geoff Brennecka, currently principal member of the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, N.M., will join the faculty at Colorado School of Mines on August 18 as an assistant professor at CSM\'s Colorado Center for Advanced Ceramics. His research will focus on electrical ceramics, particularly ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics. With the ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T14 in October, Brennecka will begin a three-year term as a member of ACerS Board of Directors, and a one-year term as vice chair of the Electronics Division. SRNL researcher Jantzen donates mineral collection Carol Jantzen, materials scientist and geochemist at the Savannah River National Laboratory, has donated her extensive mineral collection to the Ruth Patrick Science Education Center at the University of South Carolina Aiken for creation of the Fredericks Mineral Gallery. Named for her parents, the gallery features a 250-pound feldspar crystal. Jantzen A collector of minerals, rocks, and fossils since childhood, the former ACerS president will donate more of her collection to the gallery during the next 10 years. Narayan Narayan wins 2014 Gardner Award The president and Board of Governors of The University of North Carolina System have presented their 2014 O. Max Gardner Award to Jagdish (Jay) Narayan, John C. Fan Distinguished Chair Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University. The award, which is the highest faculty honor in the UNC system, recognizes Narayan\'s work in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Hemrick Hemrick and Nychka receive ASM Silver Medal award ASM International will award its nonacademic and academic 2014 Silver Medal awards to James G. Hemrick, member of the research staff at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and John Nychka, associate professor and associate chair at Nychka the University of Alberta (Canada), respectively. The awards, which recognize the contributions of midcareer professionals in the field of materials science and engineering, will be presented at MS&T14 in Pittsburgh, Pa., in October. Future Leaders Program provides development for next generation of ACers leaders The American Ceramic Society supports continuing education and professional development of early career professionals through the Young Professionals Network (YPN). More specifically, it has developed and implemented the Future Leaders Program (FLP) to help young professionals gain a fuller understanding of their leadership abilities. ACerS held another installment of FLP as part of April\'s 4th Ceramic Leadership Summit. Thirty-five young professionals were nominated for the program (visit www.ceramics.org/flp2014 to see their photos and read their bios). Three \"YPs\" shared their FLP experiences. An industry perspective \"My passion for ceramic science and engineering all comes down to one core belief that it is the engineered products of tomorrow that will solve societal grand challenges. In order to realize that vision, we need an active group of technical peo10 Herderick ple who understand busi- An international outlook ness, and business people who understand technology. And it is from this vision that my passion for participating in and supporting ACerS stems. \"The young leaders of the Society really represent the \'seed corn\' for the future of our profession. Their collective technical excellence in industry, academia, and gov ernment is what is driving the \'next next\' for ceramic technology. The Future Leaders Program addresses a key need to accelerate the careers of young professionals: intensive soft-skills training. This includes how-tonetwork tutorials and panels, coupled with opportunities for high-impact networking, as well as focused discussions on thought leadership and branding. These are important skills that can really empower success for Future Leaders.\" Ed Herderick, rapid prototype + manufacturing (rp+m) Jones \"I am a member of a number of societies and, although they may look good on paper (useful for my CV, letters after my name, etc.), I have never felt my affiliation with these societies to be of particular advantage to me. ACerS, and particularly the FLP, are entirely different because the teams involved are really good at what they do. The FLP organizers know the value of networking. It is critical in starting up a business and to early career professionals in general. ACerS created the FLP program to incorporate skills such as business planning, preparing a pitch, and networking with other professionals in the field. The organizers even instigated meetings with directors of large corporations (many major players in the field), which allowed me to ask for advice from some top business executives. I haven\'t www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 had this type of experience with any other professional society. The road is fraught with obstacles for early career professionals trying to turn research into business, and although offers of funding have not been a major problem for me personally, funding from someone that I trust and want to work with has been an issue. \"As a result of my participation in the FLP, I now have people I can turn to for business advice. I also felt both supported and respected for my own contribution to the field. After the FLP conference, when I returned to the U.K., I met up with some old university friends and discovered that one is a negotiator (for a major international company) and the other helps find funds for R&D projects. We have known each other for 14 years but discussion of our skills and any possible collaboration only came about because I was singing the praises of the Future Leaders Program.\" Susan Jones, Cage Concepts Ltd. (U.K.) Bridge to the business world Reigel \"I have had the privilege of attending the FLP twice, once as a nominated future leader and again as cochair of the Young Professionals Network. While both experiences have been of high value to me, attending the second time as a member of the YPN gave me a unique perspective. I quickly learned that early career professionals really want an opportunity to get involved with ACerS. Many of them were involved members of a Material Advantage (MA) chapter in college, but have felt a gap between being involved in MA and being involved as a general member of ACerS. The FLP is proving to be the perfect bridge. Being a smaller group, it allows the future leaders to do a lot of brainstorming about what ACerS and the YPN can do for the next generation. One of the main discussion threads throughout the event was a lack of business development in many companies. Many, if not all of us, are from a scientific background without any \'real world\' knowledge of building schedules, budgets, and other basic business necessities. However, we are thrown into that pool and expected to swim. \"As a result of brainstorming at the FLP and interactions with professionals attending the Ceramic Leadership Summit, the YPN is in the process of developing business acumen webinars and workshops that will help the next generation with learning the business side of the business. I think the FLP is invaluable to the future of the Society and is an excellent way to get the next generation engaged in all that ACerS has to offer.\" Marissa Reigel, Savannah River National Laboratory To get involved with YPN, contact cochairs Marissa Reigel at marissa.reigel@srnl.doe.gov or Ed Gorzkowski at edward.gorzkowski@nrl.navy.mil. To learn more about FLP, contact Megan Bricker at mbricker@ceramics.org or 614-794-5894. | Order your Materials Science Kit at www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org MIN-U-SIL® AND SIL-CO-SIL® GROUND SILICA When you buy world-class MIN-U-SIL® and SIL-CO-SIL® Ground Silica from U.S. Silica, you can be sure the service you receive is world-class. 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For example, the germ of today\'s EU traces its roots to the founding of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951which also shows that materials-based industry always has been vital to the economic well-being of Europe. Prior to the EU, many European organizations established formal working structures, and the European Ceramic Society is a case in point. ECerS-a federation of national ceramic societies-was founded in 1987 by the ceramic societies of Germany, Italy, France, The Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, and the United Kingdom. Since its founding, ECerS has grown to 27 member societies that comprise its Council of the European Ceramic Society. ECerS has an \"Associate Member\" option for nonEuropean societies who apply for affiliation with ECerS, which, at present, includes ceramic societies of Thailand, Morocco, and Egypt. Francis Cambier, secretariat of ECerS, explains the spark to found ECerS was an overture from, of all places, The American Ceramic Society, when it was considering establishing a Section in Europe. “In order to avoid creating a European Section of The American Ceramic Society, we prefer to have a European Ceramic Society,\" he says. Anne Leriche, president of ECerS, says that the formalization of the EU makes ECerS more relevant than ever, and its importance is growing especially for networking and for students entering the job market. “Traditionally, Europeans did not move for jobs, but now it\'s more common. Also, someMember countries represented in the Council of the European Ceramic Society www.ecers.org Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Austria Belgium Italy Latvia Czech Republic The Netherlands Denmark Norway Finland Poland France Portugal Georgia Romania Germany Russia Greece Serbia Morocco Hungary Ireland Slovak Republic Thailand Slovenia Associate members Egypt ECers officers Anne Leriche, president, and Francis Cambier, secretariat, at the 2014 International Conference on Composites and Advanced Ceramics. times European funding agencies require research work be done in more than one country. ECerS can help researchers find collaborators,\" says Leriche. ECerS is organized into four “working groups”—Education, Art and Design, R&D, and Industrial. Each working group is led by a representative from a national ceramic society and has programs to support its self-explanatory mission. In addition, an editorial committee guides the society\'s peer-reviewed journal, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, which is published in partnership with Elsevier. ECerS funds its activities with a membership fee from each member society and a trust fund from proceeds of the journal. Besides the working groups, ECerS supports a number of topical meetings that focus on specific materials or applications, such as shaping, nitrides, electroceramics, and materials for medicine. These occur with varying frequency, depending on the organizers. The society\'s premier event is its biennial conference on ceramics, which took place most recently in Limoges, France, in 2013. It attracts about 1,000 participants from a wide international spectrum across Europe and Asia, but very few from the United States. ECerS leadership would like to change that and attract more U.S. participants to its conference. Leriche sees plenty of upside to more exchange between American and European researchers. \"We have quite the same challenges as you have in the United States-energy, pollution, aging population. We can share the means, find collaborators. It is not necessary to reinvent the wheel everywhere. We all can progress more quickly,\" she says. ECerS developed a three-pronged approach to improving reciprocity between the two societies, especially at conferences, say Leriche and Cambier, and have been working with ACerS leaders to work out the details. 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Connecting Global Competence Messe München International According to Cambier, one reason for the isolation on both sides of the Atlantic is \"Because they don\'t know each other.\" Thus, the first prong is to organize international graduate student research exchanges whereby a European Ph.D. student would spend one to three months in an American research lab, and an American Ph.D. student would do likewise in Europe. The second prong also involves graduate students. The Education Working Group conducts a week-long summer school for graduate students that coincides with the biennial conference through its Young Ceramic Researchers Network. The plan is to increase participation from U.S.-based graduate students, with a goal of having about half the attendees be from the U.S. The next summer school will coincide with the 2015 conference in Spain. As for the third prong, Leriche says, \"The last thing is very simple-to check each other\'s calendars to avoid clashes between the big conferences!\" The 14th ECerS conference will be June 21-25, 2015, in Toledo, Spain. Leriche says ECerS plans to invite leaders from The American Ceramic Society, as well as a number of U.S.-based speakers. She would love to see you there, too! Learn more about ECerS at www.ecers.org. Hot spot for the ceramics industry Stand Out From All The Rest The perfect recipe for success. ceramitec 2015 is the surefire way to give your business the competitive edge. Exhibit at this leading international exhibition and enjoy the benefits of a truly professional forum: ⚫ Full coverage of the ceramics sector. High-caliber trade audience from around the world. Professional services for exhibitors. Don\'t delay. Sign up today! Your display ad will make you STAND OUT, place your ad in the . . . ceramicSOURCE Buyer\'s Guide Contact: Mona Thiel mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 • fx 614-891-8960 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org To register: www.ceramitec.de/application ceramitec 2015 Technologies Innovations Materials October 20-23 Messe München ceramitec.de 13 Oresearch briefs Researchers reveal insights into liquid metal oxide ceramic structures Researchers from State University of New York at Stony Brook, in collaboration with Oak Ridge and Argonne national laboratories, have unveiled new insights into the structures of liquid metal oxides. The results, published in Physical Review Letters, show that there is \"a general trend towards lower metal and oxygen coordination in a wide range of oxide melts, suggesting that this behavior is a widely occurring phenomenon,\" according to an ORNL press release. Although understanding the structure of liquid metal oxides is important for their use in high-temperature-resistant applications, the results also have other wide ranging implications, including in the evolution of planetary bodies, nuclear meltdown scenarios, and glass formation. To protect the sample from contamination, reaction, or influence from any surface during testing, the researchers levitated a bead of liquid metal oxide. Materials Development Inc. (Arlington Heights, Ill.), a materials development and consultation company, collaborated with the team to develop and optimize a special nozzle system that delivers gas flow to levitate a small ceramic bead about one-eighth of an inch above the nozzle. While the bead levitated, a 400-W laser heated it to a searing 3,000 K (~5,000°F). The team then used X-rays and neutron diffraction experiments on the glowing hot bead to determine pair distribution functions, the first for a high-temperature oxide melt. \"Neutrons show us the oxygens in the material clearly, while X-rays reveal the cations,\" Argonne physicist Chris Benmore says in the press release. \"If you want to extract the detailed structure, you need both techniques.\" \"In principle, with this knowledge we could make new families of materials by capturing unusual structural motifs present in the melt that don\'t occur in 14 Researchers studying the behavior of high-temperature ceramics levitate a drop of metal oxide in a flow of gas, heating it from above with a laser beam. the crystal,\" Benmore says. \"We want to find out how to stabilize that structure-maybe by adding components or through vitrifying the melt-and end up with the same material, but with different properties.\" The paper is \"Low cation coordination in oxide melts\" (DOI: 10.1103/ PhysRevLett.112.157801). Art, science converge in identification of rare iron oxide in ancient Chinese ceramics Art and science-seemingly so separateare actually incredibly intertwined. The lines between the two are further blurred by the work of an international team of researchers who believe a rare iron oxide found in ancient Chinese pottery could be critical in developing improved and inexpensive magnets for electronics. Epsilon-phase iron oxide (ε-Fe2O3), first identified in 1934, was fully characterized within the past 10 years. And despite modern technology, creating the rare compound has proved challenging. The team, which includes several Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory scientists, is helping to meet that challenge through the study of coveted Chinese pottery fashioned more than a thousand years ago. Produced during the Song dynasty Credit: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (960-1279 AD) in southeast China\'s Fujian Province, Jian blackwares, particularly the tea bowls, are highly prized pieces of pottery. Made from iron-rich clay, limestone, and wooden ash, the pieces, also known by their Japanese name Tenmoku (\"temmoku\" or \"temoku\"), were fired, thousands at a time, at extremely high temperatures (2,400°F or 1,300°C) in massive Jianyang kilns. Jian wares, characterized by their famous black glaze, are equally wellknown for their brown (\"oil spot\") and silver (\"hare\'s fur\") surface patterns. It previously was believed that the former contained only the mineral hematite (FeO3) and the latter crystallized from magnetite (Fe,O). Scientists analyzed the patterns using optical microscopy, electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and synchrotron X-ray techniques. In studying the chemical composition and crystalline structure of the Jian glaze, they identified a small amount of highly metastable epsilon-phase iron oxide mixed with hematite in the hare\'s-fur patterns and a much larger presence with the magnetite in the oil spots. According to a Berkeley news article, the discovery \"could lead to an easier, more reliable synthesis of epsilon-phase iron oxide, enabling better, cheaper magnetic materials, including those used for data storage.\" \"What is amazing is that the \'perfect synthesis conditions\' for epsilon-phase Close-up of a hematite“oil spot” on a Song dynasty Tenmoku tea bowl. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 TA Instruments iron oxide were encountered 1,000 years ago by Chinese potters,” says lead author Catherine Dejoie. Although difficult to synthesize, the epsilon phase is nontoxic, corrosion resistant, and marked by “extremely persistent magnetization,\" making it ideal for applications in electronics. The key to better synthesis, says the team, may lie in the pure epsilon phase exhibited in the \"oil spots.\" \"The next step will be to understand how it is possible to reproduce the quality of epsilon-phase iron oxide with modern technol ogy,\" says Dejoie. \"And to identify and extract synthesis conditions and other factors to obtain large crystals of pure epsilon phase.\" The paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"Learning from the past: Rare ε-Fe2O3 in the ancient black-glazed Jian (Tenmoku) wares\" (DOI:10.1038/srep04941). Lasers and plasma combine to create microstructures in glass Optical components made of microstructured glass are integral to most of today\'s technologies, including cellphones and cameras. Although microstructures are usually created with lasers, a new technology developed at the Fraunhofer Institute (Göttingen, Germany) combines lasers with atmospheric-pressure plasma beams to create those microstructures more efficiently. \"By using this laser-plasma hybrid technology, we have succeeded in conducting the structuring using far less energy,\" scientist Wolfgang Viöl says in a Fraunhofer press release. Standard laser microstructuring uses ultraviolet or infrared lasers, which can be expensive and imprecise, respectively. To marry plasma to laser in the new technology, the researchers redesigned the plasma source to produce cold plasma in a very thin beam so that it could be coupled with a laser. \"The effect of this plasma beam is that the laser radiation can be absorbed better, so that we can conduct the processing with relatively low laser energy, Viöl says in the press release. \" The team reports the laser-plasma duo works on various glasses, leading to the submission of a patent application for the technology. According to the release, “At the next stage, the Göttingen-based scientists will also extend their hybrid approach to other materials such as metals, ceramics, or synthetics. The simultaneous use of laser and plasma could also make new processing or coating processes possible— even for temperaturesensitive materials, such as textiles and paper.\" Lasers combine with plasma to fabricate microstructures in glass more efficiently. Credit: Fraunhofer IST American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization • DSC/TGA • Dilatometry Rheology • Calorimetry High Temp Thermal Conductivity & Viscometry Thermal Diffusivity Featuring unique new high temperature optical dilatometry and microscopy www.tainstruments.com ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY GASBARRE PRESS GROUP MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com 15 ceramics in biomedicine Bioceramics from beer brewing waste may be the key to bone replacements Researchers from the Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Spain) and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Madrid, Spain), in collaboration with Mahou and Createch Co., have pioneered a new bone biomaterial from an unlikely source-beer-brewing waste. Spent grain waste, called bagasse, contains many of the same key molecular ingredients of bonephosphorous, calcium, magnesium, and silica-making it a good fit for a bone replacement material. To make bagasse suitable to mingle Beer-brewing waste may have found a new use as with bone, the researchers needed a bone replacement material. only to add silicon through the hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate and sinter the resultant material above 1,100°C. \"The analysis of this new material shows the presence of interconnected pores of between 50 and 500 μm in diameter, which is simiArtificial magnetic bacteria may monitor human health Magnetotactic bacteria biomineralize compounds to produce magnetic crystals like magnetite (iron oxide) or greigite (iron sulfide). They come equipped with specialized little organelles, called magnetosomes, expressly for this purpose. Scientists at the University of Granada (Spain) have made safe and scalable magnetic probiotic bacteria for health-monitoring purposes and to diagnose and treat disease (e.g., in conjunction with imaging techniques or as a targeted biomarker). The group engineered probiotic bacteria—namely Lactobacillus fermentum and Bifidobacteria breve-to be magnetic, rather than trying to make naturally magnetic bacteria safe and scalable. The work is published in Advanced Functional Materials. According to a University of Granada press release, “These important findings constitute the first use of a food as a natural drug and aid in diagnosing an illness, anywhere in the world.\" To engineer the microbes, the scientists loaded them with nanoparticles of maghemite, which is essentially Fe(II)deficient magnetite. The bacteria easily adsorped the iron oxide onto their external surfaces to a final concentration ranging from 0.1 to 25 mg of iron per gram of bacteria. The particles did not kill the microbes, and, according to the paper, the researchers say they could \"be guided towards a target when exposed to a directional magnetic field.\" The research was performed in collaboration with biotech company Biosearch (Granada, Spain) and has spawned a patent for the technology and applications, according to the press release. The authors speculate that artificial magnetic bacteria could be used for a variety of biomedical applications, including magnetic resonance imaging to facilitate diagnosis of diseases, hyperthermia to selectively heat and kill cancer cells, and as biosensors for particular markers, proteins, or cell types. Credit: Q. Dombrowski; Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0 lar to the porosity of cancellous bone,\" according to the press release. The researchers have so far established that the new material is biocompatible with cultured bone cells called osteoblasts and that \"bonelike cells\" can adhere to the materials and express normal bone markers, suggesting the biomaterial could make a great bone replacement. According to the paper\'s abstract, published in RSC Advances, the beer-born material could be used \"in osteoporotic treatments, coatings for prostheses, bone grafts, and odontoestomatological implants.\" The paper is \"Preparation, characterization, and in-vitro osteoblast growth of waste-derived biomaterials\" (DOI: 10.1039/C3RA47534D). Magnetic bacteria potentially could be labeled to target specific cells or recognize specific proteins, to either sense problems or deliver drugs. Because probiotics have been shown to localize to hypoxic regions of tumors, they could be used to detect cancers through simple ingestion of a yogurt cup followed by a magnetic imaging modality. The paper is \"Artificial magnetic bacteria: Living magnets at room temperature\" (DOI: 10.1002/ adfm.201303754). 湯 um Scanning electron micrograph of high-pressure frozen, freezefractured Magnetospirillum spec. Credit: Zeiss Microscopy; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 advances in nanomaterials Furnaces & Ovens 3D silicon nitride microstructures self-assemble with water Researchers at the University of Twente in the Netherlands have made tiny, self-folding, silicon nitride origami. \"While making 3D structures is natural in everyday life, it has always been extremely difficult to do so in microfabrication, especially if you want to build a large number of structures cheaply,\" leading author Antoine Legrain says in an American Institute of Physics press release. The researchers made microscopic 3D structures-cubes, pyramids, bowls, and other geometric shapes-out of flat sheets of silicon nitride using only a droplet of water. They printed the shapes on silicon wafers, etching areas where they wanted the silicon to bend to create hinges. They then harnessed the capillary force of water to assemble the structures. According to the press release, silicon origami has been accomplished before. Those previous feats added water to the system by hand, making it difficult to accurately control and scale the assembly process. The new research, published in the Journal of Applied Physics, improves on those methods by adding water to the system through a channel in the wafer, affording precision and control. \"The team also discovered that the final structures, which are about the size of a grain of sand, can be opened and closed up to 60 times without signs of wear, as long as they remain wet,\" the press release says. The tiny structures could have future biomedical and 3D sensor applications, and the team is working next to add conductive hinges to the structures. The paper is \"Controllable elastocapillary folding of threedimensional micro-objects through wafer filling” (DOI: 10.1063/1.4878460). CARBOLITE Leading Heat Technology part of VERDER scientific This silicon nitride microstructure can self-assemble with only a drop of water. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Credit: A. Legrain, et al.; U. of Twente If you are looking for a complete line of furnaces & ovens for heat treatment, look no further than CARBOLITE. Temperature range from 20°C to 1800 °C Chamber, tube and application specific furnaces Customized solutions and modifications CARBOLITE 1-866-473-8724 www.carbolite.com 17 18 ceramics in energy Credit: Solar Wind Energy, Inc. Lithium-sulfur batteries may drive electric cars into the mainstream According to estimates from the University of Arizona, \"About one-half pound of sulfur is left over for every 19 gallons of gasoline produced from fossil fuels.\" That comes down to one simple fact: We have more sulfur than we know what to do with. \"We\'ve developed a new, simple, and useful chemical process to convert sulfur into a useful plastic,\" chemistry professor Jeffrey Pyun says in a University of Arizona press release. That plastic then can be incorporated into lithium-sulfur batteries to produce cheaper and lighter batteries that are promising for electric cars, among other uses. Researchers previously have eyed Li-S batteries for electric vehicles because of their high theoretical specific capacity and high specific energy. However, previous technologies were limited by quickly dwindling charge capacities-a big problem when it comes to battery life and efficiency. The research, published in ACS Macro Letters, was a collaboration with the University of Arizona, Seoul National University (Korea), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Through a process the researchers are calling \"inverse vulcanization,\" they transformed the battery\'s cathode by mixing elemental sulfur with primer and carbon black to create a sort of ink, which they coated onto aluminum. Arizona Sulfur waste may prove valuable in a new technology for batteries. Credit: U. of Arizona Rehauling the battery\'s design allowed more efficient battery cycling, bypassing the problem that plagued previous Li-S batteries. In the paper, the authors say their work shows \"improved Li-S battery lifetimes out to 500 charge-discharge cycles with excellent retention of charge capacity,\" a significant boost over the battery\'s predecessors. The battery is cheaper and lighter with a high capacity and long life. The paper is \"Inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur to prepare polymeric electrode materials for Li-S batteries\" (DOI: 10.1021/mz400649w). Solar-wind energy tower to provide clean electricity to Arizona The Solar Wind Downdraft Tower, the first hybrid solar-wind energy technology, recently secured its first installation location in San Luis, Ariz. At an estimated project cost of $1.5 billion, the initial tower is slated for operation as early as 2018. Although it may be mistaken for a nuclear power plant, the to-be tower will generate über-clean electricity simply by moving air. \"Solar Wind Energy\'s Tower is unique in that it does not have any operational limitations in terms of time,\" states the website. \"It\'s capable of operat ing around the clock, 24 hours per day, and seven days per week.. It also has the ability to be operated with virtually no carbon footprint, fuel consumption, or waste production. It generates clean, costeffective, and efficient electrical power without damaging effects.\" A water injection system at the top of the tower mists the air, which is warmed by the sun\'s rays hitting the sides of the tower. The heat evaporates water droplets into the hot dry air, cooling the air in the process. This cooler, denser air falls down into the tower, accumulating speeds in excess of 50 mph along the way. Wind tunnels equipped with giant turbines at the bottom of the tower create an escape route for the fast-moving The Solar Wind Downdraft Tower uses solar and wind energy to generate clean electricity. air, turning the turbines and feeding generators, which feed nearby houses with electricity. According to reports, the tower is set to stand a massive 2,250 feet tall. In a phone interview, Solar Wind Energy Tower Inc. secretary and chief marketing officer Robert Crabb says that the tower will be constructed of steel-reinforced concrete. According to him, the project is coming to fruition now because advances in building materials have finally made such a large concrete structure possible. Using a proprietary software program, the company can calculate energy generation capabilities of a tower based upon a specific geographic location. With these calculations, it predicts the new San Luis factory will be able to generate up to 1,250 MWh per hour that the factory is running, with an average yearly generation (factoring for decreased output during the winter) of 435 MWh per hour. According to estimates from the United States Energy Information Administration, the average American household uses about 30 kWh per day. Considering 24-hour operation, the San Luis wind tower will be able to power enough electricity on average to serve almost 350,000 houses daily. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Turnable thermal conductivity of lithium cobalt oxide could mean big things for Li-ion batteries The ability to control heat flow through materials is important. What makes it challenging, however, is that the thermal conductivity of materials is generally high or low, and variable or reversible conductivities are extremely rare. Researchers have now shown experimentally that the thermal conductivity of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2)—the exemplar of electrochemical energy storage-can be controlled over a \"considerable\" range. A team from the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign is the first to demonstrate the electrochemical modulation of a material\'s thermal conductivity and is the only group to demonstrate \"large variable and reversible thermal conductivities in any material by any approach, other than very-high-pressure experiments,” Paul Braun, professor of materials science and engineering at Illinois, says in a press release. The findings, published in Nature Communications, hold great impact for electrochemical energy storage and, in particular, rechargeable batteries. \"Our work opens up opportunities for dynamic control of thermal conductivity and, additionally, may be important for thermal management in electrochemical energy storage devices which use cathodes based on transition-metal oxides, such as lithium cobalt oxide,\" David Cahill, a professor of materials science and engineering at Illinois and one of the paper\'s coauthors, adds. Lithium cobalt oxide, used as cathodes in Li-ion batteries, is discharged and charged through processes known as lithiation and delithiation, respectively. \"Lithium cobalt oxide film is sputtered directly on a metalcoated electrode, and then immersed in a common electrolyte,\" Jiung Cho, the paper\'s first author, says. Using timedomain thermoreflectance, researchers measured the thermal conductivity of the lithium cobalt oxide thin film as part of the process of lithiation. \"We perform both in-situ experiments, which enable direct observation of thermal conductivity as a function of the degree of lithiation, and ex-situ experiments, which provide the thermal conductivity of the lithiated and delithiated state in the absence of electrolyte,\" Cho says. According to the release, by being able to better regulate the thermal conductivity of lithium cobalt oxide, batteries that charge faster, power further, and operate safer are made all the more possible. However groundbreaking, demonstrating the capability is only a first step. Braun adds, \"We suspect our findings are quite general and that this will only be the first example of transition-metal oxides with oxidation-state-dependent thermal conductivities.\" The paper is \"Electrochemically tunable thermal conductivity of lithium cobalt oxide\" (DOI:10.1038/ncomms5035). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org The in-situ time-domain thermoreflectance liquid cell is composed of a LiCoO2 thin-film cathode, a Li anode, and liquid electrolyte. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. 1964-2014 50 years of service and reliability I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com Credit: R. Kubetz; U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 19 ceramics in the environment Titanium dioxide-coated roof tiles clean the air Clay roof tiles coated with titanium dioxide (left) do more than uncoated tiles (right) to neutralize pollutants from the air. A commercially available titanium dioxide-coated tile is shown at top. Students from the University of California, Riverside have developed a roof tile coating that combats nitrogen oxides by breaking them down and eliminating them to reduce pollution and smog. According to a UCR release, their titanium dioxide coating can handle the same amount of harmful nitrogen oxides emitted by a car driven 11,000 miles per year and remove up to 97 percent of them from the air. press Led by David Cocker, professor of chemical and environmental engineering, and lecturer Kawai Tam, the team applied different amounts of the white coating to two identical clay tiles and placed them in a mini atmospheric chamber-connected to nitrogen oxides and a device that measures their concentrations-that uses ultraviolet light to simulate sunlight. The tiles coated with titanium dioxide removed 88-97% of the NO. And interestingly enough, despite one tile having 12 times the amount of coating applied, the amount did not seem to make \"much of a difference\" in the removal. The low-cost coating (they estimate that it would cost only $5 to apply the titanium dioxide mixture to the averagesized roof) would be a benefit anywhere, but could make a huge impact in smoggy southern California-home to UCR and America\'s smoggiest city, Los Angeleswhere 500 tons of nitrogen oxides are Credit: UC Riverside emitted each day. They calculate that if applied to one million homes, the coating would eliminate 21 tons of nitrogen oxides from the atmosphere daily. Catching carbon dioxidematerial contains greenhouse gas at natural-gas wellheads Natural gas, in comparison with coal and oil, is a relatively clean fossil fuel. However, its recovery and preparation pose several challenges that drag on its cost, energy, and environmental impact. A new material developed by scientists at Rice University may help ease some of those challenges by replacing costly and energy-intensive techniques to isolate natural gas from contaminating gases that also are extracted from wells. \"Most people don\'t realize that natural when it comes out of the ground, is contaminated 10 to 20 percent by CO₂,\" chemistry professor James Tour says in a Rice video. \"Sometimes, in some parts of the world, as much as 70 percent of natural gas coming out of the ground is CO₂.\" gas, Current methods to remove CO2 are energy-intensive (e.g., cryogenic separation) or require expensive materials (e.g., zeolite filters). The new research, published in Nature Communications, details the development of a nanoporous carbonnitrogen or carbon-sulfur solid that can says strip CO₂ from natural gas at ambient temperatures. The process polymerizes the CO2 molecules, providing efficient capture of the greenhouse gas. Tour the growing polymer chains of carbon dioxide prevent methane, ethane, and propane molecules in the natural gas from also sticking to their material. \"This will enable companies to pump carbon dioxide directly back downhole, where it\'s been for millions of years, or use it for enhanced oil recovery to further the release of oil and natural gas. Or they can package and sell it for other industrial applications,\" Tour says in a university press release. To create the material, the researchers treated carbon with potassium hydroxide at 600°C, forming powders of porous material containing carbon-nitrogen or carbon-sulfur atom mixtures. The carbon-sulfur product absorbed 82% of its weight in CO2, and the carbon-nitrogen product performed nearly as well, according to the press release. The materials remove CO2 under pressure from the gas flow, but spontaneously depolymerize when the pressure is released, allowing efficient reuse over and over again. With a surface area of 2,500 m²/g, Tour says the material is \"enormously robust and extremely stable.\" \"Our technique allows one to specifically remove carbon dioxide at the source. It doesn\'t have to be transported to a Credit: Jeff Fitlow; Rice U. Chih-Chau Hwang (left) and James Tour (right) show a vial of their CO₂capturing material. 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 says. collection station to do the separation,\" Tour \"This will be especially effective offshore, where the footprint of traditional methods that involve scrubbing towers or membranes are too cumbersome.\" The paper is \"Capturing carbon dioxide as a polymer from natural gas” (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4961). Glass embedded with frit or UV patterns is for the birds Bird advocacy groups estimate that hundreds of millions of birds die every year from bird-on-glass collisions in the United States alone, towering over the number of collisions with power lines, towers, and wind turbines combined. Because birds are important to our ecosystems as pollinators, seed spreaders, pest controllers, cleanup crews, and more, scientists are researching how to better protect birds from glass collisions. One solution to make glass safer for airborne creatures is to make it more visible to them by incorporating lines, dots, or other visible patterns into the glass. Permanent patterns can be applied to glass with enamel frit—the frit can be silk-screened on the glass, so that virtually any design can be incorporated. According to the website for Oldcastle Building Envelope, a Santa Monica, Calif., based building company that supplies frit glass, \"Ceramic enamel frits contain finely ground glass mixed with inorganic pigments to produce a desired color. The coated glass is then heated to about 1,150°F, fusing the frit to the glass surface, which produces a ceramic coating almost as hard and tough as the glass itself.\" A particularly good way to make glass highly visible to birds, while remaining transparent to the human eye, is to incorporate ultraviolet-reflective patterns into the glass. Birds can see UV light because their eyes are equipped with an additional photoreceptive cone that extends their vision beyond the visible light spectrum. German glass company Arnold Glas makes a special line of \"bird protection Bio-concrete roof can turn rain into clean drinking water A new bio-concrete roofing system might help provide clean drinking water to those without it. More than 800 million people live without access to clean water globally, and 3.4 million people die each year from water sanitation and hygiene-related causes. A new project seeks to improve access to clean water with a special concrete roof complete with a bio-concrete system to transform collected rain to safe drinking water. Credit: IVANKA Budapest-based IVANKA Studio and Concrete Factory presented The Water of Life project at April\'s 2014 Milan Design Week. The project\'s RainHouse boasts a “complex rainwater harvesting system” built with a unique bio-concrete that is pH neutral and bio-compatible with water. \"Rain is the initial, the most important, and purest renewable source of the freshwater cycle-a much better choice than any other source, such as lakes, rivers, or mineral waters from underground,” IVANKA co-owners Katalin and Andras Ivanka say. According to the project website, \"the specific technology allows filtering raw rain only physically in a strictly natural way without chemicals so the equipment can produce the highest-quality, sun-distilled drinking water.” An additional installation of the technology is undergoing testing at the Balaton Uplands National Park (Hungary). According to IVANKA, given the region\'s frequent rainfalls and fresh air-\"where geographic parameters are the most suitable for the project\"-the six months of testing completed thus far have been deemed \"successful.\" glass\" called Ornilux that incorporates UV designs directly into the glass that birds can see, but that appear clear to us. The patterns are applied with a patented UV-reflective coating. According to the Ornilux case report, “The researchers found that a patterned coating (versus a solid coating) made the contrast of the glazing more intense: The coated parts reflected UV light while the interlayer sandwiched between two layers of glass absorbed the UV light. The two functions together enhanced the reflective effect.\" This dead woodpecker was found at the base of a mostly glass-sided building at Ohio State University\'s medical center. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 21 Credit: T. Gocha ceramics in the environment Credit: D. LaSpina; Flickr; CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 Ceramics as creative and integrative air pollution solutions Some interesting initiatives to help clean polluted air are popping up, making use of clever materials and integrative designs to help the world\'s population breathe easier. A scientist-poet duo from the United Kingdom\'s University of Sheffield has one simple solution-make a poster that pulls double duty to promote a message and promote clean air. Scientist Tony Ryan and poet Simon Armitage put their brains together to develop a titanium dioxide nanoparticlecovered poster, 10 m by 20 m, that can rid the air of pollutants from about 20 cars every day, according to a BBC report. The photocatalytic titanium dioxide particles react with atmospheric oxygen to produce two oxygen free radicals, which react with water to generate pollutant-nixing peroxide. The catalytic poetry can rid the air of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds by neutralizing these compounds into simple and harmless soluble molecules. According to the article, Ryan says, \"If every banner, flag, or advertising poster in the country did this, we\'d have much better air quality. It would add less than £100 [$167] to the cost of a poster and would turn advertisements into catalysts in more ways than one.\" The poster, hanging at the university, is printed with a poem written by Armitage, \"In Praise of Air.\" In Praise of Air Π This titanium dioxide-nanoparticle-covered poster can clear and praise the air at the same time. Credit: U. of Sheffield Japan\'s \'disposable\' home culture In Japan, where the typical home lasts just three decades and is worth nothing after 15 years, homeowners commonly have nothing to show for their 30 years of mortgage payments. Although sluggish, Japan\'s economy is the world\'s third Japan\'s \"disposable home culture” impacts the value of housing and the environment. largest. But a 2008 report by Richard Koo and Masaya Sasaki of the Nomura Research Institute finds that Japan\'s “disposable\" home culture has hindered the nation\'s housing investments. \"So you tear down the building, you build another one, then you tear down the building, and you keep on building another one, you\'re not building wealth on top of wealth,” Koo says in a Freakonomics podcast transcript. “It\'s a very poor investment [when] compared with Americans or Europeans, or even other Asian countries, where people are building wealth on top of wealth because [their] house is a capital good.\" Given its climate as well as a propensity for serious natural disasters, Japan has a definite need for building codes and structural standards. However, a large amount of regulatory red tape equals increased construction costs, which often force contractors to make cuts in the quality of the materials used. \"Homes built during the nation\'s high-growth area, when quantity was more important than quality, are becoming increasingly obsolete by today\'s standards,\" the report\'s authors write. “Consequently, they are either left vacant or torn down to make way for new homes.\" More than 60 percent of all Japanese homes were constructed after 1980-and half of all the houses constructed are expected to be demolished after 38 years. All that construction may be good for Japan\'s economy, but it is not so great for its homeowners or the environment. Even after implementing the 2000 Construction Material Recycling Law, statistics from the World Business Council for Sustainable Development show that Japan generates 77 million metric tons of construction and demolition waste each year. Of that, close to 80 percent of it is recycled. Even so, recycling requires more energy and results in “less valuable materials than the ones being discarded.\" But the country is making strides toward a greener Japan-and more sustainable housing practices. A law passed in the Japanese Parliament in 2008 “aims to supply long life housing in Japan from now on, in addition to using the existing houses much longer.\" And like the United States\' LEED, France\'s HQE, and the United Kingdom\'s BREEAM before it, Japan\'s green building management system—Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency or CASBEE—is pushing to develop more sustainable construction. 22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 The spectacular sea cliffs of Pantelleria. Researchers uncover Pantelleria\'s \'island of glass\' past A 32-square-mile Mediterranean island is spending some time in the spotlight thanks to a study of volcanic activity on the isle by a team at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom. An extra-hot layer of emerald glass covered the island of Pantelleria, nestled between Sicily and Tunisia, some 45,000 years ago says a study published in Geology. \"A ground-hugging cloud of intensely hot gases and volcanic dust spread radially out from the erupting volcano in all directions,\" volcanologist Mike Branney says in a Leicester press release. \"Incandescent rock fragments suspended in the all-enveloping volcanic cloud were so hot, molten, and sticky that they simply fused to the landscape forming a layer of glass, over hills and valleys alike. The hot glass then actually started flowing down all the slopes rather like sticky lava.\" And although present-day Pantelleria has been repopulated and is green with vegetation, according to Branney, \"even as you approach it by ferry you can see the green layer of glass covering everything even sea cliffs look like they\'ve been draped in candle wax.\" To uncover the island\'s heated past, Branney, fellow volcanologist Rebecca Williams, and a Leicester team used the varying chemistry of glass to painstakingly plot out how the glass formed first in areas closest to the ground and spread to and above the hills, where it eventually retreated \"so that, by the end of the eruption, only lower ground, close to Florida Institute of Technology High Tech with a Human Touch BIOCERAMICS: ADVANCES & CHALLENGES FOR AFFORDABLE HEALTHCARE PRESENTED BY DR. LARRY HENCH Part of a new series offered in association with The American Ceramic Society, tailored to working professionals in the engineering and healthcare fields with an interest in bioceramics. THIS SERIES WILL COVER ⚫ Tissue bonding, regenerative medicine, state-of-the-art medical implants and long-term viability . The advent of third-generation bioactive materials including tissue regeneration • Cutting-edge medical advances in tissue repair . Contemporary socioeconomic implications and ethical considerations The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Credit: Mike Branney; U. of Leicester the volcano continued to be immersed by it.\" Equally interesting, this eruptive incident was not Pantelleria\'s only one-at least five others of \"similar type\" have devastated the island. The Leicester scientists are hopeful that Pantelleria\'s two-steps forward, three-steps back behavior might provide insights into similar and larger volcanic eruptions that occur across the globe. The paper is \"Temporal and spatial evolution of a waxing then waning catastrophic density current revealed by chemical mapping” (DOI: 10.1130/ G34830.1). CONTINUING EDUCATION www.fit.edu/continuing-ed Visit fit.edu/biomedical-professional/ or call (321) 674-8382, option 2. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 23 bulletin cover story Figure 1. Typical mixed household organic waste. 24 Hidden treasures: Turning food waste into glass By I.A. Cornejo, S. Ramalingam, J.S. Fish, and I.E. Reimanis New research shows glass and glass-ceramics can be made using only mineral content of food waste ash. ast amounts of food waste V₁ around the world cause significant health and environmental problems that ultimately lead to direct economic costs. However, most food wastes contain valuable minerals that could serve as raw materials for the production of glass, ceramics, and glass-ceramics. Food waste as a problem A recent report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that the worldwide direct economic cost of food waste is $750 billion. Although this figure includes upstream costs, such as the energy to make food that is not consumed, there are also significant costs incurred once the waste is created. The United States produces ~250 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) each year, of which 28 wt% (70 million tons) is organic, not including paper and cardboard. Food waste accounts for ~14.5 wt% (35 million tons) of the total MSW. Similarly, food waste in the European Union is ~89 million tons per year,³ and, in China, it is >40 million tons per year.4 Preconsumer waste can make up a large part of this waste-one-third of all fruits and vegetables produced worldwide are estimated to be lost before they reach consumers.5 Credit: Reimanis; CSM Organic waste (Figure 1) typically has value in terms of energy, water content, and mineral content, but current methods of waste disposal do not utilize these resources. Instead, communities incur costs to store it in landfills, where it emits uncontrolled greenhouse gasses and poses risks to groundwater through contamination. Recent government regulations regarding landfills, for example, those in Europe, lead to a direct economic stimulus to create value out of waste. Solutions to reduce the mass of landfills could be coupled with extraction of the resources they contain. 8 Organic food waste as a raw material Reduction of landfills offers a motivation to utilize organic food waste as a source of raw materials. Another motivation could be its potential independence from geography and, hence, geopolitical influences. Although rare-earth elements have not yet been found in plants, there may be other strategic minerals present. Minerals in organic waste have been used for a long time to make various materials, including reinforcements for thermoplastics, 10 carbides, nitrides, and concrete; 11-17 fluxing agents for ceramics; 18 formation of activated carbon; 19 and others. 9,20 Yet, their use is not widespread for two major reasons. First, relatively little information exists about mineral content in plants in a way that www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Table 1. Oxide content required for three common glasses and present in ash of various food wastes. Oxide content (wt%) is useful to a materials-processing engineer. Second, most food wastes contain a significant amount of water and organic matter that must be removed before the mineral content can be utilized. The energy costs for their removal can be balanced if the mineral extraction is performed in parallel with an operation that recovers water and converts the organic matter to a useful fuel, such as syngas. However, current raw-materials companies and waste management facilities probably are not positioned to do this. The mineral content of organic waste varies widely depending on the type of plant, thereby providing the ability to batch a variety of glass and glass-ceramic compositions. This diversity allows significant flexibility in producing these engineered materials. Table 1 shows the minerals needed for some common glasses. Table 1 also shows minerals present in common food wastes as measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), a measurement that assumes the most stable oxide of the element is present. However, some of the minerals may not be present as oxides. For example, the calcium in eggshells exists at CaCO3, a raw material more desirable than CaO for glass manufacturing. The amounts of certain minerals that are undesirable in glass, for example, Fe₂O, have very low quantities in plants. There are certain minerals present in some plants, for example, S and Cl, that are desirable as fining agents for glass fabrication. In these ways, the mineral sources from plants may differ from those obtained in traditional mining. There also may be elements present in some plants that are difficult to detect by XRF, for example, lithium. The authors are working to find other methods for their detection. It is possible to batch a wide variety of glass compositions from a small number of food wastes. However, two challeng ing aspects emerge from an evaluation of this data. First, an important element for display glasses, boron, has not been detected by XRF or energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Therefore, it likely is not present in significant quantifies in any of these wastes. To date, boron has not been detected in analyses of about 40 food waste sources. Thus, 10 0 14 3 SiO2 CaO K₂O Na₂O MgO Al₂03 P₂O5 Fe₂03 SO3 B₂O3 Three common glasses Windows or containers 65-75 <1 0 0 <1 0 Display glasses 50-60 0-4 0-5 0-5 0-3 10-17 0 0 0 8-15 Bioactive glasses 0-55 22-27 0-9 6-24 0-8 0-28 1-3 0 0-51 Present in the ash of various food wastest Rice husk 97.8 0.6 1.3 0.24 trace trace Corn husk/cob 35.7 5.8 20.2 5.1 9.9 22.5 0.3 Banana peels 6.6 3.2 ☐☐ 67.6 1.3 0.3 3.4 0.2 Egg shells 0.1 98.6 0.1 0.1 0.8 Peanut shells 29.3 21.9 25.7 0.1 6.7 3.7 7.4 1.3 3.2 _ *Does not include relative amounts of water and organics. Determined by XRF. boron mined from the earth may be needed as a supplement to make borosilicate glasses from organic food wastes. Second, although the variety of minerals implies a flexibility in choice of glass composition, it poses a problem in terms of uniformity of mixed wastes. Namely, similar to mines in various locales, every landfill is likely unique in its mineral footprint. One solution to this problem of uniformity is to obtain waste prior to its arrival at the landfill. There are many opportunities to utilize single-source streams of food waste, particularly in the food industry. For example, wastes associated with the three most used grains in the world-rice, wheat, and corn-are excellent single-source candidates. A second solution to the problem of uniformity is to utilize mineral extraction techniques similar to those used in the mining industry. A natural question to ask is whether there is sufficient food waste to supply the needs of the glass industry. In 2011, of the 100 million tons of glass produced worldwide, ~50% was container glass. Container glass is ~70 wt% silica, and, thus, consumed ~36.4 million tons of silica raw material. Also in 2011, 2,173 million tons of grain was produced worldwide. The waste generated from this grain was 20%, or 435 million tons. Because grain waste is ~15 wt% silica (on average), ~65 million tons of silica could have been collected from waste-more than enough to supply all the silica needed for the glass container industry in 2011. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org I Other common ingredients for glass are found in abundance in organic food waste around the world. For example, annual waste from China\'s largest oil crop, peanuts, is ~5 million tons.21 Because peanut shells are ~93 wt% organic material and water, 22 Table 1 shows that peanut shell waste from China alone can produce 110 thousand tons of CaO, 130 thousand tons of K₂O, and 20 thousand tons of Al2O3. More than 50 thousand tons of eggshell waste are produced in the U.S. each year. This amounts to almost 50 thousand tons of CaO or CaCO3 from one source in the U.S. that may be used by the glass and glass-ceramics industries. Making glass and glass-ceramics from trash To make glass, food wastes are typically dried in an oven and then heated to a temperature at which undesired components, such as carbon, are removed through the formation of gaseous species. Thermal analysis during this heat treatment reveals the temperatures at which H₂O, CO, and NO may be removed. Typically, a second heat treatment produces the mineral desired for glass batching. Certain food wastes, such as egg shells, which are primarily CaCO3, do not need this heat treatment and may be used directly as a raw material. Figure 2 illustrates the process for five food waste sources investigated by the authors. With knowledge of the mineral content in each waste (Table 1), one is able to develop the appropriate batch for a 25 Hidden treasures: Turning food waste into glass at at at at t Soda-lime New composition Ion-exchangeable 2 Glass-ceramic composition Figure 2. Raw materials are produced by grinding and heating food wastes. Four glasses made from these wastes are shown at the right with a U.S. dime shown for scale. Figure 3. Author Ivan Cornejo pouring glass made of organic waste. °7P/7P 0 a ~11.7 ppm/°C Glass 3 ion-exchangeable glass Glass 2 new glass composition Glass 1 commercial soda-lime window glass a ~10.3 ppm/°C a ~11.5 ppm/°C 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Temperature (°C) Figure 4. Thermal expansion as a function of temperature for three glasses made from organic waste. The glass transition temperature, softening point, and coefficient of thermal expansion (a) are different for all three glasses. particular glass composition. The authors made four glasses by heating the raw materials shown in Figure Credit: Reimanis; CSM to temperatures between 1,400°C and 1,550°C (Figure 3). Good optical transparency usually indicates amorphicity, and X-ray diffraction and dilatometry confirmed that the materials produced are indeed glasses.22 Figure 4 shows dilatometric data for three glasses made from organic waste. Glass 1 is a typical window glass composition (sodalime) that was made from rice husk and egg shells with a small amount of table salt and alumina from non-waste sources. The table salt and alumina were added in relatively small amounts (7.5 wt% table salt to reduce viscosity and 0.5 wt% alumina to enhance durability). Glass 2 is a calcium potassium silicate glass with composition not available in the literature, made with rice husk, egg shells, and banana peels. Glass 3 is a multicomponent, ion-exchangeable glass made from rice husk, corn husk, egg shells, and peanut shells. Glass 4 is a wollastonite-like, glass-ceramic composition made from rice husk, egg shells, and alumina. Each glass has distinct thermal properties (Figure 4). It is not known at this time whether the properties of glasses and glassceramics made from food waste are different from those made with raw materials mined from the earth. One would expect differences depending on the presence or absence of certain trace elements or if their valence state is different, similar to glasses made from minerals mined from the earth. Figure 5 provides a version of the periodic table of elements highlighting the presence or absence of elements that are important in glass manufacturing. It is based on EDS analysis of waste from about 40 foods. This serves mainly as a prompt to think about food waste as a valuable resource. In the meantime, the authors are in the process of cataloging the elements present in various organic food wastes in a quantitative manner and exploring methods to use those wastes to make glass and glass-ceramics. Food wastes as a resource Food waste serves as a valuable and sustainable resource for the raw materials to make glass. Its use also alleviates the environmental and health problems associated with organics in landfills. There is a sufficient quantity to provide enough raw materials for several common glasses. It remains to be seen how this may be employed in a manner that is energetically most efficient and economical for industry. Acknowledgment Two of the authors, IAC and JS, acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation Ceramics program under DMR-1360565. 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.6 The waste to glass periodic table of elements 2 H He 1 4001 9 10 Be 13 14 15 16 Ne 201747 18 Al Si P $ a Ar [3] 221-23 (2003). 13R.V. Krishnaro and M.M. Godkhindi, \"Distribution of silica in rice husk and its effect on formation of silicon carbide,\" Ceram. Int., 18, 243-49 (1992). 19 20 21 23 24 27 28 29 30 31 Se Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Za Ga Ge As 34 35 Se Br 36 Kr 14E. Maeda and M. 31 77 7896 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 458 49 51 52 53 54 Rb Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 12 Jaharim W5.4676 4544 10107 3 131.29 55 5111 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 83 84 85 86 Ba Hr Та W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Pb Bi Po At Rn 142217 210 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 112 113 114 Fr Ra Ac Rf ᎠᏏ Sg Bh Hs Mt 1227 CONY (262) 1264 12621 13691 (272) Elements in organic wastes (> 0.5 wt%) Elements in organic wastes (< 0.5 wt%) Elements not desired and not found in organic wastes Elements desired but not found in organic wastes Figure 5. Periodic table of elements showing elements present in organic wastes. Red highlights the elements that are highly undesirable in raw materials for glass, but may sometimes be present in minerals mined from the earth. About the authors The authors are faculty members and researchers in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado Center for Advanced Ceramics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo. References \"Food waste harms climate, water, land, and biodiversity-New FAO report,\" http://www. fao.org/news/story/en/item/196220/icode/ 2United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste (5306P) EPA530-R-13-001, \"Municipal solid waste in the United States: 2011 facts and figures,\" May 2013. 3European Commission Report 2010-54, \"Preparatory study on food waste across E.U.-27,\" ISBN: 978-92-79-22138-5 DOI: 10.2779/85947. J. Jiang, C. Gong, J. Wang, S. Tian, and Y. Zhang, \"Effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the amount of dissolved organic matter extracted from food waste,\" Bioresource Technol., 155, 266-71 (2014). 5A.A. Kader, \"Increasing food availability by reducing postharvest losses of fresh produce,\" Acta Hortic., 682, 2169-75 (2005). 6100 WRN-Staff-Reports, in Waste Recycling News. Crain Communications, 2012. X.F. Lou and J. Nair, “The impact of landfilling and composting on greenhouse gas emissions-A review. Bioresource Technol., 100, 3792 (2009). 8P. Kjeldsen, M.A. Barlaz, A.P. Rooker, A. Baun, A. Ledin, and T.H. Christensen, \"Present and long-term composition of MSW landfill leachate: A review,\" Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 297 (2002). \'C.S.K. Lin, L.A. Pfaltzgraff, L. HerreroDavila, E.B. Mubofu, S. Abderrahim, J.H. Clark, A.A. Koutinas, N. Kopsahelias, K. Stamatelatou, F. Dickson, S. Thankappan, Z. Mohamed, R. Brocklesby, and R. Luque, \"Food waste as a valuable resource for the production of chemicals, materials, and fuels. Current situation and global perspective,\" Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 426-64 (2013). 10A.K. Bledzki, A.A. Mamun, and J. Volk, \"Physical, chemical, and surface properties of wheat husk, rye husk, and soft wood and their polypropylene composites,\" Composites: Part A, 41, 480-88 (2010). \"K.A. Matori and M.M. Haslinawati, \"Producing amorphous white silica from rice husk,\" J. Basic Appl. Sci., 1 [3] 512 (2009) 12G.T. Adylov, S.A. Faiziev, and M.S. Paizullakhanov, \"Silicon carbide materials obtained from rice husk,\" Tech. Phys. Lett., 29 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Komatsu, \"The thermoelectric performance of silicon carbide semiconductor made from rice hull,\" Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 410, 77-82 (1996). 15C. Real, M.D. Alcala, and J.M. Criado, \"Synthesis of silicon nitride from carbothermal reduction of rice husks by the constantrate-thermal-analysis (CRTA) method,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 87, 75-78 (2004). 16O.W. Flörke, H.A. Graetsch, F. Brunk, L. Benda, S. Paschen, H.E. Bergna, W.O. Roberts, W.A Welsh, C. Libanati, M. Ettlinger, D. Kerner, M. Maier, W. Meon, R. Schmoll, H. Gles, D. Schiffmann, Ullmann\'s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008.DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a23_583.pub3. 17M. Nehdi, J. Duquette, and E. Damatty, \"Performance of rice husk ash produced using a new technology as a mineral admixture in concrete,\" Cem. Concr. Res., 33, 1203-10 (2003). 18W. Acchar, E.J.V. Dultra, and A.M. Segadaes, \"Untreated coffee husk ashes used as flux in ceramic tiles,” Appl. Clay Sci., 75-76, 141-47 (2013). 19C.D. Granados and R. Venturini, \"Activated carbons obtained from rice husk: Influence of leaching on textural parameters,\" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 47, 4754-757 (2008). 20C.O. Tuck, E. Perez, I.T. Horvath, R.A. Sheldon, and M. Poliakoff, \"Valorization of biomass: Deriving more value from waste,\' Science, 337, 695-99 (2012). 21Y. Feng, M. La, S. Li, and F. Yang, \"Preparation and properties of activated carbon from peanut shell by K2CO3,\" Wessex Institute Transactions on the Built Environment, 145, (2014). DOI: 10.2495/ ICBEEE20130801. 22I. Cornejo, S. Ramalingam, and I.E. Reimanis, \"Food waste as a sustainable source of oxides for the production of glasses\", to be submitted. 27 Aluminum Nitride Ceramics Figure 1. Aluminum nitride powder and sintered components manufactured by Surmet (Burlington, Mass.). Al luminum nitride (AIN, Figure 1) is a synthetic ceramic with a unique combination of useful thermal and electrical properties. Chief among them are high thermal conductivity, excellent dielectric properties, low coefficient of thermal expansion (close to silicon), nontoxicity, and chemical- and hightemperature resistance. Also, AlN is a high bandgap semiconductor, so there is growing. interest developing around AIN powders for Manufacturing single crystal growth. of aluminum nitride powder for advanced applications Although AlN has been known for more than a century, interest has renewed in the recent decade or so. AlN is more expensive than alumina, which is used for many substrate and dielectric applications. Alumina, however, cannot meet the requirements for many high-brightness LED and power Common applications for AIN Credit: Leonrosenbaum; Wikimedia; CC BY-NC 3.0 28 By Mohan Ramisetty, Suri Sastri, and Uday Kashalikar Production of aluminum nitride powder by direct nitridation or carbothermal reduction and nitridation requires balancing trade-offs between cost, carbon footprint, and properties. Aluminum nitride is the preferred substrate for insulated-gate bipolar transistors, such as this one. • Sintered substrates and heat sinks: Circuitry carriers, sensor carriers, heat sinks for HB-LEDs, insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules, microchanneled coolers, and AIN/direct-bonded copper (DBC) manifold microchannels in power electronics packaging. Thermally conductive adhesives: AIN powder/granule fillers increase adhesive thermal conductivity for electronics, power electronics, and semiconductor packaging. • Semiconductor chambers: Electrostatic chucks, evaporation boats, crucibles, plasma-resistant components, susceptors, and heaters for CVD and dry etching in semiconductor equipment. • Dielectric and radio-frequency systems: Defense radio systems, radars, and output windows. • Single crystal AIN for growing GaN devices and AIN for ultraviolet LED devices. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Table 1. Important engineering properties of sintered aluminum nitride Property Typical thermal conductivity (room temperature) (W/(m·K)) Electrical resistivity (room temperature) (2.cm) Coefficient of thermal expansion (/K) Flexural strength (MPa) Knoop hardness (at 200-g load) (kg/mm²) Temperature stability in inert atmosphere (°C) Chemical resistance to molten metals *Depending on processing conditions, impurities, density, etc. Value 120-270 >1013 5.6 × 10-6 200-370 1,300-1,500 >1,900 High Figure 2. Example applications that use aluminum nitride. electronics applications. The dramatic growth of these new technologies also drives growing demand for polycrystalline sintered AIN products. Moreover, the relentless push for faster speed, smaller footprint, and high power density of microprocessor chips in the optoelectronic and power electronic industries fuels demand for advanced heat-dissipation solutions. AIN is an ideal material for applications needing electrical insulation and thermal conductivity (Figure 2). Alumina remains the material of choice for many high-volume-low-cost applications. However, constantly growing demand for miniaturization, long life, and high performance in the electronics and semiconductor industries for packaging, power electronics, inverters for transportation, telecommunications, cooling systems, high-brightness LEDs, and more electric drive make AIN a very attractive solution. Credit: Wikimedia Commons Silicon nitride (Si₂N) is another strong contender for applications that require better thermo-mechanical durability. Although the thermal conductivity of Si N is much lower (~90 W/m·K) than AIN, its high fracture toughnessbecause of its acicular microstructure, hardness, and strength-makes up for this deficiency. Availability and cost continue as barriers. AIN has a hexagonal lattice (Wurtzite type) and predominantly covalent bonding between aluminum and nitrogen. Table 1 summarizes key properties that make AIN a useful engineering material. Low atomic mass, simple crystal structure, strong interatomic forces, and low anharmonicity make AlN intrinsically thermally conductive, unlike typical ceramics.¹ However, thermal conductivity of polycrystalline American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org sintered AlN is influenced by microstructure; secondary phases, including porosity; impurities, such as oxygen and other cationic impurities; and processing-related factors. Achieving good thermal conductivity and dielectric properties is directly related to processing. Similar to any other ceramic material, good control of process depends directly on properties of the raw materials. This particularly is true of AlN because impurity content and microstructure-which influence thermal conductivity-directly depend on quality of the starting powders that will be reacted to synthesize AIN. Two approaches to manufacturing AIN powder Figure 3 shows the interdependence of steps in ceramic powder processing and ultimate impact of processing on the final properties of sintered ceramic. AIN ceramic powder processing begins with powder synthesis. Properties of the starting powder, including purity, particle-size distribution and morphology, surface area, and bulk or tap densities dictate processing approaches, such as green forming and densification. AIN powder can be synthesized via various approaches. However, direct nitridation (DN) and carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) are the two most widely used routes for producing AlN powder in tonnage-scale quantities. Each offers advantages and disadvantages. Figure 4 illustrates steps involved in DN and CRN processes. Direct nitridation AlN is a reaction product of aluminum metal and nitrogen formed via the self-propagating exothermic reaction. 2A1 (s/l) + N2 (g) →2AIN (s) + heat The DN process typically involves ignition of aluminum powders in a nitrogencontaining atmosphere. The reaction is self-sustaining. Reacted product requires further processing via milling or classification to produce final powders. The advantages of DN synthesis are Energy efficiency-The exothermic reaction generates ~328 kJ/(mol AIN) at 1,800 K. Aluminum melts at 933 K • 29 Manufacturing of aluminum nitride powder for advanced applications Chemistry and crystal structure Microstructure Intrinsic properties Final properties of sintered ceramic Powder processing (green forming and heat treatment) Starting powder (purity, particle size and distribution, morphology, and surface area) Figure 3. Property-processing diagram for ceramics. and the reaction with nitrogen begins at 1,073 K, making it a self-sustaining process. Other than the initial ignition, which does not require much energy, no additional external heat is needed to sustain the reaction, making the process extremely energy efficient. • Environmental friendliness-The reaction produces no known harmful byproducts or greenhouse gases. The disadvantages are • Milling required-Uncontrollable reaction sequence and exothermic temperature induce considerable neckDirect nitridation Precursor: Aluminum powder Synthesis: Self-sustaining instantaneous reaction of Al in N, atmosphere Fragile and porous reacted lumps Crushing, milling, and classification Credit: Surmet ing between AIN particles, resulting in agglomeration that is difficult to break up during milling. Consequently, multiple particle size reduction steps are necessary to achieve required particle sizes. Impurities-Milling steps can introduce potential impurities. • Carbothermal reduction and nitridation Typical precursors are aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powders mixed with a source of carbon as a reducing agent. The precursors are combined and heatCarbothermal reduction and nitridation Precursor: Alumina + carbon black Synthesis: Heat-treat to 1,400°C1,800°C in N, atmosphere in a high-temperature furnace AIN powder + unreacted carbon Calcination to burn off excess carbon May require milling AIN Powder Figure 4. Process steps for synthesizing aluminum nitride powder via direct nitridation or carbothermal reduction and nitridation. 30 Credit: Surmet treated at 1,400°C-1,800°C in the presence of nitrogen or nitrogen-containing gas. The overall reaction is: Al2O3 (s) + 3C (s) + N2 (g) + heat → 2AIN (s) + 3CO (g) Theoretically, the reaction needs three moles of carbon for every mole of Al2O3. However, practical issues, such as surface area and mixing limitations, require a substantial amount of excess carbon (~15%-30% additional carbon) to promote full conversion to AlN. The advantages of CRN synthesis are • Quality-For the most part, precursor particle size and synthesis temperature determine final particle size and purity levels of CRN powders. •Minimal or less milling requiredFiner particle size is possible without excessive milling because of availability of fine precursor powders. The disadvantages are • High cost-Expensive precursors and energy-intensive multiple heattreatment steps makes this powder very expensive compared with DN powders. Powder cost may not be a big factor in some advanced applications, such as growing single crystals for UV-LEDs, phosphors, and advanced microelectronic packaging. However, for applications such as HB-LEDs, CRN powders are simply unaffordable. • Energy intensive-Production of highpurity Al₂O, powders is itself an energyintensive process requiring initial conversion of ore to metal and then purified metal into oxide. Added to that are the reduction and nitridation heat-treatment steps. Typically, synthesis occurs at temperatures well above 1,400°C and approaching 1,800°C, usually in graphite furnaces. Calcination is necessary to burn off excess carbon after synthesis. • Carbon footprint and environmental impact-In addition to the carbon emissions that result from energy required for several heat-treatment steps, the reaction itself produces a significant amount of carbon (in the form of CO and CO₂) as a byproduct. For every 100 g of AIN, the reaction produces - 160 g of CO₂not counting the excess carbon needed from practical considerations for complete conversion of Al2O3 to AIN. ~ www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 AIN powder and sintered components manufacturing at Surmet • Powder: Surmet (Burlington, Mass.) has capacity to produce tonnage quantities of AIN powder by direct nitridation and carbothermal reduction. Surmet manufactures and supplies several commercial grades of AIN powders. • Sintered components: Surmet manufactures complex and large AIN sintered components for specialty applications, such as large domes (right), disks, and tiles up to 35-in. wide. Surmet\'s sintering technology has produced large AIN parts with >200-W/m.K thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties. The common perception that CRN powders provide better properties for thermal management applications may not be justified. A brief literature review and considerable hands-on experience suggest that powder synthesis method has little impact on the final properties, including thermal conductivity of the sintered product. 25 What matters are properties of the AlN powder, such as purity, crystallinity, and particle size and distribution. Carefully engineered DN powders should perform as well or better than CRN powders as long as the powder properties are matched. It is admittedly more challenging to achieve finer particle size and high purity by DN, but, by using proper high-purity, fine-particle-size, large-surface-area aluminum precursor powders and closely controlling synthesis reaction rate and subsequent milling, highquality DN AIN powder can be made economically in tonnage quantities. Sintering powders into products The strong covalent bonding nature of AIN makes it difficult to achieve full densities via pressureless solid-state sintering. However, liquid-phase sintering is an SURMET effective alternative approach. The liquid phase either solidifies along the grain boundaries or volatilizes at high temperatures without causing significant decreases in thermal conductivity. The most commonly used and suggested sintering aid in the literature is yttrium oxide (Y₁₂O3). Studies show that Y₂O3 scavenges the oxygen impurity (typically present as alumina) in the AIN powders. A yttrium aluminate compound forms along the grain boundaries (ideally at triple points) and promotes densification to near theoretical density. References: ¹G. Partridge, \"Ceramic materials possessing high thermal conductivity,\" Adv. Mater., 4 [1] 51-55 (1992). 2A.V. Virkar, T.B. Jackson, and R.A. Cutler, \"Thermodynamic and kinetic effects of oxygen removal on the thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 72 [11] 2031-42 (1989). 3T.B. Jackson and A.V. Virkar, “High thermal conductivity aluminum nitride ceramics: The effect of thermodynamic, kinetic, and microstructural factors,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 80 [6] 1421-35 (1997). 4R.-.R. Lee, \"Development of high thermal conductivity aluminum nitride ceramic,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 74 [9] 2242-49 (1991). 5A. Franco Jr. and D.J Shanafield, \"Thermal conductivity of polycrystalline aluminum nitride (AIN) ceramics,\" Ceramica, 50, 247-53 (2004). 6S. Mitra, G. Dutta, and I. Dutta, “Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of dense AIN sintered with Y₂O, additions,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 78 [9] 2335-44 (1995). About the authors Mohan Ramisetty is a materials engineer in Surmet\'s advanced materials R&D group; Suri Sastri is founder, CEO, and chairman; and Uday Kashalikar is director of products. Contact: Mohan Ramisetty, mramisetty@surmet.com. Sintering of Ceramics Short Course on DVD The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Learn sintering fundamentals at your own pace, or host multi-person training sessions at your facility. Taught by Dr. Mohamed N. Rahaman, the course covers sintering basics; diffusion and defect chemistry; solid-state, viscous and liquid-phase sintering; microstructure development and control; and much more. List: $665 ACers Member: $595 www.ceramics.org/sinteringdvd American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 31 Developing processing maps for implementing flash sintering into manufacture of whiteware ceramics By Fabio Trombin and Rishi Raj Flash sintering could lead to energy savings payoffs for ceramic manufacturers. Linear shrinkage strain (a) Flash sintering 60 V/cm 90 75 40 V/cm 120 V/cm 100 0.00-0.04-0.08-0.12-0.16Δ ° DO 20 V/cm 0 V/cm 0000-0-0-000000 DODDO D ° D Time for sintering (s) (b) 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 Seconds Minutes Hours Flash sintering Hot Conventional press SPS FAST Energy savings -0.208880 -0.24Field-assisted sintering 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 Furnace temperature (°C) 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 Furnace temperature (°C) Figure 1. (a) Signature event of flash sintering in 3YSZ in constant heating rate experiments. Note nearly instantaneous sintering at fields >60 V/cm. (b) Colossal energy savings by the flash sintering method. lash sintering is a \"low power\" proelectrical fields at low current densities can produce sintering in mere seconds at furnace temperatures that are several hundred degrees below conventional manufacturing processing temperatures. Dramatic reductions in energy consumption and rapid, continuous manufacturing of ceramics appear feasible. The first experimental results on flash sintering show that 3-mol%-yttria-stabilized zirconia sinter in a few seconds at 850°C under an electric field of ~120 V·cm-1 (Figure 1).¹ This abrupt sintering transition, called flash sintering, is accompa nied by a sudden increase in conductivity of the specimen. The generality of this phenomenon, which also has been demonstrated for several oxides² and silicon carbide,³ is remarkable. A similar phenomenon occurs in oxide glasses, where applying 32 redit: Raj; UC Boulder an electrical field induces fluidity below the softening temperature, also with a simultaneous and abrupt increase in electrical conductivity.4 Although the underlying scientific mechanisms remain a topic of research, the possibility of implementing this finding into a new manufacturing paradigm is drawing interest and excitement. \"Flash\" manufacturing of ceramics procures huge energy savings, 5 (Figure 1(b)), and offers a new method that can replace batch processing with continuous sintering. Lower furnace temperatures also mean reduced costs for hardware materials and improved durability of manufacturing systems. Flash sintering is different from spark-plasma sintering (SPS). The latter is an energy-intensive process that uses high currents to heat a graphite die while simultaneously applying high pressure to the sample. The process can expend several tens of kilowatts of energy. In contrast, flash sintering applies electrical fields of a few hundred of volts per centimeter directly to the specimen in a conventional furnace. The power dissipation in the sample during sintering is 100 mW mm¯³. External pressure is not needed. ~ www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 This article describes a first step toward flashsintering manufacturing J of ceramics. It results from work at the University of Colorado at Boulder sponsored by Lucedion Ltd. (Stoke-on-Trent, U.K.). Here we present control of the electrical parameters in the form of processing maps that delineate the SAFE and FAIL regions for such a sintering process applied, in particular, to a ceramic whiteware. The maps provide an intimate coupling between science and technology, on the one hand serving as a guide for manufacturing and, on the other hand, outlining the fundamental mechanisms for field-assisted sintering (FAST). Such maps can serve as foundations for designing new manufacturing processes. The maps delineate processing regimes that distinguish acceptable and unacceptable microstructure outcomes-referred to as SAFE and FAIL regimes, respectively. Exploring feasibility for manufacturing (b) Incubation time 3 Hold time Electric field (kV/cm) 2.5 1 Voltage control Electric field Current density 0.8 Current control 0.5 0 10 20 30 Time (s) 0.6 0.4 0.2 Current density, J(mA/mm²) Figure 2. (a) The arrangement of the flash sintering experiment. The cylindrical sample is approximately 5 mm tall and 6 mm wide. (b) The typical electrical response of the sample. The furnace is held at a constant temperature of 950°C. After a short incubation period, the current rises to signal the onset of the flash. When the current reaches a predetermined limit, the power supply is switched from voltage to current control. The voltage of the specimen, which is now determined by its intrinsic conductivity in the flash state, then declines to a steady state value. Thus, the experiment has three control parameters: applied voltage, current limit, and hold time. The incubation time represents how the material responds to the applied field. The project explored the feasibility of flash sintering to manufacture of whiteware ceramics. Conventional sintering of whiteware requires several minutes at 1,150°C. However, under an electric field, it can be sintered almost instantaneously at 850°C. Progressing from laboratory proof-of-concept experiments to manufacturing requires understanding how to control electrical parameters to obtain the desired microstructure. Early flash-sintering experiments¹ involved heating the furnace at a constant rate while holding a constant electrical voltage across the specimen. In contrast, manufacturing is an isothermal situation where the furnace must be held at a constant temperature. Consequently, the voltage must be applied as a step function in time. Thus, voltage, current limit, and duration of the current limit become the control parameters. In these isothermal experiments, there also is an incubation time before flash sintering triggers and after the field is applied. These parameters are discussed in detail. The purpose of the experiments reported here was to create processing maps in terms of electrical parameters. The whiteware material for the present experiments is a composite of large ceramic particles, comprising primarily feldspar mixed with ~10 vol% of calcium silicate glass. The particle-size distribution and shape are optimized to obtain a highly-packed, interlocked structure, which imparts some mechanical strength to the green state. During sintering, the glass phase melts and flows, filling the interstitial space and bonding the ceramic particles to one another to create a mechanically robust microstructure. The flash-sintering experiments used cylindrical samples cut from green whiteware and were nominally 5-mm tall and 6-mm wide. The samples were sandwiched between metal electrodes that made contact with the end faces of the specimen (Figure 2(a)). A slight uniaxial pressure (~1 MPa) ensured good electrical contact. After the furnace reached the desired temperature, a step function of dc electrical field was applied, and, simultaneously, the time clock was started. A typical electrical response of the specimen is shown in Figure 2(b). Note American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org the incubation time before the onset of flash sintering and, soon thereafter, the switch from voltage control to current control. Once in current-control regime, the specimen establishes a new flash-sintering state, which can be maintained for long periods and therefore is referred to as the \"hold time.\" In this state, the specimen has high conductivity, which leads to a significant drop in voltage that develops across the sample. SAFE or FAIL-developing processing maps In addition to furnace temperature, electrical parameters that control flash sintering behavior are strength of the dc electrical field (kV cm-¹), the current limit (mA mm-2) set at the power supply, which comes into play after the flash is triggered, and the hold time exercised under current control in the quasi-steady state achieved in the flash state. There are two principal outcomes of the method. The first is incubation time, defined as the delay between application of the field and onset of flash sintering. Incubation time depends on the furnace temperature and the applied field. It lengthens in a nonlinear way as the applied field is reduced and the temperature of the furnace is lowered (Figure 3). The incubation time can be less than one second-see, for example, 33 Credit: Raj; UC Boulder Developing processing maps for implementing flash sintering into . . . Temperature (°C) 1000 950 900 850 Incubation time for J = 0.35 mA/mm² ☐ ☐ E= 1 kV/cm E= 2 kV/cm 800 E= 3 kV/cm 750 0 10 20 10 30 50 40 40 50 Incubation time (s) 60 60 \'☐ 70 80 70 60 Figure 3. Incubation times for the onset of the flash as a function of applied field and furnace temperature. Lower fields as well as lower temperatures lengthen incubation time. Note that the setting of the current limit does not influence the incubation time since it comes into play after the flash. -1 the data for applied field of 3 kV. cm¯¹ at furnace temperature of 950°C-or it can extend to several (or many) minutes. The incubation time does not depend on the current limit, because the onset of the flash depends on the field. The current limit is exercised subsequent to the onset of the flash. The main question addressed by the processing maps is to understand how the electrical parameters-applied field, current limit, and hold time-influence the microstructure of the sintered product. The three possible outcomes are incomplete sintering, satisfactory sintering and uniform microstructure, or current localizing in the specimen yielding an unacceptable microstructure. The acceptable and unacceptable microstructures are called the SAFE and the FAIL conditions, respectively. Figure 4 shows representative micrographs for these outcomes. The general trend from the experiments is that although flash sintering occurs across a wide range of electric fields, the good microstructures are obtained only within a limited range. If the applied field is too low, the flash is not triggered or the incubation time is too long. Similarly, if the applied field is too high, the specimen fails by localiza34 tion. The current limit also is important. If the current limit is set too low, sintering is incomplete; and, if it is too high, the current localizes and causes failure. These results are presented in two sets of maps. The maps in Figure 5 show the SAFE and FAIL regimes in the electricfield-current-limit space for two isothermal cases-850°C and 950°C. The SAFE regime is more restricted at lower furnace (a) SAFE microstructure Credit: Raj; UC Boulder temperature, that is, the chance that the current will localize is higher. For example, good microstructures are obtained at 3 kV cm at 950°C, but, at 850°C, the current localizes if the field exceeds 2.5 kV cm. Flash sintering was possible even at 750°C. However, the outcome was variable and required highly accurate control of the processing variables. Figure 6 shows data points that lie close to and on either side of the boundary between the SAFE and FAIL regimes. The reason is that optimum microstructures are obtained at high current densities, without trespassing into the FAIL region. Away from the border, at lower current densities, the microstructures often show incomplete sintering. Hold time also affects the sintering process. Very long hold times produce current localization. The hold time for the transition from well-sintered to poorly-sintered specimens lengthens as the current limit is lowered. For example, at a current limit of 1.05 mA mm²², the hold time must be kept to <2 s, but, at 0.35 mA mm², the transition occurs at a hold time of ~50 s. From lab bench to manufacturing line The processing maps serve two func tions. They are a first step toward conceptualizing low-power manufacturing of ceramics. They also suggest issues for (b) FAIL microstructure 100 μm Figure 4. Optical and SEM micrographs of satisfactory and unsatisfactory microstructures produced by flash sintering. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Raj; UC Boulder fundamental research into the densification mechanisms at work. The maps show that electric field can induce various mechanisms of material response. For example, densification occurs through a different mechanism in the SAFE to FAIL regions (similar to a comparison of uniform deformation and fracture as two different mechanisms of mechanical deformation Current density (mA/mm²) 2.1 44 0.7 Es1.4 kV/cm NO FLASH T=850 °C Current vs field -O-SAFE FAIL A FAIL --No Flash 52s 19 s 48 s 17 s SAFE Current density (mA/mm²) 2.1 T=950 °C Current vs field FAIL -O-SAFE 3 0.7 Es 0.75 kV/cm NO FLASH A FAIL --No Flash 29 s 10 s 5 3s 70 27 9 58 SAFE Incubation time Incubation time 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 Electric field (kV/cm) 2.5 Electric field (kV/cm) 3 3.5 Figure 5. Processing maps for flash sintering in terms of electrical parameters: the electric field and the limit for current density. Note that the safe region becomes more constrained at lower temperatures. in metals). Also, Figure 1(a) provides evidence that a third mechanism of fieldassisted sintering appears to dominate at applied of 40 V cm¹ or less ¹6. It is important to pay attention to the transition from one mechanism to another when designing manufacturing processes with electrical fields. The maps presented here can aid in the development of such new methods for processing ceramics. The process of flash sintering of whitewares overlaps with the phenomenon of field-induced viscous flow in glasses, where electric fields can induce high fluidity in glasses at temperatures below the nominal softening temperature. The sintering process in whitewares appears to involve such an event, where the glass phase flows abruptly under applied electric field to bond ceramic particles to one another. It also is possible that the field induces better \"wetting\" of the glass to the ceramic. The 2.1 1 Current density (mA/mm²) ง 10s 13s 15s Not sintered influence of electric field on such an interfacial phenomenon, if present, needs fundamental research. The application of flash sintering to manufacturing requires concurrent development of basic science and manufacturing technology. The processing maps presented here can help guide these developments. On the manufacturing front, the maps provide a method for optimiz ing the electrical parameters of voltage, current, and hold time. From the point of view of basic research, they identify various mechanisms by which electrical field can influence material response at elevated temperatures. It appears that flash sintering is poised to usher in a new era of ceramics manufac turing. Lower furnace temperatures, quick processing, and new concepts provide a new approach in the way ceramics are likely to be manufactured. -SAFE FAIL 55 s Good 30 s 50 s Hold time 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Hold time (s) Credit: Raj; UC Acknowledgment This research was supported by Lucideon Ltd. (formerly CERAM Ltd.) of Stoke-onTrent, U.K. We are grateful to David Pearmain, Aminat Bolarinwa, and Kambiz Kalanatari of Lucedion for providing understanding of the whiteware body to help define SAFE/ Pearmain\'s leaderFigure 6. Effect of current limit and hold time on SAFE and FAIL FAIL criteria. David outcomes for T=850°C and applied field of 2 kV/cm. In addition to the field and current limit, hold time (see Fig. 2) influence the outcome. Longer hold-times tend to cause failed microstructures. ship in initiating and overseeing this project at the University of Colorado is greatly appreciated. About the authors Fabio Trombin is a graduate student in materials engineering at the University of Trento in Italy. Rishi Raj is a professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder and president of American Manufacturing LLC. Contact Rishi Raj at rishi.raj@ colorado.edu. References \'M. Cologna, R. Boriana, and R. Raj, \"Flash sintering of nanograin zirconia in <5 s at 850°C,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93 [11] 3556-59 (2010). 2R. Raj and R. Ayazur, \"Can die configuration influence field-assisted sintering of oxides in the SPS process?,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96 [12] 3697-700 (2013). 3E. Zapata-Solvas, S. Bonilla, P.R. Wilshaw, and R.I. Todd, “Preliminary investigation of flash sintering of SiC,\" J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 33 [13] 2811-16 (2013). 4U.S. Bertoli, \"Electrical field-assisted viscous flow in soda alumina silicate glass\"; M.S. Thesis, Department of Industrial and Materials Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, 2012. 5P. Wray, \"New paradigm prophecy,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 92 [3] 28-33 (2013). 6D. Yang, R. Raj, and H. Conrad, \"Enhanced sintering rate of zirconia (3Y-TZP) through the effect of a weak dc electric field on grain growth,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93 [10] 2935-37 (2010). Credit: Raj; UC Boulder American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 35 Raw materials report 2014 Materials for ceramics and ceramics for materials By April Gocha R Ceramics for materials production Although ceramic components are end products of many manufacturing processes, many engineered ceramics also are key participants in the production of non-ceramic products. For example, one widespread use aw materials are arguably the most important commodities produced around the world, because their availability dictates production of all other downstream products. According to the “Mineral Commodity of ceramics for materials processing Summaries 2014,\" published by the United States Geological Survey, major industries that consume processed minerals injected an estimated value of $2.44 trillion into the U.S. gross domestic product in 2013. The report-a snapshot of the 2013 state of raw materials in the U.S.-reminds us that \"minerals remained fundamental to the U.S. economy, contributing to the real gross domestic product at several levels, including mining, processing, and manufacturing finished products.\" The USGS report estimates total mineral raw materials produced at U.S. mines in 2013 are worth $74.2 billion, a slight decrease from 2012\'s numbers. The decrease, attributed to lower metal prices, reverses a trend after three consecutive years of increased values. Production of most industrial mineral commodities nonetheless increased, with prices remaining stable. Of the mineral commodities presented in the full report, 19 are completely import reliant. The remaining 44 raw materials equally split between those that are more than 50% import reliant and minerals that are less than 50% import reliant. Fourteen commodities surpassed $1 billion each in total value in the U.S.-(in order of decreasing value) crushed stone, gold, copper, cement, construction sand and gravel, iron ore (shipped), molybdenum concentrates, phosphate rock, industrial sand and gravel, lime, soda ash, salt, zinc, and clays. The estimated 2013 value of domestically recycled metals and mineral products, such as aluminum, glass, and steel, reached $32.8 billion, a $2 billion increase over 2012 estimates. Perhaps this a reflection of increased U.S. sustainability and environmental efforts. is as catalyst components. Ceramic catalyst supports are well-known as catalytic converter substrates that provide mechanical stability and surface area for expensive platinumgroup catalysts. However, ceramics themselves, such as complex metal oxides, can replace expensive catalyst materials. Aluminosilicate zeolites, for example, are used for petroleum cracking. Recent research from ExxonMobil shows the viability of yttria-stabilized zirconia catalysts in reverse-flow pyrolysis reactors for ethylene production-the key raw material for making plastic. Nanoscale engineering may open new possibilities for familiar materials, such as titanium dioxide. For example, a University of Waterloo, Canada, group packed core-shell composite titania-iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene oxide mesh to purify water. The nanoscale assemblies are recoverable with magnetic fields and reusable. Perovskite oxides are another useful ceramic catalyst in oxidative reactions and electrocatalysis processes. Microporous aluminosilicate zeolites are efficient molecular sieves for separation for many industrial processes, including petroleum refining, water purification, gas separation, dehydration, ethanol separation, odor control, and radioactive material reprocessing. Ceramics for energy Energy, too, is a critical production resource, and ceramic components are vital to renewable energy generation and storage. Solid oxide fuel cells which contain solid electrolyte YSZ or cerium oxide cores and ceramic cathodes-have experienced renewed interest because of their ability to provide energy using only hydrogen without adding greenhouse gas emissions. The most obvious source of hydrogen for the \"hydrogen” economy is water-the trick is peeling out the hydrogen. Cerium oxide and ferrite solid solutions can do that with a \"two-step temperature-swing\" reaction. Other new research shows that thin-film iron oxide (hematite) can split water by photoelectrolysis. Commercial products are now available, too. For example, Ceramatec Inc. (Salt Lake City, Utah) offers porous ceramic membrane devices loaded with catalyst to reform methane, methanol, and diesel fuel into hydrogen. New research into solar energy materials and technologies to boost cell efficiencies has led to unprecedented growth and expanded installations. Perovskite solar cells, despite their relative novelty, are gaining ground on the efficiencies of crystalline silicon solar cells. Creative thinkers also offer innovative ideas for capturing and storing solar energy by dissociating zinc oxide in solar reactors and later reacting zinc metal with water to form zinc oxide and hydrogen. Ceramic refractories long have been used in metal-processing industries, although a new use is emerging. Technology startup Infinium (Natick, Mass.) pioneered an environmentally friendly technique to process metals using zirconium oxide electrodes in place of traditional carbon electrodes in electrolysis processes-a switch that is cheaper and greener. The next pages summarize key points from the USGS report for important raw materials for the ceramics industry. The full report is available at minerals.usgs.gov. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Highlights from USGS \"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2014” Commodity Uses U.S. production Abrasives Bonded and coated abrasive products for manufacturing sectors, particularly aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel 10,000 metric tons of fused aluminum oxide; 35,000 metric tons of silicon carbide Arsenic, gallium, and indium industries Semiconductors for None solar cells, space research, telecommunications, electronics, and thin films for electrical conductive displays U.S. market $1.7 million of aluminum oxide; $25.9 million of silicon carbide $6 million of arsenic metal and compounds; $16 million of gallium; $62 million of indium Imports 228,000 metric tons of aluminum oxide, primarily from China (76%); 108,000 metric tons of silicon carbide, primarily from China (58%); silicon carbide net import reliance 72% of apparent consumption 6,775 metric tons of arsenic metal and compounds, primarily from China (87%); 31,000 kg of gallium, primarily from Germany (34%), United Kingdom (26%), and China (21%); 90 metric tons of indium, primarily from Canada (24%), China (23%), Japan (13%), and Recycling Up to 30% of aluminum oxide; ~5% of silicon carbide Arsenic and gallium recycled from gallium-arsenide semiconductor manufacturing and devices; arsenic also recycled from process water at wood treatment plants; quantity of secondary indium from scrap N/A Trends U.S. market challenged by high operating costs and imports; manufacturing sectors increased production in 2013, which could increase demand for abrasives Environmental and health concerns reduced demand for arsenic compounds, but gallium arsenide demand increased because of growing demand for smartphones; gallium arsenide and gallium nitride used in electronic components accounted for 99% of domestic gallium consumption Leading producer China China (arsenic); China, Germany, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine (gallium); China (indium) Belgium (11%) Nonmetallurgical products, including Nearly all imported N/A Bauxite abrasives, chemicals, proppants, and refractories 10.4 million metric dry tons for consumption, primarily from Jamaica (30%), Brazil (18%), Guinea (18%), and Australia (11%) Boron Glass and ceramics industry (80% of total borates consumption), abrasives, cleaning Most produced domestically from two companies in southern California, which withN/A 102,000 metric tons of total borates, primarily from held information for proprietary reasons Cement Clays products, insecticides, and semiconductor production Ready-mix concrete producers, concrete products, contractors, oil and gas well drilling Floor and wall tile, sanitaryware, cement, brick, refractory products, absorbents, drilling mud, iron ore pelletizing, foundry sand bond, heavy clay products, and paper 75.1 million metric tons of portland cement; 2.1 million metric tons of masonry cement; 69.3 million metric tons of cement clinker $7.6 billion in overall sales value; most cement used for concrete, worth at least $45 billion Turkey (78%) 7.14 million metric tons of hydraulic cement and clinker, primarily from Canada (51%) and Republic of Korea (17%); net import reliance 7% of apparent consumption None Production slightly Australia increased in 2013, although price Insignificant Kiln dust routinely recycled; secondary materials can be incorporated in blended cements and pastes; although cement not directly recycled, concrete recycled as construction aggregate 25.9 million metric $1.58 billion in sales tons in sales or use or use 390,000 metric tons, primarily from Brazil (83%) Insignificant slightly decreased Consumption expected to increase because of expanding agricultural, ceramic, and glass markets; demand expected to shift away from detergents and toward glass and ceramics Although production increased, levels still lower than 2005 peak (99 million tons); production below capacity for most plants; imports slightly higher; sales improved significantly because of higher spending on construction; industry working toward lower greenhouse gas emissions Increased sales of common clay and ball clay likely because of increases in construction; Fuller\'s earth had slight gains; bentonite and kaolin production decreased because of declines in several product markets Turkey China U.S. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 37 332 Highlights from USGS “Mineral Commodity Summaries 2014” Commodity Uses U.S. production U.S. market Computer chip production, construc104 million carats of industrial diamond N/A Diamond tion, machinery manufacturing, mining services, stone cutting and polishing, and transportation systems Glassmaking, ceramic and filler applications 490,000 metric tons $37.7 million Feldspar 4,000 metric tons, primarily from Mexico (72%) and Germany (26%) Imports 704.83 million carats; bort, grit, dust, powder primarily from China (77%); stones primarily from Botswana (36%), South Africa (21%), and India (20%); net import reliance 3% of apparent consumption 29 million metric tons of steel mill products, primarily from Canada (22%), Mexico (10%), Republic of Korea (10%), and Brazil (9%); net import reliance 13% of apparent consumption Recycling 36.5 million carats of bort, grit, dust, and powder; 325,000 carats of stone Not recycled by producers, but glass recycled to reduce feldspar consumption Refractory brick and linings led graphite recycling, although information on quantity and value N/A Iron and steel scrap, primarily from automobiles, is vital raw material for production of new products Trends U.S. a leading market for industrial diamond; demand for synthetic grit and powder expected to remain greater than natural diamond; recycling operations declining because of lower prices of newly produced industrial diamond Most feldspar goes into container glass, which had stable market despite competing materials and increased recycling; flat glass in residential construction and automotive glass slightly increased Global demand steadily increased because of improving global economies; advances in technologies to produce higher purity graphite will likely lead to new applications in high-tech fields; growing large-scale fuel cell applications could dramatically increase demand Steelmaking and manufacturing industries considered healthy because of GDP growth and economic activity; worldwide overcapacity a concern Leading producer Botswana (from mines); China (synthetic) Turkey China China Refractory applicaNo natural graphite N/A tions, steelmaking, brake linings, foundry Graphite operations, batteries, and lubricants 60,000 metric tons, primarily from China (48%), Mexico (25%), and Canada (17%) Iron and steel Construction, transportation (predominantly 31 million metric tons of pig iron; 87 million $116 billion in total goods value metric tons of steel automotive), cans, and containers Kyanite Refractories, iron and steel industries, and industries that manufacture chemicals, glass, nonferrous metals, and other materials 95,000 metric tons N/A 6,000 metric tons of andalusite, primarily from South Africa (81%) Insignificant U.S. crude steel production slightly decreased and may signal future decrease in kyanite-mullite refractories; China expected to continue to be largest refractories market; above average growth expected in India South Africa 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Highlights...(continued) Commodity Uses U.S. production U.S. market Refractories, agricultural, chemical, construction, environmental, and Metal produced by one company in Utah, which withheld inforN/A Magnesium industrial applications mation; 250,000 metric tons of magnesium compounds (magnesite and olivine) Leading producer Imports 45,000 metric tons of metal, primarily from Israel (33%) and Canada (25%); 240,000 metric tons of magnesium compounds, primarily from China (56%); magnesium metal net import reliance 25% of apparent consumption; magnesium compound net import reliance 47% of apparent consumption Recycling 80,000 metric tons of secondary metal production from new and old scrap; some magnesia-based refractories recycled for refractory material or construction aggregate Trends China reports drastic increases in magnesium metal output in 2013; use in automotive parts expected to increase because of lightweighting; demand for magnesium compounds projected to increase in many end uses; many companies made acquisitions to secure magnesium compound supplies China Catalysts, metallurgical 4,000 metric tons applications and alloys, permanent magnets, $260 million value of imported refined rare earths Rare earths and glass polishing 10,470 metric tons of rare earths and compounds, primarily from China (79%) Soda ash Glass, chemicals, soap and detergents, flue gas desulfurization, paper and pulp, and 11.4 million metric tons $1.8 billion 9,000 metric tons, primarily from Canada (17%), Titanium water treatment Aerospace, armor, chemical processing, marine, and medical applications, power generation, sporting goods, paints, plastics, paper, catalysts, ceramics, coated fabrics and textiles, floor coverings, printing ink, and roofing granules Sponge metal data withheld; 1.2 million metric tons of titanium dioxide $335 million of sponge metal; $4.0 billion of titanium dioxide United Kingdom (17%), China (12%), and Mexico (10%) 18,600 metric tons of sponge metal, primarily from Japan (48%) and Kazakhstan (34%); 210,000 metric tons of titanium dioxide, primarily from Canada (41%) and China (17%); titanium metal import reliance 45% of reported consumption Small quantities, mostly permanent magnet scrap Not recycled by producers, but glass recycled to reduce soda ash consumption 45,000 metric tons recycled by the titanium industry; 11,000 metric tons by the steel industry; 1,100 metric tons by the superalloy industry; 1,000 metric tons by other industries Domestic consumption China increased; prices on most compounds declined; China continued to try to restrict supply and consolidate its industry; U.S. a major market of rare-earth products; increased production expected for 2014 Domestic price of soda ash increasing; production may increase in 2014 if domestic economy and export sales improve; overall global demand expected to increase slightly during the next several years, with most growth in China, India, Russia, and South America Domestic production of titanium dioxide pigment increased; imports and exports slightly increased; domestic consumption of titanium sponge metal decreased significantly, although product shipments increased because of demand from the aerospace industry U.S. China American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 39 join us for the ACerS 116th annual meeting! 11 11 11-12 11 www.matscitech.org MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 Ⓡ David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA Register by September 12 to save! premeeting planner The MS&T partnership brings together scientists, engineers, students, suppliers and more to discuss current research and technical applications, and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Register now to take part in the leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community. plenary session Drivers for Advanced Manufacturing: Energy, Sustainability, and Economics Monday, October 13 at 8:00 - 10:00 a.m. Advanced manufacturing encompasses a range of emerging technologies that will speed materials improvements from the laboratory to the shop floor. These technologies form the basis for the proposed National Network of Manufacturing Institutes (NNMI). Current institutes center on the following AM technologies: • Digital Design/ICME/Materials Genome Initiative • Additive Manufacturing Lightweight and Modern Metals Manufacturing Innovations Next-Generation Power Electronics Bréchet Yves Bréchet, Grenoble Institute of Technology King Alex King, director, Critical Materials Institute 40 40 Taub Alan Taub, professor, registration University of Michigan On or before After 9/12/14 9/12/14 Member Nonmember $625 $725 $775 $900 Participant Member* $575 $675 Participant Nonmember* Student Member $725 $850 $125 $150 Student Nonmember $150 $175 Student Member Participant* $100 $125 Student Nonmember Participant* $125 $150 One-Day Member $500 $675 One-Day Nonmember $650 $875 Exhibit Only $25 $25 *Speakers, Poster Presenters, Organizers, Session Chairs www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST ASM TMS ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Cosponsor: B NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY lectures Sunday, October 12 Monday, October 13 5:00 - 6:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society Rustum Roy Lecture - Wolfgang Rossner, Siemens AG, Germany 2:00 - 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Session – Ken-ichi Kakimoto, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan - Takanori Nakamura, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan - Edward Herderick, rapid prototype + manufacturing (rp+m) - Yasushi Enokido, TDK Corp., Japan - Susmita Bose, Washington State University, USA 2:00 5:00 p.m. ACers Cooper Award Session - C. Austen Angell, Arizona State University (Distinguished speaker) - John Mauro, Corning Inc. - Cornelius T. Moynihan, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Distinguished speaker) - Jared Seaman, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute - Cooper Scholar winner: To be determined Tuesday, October 14 9:00- - 10:00 a.m. Acers Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial Lecture - John Ballato, Clemson University 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture - Adrian C. Wright, professor emeritus, University of Reading, U.K. Wednesday, October 15 hotel 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACerS Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Robert F. Cook, NIST For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at www.matscitech.org. Reservation deadline: September 12, 2014 Westin Convention Center - (ACers HQ) $205 per night (sgl/dbl) U.S. Government rate rooms are extremely limited; proof of federal government employment must be shown at check-in or higher rate will be charged. U.S. Government rate is the prevailing government rate, as of October 1, 2014, and subject to change. short courses Saturday, October 11 Sunday, October 12 9:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. | 9:00 a.m. Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology 2:30 p.m. Instructor: Arun K. Varshneya, Alfred University Description: The course covers basic glass science and technology to broaden or improve one\'s foundation in the understanding of glass as a material of choice. This one and a half day course covers - Glass science (commercial glass families, glassy state, nucleation and crystallization, phase separation, glass structure) - Glass technology, batch calculations - Glassmelting and glassforming - Glass properties, such as density, hardness, viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, and chemical durability, and engineering principles, such as annealing, strength, and strengthening - Elementary fracture analysis Sunday, October 12 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Recent Innovations in Electroceramics and Their Applications Instructor: R. K. Pandey, Texas State University Description: Electroceramics has become an integral part of many emerging technologies because of the innovations made in the field in the past decade. Because of the advent of multifunctional oxides, multiferroics, energy harvesting, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), nanostructured ceramics, spintronics, radhard electronics, bioelectronics, detectors and sensors, etc., electroceramic materials have gained in importance and are likely to impact many emerging technologies. The objective of this course is to expose the students to the current state of knowledge in this field with emphasis on practical applications and potentials for inventions. Sunday, October 12 8:00 a.m. - - 4:30 p.m. Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety Instructors: Stephen Freiman, Freiman Consulting Inc. and John J. (Jack) Mecholsky Jr., University of Florida Description: Engineers who use ceramic components, whether in electronic, optical, or structural applications, recognize that their brittleness can result in damage and possible mechanical failure. In this course we will explore the practical fracture mechanics background necessary to understand brittle failure and describe some of the unique characteristics of ceramic materials that must be taken into account in their design and use. Microstructural effects, which have a major influence on fracture toughness and strength, will be explored in some detail. The deleterious effects of external environments, particularly water, on crack growth, and the test procedures needed to explore this phenomenon will be discussed. Best practices in the use of fracture mechanics and strength tests will be reviewed. Quantitative fractographic analysis of failed parts will be shown to be a powerful tool in understanding the cause of failure as well as to quantitatively determine failure stresses that occur in-service. Finally, a modern, computer-driven approach to statistically examine strength distributions for ceramics will be demonstrated. It will be shown that this tool can be used to set service stresses that will ensure safe lifetimes to very low probabilities of failure. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 41 MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 www.matscitech.org calendar of events Accurate as of 7/7/14 (times and locations are subject to change) SATURDAY, OCTOBER 11 Educational Courses Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology Legend: CC David L. Lawrence Convention Center WE = Westin Convention Center TIME LOCATION 9:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. WE SUNDAY, OCTOBER 12 Conference Activities ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition Registration Society Member Lounges Welcome Reception Educational Courses Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety Innovations in Electroceramics and Their Applications Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology Lectures ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions Chapter Leadership Workshop (Material Advantage Chapters Only) Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Semi-Finals Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Finals Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display Student Networking Mixer MONDAY, OCTOBER 13 Noon 7:30 p.m. CC 2:00 7:00 p.m. 2:00 7:00 p.m. CC 6:00 7:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. 9:00 a.m. 2:30 p.m. §§§ 8888 CC CC WE WE WE 5:00 6:00 p.m. CC 10:00 a.m. Noon WE 1:00-3:00 p.m. WE 4:00 5:00 p.m. WE 6:00 7:00 p.m. CC 7:00-9:00 p.m. << WE Conference Activities Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. CC Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. CC Registration 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. CC Acers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition Lectures 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. CC MS&T Opening Plenary 8:00 10:00 a.m. CC ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Session 2:00 4:40 p.m. CC ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session 2:00 5:00 p.m. Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display 7:00 a.m. Noon 5:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 9999 9999 CC CC ACerS Student Tour Social Functions MS&T Guest Tour: Fallingwater Women in Materials Science Reception ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Reception ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Banquet Annual Meetings ACerS Annual Membership Meeting TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14 Conference Activities Authors\' Coffee Registration Society Member Lounges ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition General Poster Viewing Exhibition Exhibition Show Hours Football Feature Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion MS&T Food Court Happy Hour Reception Lectures ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture 42 42 10:00 a.m. 3:30 p.m. 5:30-6:30 p.m. 6:45 7:30 p.m. 7:30 10:00 p.m. 88 CC CC WE WE 1:00 2:00 p.m. CC 7:00 8:00a.m. 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 2:00 6:00 p.m. 99999 CC CC CC CC CC 11:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. 11:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. CC 11:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. Noon 2:00 p.m. 4:00 6:00 p.m. CC 99999 CC CC CC 9:00 10:00 a.m. CC 1:00 2:00 p.m. 99 CC www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14 (continued) Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display Mug Drop Contest Disc Golf Contest Student Awards Ceremony Social Functions ACers Companion Breakfast MS&T Guest Tour: Andy Warhol Museum MS&T Young Professional Reception WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 15 Conference Activities Authors\' Coffee Registration Society Member Lounges Register by September 12! TIME LOCATION 7:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. CC 11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. 12:30-1:30 p.m. 2:00 3:00 p.m. 8:00 10:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 3:00 p.m. 4:30 6:00 p.m. 888888 CC CC CC WE CC CC 7:00 8:00 a.m. CC 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. CC 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. CC ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition Poster Session with Presenters 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 9:30-10:30 a.m. CC CC Exhibition General Poster Session Exhibition Show Hours MS&T Food Court Lectures ACerS Robert B. Sosman Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest THURSDAY, OCTOBER 16 Conference Activities Authors\' Coffee Registration Programming Support Desk 9:00 11:00 a.m. CC 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. Noon 2:00 p.m. CC 1:00 2:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 88888 998 99 CC CC CC 7:00 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. Noon 7:00 a.m. Noon 999 CC CC CC special events 6:00 - 7:30 p.m. Sunday, October 12 Monday, October 13 Welcome Reception Network with your colleagues, and make new connections. 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACerS 116th Annual Meeting Be there as newly elected officers take their positions. All ACerS members and guests are welcome. 5:30-6:30 p.m. Women in Materials Science and Engineering Reception Enjoy the chance to network with professionals and peers in a relaxed environment. 7:30-10:00 p.m. ACerS 116th Annual Honors and Awards Banquet Enjoy dinner, conversation, and the presentation of Society awards. Purchase tickets for $90 via the conference registration form. Tuesday, October 14 4:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. MS&T Young Professionals Reception Attend this reception to meet and network with fellow young professionals. 4:00-6:00 p.m. MS&T14 Exhibit Happy Hour Reception Network with colleagues and build relationships with qualified attendees, buyers, and prospects! American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 43 MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 program-at-a-glance Tentative schedule, subject to change BIOMATERIALS Bioinspired Materials Engineering Corrosion of Biomaterials Nanomechanics of Biomaterials Next-Generation Biomaterials Surface Properties of Biomaterials V CERAMIC AND GLASS MATERIALS Amorphous Materials: Common Issues within Science and Technology Ceramic-Matrix Composites October 12-16, 2014 www.matscitech.org Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed a.m. Wed Thu p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. • . • • • • Computational Design of Ceramic Materials Glass and Optical Materials Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites Multifunctional Oxides Phase Transformations in Ceramics: The Present and the Future ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL, AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS Advanced Spintronic Materials Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices Dielectric, Magnetic, and Semiconductor Materials for Harsh Environments Pb-free Solders and Advanced Interconnecting Materials Semiconductor Heterostructures: Theory, Growth, Characterization, and Device Applications ENERGY Energy Storage IV: Materials, Systems, and Applications Symposium Materials Development for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century FUNDAMENTALS AND CHARACTERIZATION Boron, Boron Compounds, and Boron Nanomaterials: Structure, Properties, Processing, and Applications Failure Analysis and Prevention Fluctuations and Collective Phenomena in Materials Deformation Interfaces, Grain Boundaries, and Surfaces from Atomistic and Macroscopic Approaches: Fundamental and Engineering Issues International Symposium on Defects, Transport, and Related Phenomena Mechanical Behavior of Technological Coatings and Thin Films Multiscale Modeling of Microstructure Deformation in Material Processing Phase Stability, Diffusion Kinetics, and Their Applications (PSDK-IX) Recent Advances in Electron Microscopy, Spectral Imaging, and Surface Analysis Techniques for Materials Characterization • • • • . • • • • • • • : • • • • • • • Role of Solidification Technology for Multifunctional Materials GREEN MANUFACTURING AND SUSTAINABILITY Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing VI • • Materials and Processes for CO₂ Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration • IRON AND STEEL (FERROUS ALLOYS) Advanced Steel Metallurgy: Products and Processing Ferrous Metallurgy: From Past to Present Fifth Symposium on Railroad Tank Cars Structural Characteristics for High-toughness Steels Vanadium Microalloyed Steels: A Symposium in Memory of Michael Korchynsky 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Register by September 12! program-at-a-glance MATERIALS-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Advanced Materials for Harsh Environments Corrosion Monitoring and Control Corrosion Testing and Modeling Degradation of Nonmetallic Materials Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Nuclear High-temperature Corrosion Thermal Protection Materials and Systems Third Symposium on Surface Hardening of Corrosion-resistant Alloys NANOMATERIALS Commercial Production and Applications of Nanomaterials: ECAP and Fullerenes Controlled Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Structural and Functional Nanomaterials Nanotechnology for Energy, Environment, Electronics, and Industry PROCESSING AND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING Advanced Aluminum Alloys, Composites, and Process Technologies Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Advanced Solution and Colloidal Processing for Ceramics Advances in Metal-Casting Technologies Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed Wed a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. • • • • Thu a.m. • • • • • • • • • • • • • Advances in Titanium Manufacturing: Powder Processing, Powder Metallurgy, • • • and Additive/Emerging Manufacturing Techniques Fatigue of Materials III Friction Stir Processing Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials (JASM XVI) Materials Science of Additive Manufacturing Materials Technology Aspects in Product Remanufacturing Measurement and Modeling of High-Strain-Rate Deformation Multifunctional Materials for Aerospace and Defense: Challenges and Prospects Processes, Applications, and Performance of Materials in Additive Manufacturing Sintering and Related Powder-Processing Science and Technologies Structural Intermetallics: Alloy Design, Processing, and Applications SPECIAL TOPICS Continuous Improvement of Academic Programs (and Satisfying ABET Along the Way): The Elizabeth Judson Memorial Symposium Innovation in Processing of Light Metals for Transportation Industries: A Symposium in Honor of C. Ravi Ravindran Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals Robert B. Sosman Award Symposium: Opportunities for Enhancement of Nanomechanical Properties of Materials Rustum Roy Symposium on Processing and Performance of Materials Using Microwaves, Electric and Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, Lasers, and Mechanical Work Town Hall Meeting on the National and International Materials Data Infrastructure Understanding the Engineering Design of Art Objects and Cultural Heritage SURFACE MODIFICATION Advanced Coatings for Wear and Corrosion Advances in Smart and Functional Coatings and Thin Films Surface Protection for Enhanced Materials Performance: Science, Technology, and Application American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org • • • • • • • • • • : • : • • • 45 Meeting planner 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROSPINNING August 4-7, 2014 | Westin San Francisco | San Francisco, Calif. INTRODUCTION Electrospin 2014 provides a platform for researchers, engineers, and students to exchange knowledge and advance the field of electrospinning, nanomaterials, and their applications. The conference topics address theory; materials, including polymers, metals, and ceramics; applications in energy storage and harvesting; filtration; materials for sustainability; biomedical applications; and more. Special focus will be given to the fast-growing field of ceramic nanomaterials. PROGRAM APP Access the final program by downloading it from the web or by scanning the QR code to download the meeting app. Use the app to build your custom schedule in Itinerary Planner, to find your way around the conference, and to locate local restaurants. You can sync the app with your Google calendar and with your online itinerary by entering your unique itinerary name. For optimal use, use iPhone 3GS/iPad iOS 4.0 or later, Android 2.2 or later with the default browser, or Blackberry OS 7.0 with the default browser. WHO SHOULD ATTEND Academic researchers and industry engineers and scientists should make their plans to attend. Newcomers to the field will benefit from expert presentations by top scientists and engineers from around the world. Students will meet and learn from the best and have a chance to interact with companies that electrospin or fabricate nanomaterials. PROGRAM COMMITTEE ⚫ll-Doo Kim, KAIST, Korea • Unyong Jeong, Yonsei University, Korea • Wolfgang Sigmund, University of Florida, USA • Younan Xia, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA • Andreas Greiner, University of Bayreuth, Germany ORGANIZERS Wolfgang Sigmund University of Florida 352-846-3343 wsigm@mse.ufl.edu Scan for meeting app 46 Younan Xia Georgia Institute of Technology 404-385-3209 yxia45@gatech.edu www.ceramics.org/electrospin2014 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 Download final program at ceramics.org/electrospin2014 PLENARY SPEAKERS Alexander Yarin, University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, USA Yarin earned his Ph.D. (1980) and his D.S.C. (1989) from the Institute for Problems in Mechanics, USSR Academy of Sciences. He was senior research associate at The Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (1977–1990), professor at the TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology (1990-2006), and is professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, USA (2006-present). Concurrently, he has been professor at Korea University, Seoul, South Korea (2013-present). Yarin was a Fellow of the Center for Smart Interfaces at the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany (2008-2012). Yarin is the author of three books, 10 book chapters, about 250 research papers, and six patents. He is an associate editor of the journal Experiments in Fluids and one of the three coeditors of Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics (2007). The recent book by A.L. Yarin, B. Pourdeyhimi, and S. Ramakrishna is Fundamentals and Applications of Micro- and Nanofibers (Cambridge University Press, 2014). Luana Persano, Nanoscience Institute, National Research Council-CNR, Italy Persano, who holds a Ph.D. in innovative materials and technologies (2006), is staff researcher at the National Research CouncilNanoscience Institute. She has been a MarieCurie fellow at the Foundation for Research & TechnologyHellas, Greece, and visiting scientist at Harvard University and University of Illinois. Her research interests include nanomanufacturing, conventional and soft lithography on organics and nanocomposites semiconductors, photonic and piezoelectric devices, and electrospinning technology transfer. Since 2003, she has authored or coauthored 70 papers in refereed journals, book chapters, and one international patent. She has been an invited contributor to several international conferences. Among other prizes, she received the CNR-Start-Cup award in 2010 and the Bellisario award as Young Talent in Industrial Engineering in 2011. Il-Doo Kim, KAIST, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Kim received his Ph.D. (2002) from the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). From 2003 to 2005, he was a postdoctoral fellow with Harry L. Tuller at MIT. He returned to KAIST as a senior research scientist, and in February 2011 became a faculty member in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Kim\'s current research emphasizes controlled processing and characterization of functional nanofibers via electrospinning for practical applications in exhaled breath sensors and energy storage devices, such as Li-ion, Li-S, and Li-air batteries. Kim served as a conference chair at the 2012 International Conference on Electrospinning in Jeju, South Korea. He has published more than 113 articles and holds 122 patents. Kim is a deputy editor of the Journal of Electroceramics. • PROGRAM COMMITTEE Il-Doo Kim, KAIST, Korea •Unyong Jeong, Yonsei University, Korea • Wolfgang Sigmund, University of Florida, USA • Younan Xia, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA • Andreas Greiner, University of Bayreuth, Germany 47 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org SAVE THE DATE CMCee June 14-19, 2015 Hyatt Regency Vancouver, BC Canada Organizers: Mrityunjay Singh, Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA Tatsuki Ohji, AIST, Japan Alexander Michaelis, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, IKTS, Germany 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications The 11th CMCEE is the continuation of the International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines Series, held every three to four years for the last 32 years in Asia, Europe, and America. A global, high-level event on ceramic materials and innovations, 11th CMCEE is designed to encourage and promote ceramic research for energy and environmental applications. 11th CMCEE is designed for materials scientists, engineers, researchers and manufacturers, delivering the opportunity to share knowledge and state-of-the-art advancements in materials technology. Save the date to attend this premier event. Proposed Symposia Topics • Ceramics for Energy Production Systems - Fuel Cells - Thermoelectrics - Photovoltaics - Nuclear Systems – Wind and Geothermal • Ceramics for Energy Storage and Distribution - Batteries - Supercapacitors - Hydrogen Storage Materials - Thermal Energy Storage/PCMs – High Temperature Superconductors • Ceramics for Energy Conservation and Efficiency - Ceramic and Composites for Gas Turbines - Heat Exchangers and Recuperators - Advanced Coatings and Bearings - Ceramic Integration Technologies • Ceramics for Environmental Systems - Photocatalysis and Water Purification - Ceramic Filters and Membranes - Materials for Hazardous Waste Remediation - Pollution Control Devices and Systems - Advanced Sensors Cross-Cutting Technologies - Computational Design and Modeling - Advanced and Green Manufacturing - Nanotechnology - Bio-inspired and Hybrid Materials - Advanced Sensors and Measurement Tools • Honorary Symposia ceramics.org/11cmcee The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org save the date may 17-21 Hilton Miami Downtown Miami, Florida, USA 2015 GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION and DEUTSCHE GLASTECHNISCHE GESELLSCHAFT ACerS GOMD-DGG Joint Annual Meeting Symposia - Energy Applications of Glass - Fundamentals and Application - Health, Medical, Biological Aspects Fundamentals and Application - Fundamentals of the Glassy State - Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices: Fundamentals and Application - Glass Technology and Cross-cutting Topics ceramics.org/gomd-dgg The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org &+ Aachen 2014 Glass, gemütlichkeit, and comedy at first DGG-GOMD joint meeting in Germany (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) 3 My 17-21, 201 S GOMD-D int Annual ting Down A bout 670 glass scientists, engineers, students, and technologists from 33 countries attended the first joint meeting of the ACers Glass and Optical Materials Division and the German Society of Glass Technology (DGG) in Aachen, Germany, May 25-29, 2014. Monday\'s opening ceremony included welcomes from DGG and GOMD leaders-including Marcel Philipp, the just-reelected mayor of Aachen and formal presentations of awards, including the GOMD\'s Stookey award, Morey award, Kreidl award, and Varshneya awards in Frontiers of Glass Science and Frontiers of Glass Technology. Also on Monday, organizers arranged tours of local plants, labs, and educational institutions, which proved to be popular. A poster session generated plenty of discussion at the opening reception and throughout the week. The technical program ran Tuesday-Thursday with five tracks on topics ranging from industrial-scale melting and furnace design, to emerging applications in energy and biomedicine, to highly theoretical science of the glassy state. Attendees relaxed at the conference dinner, enjoyed excellent German cuisine, and announced student winners of the poster contests (four each from DGG and GOMD). After the meal a pair of \"gymnastic comedians\" entertained the audience. The act included funny gymnastic elements, which provided visual comedy that the audience enjoyed very much. Next year ACerS GOMD will host the second joint meeting with DGG in Miami, Fla., May 17-21, 2015. 1 A group tour of the old city of Aachen on Sunday before the start of the DGG-ACerS GOMD joint meeting. 2 Reinhard Conradt, conference cochair from the DGG, welcomes attendees to the first joint meeting of the DGG-ACerS GOMD. 3 GOMD chair Shibin Jiang presents the GOMD awards. 4 Peter Lezzi accepts the Kreidl award at the opening ceremony. 5 On behalf of Mo-Sci Corporation, ACerS\'s Mark Mecklenborg (right) presents travel support funds to Kotaro Yamaura (left) and Teotaru Kumagai (center) from the Tokyo Institute of Technology. 6 Eric Hoar, a Coe College undergraduate, describes his research work at the poster session. 7 What would a conference be without a banquet? Bitburger beer accompanied the meal as well as German wines from the nearby Rhine Valley vineyards. ACerS GOMD members Joe Ryan (left) and Jincheng Du (right) at the banquet. 8 An unusual after-dinner act crossed languages and cultures. 8 2 5 aser ionization 6 50 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 new products 9988 888 Krebs viscometer hopoint\'s Paintlab+ Krebs viscommeasurement with advanced functionality. Based on the standard ASTM Krebs test method, the viscometer uses a rotat ing paddle at a fixed speed of 200 rpm to directly measure viscosity in KU, cP, or g. High-stability motor speed control ensures accuracy and repeatability during each test. The instrument features realtime high-resolution graphing, advanced temperature monitoring, automatic operation, easy clean design, simple data transfer, and remote calibration. Rhopoint Instruments (East Sussex, United Kingdom) www.rhopointinstruments.com +44 (0)1424 739622 Nanoindentation instrument N anovea\'s mechanical tester can perform nanoindentation mapping using FastMap mode for quality control of precision devices and tools in mass production. The instrument can perform nanoindentation at speeds as fast as three seconds per indent using a fast piezo controller and can map the indents with reproducibility and accuracy previously seen only at lower speeds. Modules can determine a full range of mechanical properties. Nanovea (Irvine, Calif.) www.nanovea.com 949-461-9292 Batch furnace The The CM 3300 series industrial furnaces use alumina brick and fiber insulation and are designed for strength and energy efficiency. Kanthal molydisilicide heating elements provide rapid heating and cooling rates. The furnace is designed to operate continuously at 1,800°C (3,300°F) in air. All CM high-temperature box-lined furnaces include heavy-gauge steel cases and structural steel frames with removable panels. CM Furnaces (Bloomfield, N.J.) www.cmfurnaces.com 973-338-6500 Dielectric glass-ceramics chott\'s dielectric material Schott\'s dielectricity of highly homogenous, pore-free glass-ceramics. Poweramic materials show a superior performance regarding energy storage density and dielectric properties in an expanded temperature range. In highvoltage applications this allows for smaller, lighter-weight passive components, such as capacitors, to deliver a more powerful performance. Schott Inc. (Elmsford, N.Y.) www.schott.com Blender CRINT unson Machinery\'s HIM-306-SS imparts low to high shear required for blending, homogenizing, dedusting, and deagglomerating of dry ingredients, slurries, pastes, and difficult to blend materials at high rates. Homogeneous blends can be achieved in as little as 20 seconds residence time depending on material characteristics, yielding up to 1,500 ft³ (42 m³) of throughput per hour. Munson Machinery Co. Inc. (Utica, N.Y.) www.munsonmachniery.com 1-800-944-6644 Porosimeter icromeritic\'s Mi AutoPore V mercury intrusion porosimeter calculates numerous sample properties, such as pore-size distributions, total pore volume, total pore surface area, median pore diameter, and sample densities (bulk and skeletal). The instrum ment offers speed, accuracy, and a wide measurement range, while also determining a broader pore-size distribution more quickly and accurately. Micromeritics Instrument Corp. (Norcross, Ga.) www.micromeritics.com 770-662-3636 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 914-831-2200 51 resources Calendar of events August 2014 4-7 3rd Int\'l Conference on Electrospinning - Westin San Francisco Market Street, San Francisco, Calif.; www.ceramics.org 17-21 ICC5: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Beijing Int\'l Conference Center, Beijing, China; www.icc-5.com 18-22 2014 Forum: Innovations & Breakthroughs in Resonant Acoustic Industrial Mixing - Butte, Mont.; www. resodynmixers.com 24-28 ➡ ISNOG 2014: Int\'l Symposium on Non-oxide and New Optical Glasses - Ramada Plaza Hotel, Jeju, Republic of Korea; www.isnog.org September 2014 22-25 Int\'l Commission on Glass Annual Meeting – Parma, Italy; www. icglass.org 28-Oct. 1 COM 2014: 53rd Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Hyatt Regency Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; http://web.cim.org/ COM2014 October 2014 5-10 EPD 2014: 5th Int\'l Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications Schloss Hernstein Seminar Hotel, Hernstein, Austria; www.engconf.org 12-16 MS&T14: Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition - Materials 2014 - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org 12-16 ACerS Annual Meeting and Awards Banquet - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.ceramics.org 21-24 Glasstec 2014: Int\'l Trade Fair for Glass Production - Düsseldorf, Germany; www.glasstec-online.com 26-29 ISHA2014: 4th Int\'l Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Conference Bordeaux, France; www.isha2014.univbordeaux.fr November 2014 3-6 75th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www. glassproblemsconference.org December 2014 4-6 ➡ MET-14 (Materials Engineering Technology) with 11th Heat Treat Show The Exhibition Centre, Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India; www.methtexpo.com January 2015 21-23 EMA 2015: Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando, Orlando, Fla.; www. ceramics.org 25-30 ICACC\'15: 39th Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org February 2015 24-27 MCARE 2015: Materials Challenge in Alternative and Renewable Energy - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org March 2015 25-26 ACers St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division Joint Meeting - St. Louis, Mo.; www.ceramics.org April 2015 28-30 Ceramics Expo 2015 - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www. ceramicsexpousa.com May 2015 17-21 ACerS GOMD-DGG Joint Annual Meeting - Miami, Fla.; www. ceramics.org June 2015 14-19 CMCEE: 11th Int\'l Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications - Hyatt Regency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; www.ceramics.org July 2015 7-10 ➡ ICCCI2015: 5th Int\'l HighQuality Advanced Materials Conference - Fujiyoshida City, Japan; http:// ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/iccci2015/index.html August 2015 23-26 COM 2015: 54th Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Toronto, Ontario, Canada; www.metsoc.org 23-26 PACRIM 11 - 11th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Jeju Island, Korea; www. ceramics.org September 2015 7-10 Int\'l Commission on Glass Annual Meeting - Bangkok, Thailand; www. icglass.org 15-18 UNITECR 2015 - Hofburg Congress Center, Vienna, Austria; www.unitecr2015.org 19-25 The XIV Int\'l Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline SolidsNiagara Falls, N.Y.; PNCS-XIV.com October 2015 4-8 ➡MS&T15 - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. 52 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Machining of Advanced Ceramics Since 1959 Business Services consulting/engineering services • DELKIC & ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS • Worldwide Services • Energy Saving Ceramic Coatings & Fiber Modules • FERIZ DELKIĆ Ceramic Engineer P.O. Box 1726, Ponte Vedra, FL 32004 Phone: (904) 285-0200 Fax: (904) 273-1616 custom finishing/machining Custom Machined Insulation Zircar Zirconia, Inc. 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Inc. 19 716-542-5511 sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com sales@zircarzirconia.com www.zircarzirconia.com #Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2014 Buyers Guide and e-directory, www.ceramicsource.org Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 | fx: 614-794-5822 Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Classified Advertising/Services Mona Thiel mthiel@ceramics.org JTF Microscopy Services Inc. 607-292-6808 54 ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 itfmicroscopy@roadrunner.com www.jtfmicroscopy.com 600 N. Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 merican Ceramic Westerville, OH 43082 ociety ww.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 55 O deciphering the discipline Sapna Gupta Guest columnist Ceramics for energy solutions Finding an effective and timely solution to global climate change and related environmental issues is a major challenge of this decade. The World Energy Council projects future primary energy demand to increase dramatically as populations grow and developing nations elevate their living standards. Three approaches can be adapted to enhance energy efficiency, reduce the carbon footprint, and extend fuel reserves for the future. The first strategy is to increase the efficiency of energy generation from fossil fuels by adopting new technologies, such as solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC), oxygen transport membranes (OTM), oxy-fuel combustion, and energy saving devices (e.g., white LEDs). The second tactic is to further develop renewable energy sources, including nuclear, solar, wind, and hydrothermal energy. In addition, efficient energy storage devices such as improved batteries are essential for bridging the time gap between energy production and usage. The third strategy is carbon sequestration, although widespread implementation remains critically limited by unfavourable economics, unproven reliability, and lack of longevity. Truly innovative materials are needed to help meet future energy requirements, and ceramics can help meet those needs. Ceramics are well suited for use in high-temperature electrochemical devices, such as SOFCs that convert chemical energy in fuel (e.g., hydrogen and methane) to electricity. Fuel cells are attractive because they can utilize a wide variety of fuels and because they do so cleanly and efficiently (up to 70%). Oxy-combustion of fossil fuels during coal combustion and gasification, syngas production, and power generation also reduces greenhouse gas emissions to help mitigate global climate change. Ceramics are used in advanced OTM systems that can separate pure oxygen from air, generating power sans the harmful gas emissions of conventional techniques. Further, scientists are developing novel ceramic materials to store energy that is generated and converted by wind turbines and solar panels. Ceramic coatings on solar cell components also can enhance the overall efficiency of solar cells by making them more heat resistant. Additional materials could improve the energy future, although they too have limitations. Nanomaterials can improve energy efficiency in technologies that operate at relatively low temperatures, but may not be beneficial at high temperatures because nanoparticles can coarsen with time. Composites also can serve novel functions because they blend diverse properties of constituent materials, such as metals, ceramics, and polymers, to satisfy requirements of an engineering application in a cost-effective Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0 fashion. In modern technologies, several materials are often used in contact with each other, so intercompatibility during manufacture and use is an important consideration. Although ceramics are taking the lead in these advanced technologies, challenges remain in finding long-term mechanically, chemically, and thermally stable materials. Further research is needed to develop advanced functional energy materials as well as concepts and designs for cost-effective manufacturing for high-temperature electrochemical applications. Sapna Gupta is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of Connecticut, Storrs. She is the PCSA finance chair and president of the University of Connecticut chapter of Keramos. 56 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 6 www.ceramics.org/ema2015 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org call for papers Submit your abstracts by September 10, 2014 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2015 January 21-23 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World | Orlando, Florida USA crystal growth metamaterials Hepsynthetics cobalt thin film B CN F Ne ΑΙ Al Si P S CI Ar strontium doped lanthanum III-IV nitride materials organo-rHllics tantalum alloys cerium polishing powder sprosium pellets atomic layer deposition rospace ultra-light alloys iridium crucible green technology odium spong Li Be battery lith Na Mg candium-aluminum ovskite mischmet K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr cathode solar ener vanadium Cs Ba La Hf Ta Ę semiconduct erbium single crystal s cones uperconduct Xe buckey ball Pb Bi Po At Rn tantalum Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb CIGS macromolec Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut FI Uup Lv Uus Uuo super alloys uropium phos optoelectronics yttrium foil Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu liquid gallium arsenide Th Pa spintronics laser crystals targets silicon carbide gallium lump diamond micropowde U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr gold nanoparticles rare earth metals fuel cell materials hafnium tubing ultra LED lighting iron Now Invent.™ dielectrics germanium windows 田 AMERICAN ELEMENTS The Materials Science Company Ⓡ um 99.999% ruthenium spheres platinum ink quantum dots anti-ballistic ceramics erbium doped fiber optics nickel foam ultra high purity meta alternative energy osmium catalog: americanelements.com photovoltaics Nd:YAG shape memory alloys © 2001-2014. 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