Bulletin_Vol-94_No_06_Aug_2015

AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology Bioactive glasses in soft tissue repair AUGUST 2015 Annual minerals report Manufacturing department debut • MS&T15 premeeting planner CMCEE recap from Vancouver • SAVE THE DATE January 24 - 29, 2016 Jubilee Celebration! NW N 40 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center Daytona Beach, Florida, USA ceramics.org/icacc2016 AS Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division The amen contents feature articles August 2015 • Vol. 94 No. 6 Bioactive glasses in soft tissue repair 27 Valentina Miguez-Pacheco, David Greenspan, Larry L. Hench, and Aldo R. Boccaccini The ability of bioactive glasses to stimulate new blood vessel growth opens new applications, such as wound healing and nerve regeneration. Substitute, reclaim, discover-Solving the rare earth minerals dilemma Eileen De Guire 32 U.S.-based and global initiatives address rare-earth mineral challenges. USGS Minerals Commodity Summary 2015 highlights . . . . 33 cover story Table infographic summarizes key raw material trends from the 2015 U.S. Geological Survey minerals report. meetings MS&T15: Materials Science & Technology 2015 premeeting planner.. 36 Sustainable development theme underlies CMCEE meeting in Vancouver.. 41 columns Deciphering the discipline Stoney A. Middleton A military to civilian mass transfer resources New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 48 42 43 7777 Bioactive glasses in soft tissue repair - page 27 44 feature USGS Minerals Report - page 33 47 manufacturing Simulations cast new light on ceramic tape casting nanomaterials Flame synthesis fabricates stretchable ceramics - page 19 - page 21 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org departments News & Trends 3 ACers Spotlight. 9 Ceramics in Energy 14 Ceramics in the Environment….. 16 Ceramics in Manufacturing 18 Advances in Nanomaterials. 21 Research Briefs.. 22 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Associate Editor Stephanie Liverani, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Finn Giuliani, Chair, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated John McCloy, Washington State University C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Fei Peng, Clemson University Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers Kathleen Richardson, President Mrityunjay Singh, President-Elect David Green, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2015 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian contents August 2015 • Vol. 94 No. 6 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acersrss http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and receive the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news straight to your inbox every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday! Sign up at http://bit.ly/ACERScttQR. Ceramic TechToday FROM THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY A, Charting the future by mapping the past: Visualizing the evolution of ceramic research By April Gocha In a new paper published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, authors Sylvain Deville and Adam J. Stevenson draw a compelling evolutionary map of ceramics research by mining bibliographic records. Read more | Forward to a friend School is in session-ECerS hosts summer school program in Madrid, Spain By Stephanie Liverani Four students supported by the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation attended the recent ECers school in Madrid that focused on ceramic and glass science and technologyspecifically, applications to bioceramics and bioglasses. Read more Forward to a friend Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some recent top posts: Effective conversion Bio-inspired catalyst paves the way to \'gas-to-liquid\'-technologies bit.ly/1fnmbfP Show some skin World\'s first full-color, flexible, skin-like display developed at UCF bit.ly/1NPtCYA Do the math New polymer-piezoelectric hybrid creates potential for \'materials that compute\' bit.ly/1Tjd0ek American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 94, No. 6, pp 1-48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 news & trends Another \'case\' for harvesting wasted energy iPhone users may be able to \"cut the cord\" when it comes to recharging their device\'s battery-or, at least, use the cord less often-thanks to new technology developed by engineering researchers at The Ohio State University that makes cell phone batteries last up to 30% longer on a single charge. OSU researchers are currently working with technology company Nikola Labs (Columbus, Ohio) to develop the technology directly into an iPhone case. A recently launched Kickstarter campaign is helping to raise funds and secure the product\'s place in the market. The patented circuitry developed by OSU converts some of the radio signals that emanate from a smartphone into direct current (dc) power. That power then is fed back into the device, which helps to juice up the battery and extend the charge. \"When we communicate with a cell tower or Wi-Fi router, so much energy goes to waste,\" Chi-Chih Chen, research associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at OSU, explains in a recent Phys.org article. \"We recycle some of that wasted energy back into the battery.\" Robert Lee, professor of electrical and computer engineering at OSU, goes on to tell Phys.org that OSU\'s A new crowdfunding campaign will support development a smartphone case that can protect and recharge the device. invention trumps similar technology already on the market when it comes to power and efficiency. discover the healing power of glass BIOACTIVE GLASSES have the ability to bond to soft and/or hard tissue and are biodegradable in the body. Our staff of glass engineers and technicians can research, develop, and produce glass which is custom-made to fit your particular application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 • ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org mo.sci CORPORATION 3 Credit: Karlis Dambrans; Flickr CC BY 2.0 4 Onews & trends Credit: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory \"Other devices are trying to harvest little bits of energy from the air. Our technology is based on harvesting energy directly from the source. They can capture microwatts or even nanowatts (millionths or billionths of a watt), but cell phones need milliwatts (thousandths of a watt) or higher,\" Lee explains in the article. Lee estimates that about 97% of cell phone signals never reach a destination-they are released and then just lost forever. And although it is not possible to recapture all of these wasted signals, some can be harvested and recycled for power. \"No one can charge a cell phone from the air, but we can reduce power consumption by retrieving some of those lost milliwatts. Think of it as a battery extender rather than a charger,\" Lee adds. Americans clean up their energy act in 2014 Americans have seen the light when it comes to clean energy ... literally. Solar energy use spiked 33% in 2014, thanks to soaring solar industry expan sion and affordable prices for panel installation. Business news NIST announces 2016 plans for manufacturing center competitions (nist.gov)… Alcoa invests in aerospace technology in Michigan to capture demand for jet engine parts (alcoa.com)... Morgan Advanced Materials collaborates with Loughborough University for new generation of flow meters (morganadvancedmaterials. com)...Soleras Advanced Coatings focuses on high-tech glassmakers (soleras. com)...New wave of startups tackling challenges in advanced structural ceramics (luxresearchinc.com)...H.C. Starck expands additive manufacturing business (hcstarck.com)...Bayer Material Science renamed Covestro (bayer.com)... Schott sets glass-tubing record with outer GAZT 6179 ZM Estimated U.S. Energy Use in 2014: -98.3 Quads Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1.39 6.252 118 529 INT 441 Commercial 1:37 147 Energy flow charts show that overall energy use was up in 2014, but it was largely fueled by renewable energy sources. The first quarter of 2015 alone saw $50 billion of renewable energy investments-up from $9 billion in 2004, reports a Scientific American online article citing Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Moreover, the number of photovoltaic systems installed in the United States has grown every year since 2000. And solar energy is not the only breakout clean energy star. Americans\' energy use saw an uptick in 2014, but it was fueled mostly by renewables—a comdiameter of 460 mm (schott.com)... Dow Corning introduces next-generation thermal interface material (dowcorning. com)...ASEAN ceramics trade show set for Bangkok (aseanceramics.com)...0-1 to acquire Vitro\'s food and beverage business for $2.15B (o-i.com)... NASA invests in hundreds of U.S. small businesses to enable future missions (nasa.gov)... Corning CEO says multiple businesses drive company growth (corning.com)… Market for permanent magnets to reach $15B by 2018 (innoresearch.net)...Army researchers develop cold-spray system, transition to industry (army.mil)...Schott coatings set new standard for mobile device cover glass (schott.com) bination of solar, natural gas, and wind— according to recent energy and carbon emission flow charts from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, Calif.). LLNL publishes annual energy consumption charts. \"Overall, Americans used 0.9 quadrillion (quads) British thermal units (BTUs) more in 2014 than they did in the previous year, an increase of about 1 percent,\" according to a LLNL news report. A companion chart released by LLNL shows trends in U.S. energyrelated carbon dioxide emissions, and LLNL reports the good news that \"Americans\' carbon dioxide emissions increased, but only barely, to 5,410 million metric tons, from 5,390 million metric tons in 2013.\" But carbon emissions from coal and petroleum are trending downward as the country relies less and less on fossil fuels. The result? The LLNL data show the overall carbon intensity of the American energy economy is shrinking. Moreover, the Energy Information Administration anticipates in its 2015 Annual Energy Outlook that the use of renewables and energy efficiency will continue rapid growth. The agency expects the total share of renewables in the U.S. will grow to 18% by 2040. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: Dusan Galusek From the project kick-off meeting in Trenčin, Slovakia, June 5, 2015. Pictured (from left): Dusan Galusek, head of CEKSIM and project coordinator; Jozef Habanik, director of the University of Trenčin; A. Duran, CSIC Madrid; E. Bernardo, University of Padova; and P. Hostak, University of Trenčin, who is responsible for the financial and business plan. Centre for Functional and SurfaceFunctionalized Glasses established Five European institutions have joined together to establish a new glass research center, the Centre for Functional and Surface-Functionalized Glasses (FunGLASS), in Trenčín, Slovakia. The Centre specializes in cutting-edge research on glasses with special functional properties and functionalization of conventional glasses with the aim of modifying their properties and adding new functionalities. Research topics include materials for personalized health care and energy-related issues, utilization of waste materials for production of glasses and glass-ceramics, and application of glass-based coatings in automotive and machinery industries. FunGLASS is striving for continuous support of training and education of young researchers, including establishment of an international graduate school issuing joint diplomas with project partners from European Union countries. The Centre plans approximately 25 new jobs for skilled researchers, administration workers, and technicians. The project is coordinated by European glass technology leaders, including, Alexander Dubček from the University of Trenčín (with coordinating professor Dušan Galusek). Project ALEXAMORA SUBČIA V TRENCHE From slurry to sintering, count on Harrop. Tape Casters The Harrop line of lab and production models feature automatic slurry control with micrometer adjustment to within 0.0001\" of wet tape thickness. PLC temperature controlled multi-zone infrared and forced air heating, self-aligning belt drive, and enclosed cabinet for cleanliness. Caster lengths from 6 ft. to more than 100 ft. Binder Burnout Ovens Harrop forced air conveyor ovens for binder removal from tape cast, pressed or extruded ceramic parts prior to sintering. Stainless steel belt and internals minimize contamination. Work is carried through multiple controlled heating zones. Processing temperatures to 450°C. Weight loss of organics controlled to ± 0.3%. Sintering Kilns Harrop pusher plate kilns custom designed for precise firing cycles tailored to specified production volumes. Accurate multi-zone heating and atmosphere control. Unique high-density, high-purity refractory design for thermal efficiency and extended service life. Fully automated product handling system. Credit: Dusan Galusek A. Prnova, a research fellow from CEKSIM, operates equipment for flame synthesis of glass microspheres. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org your needs. Harrop has been helping hightech ceramic manufacturers for more than 50 years. Learn why we\'re the most trusted name in the industry. Call 614-231-3621 to discuss HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com 5 6 Onews & trends partners include: Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany (with A. R. Boccaccini); Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany (with L. Wondraczek); Institute of Ceramics and Glass of Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain (with A. Duran); and University of Padova, Italy (with E. Bernardo). The project has financial support from the EU Horizon 2020 program. The Centre will be established in two stages between 2015 and 2020. Who needs a whiteboard when you can build a \'lightboard\'? Michael Peshkin, a mechanical engineering professor at Northwestern University, is flipping things around and taking a new approach to lecturing. He ditched the traditional whiteboard in favor of an ultra-clear-glass \"lightboard\" that he stands behind to draw while facing his students live in the classroom. Peshkin uses a 4-ft X 8-ft sheet of tempered glass with holes drilled through it, surrounded by a metal frame. Around the protruding rail of the frame, he embedded strips of LEDs to light up the inside of the glass. He works with PPG\'s Starphire ultraclear tempered glass, which has a very low iron content that makes it highly transparent. The glass acts as a sort of optical waveguide, controlling the light from the LEDs around the glass to seemingly illuminate the pane from within, ensuring total internal reflection-no light leaks out at the edges of the frame. And this makes the ink in the fluorescent dry erase markers he uses brightly stand out on the surface. \"The lightboard lets me draw highly visible sketches and equations as I lecture, work with my drawings in a natural way, face the camera, and capture good quality video without postproduction editing,\" Peshkin says on his open-source website for the lightboard project. Of course, the ability to write backwards also helps. These lightboards are not available for retail yet, but the open-source project 5X-T 3w 33-13 Tal no Michale Peshkin demonstrates how he annotates lecture notes on his LED lightboard. website gives extensive instructions for ambitious do-it-yourselfers. Visit lightboard.info for more information. MaterialsLab opens access to materials research in space There is a new place for materials, and it is out of this world. No metaphors or hyperbole―NASA and NIST recently joined forces to establish MaterialsLab, a new data-ridden initiative aimed to accelerate \"materials development and make new discoveries using data from the hundreds of investigaCredit: Michael Peshkin; Northwestern University tions on the International Space Station,\" according to a NASA news release. The initiative\'s goal, in collaboration with the Materials Genome Initiative, is to open access to materials research that happens in space to government, academia, and industry researchers who are investigating and characterizing new materials. Because space station experiments provide a wealth of data about physical and chemical properties of materials, the initiative is a strategy to make the most of each experiment\'s data. \"We\'re creating a new opportunity to develop materials experiments in space that makes it easier for scientists to conduct these investigations and share their research and data widely with the scientific community,\" Marshall Porterfield, NASA\'s director of Space Life and Physical Sciences, says in the release. \"The Open Science concept allows multiple researchers around the world the ability to access data from station experiments and build on each other\'s work.\" The collaboration expands applications of microgravity materials research beyond space-only purposes to applications here on land, too. \"We want to conduct new investigations that fulfill a specific industry need NASA astronaut Reid Wiseman conducts a session with the Binary Colloidal Alloy Test-C1 experiment during his mission on the International Space Station in 2014. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: NASA 12 BAUSELL 83 or could lead to a new commercial application,\" John Vickers, manager of NASA\'s National Center for Advanced Manufacturing, says in the release. “If the automobile industry is having a problem with a specific material, we may be able to study that material on the station and get an answer that they couldn\'t obtain through ground-based research. We are not only learning about the material, but also providing valuable data that immediately affects companies and consumers on Earth.\" Data from far space will be shared through NASA\'s Physical Science Informatics (PSI) system, a public repository for space station experimental data (psi.nasa.gov/PSI_Investigations.aspx). Soon NASA is expected to solicit research proposals \"to generate new scientific insights by utilizing experimental data residing in NASA\'s PSI system,\" specifically in theme areas of combustion science, complex fluids, fluid physics, fundamental physics, and materials science. Australian watch incorporates novel ceramic material Researchers at Flinders Univerity Centre for NanoScale Science & Technology (Adelaide, South Australia) are watching the success of a unique ceramic material they have developed. The university team, led by materials science professor David Lewis, has paired up with Australian luxury watch company Bausele (New South Wales, Australia). Together they developed Bauselite, a proprietary composite ceramic. Bausele has incorporated the novel high-strength, low-weight ceramic into some of its luxury watches. \"Bauselite is very strong, very light, and, because of the way it is made, avoids many of the traps common with conventional ceramics,\" according to a Phys.org article. The material makes up the top of the case covering the company\'s Terra Australis model. \"Because the cases are cast, any tiny gaps or holes can create defect points that cause cracking or deformities,\" Lewis says in the article. \"That leads to a lot of rejects and a lot of wastage, which is not what you want in a high-value, high-precision but lowvolume manufacturing process. We have taken a step back and adopted a completely new way of making these components that avoids these problems.\" AMERICAN cheme CORPORATION 6 Bausele\'s ceramic-laden Terra Australis model in rose gold. MADE IN MONTANA SOLD TO THE WORLD Give Ceramists Something to Think About CUPRIC OXIDE COPPER GRANULES • Blue and Red Glazes and Glass Iron Spot Brick CUPROUS OXIDE • Blue Glass and Glaze Brick Colorants and Ferrites ZINC OXIDES • For Ferrite, Brick, Fibre Glass Copper & Zinc for Ferrites Plants in Montana and Tennessee Stock Available Worldwide AMERICAN CHEMET 740 Waukegan Road P.O. Box 437 Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA Phone +1-847-948-0800 Fax +1-847-948-0811 www.chemet.com Sales@chemet.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 7 Credit: Bausele 8 Onews & trends As far as further details about the ceramic material, though, mum\'s the word. Lewis writes in an email that the team is still patenting various aspects of \"future\" versions of the material, so he cannot say much about the material yet. The Flinders-Bausele pairing comes through NanoConnect, a program initiated by Lewis that aims to bridge the gap between university-led nanotech research and industry. \"Apart from enlightening industries about the potential of nanotechnology, the program also provides a low-risk mechanism to test promising product ideas in a way that clearly demonstrates the technology\'s value,\" according to a Bausele press release. The material also might find its way into watches outside of the Bausele brand. Christophe Hoppe, Bausele\'s founder, adds, \"We attracted attention from other watch brands who were interested in the look of our material, and we might manufacture the component for them in the near future.\" Strontium aluminate keeps Nissan Leaf\'s glow-in-the-dark paint shining bright after the sun sets Nissan is literally glowing with pride for its all-electric vehicle, the Leaf. The vehicle maker\'s European arm is the first manufacturer to apply glow-in-the-dark paint to a vehicle. The new glow-in-the-dark paint, developed by inventor Hamish Scott, is similar to other glow-in-the-dark coatings, paints, and additives in that it exploits the abilities of phosphors or phorsphorlike materials to absorb ultraviolet energy and emit it as light. But this particular paint is unique in that it is made of \"entirely organic materials.\" The paint contains chemically and biologically inert strontium aluminatewhich can act as a photoluminescent phosphor when doped-according to a Nissan press release. Inventor Scott also created Starpath, a sprayed-on sidewalk coating that collects light during the day and illumiA prototype Nissan Leaf glows even at night thanks to its special energy-harvesting paint. nates at night, eliminating the need for streetlights or other auxiliary lighting. Starpath\'s coating can shine for a reported 8-10 hours after the sun clocks out. Nissan\'s vehicle paint is pretty robust, likely thanks to the high hardness of strontium aluminate, as the release says that it can last for 25 years. Although the idea is bright, unfortunately it is currently little more than a publicity stunt to garner attention for Nissan\'s eco-friendly Leaf. Spending at nation\'s federal R&D centers down-again According to new figures from the National Science Foundation\'s National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, the United States\' federally funded R&D centers (FFRDCs) slashed R&D spending in fiscal year 2013 by more than $1 billion over the previous year. Of the 40 FFRDCs, 24 reported spending declines and 17 reported declines for the second straight year-for a total of $16.9 billion in R&D expenditures, down from a peak of $18 billion in fiscal year 2010. That year was, for the most part, an anomaly-2010 spending reflected those onetime American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 monies that added an additional $1 billion in federal R&D spending. In 2013, AARA-funded spending accounted for only 1%, or $170 million, of all federal R&D spending. Federally funded R&D centers experience a continuing trend of getting less love from the government. Basic research spending also was down from 2012 figures, tallying only 24.8% of total spending in 2013. The previous year, basic research represented 35.2% of expenditures. Five labs-Los Alamos, Sandia, Oak Ridge, Lawrence Livermore, and the NASAsponsored Jet Propulsion Lab-accounted for 50% of total spending in 2013. To read the report in full, go to nsf.gov/statistics/2015/nsf15319. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: Reizigerin; Flickr CC BY-ND 2.0 acers spotlight Society and Division news Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Megan Bricker at mbricker@ceramics.org, or visit www.ceramics.org/corporate. TM AMI 星弘 Astral Material Industrial Co Ltd Foshan, Guangdong, China www.amic.biz ANALYTICAL NSL Analytical Cleveland, Ohio www.nslanalytical.com NANOE RATH Nanoe Chilly-Mazarin, France www.nanoe.fr top technology creates confidence Rath Inc Newark, Del. www.rath-usa.com R Furnaces & Ovens CARBOLITE Leading Heat Technology If you are looking for a complete line of furnaces & ovens for heat treatment, look no further than CARBOLITE. Temperature range from 20°C to 1,800 °C Chamber, tube and application specific furnaces Customized solutions and modifications History in the making: 80 years of International Congress on Glass Matoušek In his report outlining 80 years of collaboration between glass technologists and glass researchers worldwide facilitated by the International Commission on Glass, Josef Matoušek, Department of Glass and Ceramics, Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague, Czech Republic, describes the history of ICG and illustrates the importance of ICG\'s decision to organize and establish international meetings. The ICG meets every three years-beginning in 1933 to the most recent meeting in July 2013 (the 23rd conference). Matoušek provides a retrospective of the International Congress on Glass conferences, impact of world events on the congresses, and the role of the meeting in bringing together global glass experts to advance the field. Download the paper at www.ceramics.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/History-of-ICG.pdf. Calling all potential Emeritus members If you will be 65 years old (or older) by December 31, 2015, and will have 35 or more years of continuous membership in ACerS, you are eligible for Emeritus status. Note that both criteria must be met. Emeritus members enjoy waived membership dues and reduced meeting registration rates. To verify your eligibility, contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics. part of VERDER scientific CARBOLITE 1-866-473-8724 www.carbolite.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) Southern hospitality: Highlights from the 2015 ACerS Southwest Section Meeting The Southwest Section of The American Ceramic Society held its annual meeting June 3-5, 2015, at the Radisson Hotel Fossil Creek in Fort Worth, Texas. This year\'s theme, \"Training a new generation of ceramic employees,\" drew more than 50 members during the two-and-a-half day event, which included a day of plant tours, followed by a full slate of presentations with active Q&A sessions. Topics ranged from \"Integrating generation Y into your operation” to “Principles of tunnel kiln operations.\" The dinner on June 4 was a meeting highlight—Luke Odenthal received the Past Chair Award from Rick Stickley (2013-2014 Section chair) for his leadership. Alan Petefish (2013 recipient) presented the Harry E. Ebright Service Award to Glenn Holladay Sr. by for his many years of outstanding service to the ceramic industry and, specifically, to the SW Section. Credit: Fred McMann; SW Section Luke Odenthal [right] receives the Past Chair Award from Rick Stickley (2013-2014 Section chair). Glenn Holladay Sr. receives the Harry E. Ebright Service Award for his many years of outstanding service to the ceramic industry. [Pictured: Glenn and Caroline Holladay] 10 Names in the news Singh recognized by National Academy of Inventors Singh Raj Singh, Williams Distinguished Chair Professor and head of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Oklahoma State University, was inducted as fellow of the National Academy of Inventors by the Deputy U.S. Commissioner for Patent Operations, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, at a ceremony March 20, 2015. The distinction is awarded to academicians who have demonstrated a prolific spirit of innovation in creating or facilitating outstanding inventions that have made a tangible impact on quality of life, economic development, and the welfare of society. Singh\'s inventions have been used in various products, such as ceramic matrix composites for efficient aircraft engines, sodium-sulfur batteries, and novel electrolyte retainers and self-repairing glasses for molten carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells. Neill honored for service to powder metallurgy James H. Neill, vice president of CM Furnaces Inc in Bloomfield, N.J., received Neill the Distinguished Service to Powder Metallurgy | Award from the Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF) for his outstanding career achievements. Established in 1968, the award was presented by MPIF president Richard Pfingstler at POWDERMET2015, the International Conference on Powder Metallurgy & Particulate Materials in San Diego, Calif. The award recognizes professionals who have devoted a major part of their careers to one or more segments of the powder metallurgy industry. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Every Nanometer counts Keramos National Board of Directors announces reception at MS&T15 To kick off this year\'s Materials Science & Technology 2015 meeting, the Keramos National Board of Directors invites all attendees to the first annual Keramos Reception, which will be held on October 4, 2015, from 5:00 to 7:00 p.m. at the Hilton Columbus Downtown in Columbus, Ohio. This year, Keramos celebrates the 100th anniversary of its alpha chapter at the University of Illinois. Also, Keramos will induct its 10,000th member this year. MS&T15 registration for ACerS Distinguished Life and Senior, Emeritus members ACerS offers complimentary MS&T15 registration for Distinguished Life Members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are available only through ACerS. Registration forms are available at www.ceramics.org/ meetings/117th-annual-meetingcombined-with-mst 15 and should be submitted by August 15, 2015, to Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. Banquet tickets may also be purchased at time of registration. Sign up now-Order of the Engineer ceremony at MS&T15 All engineers are invited to accept the \"Obligation of the Engineer\" by joining the Order of the Engineer in a special ceremony ORDER CONTHE ENGINEER in Columbus, Ohio, during the MS&T15 meeting. The American Ceramic Society\'s National Institute of Ceramic Engineers (ACerS/NICE) is proud to be a part of the Order of the Engineer, an organization \"to foster a spirit of pride and responsibility in the engineering profession, to bridge the gap between training and experience, and to present to the public a visible symbol identifying the engineer.\" Who is eligible: Graduating seniors in engineering, practicing engineers, faculty teaching engineering in accredited programs When: Monday, October 5, 2015, from 5:30 to 6:30 p.m. Where: Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio Deadline for application: August 15, 2015 To participate in the ceremony, complete the application form and mail it with a check for $25 to The American Ceramic Society. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/classes/nationalinstitute-of-ceramic-engineers. Pittsburgh Section annual golf outing-Register by September 1 The Pittsburgh Section is hosting its annual golf scholarship fundraising outing on Monday, September 14, 2015, at Cedarbrook Golf Course in Belle Vernon, Penn. Registration begins at 10:00 a.m., with a shotgun start at 11:30 a.m. Early bird registration and prepay deadline is September 1, and the fee is $100 per player. Register by contacting Bill Harasty or Jim Gilson, or by calling 412-788-7100. Visit the Pittsburgh Section webpage for additional information at www.ceramics.org/sections/ pittsburgh-section. In memoriam William H. Beazell Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACers website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. The new Dilatometer DIL 402 Expedis with revolutionary NanoEye measuring cell Find out more about the new NanoEye technology: www.netzsch.com/n22856 DL 402 Expedis Supreme NETZSCH Leading Thermal Analysis. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 11 acers spotlight Students and outreach 12 NEWS FROM CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION CGIF sponsors four at ECers summer school in Madrid The European Ceramic Society hosted a summer school June 17-19 in Madrid, Spain, that focused on ceramic and glass science and technology-specifically, applications to bioceramics and bioglasses. The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation sponsored four U.S. students to attend both the summer school and the ECerS XIV conference, which followed in Toledo, Spain. Kathleen Richardson, ACerS president, and Charlie Spahr, ACerS executive director, attended the opening of the summer school program in Madrid. Mrityunjay Singh, AcerS president-elect, met with ECerS officers and members in Toledo at the conference. \"We are excited about the increased collaboration between ACers and ECerS,\" remarked Richardson. \"The value to our respective societies, especially the networking opportunities it provides to our younger members, is very significant.\" Francis Cambier, ECerS secretary general, said ECerS first organized a summer school program in June 2013 as a lead up to the organization\'s main conference and exhibition, and it was very successful. \"And that success continued this year, thanks to the collaboration with ACerS,\" Cambier added. This year, 67 students and 13 trainers participated in the three-day event. \"The ECERS conference and summer school is a life-changing experience for researchers at any stage of their career, it truly expands your horizons in ideas, collaborations, aspirations, and professional networks,” says YuHao Liu, a student at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, who attended this year\'s event. Kathleen Richardson, ACerS president (pictured third from right) poses with ECerS summer school students; Carmen Baudin, Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (fourth from right); and Charlie Spahr, ACers executive director (third from left). Credit: ACerS Credit: ACerS Molten glass in action! A science teacher pours melted glass into a mold for cooling at the ASM Materials Camp for Teachers. Reaching the next generation of ceramic and glass engineers The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation sponsored the ASM Materials Education Foundation Materials Camp for Teachers, held June 15-19, at Ohio State University\'s main campus in Columbus, Ohio. Marcus Fish, CGIF development director, shared with the 30+ teachers at the event how the Foundation is working to create opportunities for young people entering the ceramics and glass fields. CGIF also donated ACers\' President\'s Council of Student Advisors\' (PCSA) Materials Science Kits to teachers at the camp to use with students back in the classroom. The two Master Teachers leading this year\'s camp-Andy Nydam and Debbie Goodwin-both agreed that teaching students about ceramics and glass should be a priority in the classroom. \"... A large number of kids will grow up to work in fields that require specific knowledge and skills in this area. We\'re obligated to prepare them early for a career in this field,\" Nydham said. Goodwin also pointed out that these materials are still widely misunderstood. \"People have a misconception that ceramics and glass are \'old hats.\' Nothing new. But a lot of our current and future energy needs will be solved by using these materials. It\'s not just about windows and bricks,\" Goodwin added. To learn more about CGIF and how your gifts are being put to work, visit www.foundation.ceramics.org. CGIF is a global partnership among organizations devoted to science, engineering, and technology of ceramics and glasses. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 ACerS/BSD Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition Start working on your entry for the 2015 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by the ACerS Basic Science Division! This unique competition at MS&T15 promotes microscopy and microanalysis as tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. The Roland B. Snow award is presented to the Best of Show winner of the competition. Winning entries are featured on the back covers of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Deadline to submit posters (no digital files) is September 21, 2015. Find out more at www.ceramics.org/?awards=ceramographiccompetition-and-roland-b-snow-award. MS&T15 student contests Remember to attend the Material Advantage student contests at MS&T15 in Columbus, Ohio. This year\'s contests are: Undergraduate Student Poster Contest • • Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest • Graduate Student Poster Contest • Ceramic Mug Drop Contest ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING • Ceramic Disc Golf Contest For more information, visit matscitech.org/students or contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Student travel grants and tour available for 76th GPC The Glass Manufacturing Industry Council (GMIC) is encouraging interest in glass industry careers by offering $400 travel grants to 20 students attending the 76th Glass Problems Conference, November 2-5, 2015, in Columbus, Ohio. Students are also invited to attend the Anchor Hocking Plant Tour in Lancaster, Ohio, on Monday, November 2. To apply for a grant or register for the tour, contact Donna Banks at dbanks@gmic.org by September 30, 2015. ACerS members save more. For members-only discounts, including savings of up to 34% on shipping, join now at ceramics.org. GASBARRE PRESS GROUP Awards and deadlines 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com Important deadline change: Nominations for Fellows moved up to August 21 Nominations for the ACerS 2016 Class of Fellows are due by Friday, August 21, 2015, for award presentation at MS&T16. Fellows must be at least 35 years of age and have been continuous members of the Society for at least the past five years as of the nomination deadline. For criteria and nomination forms, visit www.ceramics.org/awards or contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. ECD secretary nominations due August 15 The Engineering Ceramics Division Nominating Committee invites nominations for incoming division secretary candidates for 2015-16. Nominations should include a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications. Submit all nominations by August 15, 2015, to Yanchun Zhou, chair, at yczhou714@ gmail.com; Tatsuki Ohji at t-ohji@aist.go.jp; or Jonathan Salem at jonathan.a.salem@nasa.gov. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/acers-community/division-pages/engineering-ceramics-division. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 13 ●ceramics in energy \'Slow wind\' power-A new way to think about energy efficiency Wind energy is the fastest-growing source of electricity in the world, and harnessing it is one of the cleanest, most sustainable ways to generate power. That is because wind power does not produce the toxic and heat-trapping emissions that contribute to global warming (aside from the embodied energy and emissions associated with manufacturing). According to the Wind Energy Foundation, turbines need wind to blow at 16-20 miles per hour. But, does it need to be that windy to generate any real power? Not necessarily. Wind turbine designers at General Electric have developed ways to build more efficient wind machines for landscapes with slowermoving wind. One of these machines is the GE 2.5120 wind turbine-those numbers stand for 2.5 megawatts of output and 120 meters (393 feet) rotor diameter. More than a dozen of them were installed at a wind farm near Rehborn, Germany, in 2014. Germany is phasing out all nuclear sources of energy, and their clean energy policy is the driving force behind the country\'s commitment to establishing more energy-efficient practices. Projects like the Rehborn wind farm are an important part of this energy transition and will allow Germany to phase out nuclear power and generate 80% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2050. The proof is in the numbers. GE\'s technology already allows the Rehborn farm to leverage slow wind to produce enough electricity to power about 30,000 German homes. Rehborn is currently the largest installation of these massive slow-wind turbines in the world. Their hubs measure 140 meters (460 feet) off the ground. To put it in perspective, that is nearly half the height of the Eiffel Tower. It is not just the new substantial-yetstreamlined design that is making the difference. Sophisticated data capabilities also are at the helm. State-of-the-art sensors, software, and data analytics allow these reinvented turbines to be 25% more efficient and generate 15% more electricity than Wind is one of the most sustainable ways to generate power. 14 Credit: Dirk Ingo Franke; Wikimedia CC BY-SA 2.0 de comparable GE models. GE then uses powerful algorithms to analyze the data and control functions, such as the turbines\' pitch, yaw, and rotor torque, and make fine-tuned adjustments as needed to ensure efficiency. So, what type of ripple effect will this slow-wind technology have on a broader scale? Because wind speed varies considerably with seasons, location, and time of day, could these slow-wind turbines generate significant amounts of power at \"off peak\" wind speeds? If slow-wind turbines are quieter, they could mitigate noise disturbances reported by those who live in close proximity to traditional wind farms. Or maybe these turbines can be moved to more remote landscapes with slower-moving wind climates, so as not to obstruct property views in more desirable, but windy, areas. 3-D printing 2-D materials with air-Direct ink writing builds graphene aerogels Researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have combined three of the most promising and popular technologies today-3-D printing, graphene, and aerogels. The team is the first to 3-D print graphene aerogels, according to a LLNL press release. Aerogel materials are up to 99.98% air by volume-which makes them incredibly lightweight. Because of all that air, aerogels exhibit low thermal conductivity, high surface area, and low density. That unique combination of properties makes them suitable for a wide range of applications, from space dust collectors to building insulation to warm-yet-thin jackets. Others already have made incredibly light graphene aerogels, but those suffer from a random pore microstructure that limits the ability to tailor the material\'s mechanical properties. To circumvent those limitations, the LLNL team used direct ink writing to 3-D print the aerogels with engineered microarchitectures. The result is a lightwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Illustration of graphene aerogel microlattices printed with direct ink writing. weight graphene aerogel with excellent electrical conductivity, high mechanical stiffness, and up to 90% compressive strain. \"Making graphene aerogels with tailored macroarchitectures for specific applications with a controllable and scalable assembly method remains a significant challenge that we were able to tackle,\" LLNL engineer and corresponding author Marcus Worsley says in the release. “3-D printing allows one to intelligently design the pore structure of the aerogel, permitting control over mass transport (aerogels typically require high pressure gradients to drive mass transport through them due to small, tortuous pore structure) and optimization of physical properties, such as stiffness. This development should open up the design space for using aerogels in novel and creative applications.\" To fabricate the super lightweight aerogels, LLNL scientists mixed an aqueous suspension of graphene oxide with a silica filler to make a highly viscous graphene oxide ink. Extruding the ink through a micronozzle allowed the team to build 3-D structures with patterned architectures. Worsley says the biggest challenge in developing the technique was perfecting the ink\'s rheology and adapting the direct ink write technique to be compatible with typical aerogel processing. \"Formulating an ink with the proper rheology for printing without resorting to a polymer blend was challenging, but essential for achieving the desirable final properties of the aerogel lattice. Also, without the aerogel processing, it would have been difficult to realize key graphene properties like high surface area and low density,\" he writes in an email. Worsley adds that further developing the ink or the technique so that the team can write with smaller diameter tips is one of the challenges remaining before the technique is scalable and commercially feasible. The team\'s current lower limit is ~200 μm. Ryan Chen; LLNL \"Scaling the aerogel processing (supercritical drying and thermal annealing) to commercial scale could also be a challenge,\" Worsley writes. Some of the most promising applications of graphene aerogels are for catalysis, separation and filtration (e.g., desalination), and energy storage applications, including batteries, supercapacitors, and hydrogen storage, Worsley says. But, he also adds that the most exciting and interesting applications are for electric vehicle batteries, such as those in the Tesla. Coauthor Cheng Zhu adds in the article, \"Adapting the 3-D printing technique to aerogels makes it possible to fabricate countless complex aerogel architectures for applications, such as mechanical properties and compressibility, which has never been achieved before.\" The LLNL team next is exploring the performance of 3-D printed graphene aerogels for potential applications in supercapacitors and batteries. The open-access paper, published in Nature Communications, is \"Highly compressible 3-D periodic graphene aerogel microlattices\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7962). * WINNER TECHNOLOGY in KOREA Choose among the MoSi2 Heating Element!! 1700 °C, 1800°C, and 1900°C from Korean-made. Paste Product Formulation for Screen Printing & Photolithography. Products: Ag, Ag/Pd, Cu, W, Mo/Mn paste, etc. 18/28 20/20 WINNER TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD CR TEL: +82-31-683-1867~9 CR FAX: +82+31+683+1870 Email: info@winnertechnology.co.kr Homepage: www.winnertechnology.co.kr Address: #581-17, Geumgok-ri, Anjung-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 15 16 Credit: Scott White; University of Illinois ceramics in the environment Self-destructing electronics disappear before your very eyes According to a LiveScience article from 2013, world inhabitants generated nearly 54 million tons of used electrical and electronic waste in 2012. From those figures, the United States found itself in the most-wasteful-country top 10 list, with figures estimating that each American generated 66 pounds of e-waste. A device is remotely triggered to self-destruct-a radio-frequency signal turns on a heating element at the center of the device. And those figures are expected to keep growing, thanks in part to the constant appearance of new musthave devices and technology. University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign researchers have innovated a solution-electronics that self-destruct on command. \"We have demonstrated electronics that are there when you need them and gone when you don\'t need them anymore,\" lead scientist and aerospace engineering professor Scott White says in an UIUC press release. \"This is a way of creating sustainability in the materials that are used in modern-day New strategies offer cleaner, The rare-earth market is a big one, thanks in part to the use of these materials in nearly everything high-tech-tablets, TVs, smartphones, medical devices, batteries, permanent magnets, and much more. Demand for permanent magnets alone is predicted to double from 2012 to 2020, according to a Grandview Research market report on rare earths. And an estimated 2012 rare-earth market value of $4.3 billion is predicted to increase to $10.9 billion by 2020. China already supplies the majority of the world\'s rare earths. And with the near-inevitable fall of U.S.-based miner Molycorp Inc. (Greenwood Village, Co.) predicted to happen soon, China is about to help itself to an even bigger slice of that profitable pie. electronics. This was our first attempt to use an environmental stimulus to trigger destruction.\" The team printed magnesium circuits on thin flexible polymer materials, and incorporated tiny wax-coated droplets of acid into the device. Heating up the devices ever so slightly melts the wax and releases the acid, dissolving the thin electronics before your very eyes. Tailoring the amount of wax on the device, concentration of the acid, and temperature, the team also can control how quickly the devices self-destruct, from just 20 seconds up to a couple of minutes after trigger. And for those magicians that prefer a more mysterious remote detonation, the team\'s got that covered, too. Researchers demonstrated that embedding a radiofrequency receiver and inductive heating coil in the device allows degradation on remote command. The paper, published in Advanced Materials, is \"Thermally triggered degradation of transient electronic devices\" (DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501180). greener, and reusable rare-earth and rare elements According to a Bloomberg Business article, Chile is hungry for dessert. Chile\'s clays contain similar concentrations of rare earths as the soils of Southern China, according to the article. (However, results from the U.S. Geological Survey seem to disagree, at least in overall available rare-earths deposits.) Mining and recovering rare earths is a laborious process that can take a significant environmental toll. But mining company Mineria Activa (Santiago, Chile) wants to change that with a new project set to offer green rare earthsMinera BioLantánidos. BioLantánidos is pioneering a patentpending process of extracting rare earths from clay using a tank-leaching process with biodegradable chemicals. And the company is betting big that customers will pay a premium for the ability to offer cutting-edge technology with a clear environmental conscious. The process involves digging up the rare-earth-laden Chilean soil and placing it in large in-ground tanks for leaching out valuable elements using biodegradable chemicals. After the rare earths are collected, the rare-earth-free clay is returned to the ground, and a fresh forest of trees is planted on top. That means no toxic waste and no dystopian tailing ponds-and no money dealing with that waste. Although the chemicals are expensive, the savings on the waste side of the process help balance the cost, project leader Arturo www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Deltech Furnaces We Build The Furnace To Fit Your Need ΔΕΞ Albornoz says in the Bloomberg article. \"It may be laborious, but Albornoz is hoping companies, such as ThyssenKrupp AG, Apple Inc., and Tomahawk cruise missile maker Raytheon Co., will end up paying a premium, knowing their suppliers aren\'t destroying the planet,\" the article continues. Along with the big business of mining rare earths comes a big business of recycling rare earths and other rare elements, such as indium, especially from electronics waste. Researchers from Tsinghua University, China, are hoping to recycle indium from LCDs, they say in a new paper published in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering that analyzes the most effective recycling methods. The paper\'s introduction states “China, for instance, will generate approximately 100 million units of e-waste of televisions, personal computers, and laptop computers from 2014 to 2020. On the other hand, approximately 55% to 85% of global indium has been utilized in LCDs as indium-tin oxide (ITO) films. It is reported that at least 80%-in fact, more than 90% in 2013-of the global indium production was used for ITO.\" The Tsinghua team extensively tested the best ways to recover indium from LCD screen glass. According to an American Chemical Society release, \"the most effective technique involved crushing and grinding LCD glass into particles less than 75 μm, or 0.003 in., in size and bathing them in a sulfuric acid solution at 122°F.\" For further details, the paper is \"Recycling indium from scraped glass of liquid crystal display: Process optimizing and mechanism exploring” (DOI: 10.1021/ acssuschemeng.5b00020). A Standard or Custom www.deltechfurnaces.com TA Histruminti An aerial view of the BioLantánidos pilot project. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Minera BioLantánidos; Youtube Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization ⚫ DSC/TGA • Dilatometry ⚫Rheology Calorimetry High Temp Thermal Conductivity & Viscometry Thermal Diffusivity Featuring our new line of vertical dilatometers with furnace options up to 2300°C www.tainstruments.com 303-433-5939 17 ceramics in manufacturing Manufacturing success: A glimpse of the current state and future trajectory of manufacturing in the US Manufacturing is changing. \"Gut feel. Touching things. Making things with your hands. That was American manufacturing. ... Now, it\'s less art, more science. And this is exactly the challenge today,\" David Greene writes in an NPR article about manufacturing in the United States. The article is the first in a series called \"American made: The new manufacturing landscape.\" ACerS knows firsthand that manufacturing is changing-especially in the ceramic and glass world. Just a few months ago, the success of the first-ever Ceramics Expo in Cleveland, Ohio, provided proof that manufacturing is back in a big way. ACerS was a founding partner in the ceramic and glass tradeshow organized by United Kingdombased Smarter Shows. Beyond the ceramics and glass world, however, manufacturing is changing in other ways, too. Part of the changing landscape of manufacturing is evident in stark contrasts between low-tech, manual, and skilled processes at factories such as Homer Laughlin\'s Fiesta dinnerware plant and newer high-tech, highly automated facilities that use robots and other high-tech advances, such as levitating assembly line rollers. Although a majority of manufacturing facilities do not use robots-a GE Reports article cites that about 90% of manufacturing tasks are not automated-automation is nonetheless on the rise thanks to developments and technology that make robots more precise, agile, and flexible. However, smart as they get, robots cannot do everything. That is a problem, because there is already a skills gap lurking around American manufacturing. As the current contingent of skilled manufacturing workers continues to age and creep closer to retirement, the possibility of a dearth of younger skilled workers to take over those empty positions grows larger. 18 American manufacturers like Celadon Systems (Apple Valley, Minn.), which manufactures semiconductor products like this probe card, are helping secure the future of manufacturing in the U.S. But the identity-and impression-of just what is required for those manufac turing jobs is different from it used to be. \"The one certainty we have is manufacturing is going to look more and more like computer programming and engineering,” says reporter Adam Davidson in another NPR story in the \"American Made\" series. \"It\'s going to involve a lot more brainwork and a lot less brawn work. And that means probably a smaller number of people can benefit, but those who can benefit will probably benefit quite a bit.” That is good news for materials science and engineering, as well as other engineering fields. But there is disagreement as to just how large the skills gap really is. An American Enterprise Institute (AEI) article cites a report by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) that argues against the existence of a skills gap at all. The AEI article states, \"In its report, the BCG concludes that U.S. manufac turers are trying to hire high-skilled workers at \'rock-bottom\' wage rates, and that is not what it would characterize as a \'skills gap.\' As Adam Davidson asks in a recent New York Times Magazine article, \'Who wants to operate a highly sophisticated machine for $10 per hour? Answer: not a lot of people. As a result,\' says Davidson, \'there really isn\'t a skills gap. Rather, it\'s the unwillingness of manufacturers to pay higher wages that is causing the skilled worker shortage, which is a view that is consistent with the BCG report.\"\" The entire AEI article, although a few years old, goes much farther in depth into the debate. Ultimately, though, AEI disagrees with the BCG report by concluding that the skills gap is not a fictional character in the manufacturing story. \"Although there are some differences in estimates of the magnitude of the current skilled worker shortage in manufacturing, there is general consensus that a skills gap exists and that it will likely worsen in the near future. Fortunately, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: CeladonSystems; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 the issue of the skills gap is generating a fair amount of national media and industry attention, which is bringing some welldeserved debate to an important topic that is crucial to a key sector of the U.S. economy,\" the AEI article states. ACerS\'s recently established Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation also is bringing some attention to the topic through its mission of helping industry attract and train the highest-quality talent available to work with ceramic and glass materials. Simulations cast new light on ceramic tape casting Computational studies are an increasingly important component of materials manufacturing research, because they afford the ability to develop and tweak processes for making materials faster, better, and more efficiently. So perhaps it is no surprise that researchers at Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM in Freiburg, Germany, have figured out how to improve ceramic tape casting without performing experiments. Tape casting is a method for fabricating thin layers of ceramic, or almost any other material that can be prepared as a liquid slurry. Ceramic tapes are important components in a variety of applications, such as temperature sensors, filter systems, solid oxide fuel cells, and piezoelectric devices. Ceramic tapes are important components in these technologies, however, the tapes\' specific properties are usually achieved through trial and error, rather than direct testing and optimization. Trial and error is costly for manufacturers-it wastes material and product, and it costs a factory and its workers time. But what if you could predict the properties of a tape before it is even cast? The Fraunhofer team is looking to do just that with newly developed software that allows manufacturers to predict the properties a tape-cast product will have by examining characteristics of its materials. Blade In the bottom panel, macroscopic simulation reveals flow lines during the casting process. Ceramic slurry enters the system on the right and exits the casting chamber on the left as a tape. In the top panel, microscopic simulation shows alignment of ceramic particles at two points in the process. The software, called SimPARTIX, simulates the unknown factors in the tape-casting process, predicting what happens-macroscopically and microscopically during casting. \"Our SimPARTIX software allows us to take a multiscale approach to simulating the tape-casting process and shows us exactly what effect individual parameters have on the properties of the tape,\" Fraunhofer scientist Pit Polfer says in a Fraunhofer press release. Macroscopically, the software provides insight into how slurry travels through production machinery, with an aim of identifying areas where the slurry sits too long and starts to degrade. Degraded slurry negatively impacts properties of the resultant tape that is cast with the slurry. \"The simulation shows manufacturers how the casting chamber\'s geometry affects the slurry flow,\" according to the American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org release. \"Where does the liquid ceramic get stuck? How does the flow pattern change when you change the geometry of the doctor blade? Simulating these changes allows ceramic manufacturers to try out promising casting chamber geometries in a virtual environment first, thus sidestepping the high cost of testing experimental doctor blades on real production lines.\" Microscopically, the software models ceramic particle alignment, providing a comprehensive view of micrometer-scale dynamics of the slurry and the subsequent cast tape, too. The release continues: \"For example, they investigate what impact individual ceramic particles have on each other and how they are aligned in space. Running the calculations for all the slurry in this way would be far too complex, so instead the researchers pick out different drops 19 Credit: Fraunhofer IWM ceramics in manufacturing of liquid in the material. How do these droplets make their way through the system? And how are the ceramic particles aligned in these droplets?\" \"We can then extrapolate these calculations to infer the behavior of the ceramic slurry as a whole,\" Polfer says in the release. This information is critical to manufacturers, who can apply the knowledge to their production lines to optimize manufacturing processes, reducing waste and producing higher-quality products. SimPARTIX\'s simulations do not stop at tape casting, however-the software can help predict the dynamics in other fluid or granular systems, too. Fraunhofer researchers have already demonstrated the software\'s utility through case studies of die filling, screen printing, sintering, wire sawing, abrasive machining, and more. Better together-Boosting American clean energy manufacturing through pairing national labs and industry The Department of Energy wants United States\' clean energy manufacturing to be more competitive. It is why the DOE has launched a $2-million Technologist in Residence (TIR) pilot designed to increase competitiveness and allow U.S. national labs to make a greater commercial impact through strengthened lab-industry partnerships. According to an Energy Department news release, those relationships fostered through TIR will “lead to high-impact VERSION 4.0 PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMIC SYSTEMS ... Inside the Solar World manufacturing facility in Hillsboro, Ore. collaborate research and development and will develop mechanisms to help interested companies more easily connect and form relationships with the Department\'s national labs moving forward.\" The DOE is offering a competitive solicitation that matches national labs with industry through \"technologist\" pairs-one senior technical staff member from the lab and one from a manufacturer or consortium. Over the course of the two-year pilot program, the pair will work together to complete a hightech SWOT analysis, identifying technical challenges for the manufacturer (reducing energy intensity and increasing efficiency in the manufacturing process) and presenting opportunities that can be offered by the lab (clean energy technologies and next-gen machinery). A Council of Technologists will help to oversee and serve as a channel for networking and promotion for the industry-lab partnerships, including providing relevant feedback to DOE for development of best practices that will extend beyond the pilot program. To apply or learn more about the solicitation, part of the department\'s Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative, visit eereexchange.energy.gov. Version 4.0 contains 25,000 phase diagrams, 637 new figures and 1,000 new diagrams. ORDER TODAY ceramics.org/phase 20 20 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: Oregon DOT; Flickr CC BY 2.0 advances in nanomaterials Flame synthesis fabricates stretchable ceramics Researchers at Kiel University (Kiel, Germany) have fabricated a new breed of flexible ceramics by synthesizing interconnected 3-D networks of 1-D nanostructures of tin oxide. Metal oxides are typically brittle materials, but they become surprisingly flexible when stripped down to a single layer of atoms. The Kiel researchers\' technique bypasses traditional challenges of incorporating 1-D materials by integrating them into 3-D networks. The resultant product retains most of the 1-D materials\' unique properties, but in a much more stable and integrable package. \"The fascinating part is the structure of the single beltlike nanostructures delivered by this synthesis on the basis of tin oxide crystal structure,\" professor Rainer Adelung says in a Kiel press release. \"In contrast to ceramic produced with zinc oxide, which leads to very short tetrapod structures, tin oxide Glass goes superhydrophobic with new durable coating Researchers at Oak Ridge National Lab have developed a new durable, antireflective, superhydrophobic glass coating that offers important improvements over its predecessors. And the inspiration for this multifunctional coating? Nature itself. \"While lotus leaves repel water and self-clean when it rains, a moth\'s eyes are antireflective because of naturally covered tapered nanostructures where the refractive index gradually increases as light travels to the moth\'s cornea,\" Tolga Aytug, ORNL researcher and the study\'s lead author, says in an ORNL press release. \"Combined, these features provide truly game-changing ability to design coatings for specific properties and performance.\" Corning introduced its own antiglare, antireflective, and superhydrophobic glass last August. That technology used a nanostructured glass surface-rather than gives long, flat structures. They are just like fettucine.\" \"And these long flat noodles grow together in a very specific way: In the oven used for the synthesis, temperatures stay just below the melting point of tin oxide. Thus, the noodles find specific interconnection points by kinetics instead of thermodynamics. Each junction is forced into a well-defined angle following strict geometric principles, which are based on so-called twinning defects, as further confirmed by simulation studies,\" adds professor Lorenz Kienle in the release. The uniquely flexible materials could have many interesting new possibilities, such as heat shields, filters, and medical devices. Lead researcher Yogendra Kumar Mishra presents a stretchable ceramic made from tin oxide. The paper, published in Advanced Electronic Materials, is \"Three-dimensional SnO2 nanowire networks for multia separate coating-but its biggest problem was durability. ORNL\'s new coating solves this problem by adding some much-needed durability to the mix. \"This quality differentiates it from traditional polymeric and powderbased counterparts, which are generally mechanically fragile,\" Aytug says. \"We have shown that our nanostructure glass coatings exhibit superior mechanical resistance to impact abrasion-like sand storms-and are thermally stable to temperatures approaching 500 degrees Celsius.\" To fabricate the glass super-coating, ORNL scientists came up with a method that could be scaled-up easily Credit: Claudia Eulitz; CAU functional applications: From hightemperature stretchable ceramics to ultraresponsive sensors\" (DOI: 10.1002/ aelm.201500081). a transition to industry—another problem that plagued Corning\'s super surface. \"We developed a method that starts with depositing a thin layer of glass material on a glass surface followed by thermal processing and selective material removal by etching,\" Aytug says in the release. \"This produces a surface consisting of a porous three-dimensional network of high-silica content glass that resembles microscopic coral.\" Blackery and inexpensively for New durable glass coatings may better protect devices. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 21 Credit: Phil Roeder; Flickr CC BY 2.0 research briefs Durable multilayered, multifunctional thermal barrier coatings demonstrated by Sanjay Sampath Researchers from Stony Brook University\'s Center for Thermal Spray Research (CTSR) recently reported significant advancements in the development of durable thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). TBCs are critical materials used in hot sections of gas turbine engines, enabling improved efficiencies through higher turbine operating temperatures. Yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) has been the workhorse material of present day TBCs. However, YSZ TBCs are limited in temperature capability (typically to <1,200°C) and rapidly degrade in the presence of molten silicate deposits (resulting from ingested desert sand, volcanic ash, or coal ash). There has been considerable research within academia and industry to find suitable alternatives to YSZ that can simultaneously accommodate higher temperature operation and resistance to silicate attack. Although several novel compositions have been identified as possible solutions, deploying them in service mandates successful implementation of the materials via processing. A key challenge with implementing new, low-conductivity TBC ceramics is the relatively low intrinsic fracture toughness of advanced compositions compared with YSZ. For instance, gadolinium zirconate (GZO) offers low conductivity, sinter resistance, and ability to withstand molten silicate attack-in fact, GZO already has been implemented in aero engines. Erosion & CMAS resistant GZO Layer Low Conductivity, Elastic modulus Porous TBC (YSZ or GDZ) Low conductivity Low Elastic modulus Dense or DVC YSZ Layer - High Kic Bond coat Superalloy Schematic illustration of multilayered, multifunctional However, the fracture toughness of GZO is significantly lower than that of YSZ, with potential impact on the material\'s durability. Of further importance is the material\'s toughness sensitivi- thermal barrier coatings. ty to defected microstructure, resulting from design requirements and processing (porous coatings substantially lower already low thermal conductivity and provide mechanical compliance). In a series of publications that have recently appeared in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, the CTSR team has carefully examined the interplay among processing, fracture toughness, and durability of plasma-sprayed TBCs. The fracture toughness of GZO and YSZ as a function of their process-dependent microstructure was obtained in collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory using the double torsion technique. Research News Cheaper magnetic material is alternative to rare earths Scientists at Ames Laboratory have created a new magnetic alloy that is an alternative to traditional rare-earth permanent magnets. The new alloy eliminates the use of one of the scarcest and costliest rare earth elements, dysprosium, and instead uses cerium, the most abundant rare earth. The result, an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron codoped with cerium and cobalt, is a less expensive material with properties that are competitive with traditional sintered magnets containing dysprosium. Experiments demonstrated that the cerium-containing alloy\'s intrinsic coercivity far exceeds that of dysprosium-containing magnets at high temperatures. The materials are at least 20% to 40% cheaper than the dysprosiumcontaining magnets. For more information, visit ameslab.gov. Magnetic nanoparticles could offer another alternative to rare earths Scientists at Virginia Commonwealth University have synthesized a powerful magnetic material that consists of nanoparticles of iron, cobalt, and carbon atoms with a magnetic domain size of roughly 5 nm. The material can store information up to 790 K with thermal and time-stable, long-range magnetic order, which could have a potential impact for data storage applications. When collected in powders, the material exhibits magnetic properties that rival those of permanent magnets that generally contain rare-earth elements. The study is a joint experimental-theoretical effort in which the new material was synthesized, characterized, and showed improved characteristics following the theoretical prediction. For more information, visit news.vcu.edu. Expanding magnets have potential to energize the world Researchers at the University of Maryland and Temple University have discovered a new class of magnets that swell in volume when placed in a magnetic field and generate negligible amounts of wasteful heat during energy harvesting. The team discovered that certain iron-based alloys exhibit non-Joulian behavior when thermally treated and then rapidly cooled to room temperature. The materials contained never before seen microscopic cellular-like structures whose response to a magnetic field is at the heart of non-Joulian magnetostriction. Because these new magnets are composed of alloys that are free of rare-earth elements, they could replace existing rare-earth-based magnetostriction alloys. For more information, visit umdrightnow. umd.edu/news. 22 22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 The results indicate intrinsic and process-induced effects on material properties. Using this knowledge of toughness-microstructure-processing interplay, the team further developed multilayer strategies in which coating toughness was spatially engineered to target greater durability. In the case of YSZ, a bilayer coating was fabricated, consisting of a tough interfacial layer to offer resistance to crack propagation and a porous second layer to reduce available elastic energy in the overall system. Under furnace cycling conditions, these coatings provided significantly enhanced durability compared with traditional porous TBCs. Such bilayer TBCs also provide a balance of properties in terms of durability and low thermal conductivity. Extending this concept, a three-layer coating was developed in which a GZO coat was applied on top of the bilayer YSZ system. Here, a dense vertically cracked form of GZO was sought to provide better erosion resistance as well as defense against calcium magnesium aluminosilicate deposits. Such property-optimized, three-layer coatings also showed excellent furnace cycle durability with initial results confirming the suitability of a GZO top coat in molten silicate-laden environments. Further, the team explored several configurations of the multimaterial coatings and rationalized their failure through available elastic energy formulations. The results couple the interplay between available elastic energy to drive failure with the toughness of the material at failure location. These results provide a framework for process-enabled design of multimaterial, multilayer coatings. By taking advantage of process parametrics to design robust coatings, the concepts can be readily transitioned to manufacturing. Discussions along these lines are underway with the Stony Brook Industrial Consortium for Thermal Spray Technology partners. This work was supported by Department of Energy\'s University Turbine Systems Research program, in conjunction with support from Stony Brook Consortium. Collaborative support from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Siemens Energy, and Saint-Gobain are gratefully acknowledged. For more information, contact Sanjay Sampath at sanjay.sampath@ stonybrook.edu. Spider silk without the struggle A practical synthetic solution in the future The struggle is real for scientists on a mission to bring the numerous benefits of spider silk to the masses. It is tough to spin this strong fiber synthetically in the lab and mimic the impressive strength and durability of the real thing. And naturally sourced spider silk is not cheap to produce in large quantities, because spiders are territorial and cannibalistic, making farming them en masse tricky. But an exciting breakthrough has emerged. After five years of diligent-butquiet research, Bolt Threads, a startup based in Emeryville, Calif., says it finally has made \"meaningful progress\" on the challenge of developing synthetic spider silk for commercial use, according to a recent Wired article. And they have ample support from notable financial backers for development-$40 million in investments and government grants, including a chunk of change from the National Science Foundation. \"Basically, our mission from the beginning was to make a scalable Engineering a better solar cell by pinpointing defects in popular perovskites A study by University of Washington and University of Oxford researchers demonstrate that perovskite materials, generally believed to be uniform in composition, actually contain flaws that can be engineered to improve solar devices. The research team used confocal microscopy to find defects in the perovskite films that limit the movement of charges and, therefore, limit the efficiency of the devices. The team correlated fluorescent confocal images with electron microscopy images to find poorly performing regions of the perovskite material at crystal intersections. The technique offered an easy way to identify flaws in perovskite materials and to pinpoint areas where the composition can be chemically altered to boost performance. For more information, visit washington.edu/news. Defects can \'Hulk-up\' thermoelectric materials In the story of Hulk, exposure to gamma radiation transforms scientist Bruce Banner into a far more powerful version of himself. In a study at Berkeley Lab, exposure to alphaparticle radiation has been shown to transform certain thermoelectric materials into far more powerful versions of themselves. Irradiating thermoelectric semiconductor bismuth telluride can control native crystal defects so they enhance the material\'s performance by a factor of up to 10. Researchers expect native defects to be generated and behave in a similar manner across a wide range of narrow-bandgap semiconductors. They believe, therefore, the technique can be used to improve other thermoelectric materials without the need for complicated and expensive materials processing. For more information, visit newscenter.lbl.gov. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Complex hydride shows promise as solid electrolyte An international team of researchers has discovered a potential rival to lithium-based electrolytes a complex hydride containing sodium and boron (Na2B₁₁0). The material can rapidly ferry sodium ions between the electrodes of a battery, making it attractive for high-power applications. When the researchers heated the material from room temperature, sodium-ion conductivity increased by almost 100-fold at 110°C because of a change in the material\'s structure from a tightly packed structure to one containing wide, open corridors through which charge-carrying sodium ions could readily travel. The resulting sodium-ion conductivity is more than 10 times higher than those of previously investigated sodium-based complex hydrides. For more information, visit research. wpi-aimr.tohoku.ac.jp/eng. 23 research briefs amount of spider silk and bring that to consumers. It\'s a problem that\'s been around for a long time and has been hampered entirely by technical challenges,\" Dan Widmaier, CEO of Bolt Threads, tells Wired. What the company is doing is not groundbreaking in the biotechnology world, though, Widmaier says in the article. \"The scientists genetically engineered a microorganism that can yield large quantities of silk protein through a yeast fermentation process-not just grams of silk protein, but metric tons. Then, using a proprietary mechanical system, a wet silk protein solution is manually squeezed through small extrusion holes and goes into a liquid bath that turns the stuff into solid fibers.\" Although Widmaier did not divulge specifics, he did tell Wired \"the extrusion process mimics the behavior of a spider\'s spinneret-its silk-spinning organ.\' \" Spiders store gellike silk proteins—also known as spidroins—in their glands. But exactly how spiders convert these proteins from a soluble state into a solid fiber was a relative mystery until Swedish researchers published findings in the journal PLOS Biology in August 2014 that revealed a gradual change in pH occurs as the proteins travel through the glands, which triggers solidification. Spider silk surpasses the strength of some of the strongest types of fibers known to modern technology-including nylon, wool, Kevlar, and carbon. For its size, spider silk is stronger by weight than high-grade steel, but also is incredibly flexible and light. It even surpasses the elasticity of rubber. New methods to produce synthetic spider silk may be better than the real thing. If commercialized, synthetic spider silk could be a real game changer when it comes to strengthening materials for bulletproof vests, biodegradable water bottles, flexible bridge suspension ropes, vehicle air bags, and protective cases and covers for electronics. And that list is just the tip of the iceberg. The researchers at Bolt Threads are not the only ones pioneering the spider silk revolution. Scientists at the University of Trento in Italy have been spraying spiders with water containing carbon nanotubes and graphene flakes to produce \"one of the toughest fibers ever measured\" by materials science standards, according to a recent MIT Technology Review article. High-strength shotcrete could protect from fires and terrorist attacks Engineers at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum have developed a shotcrete that is much more robust than traditional concrete. It can render tunnels, bridges, and other constructions more resistant against fires and explosions. The new formula protects with 140 kg of steel fibers per 1 m³ of concrete a figure that was thought to be impossible for shotcrete. Because fibers can make the material too rigid for pumping and spraying, the team foamed concrete until the mixture contained ~20% air bubbles. Engineers then added a defoamer as the concrete was sprayed, which quickly extracted air from the mix. The shotcrete can be applied to surfaces of any shape and accounts for as much as 60% of residual load capacity of the construction to be protected. For more information, visit aktuell. ruhr-uni-bochum.de. Plugging up leaky graphene Graphene can serve as an ultrathin membrane for faster, longer-lasting water filters. But making membranes in one-atom-thick layers is a meticulous process that can tear the thin material. Now engineers at MIT, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals have devised a process to fill these cracks and plug holes using a combination of chemical deposition and polymerization techniques. The team then created tiny, uniform pores in the material, small enough to allow only water to pass through. Combining these two techniques, the researchers were able to engineer a relatively large defect-free graphene membrane that allowed comparable rates of water flow and contaminant separation. For more information, visit newsoffice.mit.edu. Stable photocathode has potential for artificial photosynthesis A team at the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin has developed a new composite photocathode for generating hydrogen with high quantum efficiency using sunlight. The photocathode consists of chalcopyrite that has been coated with a thin, transparent, conductive oxide film of titanium dioxide. The titanium film is polycrystalline and contains a small amount of platinum nanoparticles. This new composite produces a photovoltage of almost 0.5 V and high photocurrent densities of up to 38 mA/cm² under sunlight. The composite also acts as a catalyst to accelerate formation of hydrogen and is chemically protected against corrosion. Because titanium dioxide is transparent, almost all sunlight reaches the photoactive chalcopyrite, leading to performance comparable with a conventional device-grade thin-film solar cell. For more information, visit helmholtz-berlin.de. 24 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: Alan Reeves; Flickr CC BY 2.0 Credit: U.S. Naval Research Laboratory; Jamie Hartman Sintering spinel: NRL scientists fabricate unique shapes with special ceramic U.S. Naval Research Lab (NRL) scientists have experimented with sintering spinel to the point where their technique can produce harder ceramics, larger pieces, and pieces with challenging shapes-all thanks to a deconstruction of the science behind the process. Although NRL was not first to sinter spinel, its scientists perfected the process to optimize fabrication of larger and more complex pieces of spinel, according to the NRL press release. Previous iterations of the method produced inconsistent results, with only portions of the sintered material coming out of the hot press transparent. Digging deeper into the science behind the process, NRL researchers found that a big problem with fabricating transparent spinel was the starting materials, which need to be superbly pure to get a quality final product. \"Lousy chemicals in, lousy material out,\" says Jas Sanghera, who leads the research at NRL, in a lab press release. In addition to the purity and quality First measurements of thermoelectric behavior of metal-organic frameworks Sandia National Laboratories researchers have made the first measurements of thermoelectric behavior by a nanoporous metal-organic framework (MOF), a development that could lead to an entirely new class of materials for cooling computer chips, cameras, energy harvesting, and more. The work builds on previous research that establishes electrical conductivity in MOFs by infiltrating the pores with molecules of tetracyanoquinodimethane. The team found that the material\'s temperature conversion efficiency approaches that of the best conducting materials, such as bismuth telluride. The researchers also gained a fundamental understanding of the charge transport properties of MOFs. For more information, visit share. sandia.gov/news. of the starting materials, getting the mix of materials just right is equally critical. Sanghera says that the spinel powder they were using contained about 1% lithium fluoride sintering aid. Although the sintering aid helps the process, it can, at the same time, hinder the final product. Reactions between the spinel powder and lithium fluoride can produce scattering sites within the material, creating opaque regions in the otherwise clear product. A transparent dome-shaped spinel component sintered by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Part of the problem with lithium fluoride occurs when the spinel powder particles are not mixed thoroughly. Although the NRL team was mixing in a shaker overnight, the process was not adequate. \"The thing is, on a scale of the powder, it\'s never mixed uniformly,\" Sanghera says. Using a higher quality, thoroughly mixed spinel powder-achieved through a novel spray-coating process-into the hot press was key to producing uniform, clear, and uniquely shaped spinel products. Twin boundaries in lithium-ion batteries Although most past research has focused on removing defects from materials, Michigan Technological University researchers are now seeing defects as opportunities. Twin boundaries-small, symmetrical defects in materials may present an opportunity to improve lithium-ion batteries. Like all basic batteries, lithium-ions rely on shuttling ions between the anode and cathode, coaxed by an electric current. Twin boundaries could help hustle that ion exchange or perhaps extend it, possibly without losing battery life. The research team examined twin boundaries in tin oxides, but says it is applicable in many battery materials. For more information, visit mtu.edu/news. Improved mixing also meant scientists could reduce the amount of lithium fluoride in the spinel powder. \"Additionally, the sintering process was modified to completely eliminate residual LiF through evaporation and thereby avoids unwanted chemical reactions,\" according to an NRL TechTransfer about the material. The NRL press release states that the team also is working on ways to decrease the need to grind and polish the hot-offthe-hot-press product to reduce finishing costs and production time. \"Ultimately, we\'re going to hand it over to industry, so it has to be a scalable process,\" says Sanghera. In the lab, the NRL team pressed spinel pieces eight inches in diameter. \"Then we licensed the technology to a company who was able then to scale that up to much larger plates, about 30-inches wide.\" The capability to scale the process and the ability to produce unique shapes—in concert with the fact that spinel allows infrared light to pass through-means that the spinel components have many potential applications in defense systems. But beyond those extreme environments, making the spinel better and more cost-effective could expand the reach of applications, too-even to watches, consumer electronics, and smartphones. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 25 research briefs Study probes chocolate with X-rays to keep surface bloom at bay A group of researchers from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH), and Nestle has taken materials science to chocolate by studying how fat bloom forms on the confection\'s delicious surface. Fat bloom is a white surface substance caused by fat migrating out of the chocolate mixture. \"Although fat blooming is perfectly harmless, it causes millions in damage to the food industry as a result of rejects and customer complaints,\" explains main author Svenja Reinke in a DESY press release. \"Despite this well-known quality issue, comparatively little has been known until now about its root causes.\" To probe chocolate, the team lined up DESY\'s PETRA III synchrotron to use small-angle X-ray scattering to investigate the real-time fat dynamics of a ground powder of chocolate-cocoa, sugar, milk powder, and cocoa butter. \"The technology used to examine the samples shows us both the fat crysreach your audience with ceramicSOURCE update your listing ceramicsource.org Korena Lacasse Small-angle X-ray scattering reveals microstructure of a well-known complex multicomponent system-chocolate. tals and the pores inside the product, down to a scale of a few nanometers,\" lead researcher Stefan Heinrich says in the release. Wetting the powder with a few drops of sunflower oil provided a conduit to study the migration of fats throughout the chocolate. \"First of all, wetting takes place within seconds. The oil penetrates very quickly into even the smallest pores, probably through capillary action,\" Reinke says in the release. \"Over a period of hours, the liquid fat dissolves additional crystalline lipid structures, which makes the entire structure of the chocolate softer. This in turn increases the migration of lipids.” That migration allows the lipids to sneak through cracks and pores in the chocolate and migrate to the surface, causing fat bloom. \"For the first time, we have been able to track in detail the dynamic mechanisms that lead to the creation of fat bloom,\" says DESY scientist Stephan Roth, head of the P03 beamline at PETRA III, in the release. \"The joint study has supplied important information as to how we can study structural changes in such \'everyday\' multicomponent systems.\" Better yet, the results directly translate into ways for the food industry to improve chocolate to prevent fat bloom. That means minimizing the amount of liquid fat or its ability to migrate in the chocolate. \"One consequence might, for example, be to reduce the porosity of the chocolate during manufacture, so that the fat migrates more slowly,\" Reinke says in the release. \"Another approach is to limit the amount of fat that is present in a liquid form by storing the product in cool, but not too cold, conditions-18 degrees Celsius is ideal. Just a few degrees make a big difference. At 5 degrees, basically, all cocoa butter is solid; and above about 36 degrees everything is liquid.\" The team says that controlling crystallization of the chocolate-which is already an important part of making chocolate-also can help prevent fat bloom, because the six crystal forms of cocoa butter differentially impact the amount of fat in liquid form. The paper, published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, is \"Tracking structural changes in lipid-based multicomponent food materials due to oil migration by microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering\" (DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02092). 26 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: Korona Lacasse; Flickr CC BY 2.0 Fixation of shoulder prostheses (e.g., rotator cuff repair) Lung tissue repair Nerve regeneration O bulletin | cover story Laryngeal repair Cardiac tissue regeneration Credit: Brendan Bohr, Larry Hench; FIT Urinary tract repair Wound healing and dressing Angiogenesis Vascularization Gastrointestinal regeneration Stabilization of percutaneous devices (e.g. catheters) Fixation of ACL prostheses Figure 1. Potential applications of bioactive glasses in contact with various soft tissues currently being investigated. Applications involving fixation of ACL and shoulder prostheses are included for completeness, although they are not discussed in this article. Bioactive glasses in soft tissue repair By Valentina Miguez-Pacheco, David Greenspan, Larry L. Hench, and Aldo R. Boccaccini The ability of bioactive glasses to stimulate new blood vessel growth opens new applications, such as wound healing and nerve regeneration. he main body of research involvThe ing bioactive glasses (BGS) has been devoted to applications in orthopedics and dentistry, given that the original composi tion 45S5 Bioglass™ was developed to treat non-self-healing bone defects, such as bullet trauma or cancer. 1,2 Because of their high bioactivity, BGs directly bond to bone. That bioactivity recently has been appreciated to extend to interaction with soft tissues as well. 3,4 Many of the cellular processes involved in the early stages of soft tissue regeneration are affected by ionic dissolution products released by BGs, and an important aspect of BG applications in soft tissue repair strategies is their angiogenic potential. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 27 Capsule summary BACKGROUND Bioactive glasses were originally developed to treat non-self-healing bone defects, and they have been developed into various successful clinical applications for orthopedics and dentistry. Surface reactions of BGs in contact with relevant fluids-which result in release of metallic ions (depending on BG composition) and precipitation of a hydroxyapatite (HA) surface layer-have been studied extensively. 5,6 Several BG formulations also exhibit antibacterial effects and, therefore, lead to successful clinical outcomes, for example, to combat osteomyelitis.? The therapeutic effect of metallic ions added to BGs on osteoblast cells has been established as highly beneficial in the context of bone regeneration, especially given gene upregulation in osteoblast cells, increased extracellular matrix mineralization, and proliferation of osteoblasts occur in the presence of specific concentrations of BG dissolution products. Research into the application of BGs in soft tissue engineering has delved into areas such as peripheral nerve repair⁹ and chronic wound healing. 10 Other tissues also are being considered, which are summarized in Figure 1 and have been discussed in recent literature. 3,4 This article compiles the most recent publications in the field to provide a concise overview of the suitability and potential of BGs in soft tissue engineering. While highlighting the angiogenic effect of BGs, we also focus on wound healing and nerve regeneration. Angiogenesis Angiogenesis is a crucial process that takes place in normal tissue regeneration and repair as well as in some pathogenic processes, such as cancer. Angiogenesis involves sprouting of new blood vessels from existing ones, a process carefully orchestrated and driven by mechanical stress and chemical cues-chiefly growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and other signalling molecules-produced by cells in surrounding tissues. Angiogenesis is a crucial step in any tissue-engineering strategy, because new NEW USES The properties of bioactive glasses and how they interact with biological systems also makes the materials of interest for soft tissue repair strategies. tissue requires adequate oxygenation and mass transport to and from cells. One approach to stimulate angiogenesis in tissue-engineering constructs is the direct introduction of growth factors and signalling molecules onto constructs\' surfaces. However, production and isolation of these angiogenic factors is expensive, and their release kinetics and efficiency of delivery to surrounding tissues once implanted remain incompletely understood. In addition, manufacturing methods or necessary pretreatments of tissue-engineering scaffolds may alter or damage the 3-D structure of these bioactive molecules, thus rendering them inadequate. For these and other reasons, i.e., costs, alternative methods of promoting angiogenesis-especially those where the scaffold material\'s degradation products act themselves as stimulants of this process-are needed. There is substantial in-vivo and invitro evidence that BG dissolution products have an angiogenic effect.\" In particular, direct stimulation by BG dissolution products produces relevant growth factors, namely vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF) in fibroblast cells. A recent article 12 discusses individual metallic elements and their role in angiogenesis, although effects that may occur in in-vitro and in-vivo experiments involving BGs will most likely be caused by the combined action of various released ions. Further research is required to investigate individual effects of metallic ions released by BGs and the effect of specific ratios of ion concentrations. Also, increased pH associated with the dissolution-precipitation of BGs in relevant solutions affects cell processes and correlates with increased metabolic activity and proliferation rate in mammalian cells.13 Many publications report research on the angiogenic effects of BGs in the LOOKING FORWARD Available literature indicates that the soft tissue bonding ability of bioactive glasses and their proven bioactivity and angiogenic abilities make the materials suitable for a range of soft tissue applications that were unthinkable a few years ago. context of bone tissue engineering.\" Recently, El-Gendy et al.14 studied the angiogenic effect of 45S5-Bioglass-based scaffolds and human dental pulp cells for tissue-engineered bone constructs. The study found increased endothelial gene expression in cells seeded onto 3-D porous scaffolds in-vitro and formation of microvessel-like tubular structures eight weeks after implantation in male immunocompromised mice. Of relevance for the application of BGs in soft tissue repair, where vascularization is a prerequisite, previous work examined the effects of culturing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with extracts of nanosized 58S and 80S BGs (58S-NBG and 80SNBG, respectively), which are sol-gelderived, mesoporous BGs. 15 That study assessed angiogenic effects using an extracellular matrix gel tube formation assay and following mRNA expression of five angiogenic-related gene markers. Extracts from BG formulations stimulated proliferation and migration of HUVECS and production of VEGF and bFGF, and upregulated expression of their respective receptors together with those for nitric oxide synthase, which is also believed to be a key angiogenic marker. These results complement a previous study conducted with human fibroblasts, which also demonstrates the pro-angiogenic effects of BGs. That study examined angiogenic markers from human fibroblast cells (CCD-18Co) encapsulated in alginate beads containing 45S5 BG particles ranging from 0% to 1% (w/v).1 Incubating beads with 0.01% and 0.1% (w/v) 45S5 BG content in culture medium for up to 17 d stimulated increased secretion of VEGF. In addition, culture medium containing exudates from alginate beads containing 0.1% (w/v) 45S5 BG stimulated proliferation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECAs) in-vitro. 28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Boron-doped 45S5 BG (45S5.2B) has also been studied recently for its angiogenic effect using an embryonic quail choroallantoic membrane model, which showed that the BG\'s ionic dissolution products stimulated angiogenesis. 17 The results of these studies compound previous investigations that found various compositions of BGs stimulate angiogenic growth factor production in-vitro and provide interesting avenues for neovascularization of tissueengineering constructs. Since publication in 2010 of the first review article summarizing angiogenic evidence of BGs, many studies have been published (detected using keywords \"vascularization\" or \"angiogenesis\" combined with \"bioactive glass\" in publication databases), adding in-vitro and in-vivo evidence to this field. Wound healing In clinical scenarios of extensive skin damage caused by injury or disease or nonhealing wounds, such as diabetic skin ulcers, considerable care is needed to simultaneously restore damaged tissue, avoid infection, and remove excessive tissue exudates that might impair adequate healing. Nanofibrous BG dressings and ointments containing BG particles of various compositions have found success in clinical and animal studies, respectively, to accelerate wound healing and improve the quality of newly formed tissue. In the case of dressings, BG nanofibers provide cellular mechanical support and a source of therapeutic ions, aiding tissue regeneration as demonstrated for borate glass fibers. 10 Recent investigations have examined in-vitro degradation and HA deposition of BG nanofibers and microfibers of 45S5, 13-93B3, and 1605 (doped with CuO and ZnO) compositions (Table 1) in static and dynamic-flow models.18 BG compositions 13-93B3 and 1605 exhibit faster ion release and glass conversion compared with 45S5 BG, and trace amounts of added elements (namely copper and zinc) influence fiber bioactivity. Further, experiments with CCL-110 human skin fibroblast cells show that presoaking fibers in culture medium or providing an adequate medium flow rate benefit cell migration and proliferation. Table 1. Compositions of bioactive glasses investigated to produce nanofibers and microfibers¹8 Chemical composition (wt%) Fiber name 4555 Na₂O K₂O MgO CaO SiO2 P₂O5 B₂O3 CuO ZnO 24.5 0 0 24.5 45 6 0 0 0 13-93B3 5.5 11.1 4.6 18.5 0 3.7 56.6 0 0 6 12 5 20 0 4 51.6 0.4 1 1605 In a similar recent study, Zhao et al. 19 investigated the utility of copper-doped borate BG (CuB-BG) microfibers as wound dressings in-vitro and in-vivo. CuB-BGs doped with 0-3.0-wt% CuO were converted into HA after only 7 d of immersion in simulated body fluid invitro. In addition, treatment of HUVEC cell cultures with only BG fiber culture supernatants can promote cell migration, tubule formation, and production of VEGF, whereas culture with human primary dermal fibroblasts upregulates angiogenic-related gene expression. Microfiber dressings of 3.0-wt% CuO CuB-BG fibers increase stimulation of angiogenesis in full-thickness skin defects in rodents. Doped and undoped fibers markedly improve wound tissue healing through collagen fiber deposition, orientation, and maturity compared with untreated controls at 7- and 14-d postoperation. At 14 d, defects treated with doped or undoped fibers exhibit no significant difference in tissue quality. A setup used by Ma et al. 20 produced nanofibrous BG (composition (wt%): 30 SiO2, 27 CaO, 20 B₂O3, 4 P₂O5, 1.5 CuO, 1 ZnO, 3 K₂O, and 9 Na₂O) and gelatin/chitosan (G/C) composite membranes for use in chronic wound management by electrospinning. Pure G/C and composite G/C with 15-wt% BG membranes implanted subcutaneously into surgical incisions mimicking wounds degraded after four weeks, with no inflammation in surrounding tissues. Altogether these results demonstrate that BGs, especially various compositions in fibrous morphologies, are excellent options for wound-healing applications, because they mediate cell migration and proliferation based on their capacity to stimulate angiogenesis. Nerve regeneration Scission or other damage to peripheral nerves normally elicits a regenerative response by the body, but depending American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org on the degree of damage and size of the injury, full recovery of motor and sensory functions may not occur. The use of implants to aid nerve regeneration has focused mainly on bridging gaps left by sectioning damaged tissue and have been made using natural and synthetic polymeric materials. However, in an increasing number of studies, the application of BGs and particularly fibrous BGs is leading to more promising results. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) aid nerve regeneration in the olfactory system and the rest of the central nervous system and are involved in axon myelination.21 As such, this cell type has potential use in nerve regeneration. A recent study by Renno et al.22 exposed OECS-seeded on biosilicate (a bioactive glass-ceramic (BGC) of the quaternary Na₂O-CaO-SiO2-P₂O₂ system) disks and collagen scaffolds-to single laser irradiation at 830 nm under the supposition that it would speed up OEC growth and proliferation. OECs cultured for up to three weeks successfully grew on both substrates. However, laser-irradiation increased cell population on collagen scaffolds and decreased cell population on BGC disks. The study\'s authors speculate that interaction of the laser with BGC\'s crystalline structure may inhibit OEC proliferation, although further investigation is needed to confirm that speculation. In any case, the successful seeding and incubation methods of this study may be of use in future research involving BGs and OECs. Another recent study by Mohammadkhan et al. 23 developed poly-(ε)caprolactone (PCL) and BG composite sheets as flexible biomaterials for neural tissue engineering. Specifically, composite sheets were fabricated with 50-wt% PCL and 50-wt% 13-93 B3 BG, 50-wt% 45S5 BG, or 25-wt% each 13-93 B3 and 45S5 BG particles. Sheets cultured with embryonic chicken dorsal root ganglia cells for up to 72 h stimulated neurite 29 Bioactive glasses in soft tissue repair 1. Extracellular interactions Surface roughness NH3* -HO Surface charge/chemistry CH₂ Adsorbed proteins Cell receptors lons released by BGs Which affect 2. Intracellular interactions Material surface Adhesion Proliferation Differentiation BG/composite surface Figure 2. Types of material surface characteristics and how they affect cellular processes. outgrowth on as-fabricated 45S5 and pretreated 13-93 B3 composites compared with pure PCL controls, confirming that BG-containing composites are promising nerve guide conduit materials. Recently, the cytocompatibility of silica-based BGs containing Y₂O, and CeO2 was tested by Placek et al. 24 by incubating murine fibroblast and osteoblast cells with BG extracts. BG extracts exhibited good cytocompatibility, and the authors suggest that these BGs would be suitable candidates for nerve regeneration, because the inclusion of yttrium and cerium in the compositions may impart antioxidant effects, thus reducing damage to surrounding nerve tissues caused by oxidative stress experienced after trauma. Bonding mechanisms between BG and soft tissues The mechanism of bonding between BGs and soft and hard tissues is gov erned by well-established dissolution and 8,26 Credit: Valentina Miguez-Pacheco; U. of Erlangen-Nuremberg described, and, therefore, this remains an area of active research. Biomechanical aspects Clinical applications of BGs in contact with soft tissues have two primary requirements for success: precipitation reactions that occur at BG surfaces upon contact with physiological fluids. 2,8,25 A local pH increase caused by increased concentration of various ions at the BG-fluid interface results in formation of a carbonated HA layer at the interface. This crystalline layer provides a bonding interface between implant and tissue. Two types of interactions occur in the body upon implantation of BGs,8, as summarized in Table 2 and Figure 2. Of particular importance for BGs, these two types of interactions are affected by the availability of various ions and, thus, are highly dependent on specific BG composition. Additionally, collagenous constituents of soft tissues can attach to BG surfaces, although bonding and rate of regeneration are partially dependent on progenitor cell populations available in surrounding tissues. 27 Although there is evidence that BGs can attach to various soft tissues, the mechanisms responsible for these observations have not been fully Table 2. Cell-material interaction types and their effects Cell-material interaction type Determined by 30 Affected processes Extracellular of the material Intracellular Protein ligands formed on implant surface and available cell receptors Degree of cellular adhesion Specific surface characteristics • Protein adsorption •Subsequent cell attachment • Cell differentiation ⚫Cell proliferation • Rapid formation of an interfacial layer mediated by extracellular matrix molecules; and • Stable long-term interfacial bonding that prevents micromotion at the interface and inflammatory responses. The excellent long-term clinical success of 45S5 BG devices for replacement of bones of the middle ear and implants for maintenance of edentulous jaws (ERMIs), reviewed by Hench and Greenspan, 27 are attributed to satisfying the above requirements for bone and soft connective tissues. Stable bonding of the implant to soft tissues prevents extrusion of ossicular replacements through the tympanic membrane or exfoliation through gingival tissues. An early canine study by Wilson et al., 28 using the same ERMI implants, burs, and protocols as for humans, made it possible to achieve a quantitative histo-morphometric analysis of the hard and soft tissue bonding interfaces of ERMIS. Within three months, bonding stabilized for hard and soft tissues. Soft tissue was bonded by collagen fibers interdigitated within a 150-400-μm-thick bonding gel layer composed of biological HCA and an underlying silica-rich gel layer that began to form on implants within minutes of implantation. It was proposed that the difference in Young\'s modulus in the interfacial area between soft tissue and bulk BG implant is spread over a substantial interfacial thickness because of an elastically compliant hydrated silica gel (HCA) layer on the BG, which is several hundred micrometers thick.27 Rapid formation of the bonding layer, as well as low stiffness of this bonding zone and the favorable stress transfer resulting from bonding of collagen fibrils, was concluded to be responsible for short- and long-term success of 45S5 Bioglass ERMIS. 28,29 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Conclusions Available literature on the interactions of BGs and soft tissues unequivocally points to high suitability of BG materials for a range of applications beyond traditional areas in orthopedics and dentistry. The relative ease of manufacture and low cost of producing BGs of various chemical compositions in particulate, fibrous, mesoporous, or macroporous 3-D formswhether the BG is intended for use alone or as part of a composite-make these materials highly attractive for clinical applications. The wide range of compositions studied (not considering those yet to be discovered) allow tailored therapeutic ion release and delivery according to the tissue type and conditions to be repaired, thus bringing an expanding range of options and opportunities for applications of BGs in soft tissue repair. The soft tissue bonding ability of BGs and their proven bioactivity and angiogenic abilities suggest that it is only a matter of time before BGs are more broadly exploited in a wide range of soft tissue applications that were unthinkable a few years ago. The research discussed above indicates that BGs offer the potential to achieve regeneration of all connective tissues. Control of the rate of release of ionic stimuli by composition and surface area of BG formulations makes it possible to synchronize surface reaction kinetics with various cells and stimulate differentiation towards the mature phenotype required to regenerate anisotropic 3-D tissues with a complex extracellular matrix. Understanding genetic upregulation and activation by ionic stimuli released from BGs offers the possibility of developing patient-specific therapies, a huge challenge for the aging population. About the authors Valentina Miguez-Pacheco is a Ph.D. student and Aldo R. Boccaccini is professor and chair at the Institute of Biomaterials, University of ErlangenNuremberg (Erlangen, Germany). David Greenspan is president of Spinode Consulting (St. Augustine, Fla.). Larry L. Hench is a professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology (Melbourne, Fla.). References \'L.L. Hench, \"The story of Bioglass,\" J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 17 [11] 967-78 (2006). 2L.L. Hench, R.J. Splinter, W.C. Allen, and T.K. Greenlee, \"Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials,\" J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 5 [6] 117-41 (1971). 3V. Miguez-Pacheco, L.L. Hench, and A.R. Boccaccini, \"Bioactive glasses beyond bone and teeth: Emerging applications in contact with soft tissues,\" Acta Biomater., 13, 1-15 (2015). 4F. Baino, G. Novajra, V. Miguez-Pacheco, A.R. Boccaccini, and C. Vitale-Brovarone, \"Bioactive glasses: Special applications outside the skeletal system,\" J. Non.-Cryst. Solids, Mar (2015). \"M.N. Rahaman, D.E. Day, B.S. Bal, Q. Fu, S.B. Jung, L.F. Bonewald, and A.P. Tomsia, \"Bioactive glass in tissue engineering,\" Acta Biomater., 7 [6] 2355-73 (2011). 6A. Hoppe, N.S. Güldal, and A.R. Boccaccini, \"A review of the biological response to ionic dissolution products from bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics,\" Biomaterials, 32 [11] 2757-74 (2011). 7C.L. Romanò, N. Logoluso, E. Meani, D. Romanò, E. De Vecchi, C. Vassena, and L. Drago, \"A comparative study of the use of bioactive glass S53P4 and antibiotic-loaded calcium-based bone substitutes in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis: A retrospective comparative study,\" Bone Joint J., 96-B [6] 845-50 (2014). 8 I.D. Xynos, A.J. Edgar, L.D. Buttery, L.L. Hench, and J.M. Polak, \"Ionic products of bioactive glass dissolution increase proliferation of human osteoblasts and induce insulin-like growth factor II mRNA expression and protein synthesis,\" Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 276 [2] 461-65 (2000). ⁹S. Bunting, L. Di Silvio, S. Deb, and S. Hall, \"Bioresorbable glass fibres facilitate peripheral nerve regeneration,\" J. Hand. Surg. Br., 30 [3] 242-47 (2005). 10P. Wray, \"Wound healing: An update on Mo-Sci\'s novel borate glass fibers,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 92 [4] 25-29 (2011). \"A.A. Gorustovich, J.A. Roether, and A.R. Boccaccini, “Effect of bioactive glasses on angiogenesis: A review of in-vitro and in-vivo evidences,\" Tissue Eng. Part B Rev., 16 [2] 199-207 (2010). 12M.A. Saghiri, J. Orangi, A. Asatourian, and N. Sheibani, \"Functional role of inorganic trace elements in angiogenesis-Part II: (Cr, Si, Zn, Cu, and S),\" Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., May 27 (2015); in press. 13R. Schreiber, \"Ca²* signaling, intracellular pH and cell volume in cell proliferation,\" J. Membr. Biol., 205 [3] 129-37 (2005). 14R. El-Gendy, J. Kirkham, P.J. Newby, Y. Mohanram, A.R. Boccaccini, and X.B. Yang, \"Investigating the vascularization of tissue-engineered bone constructs using dental pulp cells and 45S5 Bioglass scaffolds,\" Tissue Eng. Part A, Apr 29 (2015); in press. 15C. Mao, X. Chen, G. Miao, and C. Lin, \"Angiogenesis stimulated by novel nanoscale bioactive glasses,\" Biomed. Mater., 10 [2] 025005 (2015). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 16H. Keshaw, A. Forbes, and R.M. Day, \"Release of angiogenic growth factors from cells encapsulated in alginate beads with bioactive glass,\" Biomaterials, 26 [19] 4171-79 (2005). 17L.A. Haro Durand, G.E. Vargas, N.M. Romero, R. Vera-Mesones, J.M. Porto-López, A.R. Boccaccini, M.P. Zago, A. Baldi, and A. Gorustovich, \"Angiogenic effects of ionic dissolution products released from a boron-doped 45S5 bioactive glass,\" J. Mater. Chem. B, 3, 1142-48 (2015). 18Q. Yang, S. Chen, H. Shi, H. Xiao, and Y. Ma, \"In-vitro study of improved wound-healing effect of bioactive borate-based glass nano-/microfibers,\" Mater. Sci. Eng. C., 55, 105-17 (2015). 19S. Zhao, L. Li, H. Wang, Y. Zhang, X. Cheng, N. Zhou, M.N. Rahaman, Z. Liu, W. Huang, and C. Zhang, \"Wound dressings composed of copperdoped borate bioactive glass microfibers stimulate angiogenesis and heal full-thickness skin defects in a rodent model,” Biomaterials, 53, 379-91 (2015). 20W. Ma, X. Yang, L. Ma, X. Wang, L. Zhang, G. Yang, C. Han, and Z. Gou, \"Fabrication of bioactive glass-introduced nanofibrous membranes with multifunctions for potential wound dressing,\" RSC Adv., 4 [104] 60114-22 (2014). 21S.C. Barnett and A.J. Roskams, \"Olfactory ensheathing cells. Isolation and culture from the rat olfactory bulb,\" Methods Mol. Biol., 198, 41-48 (2002). 22A.C.M. Renno, P.A. McDonnell, M.C. Crovace, E.D. Zanotto, and E.-L. Laakso, \"Effect of 830-nm laser phototherapy on olfactory neuronal ensheathing cells grown in-vitro on novel bioscaffolds,\" J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater., (2015); in press. 23A. Mohammadkhah, L.M. Marquardt, S.E. Sakiyama-Elbert, D.E. Day, and A.B. Harkins, \"Fabrication and characterization of poly-(E)caprolactone and bioactive glass composites for tissue engineering applications,\" Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl., 49, 632-39 (2015). 24L. Placek and A.W. Wren, \"Cytocompatibility of Y2O3 and CeO2 containing bioactive glasses to aid spinal cord recovery,\" 2015 41st Annual Northeast Biomedical Engineering Conference (NEBEC). IEEE; p. 1-2 (2015). 25I.D. Xynos, A.J. Edgar, L.D. Buttery, L.L. Hench, and J.M Polak, \"Gene-expression profiling of human osteoblasts following treatment with the ionic products of Bioglass 45S5 dissolution,\" J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 55 [2] 151-57 (2001). 26W. Cao and L.L. Hench, \"Bioactive materials,\' Ceram. Int., 22 [6] 493-507 (1996). \" 27L.L. Hench and D. Greenspan, “Interactions between bioactive glass and collagen: A review and new perspectives,\" J. Aust. Ceram. Soc., 49, 1-40 (2013). 28J. Wilson, A.E. Clark, M. Hall, and L.L. Hench, \"Tissue response to Bioglass endosseous ridge maintenance implants,\" J. Oral Implantol., 19 [4] 295-302 (1993). 29A.M. Weinstein, J.J. Klawitter, and S.D. Cook, \"Implant-bone interface characteristics of bioglass dental implants,\" J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 14 [1] 23-29 (1980). 31 Substitute, reclaim, discover-Solving the rare earth minerals dilemma By Eileen De Guire All products begin their physical lives raw materials, and are finite resources. Similar to carbon-based energy sources, minerals do not regenerate—at least not in an appreciable time frame. Access to minerals varies tremendously and is a function of primordial geology and contemporary geopolitics. As the table in the next pages shows, some of the most important minerals are concentrated in only a few regions, thanks to heterogeneity in the melt as the Earth cooled. Take rare-earth minerals, for example. The vast majority of production-97%-comes from China, which effectively holds a monopoly on the rare-earth minerals market. As a result, China benefits from geological serendipity and exploding growth in technologies driven by rare earth-containing components. Those who were caught in the 2009-2011 rare earth spikewhich saw prices soar as China imposed export restrictions and stockpiling by rare-earth users further restricted demand-would prefer not to repeat the experience. They would rather make products. To do so, there appear to be three options: substitute, recycle, or discover. Substitution researchers take two approaches-complete substitution of the rare earth with a non-rare earth material, or substitution of a scarcer rare earth with a fairly plentiful rare earth, such as cerium. ARPA-E has several projects to develop ironnitride permanent magnets. Researchers at the Critical Materials Institute of the Ames Laboratory (Ames, Iowa; www.ameslab. gov) are looking to replace neodymium with cerium in permanent magnets. Cerium is four times as plentiful as neodymium and commensurately less costly. Recovering rare earths tossed into the trash is an emerging area of investigation with global scope. So called e-waste—discarded computers, cell phones, televisions, etc.—is a growing problem that has captured the attention of the United Nations. United Nations University (Tokyo, Japan) is home to the STEP program-Solving the E-Waste Problem (www.stepiniative.org). The international group tracks flow of e-waste and conducts research into cost-effective approaches to reclaiming valuable materials. The program is multidisciplinary, and researchers are studying policy and geopolitical concerns regarding e-waste, much of which seems to flow from first world to third world nations. Mining ores is still the most effective source of rare-earth elements, and there are commercially viable deposits outside China. Molycorp in the United States reopened its mine when rare earth prices were high. Unfortunately, a series of events led the company to declare bankruptcy recently and close the mine. Things appear rosier in Greenland. Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd. (www.ggg.gl) published a feasibility study in May 2015 on the Kvandfjeld mineral deposit, considered to be the world\'s second largest rare-earth mineral deposit and the sixth largest uranium ore deposit. According to the study, the deposit is large enough to provide minerals for 37 years, and will meet GMEL\'s goal of providing high-purity, low-cost rare earths to a global marketplace. Once started, the mine will supply critical rare earths as well as less critical lanthanum and cerium ores. It is also a significant source of zinc and fluorospa Greenland law requires that downstream processing facilities locate in Greenland, not abroad. According to the feasibility study, GMEL plans “development of a mine, mineral concentrator, refinery, and supporting infrastructure located in Greenland treating 3.0 million tonnes per annum of ore.\" Needing a partner with expertise building ore processing infrastructure, GMEL turned to China Non-Ferrous Metal Industry\'s Foreign Engineering and Construction Co. Ltd. (NFC). The company brings significant expertise to the project. NFC\'s subsidiary company Guangdong Zhujiang Rare Earths Company was the first to achieve separation of 15 rare-earth elements. Besides the Greenland project, it is building a new stateof-the-art rare earth separation plant in China that will be one of the world\'s largest such facilities. This issue we break with tradition and present our annual summary of the United States Geological Survey in a new format that focuses on high-level trends for select raw materials important to ceramic and glass industries. We also make it easy to get detailed information from the full report-just scan the QR code or visit www.usgs.gov to access the 2015 report. 32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 USGS Mineral Commodity Summary ABRASIVES End uses or industries Trend in global production Bonded and coated abrasive products Aluminum oxide up 8.4% from 2013 to 2014; no change for silicon carbide 2015 highlights External factors Increased U.S. manufacturing production, including aerospace, automotive, and steel industries By April Gocha U.S. import or export? Leading producer* U.S. net import reliance for silicon carbide is 77% of apparent consumption China BAUXITE AND >95% of bauxite converted to alumina; 90% of alumina Down 17% from 2013 ALUMINA for aluminum to 2014 smelters 80% of total borates BORON consumption used in glass and ceramics Up 5.1% from 2013 to 2014 industries Lower production in Indonesia due to government ban on exports U.S. net import reliance for alumina is 5% of apparent consumption Demand expected to increase due to Asian and South American ceramic, glass markets Increased Australia U.S. is a net exporter of boron U.S. 70% of cement spending for new U.S. net import CEMENT sales went to ready-mix Up 2.5% residential reliance is 7% of from 2013 construction and concrete to 2014 nonresidential apparent consumption buildings China CLAYS 39% of ball clay for floor and wall tile; 39% of common Up 1.6% Increased building construction may from 2013 increase sales of clay for brick; to 2014 47% of kaolin for common and ball clay U.S. is a net exporter of clays U.S. paper Estimated based on available data provided by countries governments. Some data withheld for proprietary reasons. Piktochart USGS Mineral Commodity Summary 2015 highlights End uses or industries Trend in global production External U.S. import factors or export? Leading producer* FELDSPAR 60% for glass; 40% for ceramic tile, pottery, etc Up 1.4% from 2013 U.S. is a net exporter of feldspar C⭑ to 2014 Turkey IRON AND STEEL Increased consumption in housing industry (tiles, flat glass, insulation) China increased production 18% of steel shipments to Pig iron up 0.8% from capacity; construction; 16% to transportation U.S. oil and 2013 to 2014; raw steel up gas production 1.9% predicted to drive demand Slow growth in U.S. net import reliance 17% of apparent consumption China KYANITE 90% of kyanitemullite used in refractories; world steel Down 9.5% production; U.S. is a net >60% of from 2013 demand refractory use to 2014 for iron/steel expected to increase exporter of kyanite 35% used in ceramics and Up 5.9% LITHIUM glass; 31% in from 2013 Increased demand for batteries batteries to 2014 MOLYBDENUM iron/steel and 74% of molybdenum consumed in Up 3.1% from 2013 Increased production, consumption, and prices; China cancelled superalloy to 2014 export restrictions production U.S. net import reliance >50% of apparent consumption УК South Africa Australia U.S. is a net exporter of molybdenum China \"Estimated based on available data provided by countries\' governments. Some data withheld for proprietary reasons. Piktochart End uses or industries Trend in global production External U.S. import factors or export? Leading producer* 60% for catalysts; 10% for Increased demand stimulated by lower RARE EARTHS permanent No magnets; 10% for glass polishing change prices and increased availability; trend expected to continue of estimated consumption U.S.net import reliance is 59% China 72% of INDUSTRIAL SAND AND GRAVEL U.S. product Demand for sand for natural gas used for fracking sand; 13% for glassmaking Up 8.6% and petroleum U.S. is a net exporter of from 2013 to 2014 SODA ASH 47% for glass; 30% for chemicals Up 0.6% from 2013 to 2014 mining driving production; trend expected to continue Environmental concerns closed synthetic soda ash plants worldwide, expanding U.S. natural ash markets industrial sand and gravel U.S. is a net exporter of soda ash U.S. U.S. YTTRIUM Used for phosphors, ceramics, and metallurgy (in decreasing No change Abundant supply and decreasing demand significantly reduced prices U.S. net import reliance is >95% of apparent consumption China order) 70% used for animal feed, pet NATURAL litter, odor Up 0.7% Increased market sales primarily for control, cement, animal feed, but ZEOLITES from 2013 and water (in decreasing also cement, U.S. is a net exporter of zeolites to 2014 odor control, and China order) water treatment \"Estimated based on available data provided by countries governments. Some data withheld for proprietary reasons Piktochart PREMEETING PLANNER Technical Meeting and Exposition MS&T15 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY October 4 - 8, 2015 | Greater Columbus Convention Center | Columbus, Ohio, USA JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 117TH ANNUAL MEETING! The MS&T partnership brings together scientists, engineers, students, suppliers and more to discuss current research and technical applications, and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Register now to take part in the leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community. Plenary Lectures Tuesday, October 6, 8:00 a.m. - 10:40 a.m. ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture Sylvia M. Johnson, Ph.D., chief materials technologist, Entry Systems and Technology Division, NASA Ames Research Center Title: Space: The materials frontier ASM/TMS Joint Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society Vincent J. Russo, FASM, executive director, Aeronautical Systems Center (ASC) WrightPatterson AFB, Ohio (Retired) Title: What is a splendid leader? Johnson Russo AIST Adolf Martens Memorial Steel Lecture Bhadeshia Harry Bhadeshia, FRS FREng FNAE, Tata Steel Professor of Metallurgy, University of Cambridge and director, SKF Steel Technology Centre, University of Cambridge, U.K. Title: A complete theory for martensitic transformations Hotel information For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at www.matscitech.org. Reservation deadline: September 4, 2015 Hilton Columbus Downtown - (ACers HQ) $189 per night (sgl/dbl) U.S. Government rate rooms are extremely limited. Proof of federal government employment must be shown at check-in, or higher rate will be charged. U.S. Government rate is the prevailing government rate. 36 Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST. ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY ASM INTERNATIONAL TMS The Minerals, Metais & Materials Society Cosponsored by: 6. NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 lectures Monday, October 5 9:00 a.m.10:00 a.m. NEW DAY register by September 4 to save! MATSCITECH.ORG ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture - Arun K. Varshneya, Alfred University and Saxon Glass Technologies Principles of glass chemical strengthening science and technology 2:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session Cooper Distinguished Lecture - Martin Wilding, Aberystwyth University, Wales Cooper Scholar Award Lecture - Emily Aaldenberg, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 2:00 p.m. - 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Symposium Hiroaki Takeda, Tokyo Institute of Technology - Tadashi Matsunaga, UBE Industries Ltd. - John C. Mauro, Corning Incorporated – Kenji Shibata, SCIOCS Company Ltd. - Jon-Paul Maria, North Carolina State University Tuesday, MS&T Plenary Session October 6 8:00 a.m. 10:40 a.m. NEW DAY ACers Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture - Sylvia M. Johnson, NASA Ames Research Center Space: The materials frontier 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. NEW DAY ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture - Delbert E. Day, Missouri University of Science and Technology Glass technology for better health Wednesday, October 7 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. ACers Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Yuichi Ikuhara, University of Tokyo Grain-boundary segregation, vacancies and properties in oxide ceramics ACerS short courses Saturday, October 3 Location: Hilton Columbus Downtown Introduction to Two- and Three-component Phase Diagrams 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Instructor: Jeffrey D. Smith, Missouri University of Science and Technology Sunday, October 4 Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety 8:00 a.m. -4:30 p.m. Instructors: Steve Freiman, Freiman Consulting Inc.; John J. (Jack) Mecholsky Jr., University of Florida Thursday - Friday, October 8-9 Sintering of Ceramics 9:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.; 9:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org special events Sunday, October 4 NEW DAY Women in Materials Science and Engineering Reception Enjoy the chance to network with professionals and peers in a relaxed environment. Monday, October 5 Welcome Reception and Exhibit Opening NEW DAY Network with your colleagues, meet new people, and learn about the exciting membership offerings of the organizing societies. Acers 117th Annual Meeting Newly elected officers take their positions during the annual membership meeting. All ACerS members and guests are welcome. ACerS 117th Annual Honors and Awards Banquet Enjoy dinner, conversation and the presentation of Society awards. Purchase tickets for $90 via meeting registration. Experience Columbus Join us 9:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. to meet Experience Columbus staff, who will provide information on local activities, sites and self-guided tours in Columbus. The knowledgeable local staff will assist in getting your day planned and started. You will be surprised by all of the activities and sight-seeing available to you during your stay in Columbus! Coffee and light pastries will be provided. Advance registration of $15 is required via the MS&T15 site at www.matscitech.org. Tuesday, October 6 MS&T Young Professionals Reception Attend this reception to meet and network with fellow young professionals. MS&T15 Exhibit Happy Hour Reception Network with colleagues and build relationships with qualified attendees, buyers and prospects! Tasting Tour of German Village Wear comfortable shoes for this walking and tasting tour through German Village. Immerse yourself in the unique heritage and old world architecture of this vibrant and historic neighborhood located just south of downtown Columbus. Purchase tickets for $49 via the MS&T15 site at www.matscitech.org. VISIT THE EXPO! Monday, October 5 Welcome Reception | 4:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Tuesday, October 6 Show 10:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. Happy Hour | 4:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Wednesday, October 7 Show 9:30 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. Find the Program and Exhibit at matscitech.org 37 JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 117TH ANNUAL MEETING! Technical Meeting and Exposition MS&T15 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY October 4 - 8, 2015 | Greater Columbus Convention Center | Columbus, Ohio, USA calendar of events Accurate as of 6/8/2015 (times and locations are subject to change) SATURDAY, OCTOBER 3 Educational Courses Introduction to Two- and Three-component Phase Diagrams SUNDAY, OCTOBER 4 Conference Activities Registration Programming Support Desk Society Member Lounges Educational Courses Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety Advanced High-Strength Steels Microstructures 101 and Beyond Robotics of Thermal Spray Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes Workshop Introduction to Materials Informatics with Open Source Tools Material Advantage Student Functions Chapter Leadership Workshop (Material Advantage chapter officers only) Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Semifinal 1 Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Semifinal 2 Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Final Student Networking Mixer Social Functions MS&T Women in Materials Science Reception - NEW DAY MONDAY, OCTOBER 5 Conference Activities Registration Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee Legend: CC Greater Columbus Convention Center Hyatt = Hyatt CP = Crowne Plaza Hilton = Hilton TIME LOCATION 9:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. Hilton Noon 5:00 p.m CC Noon 5:00 p.m. CC Noon 5:00 p.m. CC 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Hilton 8:30 a.m. -4:30 p.m. Hyatt 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Hyatt 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Hyatt 1:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m. Crowne 1:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m. Crowne 10:00 a.m. Noon Hyatt 1:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. Hyatt 1:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. Hyatt 4:00 p.m. -5:00 p.m. Hyatt 7:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. Hyatt 6:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. CC Society Member Lounges ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibition and Competition Drop off Ceramographs by 8:00 a.m. Monday Poster Installation Exhibition Exhibitor Set-Up Exhibition Show Hours Football Feature Welcome Reception and Exhibit Opening - NEW DAY Lectures ACerS/NICE: Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Session ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session Alpha Sigma Mu Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions ACerS Student Tour Graduate Student Poster Contest Installation Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Installation Social Functions MS&T Guest Tour - Experience Columbus ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Banquet Reception ACers Annual Honor and Awards Banquet (purchase tickets in advance) Annual Meetings ACers 117th Annual Membership Meeting 38 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. CC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. CC CC CC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. CC CC 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m.10:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m.4:40 p.m. 2:00 p.m. -5:00 p.m. 2:30 p.m. -4:00 p.m. Noon 5:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 8888 88 8888 8888 888 CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC CC 9:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 6:45 p.m. 7:30 p.m. CC Hilton 7:30 p.m. 10:00 p.m. Hilton 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m. CC www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 TUESDAY, OCTOBER 6 Conference Activities TIME 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. Registration Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee Society Member Lounges Poster Installation General Poster Session with Presenters General Poster Viewing ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibition & Competition 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m.-8:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 11:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. 10:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. LOCATION CC 8888888 Exhibition ASM Mini-Materials Camp Exhibition Show Hours Football Feature Career Pavilion Poster Session MS&T Food Court Happy Hour Reception Lectures MS&T Plenary NEW DAY ACers Frontiers of Science and Society - Rustum Roy Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Judging Noon 2:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. 8:00a.m. 1:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. Noon 6:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m.-2:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 11:00 a.m. Noon 8888888 CC CC CC CC 10:40 a.m. CC 2:00 p.m. CC CC Graduate Student Poster Contest Judging 10:00 a.m. Noon CC ASM \"DomesDay\" Competition 10:15 a.m.-1:30 p.m. Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display with Presenters 11:00 a.m.- 1:00 p.m. CC Graduate Student Poster Contest Display with Presenters Mug Drop Contest Disc Golf Contest Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display Graduate Student Poster Contest Display Student Awards Ceremony Social Functions ASM Women in Materials Engineering Breakfast (ticketed) ACerS Companion Breakfast MS&T Guest Tour - Tasting Tour of German Village ASM Tuxedo Pick Up 11:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. CC 12:30 p.m. 1:30 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. 8888888888 CC сс CC CC CC CC 7:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. Hyatt 8:00 a.m. 10:00a.m. Hilton 10:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. Hyatt Young Professional Tutorial Luncheon (ticketed) Noon 12:45 p.m. CC 12:45 p.m.- 2:00 p.m. CC 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. CC Football Feature Young Professional Tutorial Lecture (open) MS&T Young Professionals Reception WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 7 Conference Activities Registration Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee Society Member Lounges ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibition & Competition Exhibition ASM Mini-Materials Camp Exhibition Show Hours MS&T Food Court 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. Noon 88888 CC сс CC CC CC General Poster Session - Tear Down 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 9:30 a.m.-2:00 p.m. 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. Noon 2:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. CC CC CC CC Exhibitor Tear-down 2:00 p.m.-9:00 p.m. 999999 сс CC Lectures ACerS Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture 1:00 p.m.- 2:00 p.m. CC Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display Graduate Student Poster Contest Display 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. 9999 CC CC CC CC Undergraduate Student Poster Dismantle Graduate Student Poster Dismantle THURSDAY, OCTOBER 8 Conference Activities Registration Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee Society Member Lounges Educational Courses Sintering of Ceramics FRIDAY, OCTOBER 9 Educational Courses Sintering of Ceramics American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 7:00 a.m. Noon 7:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. CC Noon 8 8 8 8 CC CC сс 9:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Hilton 9:00 a.m. 2:30 p.m. Hilton 39 C ceramics expo April 26-28, 2016 Cleveland, Ohio The manufacturing tradeshow for advanced ceramic materials and technologies 2016 exhibition & sponsorship opportunities Ceramics Expo Ceramics Expo offers a comprehensive marketplace for ceramic materials and component manufacturing. The event provides a shop floor for all equipment, products and services used throughout the ceramic supply chain. Contact our team today to find out how you can participate. Email us at info@ceramicsexpousa.com or call us toll free: +1 855 436 8683. Founding Partner The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org \"Ceramics Expo establishes a crucial marketplace for ceramic manufacturing and supply chain products\" Charlie Spahr, Executive Director, The American Ceramic Society To book a booth or learn more www.ceramicsexpousa.com Sustainable development theme underlies CMCEE meeting in Vancouver Contemplating stunning Vancouver views. 1 2 3 T 5 LO The 11th International Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environment Applications took place June 13-19 in the stunning city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The conference organizers welcomed 575 researchers and technologists from 45 countries to grapple with the ceramic materials aspects of energy and environmental technologies. Four plenary speakers set the tone for the conference by addressing the theme, \"Ceramic Technologies for Sustainable Development.\" Although each speaker approached the topic from a different angle, a common thread of cost-effectiveness as it applies to energy wove through all four talks. For example, the lead speaker, Daniel Arvizu, director of the National Renewable Energy Lab in Golden, Colo., advocated for transforming today\'s unsustainable energy systems to a future powered by sustainable energy systems. Market dynamics must be considered \"It\'s always about the money,\" he said. \"We are at the beginning part of a transformation. There are lots of opportuniAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org ties and lots of options, and we\'re not sure where we\'re going to end up.\" It will take a partnership between technologists, investors, and policy makers, he emphasized. Conference organizers held several Global Graduate Researcher Network activities, including a poster session and reception, to help the new generation of researchers build their networks and establish themselves in the field. Besides a Monday evening reception, the GGRN recognized the top five student posters with “best poster\" awards at the banquet on Thursday. At Thursday\'s banquet, Singh announced that the 12th CMCEE will be in 2018 in Singapore. 1 The technical program included two honorary symposia. The symposium honoring Juergen Heinrich (left) was on laser processing of materials. The symposium honoring Donling Jiang (center) was on innovative processing and microstructural design of advanced ceramics. Mrityunjay Singh (right) served as chair of CMCEE. 2 Three plenary speakers chat with conference organizer, Singh. From left: Sanjay Correa, Richard Metzler, Daniel Arvizu, and Singh (back to the camera). 3 A strong plenary session gave attendees plenty of food for thought. 4 A dance troupe specializing in traditional dance from the Punjab region of India gave an intense and colorful performance after the conference dinner on Thursday. 5 Hitomi Ohashi from Keio University in Japan presented her work at Tuesday\'s poster session. She was one of the \"top five\" GGRN poster award winners. 41 new products Rheometer software rookfield\'s new RheocalcT Software Bookie update includes test wizards for rapid test creation, yield testing for the DV3T Rheometer, improved layout and navigation, and additional import and export functions. The test wizard reduces the time and effort needed to set up popular tests, and the feature can create a test to calculate viscosity ratios at various speeds or a curing test to automatically reduce speed at preset torque values. Import and export functions also have been improved and simplified. RheocalcT can be used with Brookfield\'s DV2T Viscometer and DV3T Rheometer. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories (Middleboro, Mass.) www.brookfieldengineering.com 800-628-8139 Field emission scanning electron microscope eiss\' new generation of field-emission Zeiss\' new generation of field em (FE-SEM) has enhanced Gemini technol ogy that combines electrostatic and magnetic fields for efficient detection, high resolution, and ease-of-use. The Gemini SEM family comes with a Nano-twin lens to deliver images with high contrast and subnanometer resolution. The lens improves lateral resolution of EDS data. A large range of detector options including imaging of particles, surfaces, nanostructures, thin films, coatings, and layers allows users to tailor the microscope to the application. Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH (Jena, Germany) www.zeiss.com 800-233-2343 Multishaft mixer R oss\' new VersaMix multiagitator system features a two-wing anchor, gate agitator, and high-speed disperser. Ideal for processing viscous pastes and slurries, the mixer delivers a unique R ROS combination of low, intermediate, and high shear rates. Each agitator is independently driven, imparting a wide range of mixing intensities and flow patterns as the product changes rheologically throughout the batching cycle. Mixers are offered from 1-gallon laboratory models to 4,000-gallon production models. Charles Ross & Son Co. (Hauppauge, N.Y.) www.mixers.com 800-243-7677 Batch furnace arbolite Gero\'s new Series 3000 b batch furnaces are cold wall, graphite chamber furnaces that allow operation up to 3000°C in a modified atmosphere. Furnace volumes range from 1.5 to 80 L. Available options include afterburners, smooth vessel evacuation for powder samples, data recording with PC connectivity, vacuum pumping systems, fully automatic operation, remote diagnostics, over-temperature protection, and water cooling systems. Verder Scientific Inc. (Newtown, Pa.) www.verder-scientific.com 866-473-8724 Hardness tester he Equotip 550 Leeb U is a porThe a hardness tester, providing an immediate visual assessment of the hardness profile. The instrument enables the user to quickly and precisely diagnose roll imperfections, hardness inconsistencies, and uneven winding. The new touchscreen unit-compatible with existing Parotester impact devices-offers an interface designed by industry experts for increased efficiency. Specially designed housing optimizes on-site use of the device in harsh environments. Paul N. Gardner Co. Inc. (Pompano Beach, Fla.) www.gardco.com 800-762-2478 Responsive touchscreen ianma\'s new 8.4-in. XGA touchscreen Tianma\'s new 8.4 in. XGA touchsc transistor liquid-crystal display module that enables operation even when the screen is wet and the operator is wearing gloves. Features include dry screen tracking, water buildup tracking, and single glove operation. The screen detects touch coordinates using a combination of mutual-capacitance and self-capacitance sensors, and it includes a proprietary sensitivity adjustment tool that enables operation while wearing thick gloves. Tianma NLT America (Santa Clara, Calif.) www.tianma-nlt.com 408-816-7010 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 ●resources Calendar of events July 2015 26-31 SOFC-XIV: 14th Int\'l Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Glasgow, Scotland; www.electrochem.org/meetings/satellite/glasgow/ August 2015 23-26 COM 2015: 54th Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Toronto, Canada; www.metsoc.org 30-September 4 ➡ PACRIM 11: 11th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Jeju Island, Korea; www.ceramics.org September 2015 15-18 UNITECR 2015 - Hofburg Congress Center, Vienna, Austria; www.unitecr2015.org 20-23 Int\'l Commission on Glass Annual Meeting - Centara Grand at CentralWorld, Bangkok, Thailand; www.icglass.org 19-25 The XIV Int\'l Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids Niagara Falls, N.Y.; www.pncs-xiv.com 21-23 Advanced Ceramics and Applications IV: New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing - Belgrade, Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/about.htm October 2015 4-8 MS&T15, combined with ACerS 117th Annual Meeting - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org 20-23 CERAMITEC 2015 - Messe Munich, Munich, Germany; www.ceramitec.de November 2015 2-5 76th GPC: 76th Glass Problems Conference - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org December 2015 14-17 CAMEE2015: Int\'l Conference on Ceramic & Advanced Materials for Energy and Environment – Bangalore, India; www.icskc.in January 2016 20-22 EMA 2016: ACerS Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 24-29 ICACC16: 40th Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org April 2016 7-11 ➡ICG XXIV Int\'l Congress Shanghai, China; www.icglass.org 17-21 MCARE 2016: Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy - Hilton Clearwater Beach Resort, Clearwater, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 26-28 2nd Ceramics Expo Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa. com 26-28 5th Ceramic Leadership Summit Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramics.org May 2016 18-22 WBC2016: 10th World Biomaterials Congress - Montreal, Canada; www.wbc2016.org June 2016 26-30 HTCMC 9: 9th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada; www.ceramics.org August 2016 21-23 ICC6: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Dresden, Germany; www. icc-6.com October 2016 23-27 MS&T16, combined with ACerS 118th Annual Meeting - Salt Lake City, Utah; www.ceramics.org January 2017 18-20 EMA 2017: ACerS Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 22-27 ICACC17: 41st Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. C ceramics expo April 26-28, 2016 Cleveland, Ohio The manufacturing tradeshow for advanced ceramic materials and technologies American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 43 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services consulting/engineering services DELKIC & ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS • Worldwide Services • • Energy Saving Ceramic Coatings & Fiber Modules • FERIZ DELKIĆ Ceramic Engineer P.O. Box 1726, Ponte Vedra, FL 32004 Phone: (904) 285-0200 Fax: (904) 273-1616 custom finishing/machining Custom Machined Insulation Zircar Zirconia, Inc. 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Use our exclusive learning series to expand your knowledge base, brush up on a favorite topic, or increase your expertise. DVD courses . Bioceramics: Advances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare Sintering of Ceramics · Surface Chemistry and Characterization of Bioactive Glasses • Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety ACerS-GMIC\'s Glass Melting Furnaces and Glass Melting Furnace Air Emissions Onsite short courses Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass Nucleation, Growth and Crystallization in Glasses Online tools ⚫ ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams database · American Ceramic Society Bulletin archive ceramics.org/learning The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org SONIC-MILL MACHINING THE UNMACHINABLE Your best source for: Multi-Hole Drilling-Ideal for gas discharge plates used in plasma etching and related applications. Whether it\'s ten holes or thousands of holes, we machine them perfectly and precisely. 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Contact Mona Thiel 614-794-5834 mthiel@ceramics.org 46 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 ADINDEX *Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2015 Buyer\'s Guide DISPLAY ADVERTISER American Ceramic Society, The www.ceramics.org American Chemet Corporation* www.chemet.com American Elements* www.americanelements.com Carbolite (Verder Scientific) www.carbolite.com Ceramics Expo www.ceramicsexpousa.com AUGUST 2015 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Inside front cover, Inside back cover, 20, 44, 47 7 Outside back cover 9 40 17 13 5 3 11 Deltech Inc.* Gasbarre Products (PTX Pentronix) Harrop Industries Inc.* www.deltechfurnaces.com www.gasbarre.com www.harropusa.com Mo-Sci Corp.* Netzsch Instruments www.mo-sci.com www.netzsch.com North America LLC* TA Instruments* www.tainstruments.com 17 Winner Technology Co. Ltd. www.winnertechnology.co.kr 15 CLASSIFIED & BUSINESS SERVICES ADVERTISER CALL FOR CONTRIBUTING EDITORS FOR ACERS-NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS PROGRAM Professors, Researchers, Retirees, Post-Docs, and Graduate Students ... The General Editors of the reference series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics community to critically evaluate published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. Additional contributing editors are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commentaries to accompany each phase diagram being added to the reference series. Especially needed are persons knowledgeable in foreign languages including German, French, Russian, Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. RECOGNITION: The Contributing Editor\'s initials will accompany each commentary written for the publication. In addition, your name and affiliation also will be included on the Title Pages under Contributing Editors. QUALIFICATIONS: General understanding of the Gibbs phase rule and experimental procedures for determination of phase equilibria diagrams, and/or knowledge of theoretical methods to calculate phase diagrams. COMPENSATION PER ARTICLE: $80 for commentary & first diagram, plus $20 each second & third diagrams, plus Advanced Ceramic Technology www.advancedceramictech.com 45 Bomas Machine Specialties Inc. www.bomas.com 44 Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc.* www.centorr.com/cb 46 Ceradyne, a 3M Company* www.3m.com/ceradyne 45 Delkic & Associates 904-285-0200 44 Detroit Process Machinery www.detroitprocessmachinery.com 46 Geller Microanalytical Laboratory Inc. www.gellermicro.com 46 Harper International Corp.* www.harperintl.com 45 Harrop Industries Inc.* JTF Microscopy Services Inc. www.harropusa.com www.jtfmicroscopy.com 45, 46 45 Sonic Mill Mohr Corp.* Netzsch Instruments North America, LLC PPT - Powder Processing & Technology, LLC Quality Executive Search Inc.* Rauschert Technical Ceramics Inc. Sem-Com Company Specialty Glass Inc. www.mohrcorp.com 46 www.netzsch.com 46 $10 for each additional diagram www.pptechnology.com 45 FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: www.qualityexec.com 44 Mrs. Kimberly Hill www.rauschert.com 44 National Institute of Standards www.sem-com.com 45 and Technology www.sonicmill.com 44 www.sgiglass.com 45 West Penn Testing Group www.westpenntesting.com 46 Zircar Zirconia Inc. www.zircarzirconia.com 44 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8520 Building 223, Room A107 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8524, USA 301-975-6009 phase2@nist.gov Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-891-8960 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Marianna Bracht mbracht@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST 47 O deciphering the discipline A military to civilian mass transfer Like most veteran students, my transition from military to civilian life was not without hiccups. When I left the United States Marine Corps, I set a goal of becoming an engineer—and I am determined and focused to achieve it. answerSince I was six years old, I have been intrigued by science. I even recall ans ing \"scientist\" when asked what I wanted to be when I grew up. Jump forward to high school in Elkhorn, Neb., however, and my favorite classes were lunch, art, and physical education—in that order. My high school classmates would never have believed that I would ever become a materials science engineer. My interest in science had all but vanished. I did not seem to have an academic bone in my body, so when my classmates applied for college, I did not. Instead, I enlisted in the Marines before I left high school with the mindset that I would serve the nation, see the world, meet new people, and get out of Elkhorn. I sure did. But after a challenging four years and two deployments to Afghanistan, I was ready for something new. It was a difficult start back at community college, where I was placed into the lowest mathematics and English classes offered. As it turns out, the Marine Corps is not the place to hone those skills. At that point in my life, however, it was too late to turn back and rejoin the comfort of the Marines. Instead, I plunged ahead. My new journey through academia was guided by my goal to become an engineer and improve society. I sought out engineering for several reasons, but most of all because I wanted to be part of a team that could make life better. I pursued jobs and experiences that supported my academic and personal development. For two years, I volunteered as a math tutor at Orange Coast College (Costa Mesa, Calif.) to grow my math skills. 48 Stoney A. Middleton Guest columnist Processing of ceramic parts is expensive, and society as a whole would benefit from reducing those costs. I plan to integrate my experiences into my research to improve ceramics. Stoney Middleton in Garmsir, Afghanistan, in 2008. Tutoring math has shown me a different perspective on learning. I have seen many students, including myself, overwhelmed at the beginning of a complicated homework problem. So when I am tutoring others, I attempt to break through a student\'s initial confusion by giving simplified examples. Helping students is rewarding, because it is as if I am looking back several years to when I struggled with school. I also worked for a construction company as a civil engineering intern to gain experience. When I began an internship with Kiewit Corporation (Omaha, Neb.), I had the preconception that I would be getting coffee for engineers. However, on the very first day I found myself learning specifics of a particular project. Since then, I have moved to the materials science field and am currently doing research in the ceramic industry. My current position is especially fitting because the products are specialized for defense, medical, and transportation industries. My ceramic internship has provided me with insight into the importance of research on sintering ceramics. Most of the analysis of ceramic parts is an investigation of the effectiveness of processing. The satisfaction I receive from problem solving is one of the reasons I push myself in academia. My internships and tutoring have placed me in situations that have proved I am capable of mastering almost any given task, whether assisting an engineer collect data or helping a fellow student understand trigonometry. Although my journey is unique, I think anyone can benefit from my simple advice commit to your interests and do not fear an unknown path. Stoney Middleton is a senior undergraduate student studying material science engineering at the University of California, Irvine. He is treasurer of the Materials Advantage club at UCI. Middleton\'s current research explores additive manufacturing methods for ceramics. In his spare time, Middleton enjoys snowboarding, motorcycling, painting, and camping. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 6 Credit: S. Middleton call for papers Abstracts due by September 9, 2015 January 20-22 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea WorldⓇ | Orlando, Florida USA Electronic mateRIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2016 Electronic Materials and Applications 2016 addresses emerging needs, opportunities and key challenges in the field of electronic materials and applications. Technical presentations highlight advancements in materials and devices for electronics, sensors, energy generation and storage, photovoltaics, and LEDs. www.ceramics.org/ema2016 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org bismuth telluride lutetium granules metamaterials strontium doped lanthanum III-IV nitride materials organo-metallics regenerative medicine thin film dysprosium pellets atomic layer deposition nar H spersions aerospace ultra-light alloys electrochemistry solid crystal growth nanoribbons cerium polishing powder yttrium scandium-aluminum iridium crucibles van m He Li Be efrac green technology battery lithium gallium arsenide high ty sil tals surface functionalized nanoparticles B C N FL Ne tant Na Mg ite semiconductors palladium shot ΑΙ S Si P CI Ar term catho K Ca Sc Ti > Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr anod nuck Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Con Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn galli Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut photovoltaics europium phosphors quantum dots iron iquia FI Uup Lv Uus Uuo neodymium foil ion dielectrics Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ar energy spintronics Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr nano gels nanofabrics rare earth metals nickel foam LED lighting rod platinum ink laser crystals titanium robotic parts super alloys CIGS stable isotopes optoelectronic es tungsten carbide optoelectro carbon nanotubes gold nanoparticles Now Invent. TM mischmetal anti-ballistic ceramics fuel cell materials hafnium tubing Nd:YAG biosynthetics germanium windows superconductors ultra high purity mat macromolecules 99.999% ruthenium spheres erbium doped fiber optics gadolinium wire advanced polymers buckey balls sputtering targets metalloids rhodium sponge AMERICAN ELEMENTS 田 te THE MATERIALS SCIENCE COMPANY irconium single crystal silicon shape memory alloys alternative energy electrochemistry nanomedicine tellurium osmium catalog: americanelements.com ©2001-2015. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. diamond micropowder gadolinium wire advanced polymers neodymium foil single crystal silicon macromolecules

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