AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology AUGUST 2016 Glass microspheres hollow out a niche for anticounterfeiting strategies Annual minerals report indicates market challenges Low-dielectric-constant ceramics from kaolin clay • Application note details industrial continuous kilns • A Advanced Energy WE POWER INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THERMAL PROCESSING Advanced Energy\" pyrometers, optical fiber thermometers, and SCR thyristor power controller modules (PCMs) are field-proven temperature measurement and control technologies that offer precise thermal profiles and advanced process control. › Pyrometers ORMAN > Thyro SCR Power Controllers For precise thermal profiles and control-in industrial furnace, steel, glass, petro-chemical, and other demanding processes. contents August 2016 • Vol. 95 No.6 feature articles Cover story application note C10 000 24 30 34 Glass microspheres hollow out a niche for anti-counterfeiting strategies Porous-wall, hollow glass microspheres offer exciting possibilities for new technologies to thwart counterfeiting strategies across various markets. by George Wicks, Grant Crawford, Jon Keller, Fred Humes, and Forest Thompson Annual commodity summary indicates challenges lie ahead for raw-materials markets Without raw materials, our high-tech world would not be what it is today. by April Gocha Preparation of low-dielectric-constant ceramics using kaolin clay Sintering and sol-gel infiltration techniques help synthesize dense kaolin ceramics as a low-dielectric-constant material for potential fabrication of electronics. by Baohua Yu, Xiuxiu Yuan, Yingjie Liu, Ping Lu, Bin Li, Huaiqi Li, Yuehua Zhang, and Yanqui Jing 38 High-temperature process engineering for firing of advanced ceramics-How to select the proper kiln application Continuous firing systems can be more efficient than batch firing systems-and two examples effectively illustrate what criteria and design choices should be considered. by Hartmut Weber meetings MS&T16 GOMD 2016 highlights HTCMC 9, GFMAT 2016 highlights columns 42 47 49 Deciphering the Discipline .. 56 Exploring nature, history, and nano-diamonds in Korea by Andy Nieto departments Ceramics in Energy. Advances in Nanomaterials News and Trends Spotlight 3 7 11 13 Ceramics in the Environment … … …. 14 Ceramics in Manufacturing. 15 Research Briefs 16 Ceramics in Biomedicine. 21 resources New Products 51 Calendar 52 Classified Advertising 53 Display Ad Index 55 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Stephanie Liverani, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board G. Scott Glaesemann, Chair, Corning Incorporated John McCloy, Washington State University C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Fei Peng, Clemson University Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline, Inc. 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Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Mrityunjay Singh, President William Lee, President-Elect Kathleen Richardson, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian contents August 2016 • Vol. 95 No. 6 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Das W10:00 01 BOARDING PASS wwww10:10 Ame First Clase Ceramic Tech Today In your hand, on the go, when you want it! Subscribe to Ceramic Tech Today Ceramic Tech Today delivers the most relevant ceramic and glass materials, applications, and business news directly to your inbox, saving you time and keeping you informed. Subscribe today! bit.ly/acersctt Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and recieve the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news straight to your inbox every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday! Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some recent top posts: A faster future Graphene based optoelectronics for next-gen consumer tech bit.ly/29EgaZE Keep it simple The solution to low-cost solar power bit.ly/29P3MXE Nano-stiltskin Turning gold into... see-through rubber? bit.ly/29P3iRI American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. 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All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 news & trends Glass microstructuring made easy-Liquid-glass nanocomposite makes complex parts possible Researchers at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany) have devised a photocurable liquid material that may give glass the advantage when it comes to creating microstructures. Called Liquid Glass, or LiqGlass, the nanocomposite material is a photocurable liquid of amorphorous silica nanopowder, hydroxyethylmethacrylate monomer, and phenoxyethanol solvent. Because it is a liquid, the nanocomposite easily can be molded at room temperature to the desired shape and structure using soft polymer molds. The composite then can be thermally treated to remove the polymers, yielding a glass solid. \"Liquid glass is a step toward prototyping of glass microstructures at low cost without requiring cleanroom facilities or hazardous chemicals,\" the authors write in the paper\'s abstract, published in Advanced Materials. To process the molded nanocomposite, the KIT team cured the material using UV light. Then, they sintered the cured material at 1,300°C, which burned off the polymers, leaving behind only densified glass in the molded configuration. And, to create even more complex components, the team reports that it can bond several nanocomposite layers to create layered architectures that would be needed for microfluidic chips, for example. The authors report that the resulting glass is indistinguishable from commercial fused silica glass, with good chemical stability and similar surface, optical, and mechanical properties. Although the final product is a good replica of the mold, the sintering process shrinks the final part by ~26%, according to a Chemistry Views article about the research. The reported technique is preliminary, but it could represent an easy and inexpensive method to create glass components Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. • • • Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\"kiln for your specific needs Robust, industrial design and construction • After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends LEIBNIZ 80. LEANZ A cookie and its glass replica, which was created with a new liquid-glass nanocomposite. with fine structures and to push glass materials further into rapid-prototyping and additive-manufacturing applications. \"Using LiqGlass it is possible to convert arbitrary physical objects made from almost any material with feature sizes in the range of tens of micrometers and 4 Business news CoorsTek acquires Philips Ceramics operation in Uden, Netherlands (coorstek. com)...Corning and Saint-Gobain together look to make auto glass lighter and tougher (corning.com)...3M awarded contract for 177,000 body armor plates (news.3M. com)...Admatec unveils ADMAFLEX 130 high-performance ceramic 3-D printer (admatec.nl)...Kyocera breaks ground to expand industrial ceramic manufacturing operations in Washington (kyocera. com)...Corning to acquire Alliance Fiber Optic Products (corning.com)... Saint-Gobain increases flat-glass sales in first quarter (saint-gobain.com)... NASA makes dozens of patents available in public domain to benefit U.S. industry (nasa.gov)...DOE awards up to $4M to recover rare-earth and critical materials from geothermal fluids (energy.gov)... Prize competition seeking innovative approaches to cost-effective, low-volume manufacturing (mforesight.org)...IPS Ceramics announces new U.S. subsidiary (ipsceramics.com)... Macom initiates roughness of a few nanometers into glass rapidly and conveniently,\" according to a Materials Views article about the work. The paper, published in Advanced Materials, is \"Liquid glass: A facile soft replication method for structuring glass\" (DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506089). legal action against Infineon over next-gen semiconductor tech (macon.com)...NIST MEP to help small manufacturers engage with Manufacturing Innovation Institutes (nist.gov)...China\'s top 10 cement and glass firms to control 60% of capacity by 2020 (reuters.com)...PPI: Flat-glass prices up almost 7% over year ago (bls. gov/ppi)...Arkema joins with HP on material development for new 3-D printing solution (arkema.com)...HarbisonWalker International announces transformation and plans for growth (thinkhwi. com)...Kason Corp. expands test lab for screening, drying, cooling, blending, sizereduction equipment (kason.com)...DOE requests proposals for new institute to boost efficiency in manufacturing (energy. gov)...Army, Drexel University enter cooperative research agreement (arl.army. mil)...H.C. Starck increases revenues despite weak raw-materials markets (hcstarck.com)...Argonne launches first tech incubator (anl.gov) Credit: Xin Su; YouTube Integrated Roadways\' smart concrete is helping build smarter, safer, and connected roads Integrated Roadways (Kansas City, Mo.) is a company with big plans for an uber-connected world. The company is pioneering its namesake to build a world literally and figuratively connected by a mobile Internet of Things. Integrated Roadways hopes its plans become reality soon, too-the company has patented its smart pavement system of tech-embedded precast concrete slabs that provide wireless connectivity on the road. The company\'s modular concrete slab system uses dowel bars to join individual precast concrete slabs, helping to transfer loads and providing a continuous paved road. In addition to providing the opportunity for technology to be installed within the concrete itself, precast slabs also are quicker to install, reducing construction delays, and have a longer service life. While there are many possibilities that integrated technology provides, nothing is worse than a tech-embedded system that becomes obsolete. So the company also invented a way to service the pavement, through slabembedded access ports that allow the smart concrete to be connected, disconnected, upgraded, and serviced. With the approval of its U.S. patent application, Integrated Roadways is well on its way to making these smart roads a reality and already has installed its smart concrete systems in portions of Missouri\'s highways. \"To actually have a patent number and issuance date after all this work is still very exciting, even if we knew it was com ing,\" Integrated Roadways founder Tim Sylvester says in a Startland News article. \"It\'s rewarding to finally be at the point where we have a patent number and issue date. We first filed in 2014, so it\'s been a long time coming at this point.\' \" So what can smart highways actually do? In addition to adding the ability to connect to the internet on the go-without burning through a wireless data www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Integrated Roadways\' concept connects wireless networks to highway networks. plan-sensor-equipped roads could make rides safer and quicker. According to the Startland News article, Integrated Roadways already is working with the Colorado Department of Transportation to install pavement that is so smart that it can call for help when it detects that a car has run off the road. Credit: HD_Vision; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 There also is the possibility of icemelting heated highways. And, according to a Racing News Co. article, the roads also could achieve wireless charging for electric vehicles, increasing their range and, thus, potentially broadening their appeal to a wider audience of drivers. Plus, connected pavement could communicate directly with autonomous vehicles, making driverless car technology more feasible and more safe. Although the possibilities for smart highways are diverse, it is clear that the ability for added technology will change our world in interesting ways. \"We need to change ever-so-slightly how we think about roads,\" Sylvester says in the Startland News article. \"Change it from ‘a hard flat thing that just kind of sits there\' to \'a hard flat thing that just kind of sits there, but has cool stuff inside that makes it possible to do new things, too.\' \"\" Catch a glimpse of the installation of some of the smart concrete slabs in Integrated Roadways\' time-lapse video at youtu.be/ogFrGHNjG3M. | Shattering expectations: Will the Apple iPhone 8 go all glass next year? One of the most reliable Apple trend analysts, KGI analyst Ming-Chi Kuo, predicts that next year\'s iPhone iteration will say sayonara to its metal casing. According to Forbes, Kuo predicts that the iPhone 8 will replace its aluminum chassis with an all-glass enclosure. Kuo has accurately predicted a host of other Apple changes, so this is one reliable rumor. A mostly glass iPhone is possible and, according to the article, could improve wireless reception and wireless charging. The iPhone 4 actually donned a glass Durable solutions made from Aluminum Oxide Contact: Improve gas transfer efficiency in your application Jennifer Catone, Sales and Marketing jcatone@refractron.com | +1 315.573.4874 www.refractron.com MADE IN BBB ISO ITAR u S. A American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Refractron 5 news & trends IPhone Rumors indicate that the Apple iPhone 8 might be made of all glass. back, but its glass was not strengthenedso it cracked much more easily, leading Apple to turn to aluminum instead. Advances in strengthened glass since then means that, for example, a Gorilla Glass-backed iPhone could be much more resistant to scratching and shattering. In addition to a sleek glass body, next year\'s iPhone iteration seems poised to switch from its current LCD display screen to an AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) display instead-something the competition already uses. This change actually confirms the previous one, according to some experts. In comparison to LCD screens, AMOLED screens use less power, have better contrast ratios, and would provide Apple with a thinner and lighter screen. According to an article on TechNewsWorld, \"AMOLED would let Apple \'do something interesting with wraparound displays, and, therefore, a glass material will give them flexibility in creating continuous curves on the back.\"\" Innovations and advancements in manufacturing glass that is thinner and stronger than ever would easily allow Apple to develop a new curved iPhone that has strong glass bent around all the right angles. Earlier leaks from Kuo, reported on The Motley Fool, have been consistent, suggesting that an upcoming iPhone\'s metal back casing would get nixed for plastic, glass, or ceramic materials instead. But analysts cannot be right all the time. Kuo might fall short on the iPhone 8-maybe ceramics will win instead. 6 Credit: MacDX1; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Testing shows that Sandia\'s falling ceramic particle receiver continues to take the heat About a year ago, Sandia National Laboratories was developing a novel solar energy storage technique that uses ceramic particles. The lab was, at that time, just beginning to test its falling particle receivers, using the intense heat of concentrated sunlight to heat sandlike ceramic particles that cascade through the system. Although similar energy collection and storage systems that use molten salt already exist, ceramics offer greater energy storage capability at a cheaper cost-really important parameters when it comes to solar technologies, which need efficient and viable solutions to offer up stored energy on demand for times when the sun is not shining. Sandia now has completed testing within its 3.5-year project to develop the technology. According to a recent press release, \"Sandia constructed and successfully demonstrated the world\'s first continuously recirculating high-temperature 1 MWt falling particle receiver, achieving peak particle temperatures above 900°C and bulk temperatures above 800°C.\" The release continues, “The particle heating rate reached 100°C-300°C per meter of illuminated drop distance at concentrated solar irradiances of ~1,000 kW/m² and thermal conversion efficiencies of ~80%.\" Compared with efficiencies of more conventional solar cell technologies, which hover right around the 20% mark, Sandia\'s falling particle receiver offers up big potential for more widespread and economical use of solar energy. However, these massive systems cannot be installed just anywhere-collecting concentrated sunlight requires many mirrors to reflect that sunlight onto a central location. And with the recent fire at the Ivanpah concentrated solar facility in California, the safety of concentrated solar facilities definitely has been called into question. Nonetheless, solar energy is a renewable resource that continues to offer some of the best potential to harness our energy needs here on earth. Novel technologies undoubtedly will continue to evolve to better collect and store this invaluable resource for our continually demanding energy needs. In the case of falling particle receivers, the project at Sandia continues forward. The lab has been awarded additional SunShot Initiative funding, which extends through 2018, to develop a particle/supercritical carbon dioxide heat exchanger for the technology, according to the release. Technologists John Kelton and Daniel Ray inspect the Falling Particle Receiver during a cloud delay atop the National Solar Thermal Test Facility at Sandia National Laboratories. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Credit: Randy Montoya ●acers spotlight Society and Division news Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Kevin Thompson at kthompson@ ceramics.org, or visit ceramics.org/ corporate. AVS AVS Inc Ayer, Mass. avsinc.com CMClaboratories INNOVATIVE MATERIALS SOLUTIONS FOR ELECTRONICS Seeking Engineering Ceramics Division secretary nominations The Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) Nominating Committee invites nominations for the incoming division secretary candidate for 2016-2017, which will be presented for approval at the ECD Annual Business meeting at Made In Montana • Sold to the World AMERICAN E CORPORATION CMC Laboratories Inc Tempe, Ariz. cmclaboratories.com nanoScience Instruments Nanoscience Instruments Phoenix, Ariz. nanoscience.com Give Ceramists Something to Think About CUPRIC OXIDE • Blue and Red Glazes and Glass Ferrites CUPROUS OXIDE • Blue Glass and Glaze COPPER GRANULES • Iron Spot Brick ZINC OXIDES OPTIPRO Join the OptiPro Revolution. OptiPro Systems LLC Ontario, N.Y. optipro.com UNIMIN. Unimin Corp New Canaan, Conn. unimin.com Brick Colorants and Ferrites • For Ferrite, Brick, Fibre Glass Copper and Zinc Oxides for Ferrites Copper, Brass, Bronze and Tin Powders Plants in Montana and Tennessee ⚫ Stock Available Worldwide AMERICAN CHEMET CORPORATION 740 Waukegan Road, Suite 202 Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA +1 847 948 0800 www.chemet.com Sales@chemet.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight Society and Division News (continued) MS&T16 and will proceed on to the ACerS annual division officer ballot in spring 2017. Nominations and a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications should be submitted by August 15 to Junichi Tatami at tatami@ynu.ac.jp; Hua-Tay Lin at huataylin@comcast.net; or Vojislav V. Mitic at vmitic.d2480@ gmail.com. For more information, visit ceramics.org/divisions. Names in the news Raj Singh receives Albert Sauveur Achievement Award ACerS Member Raj Singh, head of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Oklahoma State University-Tulsa and expert on ceramic matrix Singh composites, will receive the 2016 Albert Sauveur Achievement Award this fall for his pioneering contributions to materials science and engineering. ASM International will present the award in Salt Lake City, Utah, in October. The award recognizes those whose pioneering achievements have led to significant advancements in the materials science and engineering field. MS&T16 registration for ACerS Distinguished Life, Senior, and Emeritus members ACerS offers complimentary MS&T16 registration for Distinguished Life Members, and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are only available through ACerS and not offered on the MS&T registration site. Registration forms are available at ceramics.org/118th-annualmeeting and should be submitted by August 1 to Marcia Stout at mstout@ ceramics.org. Banquet tickets may be purchased at time of registration. ACerS Sections in the News AN EXIT Credit: Timothy Cox, photographer Glenn McIntyre, manager of brick technology at HWI, tests the refractories knowledge of members of the Future City team from Baden Academy Charter School in Baden, Pa. Building future STEM leaders, one brick at a time ACerS Pittsburgh Section was one of several engineering organizations that sponsored Future City, a national cross-curricular program and competition that lets junior high school students identify problems, brainstorm ideas, design solutions, test and retest, build, and share results. Glenn McIntyre, manager of brick technology at Harbison Walker International (HWI) and chair/treasurer of ACers Pittsburgh Section, was a volunteer judge. After the competition, McIntyre invited a group of students from Baden Academy Charter School in Baden, Pa., who participated in the competition to visit HWI\'s Advanced Technology and Research Center in West Mifflin, Pa., on April 29. The students gained hands-on experience to better understand ceramic material properties, testing, and real-world applications. ACerS Southwest Section holds annual meeting and awards banquet ACerS Southwest Section held its annual meeting and awards banquet June 7-10 at the Hilton Birmingham Perimeter Park hotel in Birmingham, Ala. The theme of this year\'s meeting was \"Passing down a legacy of knowledge to the next generation.\" Pictured from left: Bill Denk, Rosemary Denk, Paula Buckley, Fred McMann, Glenn Holladay, and Martha Hughes. Have news to share from your Section? Send information to Stephanie Liverani at sliverani@ceramics. org to get your ACerS Section in the news. 8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Do you qualify for Emeritus member status? If you will be 65 years old (or older) by December 31, 2016 and will have 35 or more years of continuous membership in ACerS, you are eligible for Emeritus status. Note that both criteria must be met. Emeritus members enjoy waived membership dues and reduced meeting registration rates. To verify your eligibility, contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. In memoriam Derek Albon John W. Cahn Stephen Carniglia Victor A. Greenhut Henry Sulens Jose Arana Varela Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACers website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION ACers Corporate Members: Take advantage of the Ceramic and Glass Industry Career Center To address the growing need for qualified ceramic and glass engineers, researchers, and scientists, the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation created the Ceramic and Glass Career Center—the premier online resource for matching talented, qualified job and internship seekers with the best career opportunities at leading organizations in the ceramic and glass industry. Companies and organizations can take advantage of the site\'s user-friendly interface to post comprehensive job and internship descriptions to ensure they are targeting and attracting the right candidates. The easy-to-navigate career search tool helps job and internship seekers find the right opportunities. ACers Corporate Members can post unlimited internship and job listings for free. Even those who have not yet joined the ACerS Corporate Membership program can post internships online for no charge. This valuable tool is free to all job and internship seekers. To learn more, visit careers.ceramics.org. For more information about the CGIF, visit foundation.ceramics.org or contact Marcus Fish, CGIF development director, at 614-794-5863. Students and outreach Young professionals: Advance your career with ACers Young Professionals Network ACerS Young Professionals Network is designed for ACerS members who have completed their degree and are 25 to 40 years of age. The YPN aims to attract and retain young professionals as members of ACerS; connect young professionals with opportunities to actively contribute and take on leadership roles within ACerS; create a technical and social network for young professionals; and facilitate networking among YPN members with senior leaders in the ceramic and glass communities. Those interested in joining the YPN should visit www.ceramics. org/ypn, or contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Sealing Glass Sealing Glass Solutions from Mo-Sci Excellent wetting and bonding to both metal and ceramics Glass is homogeneous, with no crystals and no significant elements from metal or ceramics diffusing into glass The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with you to design and develop your project mo.sci CORPORATION ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 • 9 acers spotlight Students and outreach Congratulations to 2016 GOMD student poster winners The Glass and Optical Materials Division awarded best student poster prizes to the following winners at its annual meeting in May. Special thanks to Corning Inc. for sponsorship of the annual contest. First place: Yongjian Yang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Crack initiation in metallic glasses under nanoindentation Second place: Mengyi Wang, University of California, Los Angeles Topological control on borosilicate glass dissolution kinetics Third place (tied): Yinshan Chen, University of Wisconsin-Madison Fracture of molecular glasses under tension and fracture-induced crystallization Xiaonan Lu, University of North Texas Influences of low concentration V and Co oxide doping on the dissolution behaviors and APT analyses of simplified nuclear waste glasses Apply by December 31 for the Washington D.C. engineering internship ACerS will support an intern in the Washington Internships for Students of Engineering (WISE) 2017 program. Students who are U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents, and are a junior or senior entering their final year of undergraduate studies, are eligible. WISE also accepts applications from engineering graduates who are beginning masters-level study in a technology policy-related degree. Applications are due December 31 at noon (EST). Learn more at www.ceramics.org/2017wise. Make time for an exclusive free tour during MS&T16 Amedica Corp. invites MS&T16 student registrants to tour company facilities October 24 from noon to 5 p.m. in Salt Lake City, Utah. Amedica is a biomedical company that produces medical grade silicon nitride. Register by October 3 to secure your spot. Learn more at ceramics.org/acersstudenttour. Awards and deadlines Upcoming awards deadlines for September 1 Submit nominations for Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures The Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass lectures will be presented at PACRIM 12, in conjunction with the GOMD Annual Meeting, in May 2017 in Waikoloa, Hawaii. The lectures are designed to encourage scientific and technical dialog in significant glass topics that define new horizons, highlight novel research concepts, or demonstrate the potential to develop products and processes for the benefit of humankind. The award consists of a travel reimbursement of up to $2,500, a commemorative glass piece, and a framed certificate. Nominations should be submitted to Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org by September 1. Additional information can be found at: ceramics.org/varshneya. Nominate ACers 2017 Class of Fellows Nominees must be at least 35 years old and have been members of the Society for at least the past five years continuously. The nominee must be sponsored by seven ACerS members. Scanned and faxed signature forms are permitted in lieu of original mailed signature forms. Previously submitted nominations may be updated, as long as they do not exceed length limitations. Nominations are due by September 1. Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at ceramics.org/awards, or by contacting Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. ACerS 2016 Society award winners now online And the award goes to... Visit ceramics.org/awards to check out the list of ACerS 2016 Society award winners. Biographies and photos are published for each award winner. Awardees will also be featured in the September 2016 issue of the ACerS Bulletin. Awards will be presented October 24 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at MS&T16 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Be sure to purchase banquet tickets during registration to join the celebration! Show your stuff at ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Start working on those entries! This unique annual poster exhibit and competition will be held at MS&T16 in Salt Lake City, Utah. The competition promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis as tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. The Best of Show winner will be presented with ACerS Roland B. Snow award. Winning entries will be featured on the back covers of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Learn more at ceramics.org/?awards-ceramographiccompetition-and-roland-b-snow-award. 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 ceramics in energy New high-pressure method could make large, flexible solar panels a cost-effective reality Scientists at Pennsylvania State University (State Collge, Pa.) are working on a new high-pressure technique that may allow production of huge sheets of thin-film silicon semiconduc tors at low temperatures in simple reactors and they say it can be done for a fraction of the cost of current methods, according to a Penn State news release. \"We have developed a new, highpressure, plasma-free approach to creating large-area, thin-film semiconductors,\" John Badding, leader of the research team and professor of chemistry, physics, and materials science and engineering at Penn State, explains in the release. \"By putting the process under high pressure, our new technique could make it less expensive and easier to create the large, flexible semiconductors that are used in flat-panel monitors and solar cells and are the second most commercially important semiconductors.\" Current methods to make silicon semiconductors use chemical vapor deposition, a process in which silane, a silicon and hydrogen gas, undergoes a chemical reaction to deposit silicon and hydrogen atoms in a thin layer to coat a surface, according to the release. But to create a functioning semiconductor, this chemical reaction needs to happen at a low enough temperature so that hydrogen atoms are retained within the coating. If the temperature is too high, those hydrogen atoms would evaporate away into the air-like steam from boiling water—the release explains. Current technology can achieve this low-temperature processing, but it is not cost-effective. The process involves creating plasma a state of matter similar to a gas comprising ions and free electronsSiH High-pressure deposition inside rolled-up, flexible substrates allows for extremely large-area, uniform-thickness, hydrogenated, amorphous silicon films that are useful for applications such as flat-panel displays and solar cells. Credit: Pennsylvania State University in a large volume of gas at low pressure. To do this requires huge, expensive reactors to generate the plasma and to accommodate the large volume of gas required, the release explains. And those are difficult to ship. \"With our new highpressure chemistry technique, we can create low-temperature reactions in much smaller spaces and with a much smaller volume of gas,\" Badding adds. \"The reduced space necessary allows us, for the first time, to create semiconductors on mul tiple, stacked surfaces simultaneously, rather than on just a single surface. To maximize the surface area, rolled-up flexible surfaces can be used in a very simple and far more compact reactor. Every Nanometer counts The new Dilatometer DIL 402 Expedis with revolutionary NanoEye measuring cell Find out more about the new NanoEye technology: www.netzsch.com/n22856 DIL 402 Expedis Supreme NETZSCH Leading Thermal Analysis. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 11 ceramics in energy Credit: Marcus Williams; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 The area of the resulting rolled-up semiconducting material could, upon further development, approach or even exceed a square kilometer.\" The research, published in Advanced Materials, is \"High-pressure chemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films and solar cells\" (DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600415). Novel light-processing technique heals defects in perovskite solar cells to improve stability When it comes to solar energy storage, perovskite cells have been making news for their great potential for high efficiency and low cost-but perovskites are not known for their stability. In fact, \"stability is the biggest problem with perovskites, and we have to come up with solutions,\" Md. K. Nazeeruddin (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Switzerland) said during his talk about perovskite solar cells and the challenges associated with developing them for efficient solar energy storage at the April 2016 Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy Conference in Clearwater, Fla. Researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other affiliated institutions in the United States and United Kingdom now say they have \"made significant inroads toward understanding a process for improving perovskites\' performance, by modifying the material using intense light,\" according to an MIT News article. The microscopic defects present in perovskites\' crystalline structure hinder the ability to convert light to electricity within a solar cell. And these defects, also called \"traps,\" can cause electrons to recombine with atoms before the electrons can reach a place in the crystal where their motion can be harnessed, the article explains. But some of these defects do not necessarily damage the perovskite beyond repair. \"What we\'re finding is that there are some defects that can be healed under 12 light,\" says Samuel Stranks, MIT researcher and senior author on the work. Stranks is a Marie Curie Fellow jointly at MIT and Cambridge University in the U.K. When researchers applied intense light to defective perovskites, they found that negatively charged iodide ions migrated away from the illuminated region, sweeping the defects in that region New research shows that light may be the key to healing defects in perovskite materials to improve the efficiency of away in the process, the perovskite solar cells. article explains. \"This is the first time this has been shown, where [only by] illumination, where no [electric or magnetic] field has been applied, we see this ion migration that helps to clean the film. It reduces the defect density,\" Stranks says. The team\'s research focuses specifically on organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites, the release explains, which are considered promising for applications including solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, and light detectors. These types of perovskites excel in \"photoluminescence quantum efficiency,\" a property that is key to maximizing the efficiency of solar cells. But these types of perovskites have demonstrated highly variable, unpredictable performance when put to the test. The team is working to learn more about what causes these discrepancies and how to reduce them, with the “ultimate aim to make defect-free films,\" Stranks says. Defect reduction in thin-film perovskites previously has focused on electrical or chemical treatments, but \"we find we can do the same with light,” Stranks says. And this novel light-based processing offers some real advantages-one being that it eliminates the need for attached electrical contacts or submersion in a chemical solution. The treatment can be applied by simply turning on the light source, and could be \"a way forward” for development of useful perovskite-based devices, Stranks says. But the effects of the light-based processing technique are not permanent. \"The challenge now is to maintain the effect long enough to make it practical,” Stranks says. Although some forms of perovskites are on-deck for commercialization as early as next year, this research “raises questions that need to be addressed, but it also shows there are ways to address the phenomena that have been limiting this material\'s performance,\" Stranks says. “I think it is fascinating that illuminating the perovskites improves their photoluminescence efficiency by enabling iodine to move around and eliminate iodine vacancies,” adds Michael McGehee, a professor of materials science and engineering at Stanford University who was not involved in this research, in the MIT News article. \"This research does not make solar cells better, but it does greatly increase our understanding of how these complex materials function in solar cells.\" The research, published in Nature Communications, is \"Photo-induced halide redistribution in organic-inorganic perovskite films\" (DOI: 10.1038/ ncomms 11683). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 bulletin first advances in nanomaterials This article first appears exclusively in the Bulletin, and can later be found online on Ceramic Tech Today. Power trio: Graphene integrates with 2-D nanomaterials to reshape next-gen consumer electronics Researchers at the University of California, Riverside and the University of Georgia (Athens, Ga.) have integrated graphene with two other 2-D materials—tantalum sulfide (TaS2) and hexagonal boron nitride-to create a simple, compact, and fast voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) device-the \"first useful device that exploits the potential of charge-density waves to modulate an electrical current through a 2-D material,\" according a recent UCR Today article. Although graphene\'s singlelayer thickness and exceptional electrical and thermal conduction capabilities make it ideal for use in electronic applications, the material itself is limited by its inability to function as a semiconductor-a property that is crucial for the \"on and off switch\" operation employed by so many electronic components, the article explains. To overcome this limitation, the researchers incorporated the use of TaS, into the VCO device prototype-an addition that enabled the device to function as an electric switch at room temperature. \"There are many charge-density wave materials that have interesting electrical switching properties. However, most of them reveal these properties at very low temperature only. The particular polytype of TaS, that we used can have abrupt changes in resistance above room temperature. That made a crucial difference,\" Alexander Balandin, UC presidential chair professor of electrical and computer engineering in UCR\'s h-BN 17-TaS₂ Graphene Schematic of a newly developed integrated tantalum sulfide-boron nitride-graphene oscillator, which is the first useful device that exploits the potential of charge-density waves to modulate an electrical current through a 2-D material. Bourns College of Engineering and lead researcher, explains in the article. But, Tas, requires protection from environmental damage to stand up to regular wear-and-tearso the researchers coated it with another 2-D material, hexagonal boron nitride, to prevent oxidation. By pairing the boron nitride-capped TaS, with graphene, the team constructed a three-layer VCO that could pave the way for post-silicon electronics in everything from computers to clocks to radios. The team\'s VCO design outlines graphene\'s function as \"an integrated tunable load resistor, which enables precise voltage control of the current and VCO frequency,\" the article explains. And the thin, flexible nature of the device would make it ideal for use in wearable technologies. \"It is difficult to compete with silicon, which has been used and improved for the past 50 years. However, we believe our device shows a unique integration of three very different 2-D materials, which utilizes the intrinsic properties of each of these materials. The device can potentially become a low-power alternative to conventional silicon technologies in many different applications,” adds Balandin. The research, published in Nature Nanotechnology, is \"A charge-density-wave oscillator based on an integrated tantalum disulfide-boron nitride-graphene device operating at room temperature\" (DOI: 10.1038/ NNANO.2016.108). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 13 Credit: University of Califomia, Riverside ceramics in the environment Researchers look to nature for solutions to \'greener,\' more sustainable concrete production Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology are comparing cement paste-concrete\'s binding ingredient-with the structure and properties of natural materials, such as bones, shells, and deep-sea sponges. They found that these biological materials are exceptionally strong and durable, partly because of their precise assembly of structures at multiple length scales, from the molecular to the macro level, explains an MIT News article. The team, led by Oral Buyukozturk, professor in MIT\'s Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, has come up with a bioinspired, \"bottom-up\" approach for designing cement paste. \"These materials are assembled in a fascinating fashion, with simple constituents arranging in complex geometric configurations that are beautiful to observe,\" Buyukozturk says in the article. \"We want to see what kinds of micromechanisms exist within them that provide such superior properties and how we can adopt a similar building-block-based approach for concrete.\" The researchers aim to identify materials in nature that may be used as sustainable, longer-lasting alternatives to our current energy-intensive standby, portland cement. \"If we can replace cement, partially or totally, with some other materials that may be readily and amply available in nature, we can meet our objectives for sustainability,\" Buyukozturk says. The team examined how a material\'s structure affects its mechanical properties. Through observation, they found that a deep-sea sponge\'s onionlike structure of silica layers provides a mechanism for preventing cracks, the article explains. Nacre (mother-ofpearl), on the other hand, has more of a \"brick-and-mortar\" arrangement of minerals that creates a strong bond between layers, which makes for an extraordinarily tough material. MACRO MICRO NANO BONE Collagen Apatite DEEP SEA SPONGE Silicatein NACRE Acidic proteinichitin Aragonite CEMENT PASTE C-3-type gels Seca A comparison of natural materials and cement paste demonstrates the steps by which smaller pieces assemble to form larger structures. \"In this context, there is a wide range of multiscale characterization and computational modeling techniques that are well established for studying the complexities of biological and biomimetic materials, which can be easily translated into the cement community,\" says Admir Masic, CEE assistant professor and one of the coauthors of the research. The team\'s ultimate goal is that this new framework will help engineers identify components within biomaterials that have the potential to be adapted for use in concrete production that will improve the material\'s longevity and sustainability. For example, \"to see whether volcanic ash would improve cement paste\'s properties, engineers, following the group\'s framework, would first use existing experimental techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry, to characterize volcanic Credit: Massachusetts Institute of Technology ash\'s solid and pore configurations over time,\" according to the release. Comparing those measurements with simulation models of concrete\'s evolution over time, researchers expect to be able to determine how a particular additive would contribute to specific properties of the resulting concrete. \"Hopefully this will lead us to some sort of recipe for more sustainable concrete,\" Buyukozturk says. \"Typically, buildings and bridges are given a certain design life. Can we extend that design life maybe twice or three times? That\'s what we aim for. Our framework puts it all on paper, in a very concrete way, for engineers to use.\" The research, published in Construction and Building Materials, is \"Roadmap across the mesoscale for durable and sustainable cement paste-A bioinspired approach” (DOI: 10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2016.04.020). I 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 ceramics in manufacturing Global manufacturing in a holding pattern, but setting the stage for a firmer economy The state of worldwide manufacturing itself has not changed much lately, according to a recent Bloomberg News story. Analysts report that the manufacturing industry is in a holding pattern. The Institute for Supply Management\'s (ISM) index-a measure that quantifies manufacturing status-declined one point from March to April 2016, coming to a current score of 50.8%. According to ISM, a score above 50% signals expansion in the manufacturing economy, while a score below 50% indicates contraction-so a score of 50.8% hovers barely above the stagnation zone. According to Bloomberg News, the slow pace of the current manufacturing economy can be attributed to \"lax global demand and fallout from a weakened United States energy industry.\" But, even though that does not sound promising, the outlook is not completely bleak-although the ISM score slightly Global manufacturing is facing some challenges, but signs indicate relief may be to come. dropped from March to April 2016, manufacturing as a whole continues in a trend of growth. The outlook is not great, but it could be worse. Late 2015 indicators showed that the global manufacturing economy was in a modest contraction, so even a modest expansion in early 2016 is a hopeful sign. That sentiment is echoed in the availability of manufacturing jobs, too-while growth has not been quite what some had hoped over the past few years, it could be much worse. \"Even modest improvement is good news,\" says global strategist Robert Sinche in a Bloomberg article video, available at bloom.bg/24u6NIS. Further, Sinche says that the current forecast is setting the stage for a firmer global economy—that is even better news. Global changes are impacting the worldwide economy, so it is perhaps no surprise that the manufacturing industry seems to be undergoing some fits and tantrums of late. But could this instability be signaling that the industry is undergoing a shift, rather than a decline? One possible shift, akin to traditional materials science, is that manufacturing is entering a new digital age—maybe even a digital revolution-that is driven by unprecedented access to data, computation, and modeling. Simply put, technology is transforming manufacturing. These changes surely will introduce new challenges, but those challenges can become key opportunities for the industry to shift in new, healthier directions. Want to save energy, improve productivity and increase your profitability? Then maximize your kiln load with Blasch engineered low-mass kiln furniture. blaschceramics.com in m BLASCH PRECISION CERAMICS American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 15 Credit: Department for Business, Innovation, and Skills; Flickr CC BY-ND 2.0 16 bulletin research briefs This article first appears exclusively in the Bulletin, and can later be found online on Ceramic Tech Today. Layered perovskites surprise scientists with disappearing polarity under strain Spontaneous electric polarization sounds like something out of a science fiction movie. But this is science, not fictionand ferroelectric materials have the ability to spontaneously polarize under strain. That ability makes the materials useful for capacitors that go into a whole host of applications, from ultrasound machines to cameras to fuel injectors. Although scientists had thought they understood ferroelectricty, a team of Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) materials scientists discovered a new paradigm. \"The conventional wisdom is that you can put almost any material under mechanical stress, and, provided the stress is coherently maintained, the material will become ferroelectric or exhibit an electrical polarization,\" James Rondinelli, assistant professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern Engineering, says in a Northwestern press release. “If y apply similar stresses to a compound that already is ferroelectric, then its polarization increases.\" Or so scientists thought. you But, through quantum mechanical simulations, Rondinelli and his team have discovered that some ferroelectric materials hide a surprise. Layered perovskites do not conform to conventional wisdom-instead, these materials completely turn off polarization if enough strain is applied. Rondinelli and his team are no strangers to breaking conventional wisdom. Their previous work devised new routes to develop multiferroic materials—those with ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism, two properties that were usually thought to be mutually exclusive. The team\'s new work hones in on only ferroelectricity, but uncovers an important and previously unknown feature of layered perovskites, a type of ferroelectric oxide materials. Scientists have discovered that some layered perovskites lose polarity under strain. \"For some time now, strain engineering in thin films has been used to improve or control dielectric properties of ceramics-largely to increase the polarization or increase the ferroelectric Curie temperature [the temperature at which a material becomes ferroelectric],\" Rondinelli explains via email. \"We show that too much of a good thing is actually bad. Too much strain will turn off the functional ferroelectric response-the polarization goes exactly to zero and the strain engineering does not lead to enhanced polarization. In addition, these materials in thin-film form behave very differently from bulk crystals of the same material, which show good ferroelectric properties,\" Rondinelli adds. Although stretching or compressing layered perovskites initially makes them behave as expected-by increasing polarization-further strain shuts down polarization. That means that the materials might find use as switches in electronic devices. Knowing the strain at which the material switches its properties means devices that use the materials can be designed to take advantage of that switch function, such as logic devices or memory elements, Rondinelli says \"you can apply a small electric field to traverse this boundary and simultaneously read and write the on-and-off state.\" And, the scientists already know how much strain is required to switch layered perovskites. Credit: James Rondinelli \"When we include finite temperature effects in our calculation, we predict the transition should occur in Ca Ti₂O, films near -2.5% and 1.2%,\" Rondinelli says. \"In other A,B,O, oxides we studied, the transition also is around these strain values.\" Rondinelli adds that he and his team believe new substrates currently being developed also will confirm their strain predictions. In addition to new applications for the materials, however, it means that scientists have to be careful when using these materials for existing applications, Rondinelli says. \"Knowing when the properties will turn on and off is key to maintaining the expected performance of these materials.\" According to the release, the team now is working with collaborators to validate its predications in experimental setups. Rondinelli says they are ready to begin those experiments, although they will not be without challengesnamely finding suitable substrates to get the desired strain state and being able to grow films to a thickness below which coherent strain is maintained. \"Although the synthesis is not overly complex (e.g., with MBE or PLD), the challenge is in showing that a property does not exist.\" The paper, published in Nature Materials, is \"Epitaxial-strain-induced polar-to-nonpolar transitions in layered oxides\" (DOI: 10.1038/ nmat4664). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Single diamond/boron nitride crystalline layers for more efficient high-power machining In late 2015, researchers from North Carolina State University (Raleigh, N.C.) discovered a new phase of solid carbon, called Q-carbon, that is harder than diamond and can be formed at room temperature and at ambient atmospheric pressure. \"We\'ve now created a third solid phase of carbon,” said ACerS member Jay Narayan, who also is John C. Fan Distinguished Chair Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at NC State and lead author of the papers describing the work, in a NC State news release at the time. Narayan and his team found that Q-carbon has an unusual characteristic-it is ferromagnetic, a characteristic that does not apply to other solid forms of carbon. In addition to discovering Q-carbon, Narayan and his colleagues developed a new technique for creating cubic boron nitride (c-BN) at ambient temperature and pressure, a technique that could lead to advancements across many applications. \"This is a sequel to our Q-carbon discovery and converting Q-carbon into diamond,\" Narayan said in a news release from February. \"We have bypassed what were thought to be the limits of boron nitride\'s thermodynamics with the help of kinetics and time control.\" The team recently revealed part three of its research-a new technique to deposit diamond on the surface of c-BN, integrating the two materials into a single-crystalline structure that can be used in high-power devices. \"This could be used to create high-power devices, such as the solid-state transformers needed to create the next-generation \'smart\' power grid,\" says Narayan in a June NC State news release. \"It also could be used to create cutting tools, high-speed machining, and deep-sea drilling equipment.\" Diamond is hard, but tends to oxidize, explains Narayan. The oxidation transforms diamond to graphite, which is softer, he says. \"A coating of c-BN would prevent oxidation. Diamond also interacts with iron, making it difficult to use with steel tools. Again, c-BN would address the problem,” he adds. To create the single-crystal diamond/c-BN structures, first the team creates a substrate of c-BN using the new technique they described earlier this year. Then, using pulsed laser deposition-which is done at 500°C and an optimized atmospheric pressure that allows the scientists to control the diamond layer\'s thickness-they deposit diamond on the surface of the c-BN. \"This is all done in a single chamber, making the process more energy and time efficient,” Narayan says. \"You use only solid-state carbon and BN, and it\'s more environmentally benign than conventional techniques.” Narayan\'s company, Q-Carbon LLC, has licensed the new technique and is working to commercialize it for multiple applications. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Intensity (a.u) Diamond/cBN/c-sapphire 1076 cm¹ 1336 cm 500 1000 2000 200 nm 2500 3000 3500 1500 Raman shift (cm³) Raman spectra from diamond/c-BN single-crystal films. The team\'s latest research, published in the Journal of Applied Physics, is \"Direct conversion of h-BN into c-BN and formation of epitaxial c-BN/diamond heterostructures\" (DOI: 10.1063/1.4948688). WINNER TECHNOLOGY in KOREA Choose among the MoS 2 Heating Elements!! 1700°C, 1800°C, and 1900°C from Korean-made. Winner-Super 1900 For R&D High Temperature Sintering For Dental Sintering Furnace For Stable and Longer Life CR KR WINNER TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD TE L: +82-31-683-1867-9 FA X +82-31-683-1870 Email: info@winnertechnology.co.kr Homepage: www.winnertechnology.co.kr Address: # 581-17, Geumgok-ri, Anjung-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea Credit: Jay Narayan; North Carolina State University 17 research briefs Conductive graphene coating offers new tunable solution for surface ice shedding In early 2016, Rice University chemists developed a method to use graphene to help heat surfaces and simplify ice removal. The team developed a thin coating of graphene nanoribbons in epoxy that is effective at melting ice on a helicopter blade— and that means it may be an effective real-time de-icer for aircraft, wind turbines, transmission lines, and other surfaces exposed to winter weather. In June, the Rice University team published the latest advancement on its graphene-based de-icer. The new material melts ice from airplane wings and electrical wires when conditions get too cold. But now the team says if the air is above 7°F, its de-icer prevents any ice formation at all. James Tour, chemist at Rice, and his team gave the de-icer superhydrophobic capabilities that passively prevent water from freezing above 7°F, explains a university news release. De-icer sprayed on a surface-such as an airplane wing-forms a tough film of atom-thin graphene nanoribbons that conduct heat when an electric current is applied, melting ice and snow accumulations. \"We\'ve learned to make an ice-resistant material for milder conditions in which heating isn\'t even necessary, but having the option is useful,\" Tour says in the release. \"What we now have is a very thin, robust coating that can keep large areas free of ice and snow in a wide range of conditions.\" Substrate Lubricant Spray coat FDO-GNRS Superhydrophobic Slippery Rice University scientists have modified a graphene-based de-icer to resist formation of ice well below the freezing point and have added superhydrophobic capabilities. Research News new way to control oxygen for electronic properties Researchers at Argonne National Laboratory (Lemont, III.) found they could use a small electric current to introduce oxygen voids, or vacancies, that dramatically changed the conductivity of thin oxide films. The Argonne team built a two-layer material: an indium oxide crystal layer on top of a block of yttria-stabilized zirconia. When the researchers applied a small electric field, they watched the electrical conductivity skyrocket by two orders of magnitude along the boundary where the two layers met. The effect was reversible: without the field, it reverted back to the initial, less conductive state. The discovery improves our understanding of how these materials work and could be useful for new electronics, catalysts, or other applications. For more information, visit anl.gov. Credit: Tour Group; Rice University But for a material to be superhydrophobic, it has to have a water-contact angle that exceeds 150°. So the team modified the graphene nanoribbons with a fluorine compound to enhance hydrophobicity. According to Tour, nanoribbons modified with longer perfluorinated chains produced films with a higher contact angle-a finding that suggests the graphene film can be tuned to suit various weather conditions. The research, published in ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, is \"Passive anti-icing and active deicing films” (DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03060). Scientists work toward oxidation-resistant, ultrahigh-melting-point nanolaminated borides Oxidation causes rusting, corrosion, and fouling of the toughest materials. Even borides, which are some of the hardest and most heatresistant materials, oxidize at high temperatures, destroying the materials\' structural integrity. However, researchers from Drexel University (Philadelphia, Pa.), Linkoping University in Sweden, and Imperial College London (U.K.) believe they can make borides better. By giving the material a protective layer of aluminum, scientists have developed the world\'s first corrosion-resistant boride. The new material, molybdenum aluminum boride (MOAIB), is a molybdenum-boron lattice with alternating layers of aluminum. To develop MoAlB, researchers took inspiration from their research on MAX phases, a family of layered early-transitionmetal carbide and nitride materials. MAX phases have a layered crystal structure with interleaving layers that give the materials unique properties, including thermal shock resistance, machinability, oxidation resistance, and high-temperature plasticity. Noting structural similarities, the authors speculated they could make molybdenum boride with a structure like that of MAX phases, which would help the material resist oxidation at high temperatures-and they were right. New material for inexpensive, cleaner recycling of nuclear fuel Scientists at St. John\'s College at the University of Cambridge (Cambridge, U.K.) have discovered that a highly promising group of materials known as hybrid lead halide perovskites can recycle light-a finding that they believe could lead to large gains in the efficiency of solar cells. The research shows that perovskite cells have the extra ability to re-absorb these regenerated photons—a process known as \"photon recycling.\" This creates a concentration effect inside the cell, as if a lens has been used to focus lots of light in a single spot. According to the researchers, this ability to recycle photons could be exploited with relative ease to create cells capable of pushing the limits of energy efficiency in solar panels. 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 The researchers explain that at high temperatures, aluminum atoms diffuse to the surface of MoAlB, where they react with oxygen to form a protective layer of alumina. \"So the material forms its own protective coating,\" Michel Barsoum, lead author of the research and distinguished professor in Drexel\'s College of Engineering, says in a Drexel Now news story. \"This discovery is quite significant, because it is the first example in the history of mankind of a transition-metal boride that is quite oxidation resistant,\" Barsoum says. MOAIB maintains its high conductivity at high temperatures, making it potentially useful in a variety of applications. The team reports that the material\'s melting point is higher than 1,400°C, suggesting that it may lead to development of ultra-high-melting-point borides that are oxidation resistant. The open-access paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"Synthesis and characterization of an alumina-forming nanolaminated boride: MoAIB\" (DOI: 10.1038/srep26475). MOAIB 本 Deltech Furnaces We Build The Furnace To Fit Your Need A A Standard or Custom www.deltechfurnaces.com 303-433-5939 TA Instruments Al2O3 Layers in the new molybdenum aluminum boride material, which forms a protective layer of alumina. Solar heat utilization based on plasmon resonance of ceramics A research team from the International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics and the National Institute for Materials Science discovered through numerical calculations that nanoparticles of transition-metal nitrides and carbides absorb sunlight very efficiently and may be applied for heating and distillation of water through efficient sunlight use. The team jointly performed first-principles calculations to search for nanoparticle materials suitable for photothermal conversion. The team found that transition-metal nitrides and carbides, which are ceramics, very efficiently absorb sunlight. Further, the team dispersed titanium nitride nanoparticles in water and confirmed that the nanoparticles converted sunlight into heat at high efficiency of almost 90%. For more information, visit researchsea.com. Credit: Drexel Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization ⚫ DSC/TGA • Dilatometry ⚫ Rheology ⋅ • Calorimetry High Temp •Thermal Conductivity & Viscometry Thermal Diffusivity Featuring our new line of vertical dilatometers with furnace options up to 2300°C www.tainstruments.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 19 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2017 call for papers Abstracts due by September 9, 2016 SYMPOSIA Computational design of electronic materials Mesoscale phenomena in ceramic materials, nano- and microstructures Multifunctional nanocomposites • Fundamentals to applications for the use of thermal energy for power generation and refrigeration ⚫ Ceramic photonic materials and applications • In-situ experiments of microstructure evolution and properties Energy sustainable optoelectronics and magnetoelectronics Interfacial phenomena in multifunctional heterostructures: From theory to transport processes •Interfaces in microstructural evolution: Structure, properties, anisotropy, and motion ⚫ Interfaces and surfaces in energy-related ceramic materials Superconducting materials and applications • Advanced electronic materials: Processing, structures, properties, and applications lon-conducting ceramics . 5G materials for the millimeter wave revolution Sn: Advanced processing for electronic and electrochemical systems: Crystals, films, and devices JANUARY 18-20, 2017 ORLANDO, FLA., USA ceramics.org/ema2017 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org ceramics in biomedicine Killer silicon nitride: Bioceramic slaughters bacteria, could now help fight gum disease Silicon nitride is a killer ceramic material. Its antibacterial properties are one of many reasons why the material has found its way into biomedical implants and devices, including various components manufactured by a company that specializes in biomedical silicon nitride, Amedica Corp. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Amedica has done a lot of research on silicon nitride\'s superior biomedical performance, including studies assessing the material\'s wear resistance and osteoconductive and antimicrobial properties. And, in addition to preventing growth of potentially dangerous bacteria, silicon nitride may soon have another benefit-the ability to fabricate patient-customized implants. Amedica recently announced that it is first to 3-D print medical silicon nitride structures. The company developed a method to generate silicon nitride biomedical components using robotic deposition, or robocasting, which deposits colloidal slurries of the material in freeform layers, sans binder. According to the press release, the company \"can now progress toward commercializing 3-D printed silicon nitride implants, with controllable porosity levels to address specific clinical needs.\" Amedica already fabricates a variety of silicon nitride products for orthopedic applications and has received FDA clearance for some of its products, including ceramic interbody vertebrae fusion devices. The company says it is working on development of joint replacements made of silicon nitride, too. And, according to a press release from the American Chemical Society, silicon nitride\'s super antibacterial abilities may soon bring the material into the mouth, too. The new research shows that silicon nitride\'s antibacterial abilities extend to gum-disease-causing bacteria. The new research reports that tests with Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria, one of the species predominant in gum disease, show that silicon nitride stops bacterial growth and slaughters the bacteria on the material\'s surface. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. I\'R -- 50 years of service and reliability • 50 1964-2014S I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: • CVD SIC Etch & RTP rings CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • Sintering, Debind, Annealing Silicon nitride materials may soon find their way into dental implants. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Credit: marissa anderson; Flickr CC BY 2.0 Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com 21 ceramics in biomedicine Credit: BioMin Gum disease is a health concern, because it can cause significant complications that reach beyond just poor oral health and tooth loss. Gum disease has a negative impact on overall human health, with potential effects reaching as far as heart health and systemic inflammation. So, keeping your mouth clean and keeping disease-causing microbes at bay are important overall public health issues. And bioceramics can help. But how does silicon nitride do the trick? The new research shows that the surface of silicon nitride bioceramics chemically induces the demise of bacteria. More specifically, the pH-dependent surface chemistry of the bioceramic alters bacterial metabolism, causing the microbes to generate peroxynitritewhich, in turn, generates free radicals that kill the microbes. Through their experiments, the researchers found that altering the surface of the bioceramic-by chemical etching or thermal oxidation-had varying effects on bacterial metabolism, too. This detail suggests that scientists may be able to tailor the surface of silicon nitride implants to effectively prevent bacterial complications. The paper, published in Langmuir, is \"Silicon nitride bioceramics induce chemically driven lysis in Porphyromonas gingivalis\" (DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00393). BioMin bioglass toothpaste may better protect sensitive teeth and find its way into US market Queen Mary University of London (U.K.) reports that scientists have developed a new and improved bioglass toothpaste formulation called BioMin. In addition to addressing tooth sensitivity, BioMin\'s makers say the toothpaste also can help prevent tooth decay and acid erosion, thanks to the ability of the bioglass to form a protective enamelmimicking layer and slowly release fluoride into the mouth. Robert Hill, professor of dentistryrelated physical sciences in the Materials 22 Research Institute at Queen Mary University BioMin of London, led the research team that developed the discovery. Armour for Teeth BioMin Armour for Teeth BioMin Technologies already has manufactured thousands of tubes of its new bioglass toothpaste. Hill says he and a team of scientists began investigating their bioglass compositions back in 2006, when he was at Imperial College London. \"Delia Brauerwho won the Gottardi Award last year for her work in this area-with Robert Law and myself did a lot of fundamental studies, initially using a lot of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,\" Hill says in an email. \"But the real breakthrough came at Queen Mary at the Institute of Dentistry, where I joined up with David Gillam, a clini cian who actually did the first studies on bioglass occluding dentinal tubules.\" In 2014, Hill and Gillam cofounded BioMin Technologies to commercialize their progress. BioMin Technologies since has developed several bioglass formulations, including BioMinF, a fluoride-containing bioglass that is designed and optimized for toothpaste. BioMin is not just another version of bioglass, however—it has some important benefits over the original NovaMin formulation. \"In addition to fluoride in the glass (of which there is relatively little), the glass has a higher phosphate content and a much lower silica content than the NovaMin/45S5 glass,\" Hill says via email. That higher phosphate content is almost three times that of NovaMin, according to the company. BioMin also contains smaller particles than NovaMin, which may help the bioglass better infiltrate dentinal tubules to plug access to the tooth nerve. But the real magic is in the chemical formulation of the new bioglass. BioMinF slowly dissolves to release calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions, stretching the release out over 8-12 hours for long-lasting protection. \"The particle size and the network connectivity of the glass are designed so the glass will dissolve over the time period between brushing your teeth,\" Hill says. BioMinF especially differentiates from previous bioglass toothpastes because it forms fluorapatite, rather than hydroxyapatite, on teeth. \"Fluorapatite is much more resistant to acids produced by bacteria and promotes remineralization, particularly in combination with the calcium and phosphate released from the glass,\" Hill explains. And, although many conventional fluoride toothpastes already exist, those formulations contain soluble fluoridewhich, because it is easily washed away, is ineffective within a couple of hours of brushing. Instead, BioMin contains a polymer that binds calcium in the bioglass to calcium on the enamel, preventing the bioglass from being washed away. This innovation makes the bioglass-based protection last longer. Slower release of fluoride also has the added benefit of BioMin toothpaste being able to use a much lower concentration of fluoride-almost one-third that of conventional fluoride toothpastes, according to the company. Further, BioMinF is designed to dissolve more rapidly with lower pH, offering added protection when teeth are directly challenged with acidic food or drinks. Hill says that the team has patented its innovation and holds two U.S. patents www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Credit: Imperial College London for its products. He adds, \"We have freedom to operate with regard to the NovaMin patent family.\" Commercial scale-up is no barrier-the company is manufacturing its bioglass via a conventional melt quench route, which makes production economical. Hill says that BioMin Technologies has manufactured BioMinF bioglass on a ton scale and already has produced 10,000 tubes of BioMin toothpaste. According to the press release, BioMin already is available through special distributors-it costs £4.99 for a 75-mL tube, and is expected to be available in stores in the U.K. by the end of the year. But what about the U.S.? According to Hill, Sensodyne Repair & Protect contained fluoride plus NovaMin, which the FDA classified as two separate active ingredients. \"Fluoride is classified as a drug by the FDA, but this is generally waived for toothpastes. However, they ruled as I understand it—that because Sensodyne Repair & Protect had two active ingredients, including fluoride, it was potentially a drug.\" BioMin, however, should fare better in U.S. markets. Hill explains that BioMinF has only one active ingredient and, technically, no fluoride-at least not until the glass starts to dissolve. Hill adds that this detail makes it hard to predict how the FDA will view BioMinF. So, the company has a backup plan to get its bioglass toothpaste into the American market, regardless of the outcome with BioMinF. \"We have developed a chlorine-containing bioglass, BioMinC, for the U.S. market if the FDA approval of BioMinF is problematic,” Hill adds. “The chlorine glass releases chloride ions as opposed to fluoride ions and are naturally present in the body at high concentrations.\" So, it looks like the U.S. market might finally get to reap the full benefits of bioglass toothpaste. Bioglass stretches further, shows promise for cartilage repair ACers Fellow Julian Jones, professor in the Department of Materials at Imperial College London, is making strides toward one day being able to fix cartilage with a new formulation of bioactive glass that bends and bounces. To achieve such a consistency, Jones and fellow Imperial researchers mixed the silica bioglass with polycaprolactone to form a flexible and durable material. The new bioglass \"mimics the shock-absorbing and load-bearing qualities of real cartilage,\" according to an Imperial press release. In addition to achieving the correct consistency, the team also reports that the material can be made into a biodegradable ink that can be 3-D printed into precisely the size and shape needed. According to the release, the 3-D printed bioglass material can encourage the growth of cartilage cells in vitro, and the team thinks the same will happen in vivo. \"When implanted, the combination of the structure, stiffness, and chemistry of the bioglass would encourage cartilage cells to grow through microscopic pores. The idea is that over time the scaffold would degrade safely in the body, leaving new cartilage in its place that has similar mechanical properties to the original cartilage,” the release explains. Julian Jones is working to develop a new bouncy bioglass that shows promise for cartilage repair. Because cartilage is found in many crucial parts of the body, the new bioglass composite could help replace damaged intervertebral disks, fix worn-out knees, and much more. The team is conducting further lab trials with the technology and is working to develop a surgical technique to implant the material, according to the release. ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION OGasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY GASBARRE PRESS GROUP MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 23 O bulletin Cover story 24 Glass microspheres hollow out a niche for anticounterfeiting strategies By George Wicks, Grant Crawford, Jon Keller, Fred Humes, and Forest Thompson Porous-wall, hollow glass microspheres offer exciting possibilities for new technologies to thwart counterfeiting strategies across various markets. Counterf Nounterfeit products and services are growing at an alarming rate worldwide. These efforts can pose serious threats to a country\'s economy, human health, safety, and national security. In 2015, the International Chamber of Commerce esti mated the global market of counterfeit goods reached a staggering $1.77 trillion.¹ To put this number in perspective, this amount exceeds the entire combined GDP of most countries, including Australia and Korea.² A few examples of the diversity of counterfeit goods follow. There are about 1% counterfeit medicines currently in the United States market and 10%-30% counterfeit medicines in the markets of developing countries. 3,4 Further, counterfeit automotive parts surged by 83% in the U.S. in 2014.5 In 2008, the U.S. Department of Commerce reported 9,356 counterfeit microelectronics incidents discovered by military suppliers. Also, there has been an alarming increase in fraudulent documents, such as passports, which can facilitate terrorist activities. 7-9 Thus, there is a clear and present need to combat these threats by developing new and innovative technologies for more effective security and anticounterfeiting systems. 10 Because of their unique properties, porous ceramics, ceramic-based systems, and glasses can help meet this critical challenge. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Capsule summary THE PERSISTENT PROBLEM Counterfeit products and services plague global marketplaces and pose serious threats to safety, economic welfare, health, and security. Advanced functional materials are needed to address these growing concerns. Current anticounterfeiting technologies include overt, covert, and forensic security measures. 11 Overt technologies, such as watermarks, holograms, barcodes, and radio frequency identification (RFID) devices, are visible to users and often are characterized by a unique visual signature and encrypted information. Conversely, covert technologies, such as invisible ultraviolet printed codes and digital watermarks, are not visible readily. Finally, forensic security features include those detectable using only dedicated instrumentation and specially trained personnel. These technologies include DNA taggants and ratiometricencoded concepts. The digital world equips today\'s counterfeiters with the means to duplicate security features with such detail that counterfeit products often can pass as genuine components. 12 Digital scanners, ink-jet printers, and computer software have made life for the counterfeiter easier. As such, we need new security technologies that are flexible and can make counterfeiting more difficult. The development of next-generation anticounterfeiting technologies requires advances in a variety of technological areas, including encryption and detection, chemical and physical analyses, secure cyberinfrastructure, and manufacturing and patterning technologies (e.g., digital printing). Chief among these critical areas, however, is development of advanced functional materials and integrated systems, which can include \"unique signatures\" that cannot be duplicated easily. New classes of functional material systems for use in anticounterfeiting can provide increasing complexity at a reasonable cost to legitimate manufacturers. Innovative functional porous ceramics POSSIBILITIES OF NEW MATERIALS Porous-wall, hollow glass microspheres are a potential material solution that may help develop more robust security inks—these microcapsules can be loaded with functional security materials that can respond to outside stimuli on demand. and ceramic-based systems, including porous-wall, hollow glass microspheres (PWHGMs), have the potential to provide unique capabilities to improve security printing and anticounterfeiting efforts. Why PWHGMs? Solid glass microspheres and hollow glass microspheres are not new. In fact, we have used them for about a century in a variety of consumer products and services. However, Savannah River National Laboratory invented a new class of glass microspheres, PWHGMs, and introduced them to the materials community in 2008 in the ACerS Bulletin. 13 PWHGMs are tiny glass microballoons or microcapsules that are about one-third the diameter of a human hair. Their sizes vary from a few to ~100 μm in diameter (Figure 1), with thin outer shells that are 1-2 μm in thickness. The most unique and important feature of PWHGMs is \"through-wall\" porosity, PROOF-OF-PRINCIPLE Studies already have demonstrated successfully that these porous glass microspheres can be loaded with nanoparticles and other payloads and can be printed successfully onto substrates. Continued development of these technologies will allow manufacturers to develop more robust and critically needed anticounterfeiting efforts. which is induced and controlled through their shells. Pores are 10-300 nm in diameter and extend continuously from the outside to the inside of the microspheres (Figure 2). This nanoporosity provides a pathway for filling PWHGMs with a variety of materials, including gases, liquids, and solids, and has been demonstrated to various degrees for other systems and applications. 14-17 Savannah River National Laboratory originally developed PWHGMs primarily for nuclear-related purposes, including storage of radioactive isotopes of hydrogen and separations. However, the reach of PWHGMs extends much further-the microspheres have potential uses in energy technologies (e.g., hydrogen storage for hydrogen vehicles, improvements in lead-acid batteries, and new concepts in lithium-ion batteries), environmental remediation (e.g., global warming studies and CO2 sequestering), textiles, medicine, and security. 100μm Figure 1. Electron micrograph depicting the size distribution of porous-wall, hollow glass microspheres.16 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 25 Credit: Intemational Journal of Applied Glass Science; Wiley Glass microspheres hollow out a niche for anticounterfeiting strategies Figure 2. Electron micrograph showing 3-D interconnected wall porosity of wall, hollow glass microspheres.16 In 2011, PWHGM technology received an R&D 100 Award and, in 2012, received Top Honors at the National Nuclear Security Administration Symposium on \"Discovery and Innovation.\" The Applied Research Center (ARC) in Aiken, S.C., is developing PWHGMs for commercialization and new uses in various fields. At ARC, representatives of several disciplines-materials scientists, chemists, physicists, modelers, fluid dynamics and biotechnology researchers, and other scientists-coalesce to address issues of national and international importance and pursue security technol ogy together. The medical field is one area of current emphasis at ARC. At the center, interdisciplinary teams of materials scientists, medical doctors, and surgeons study PWHGM applications in various areas of diagnostics and treatment technologies. These teams helped develop a new class of \"medical cocktails\" or composites, made public for the first time this year in a special \"Glass and Medicine\" edition of the International Journal of Applied Glass Science, dedicated to the memory of Larry Hench. 18 Scientists at ARC also are researching applications of PWHGMs in security printing and anticounterfeiting activities. Scientists can combine PWHGMs with liquids to produce new groups of inks for security printing. The inks can be applied to manufactured goods to provide history and quality assurance 26 2.00μm porousof the items. The glass housing of the microsphere is well suited to be functionalized by a myriad of methods that enable incorporation into a security ink or addition to a suitable matrix to form a composite security material. Specifically, scientists internally load PWHGMs with functional security materials that have unique properties (e.g., optical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, or chemical) when activated. Scientists believe that development of this new class of \"tailored PWHGM security inks\" and the ability of these new compositions to respond uniquely to outside stimuli on demand, including tampering, will provide important new tools for critically needed anticounterfeiting efforts. ARC materials scientists specialize in developing and tailoring tiny glass microspheres or microcapsules that contain a unique and controllable nanoporosity that can be used to load the microspheres with desired cargo, such as sophisticated tagging agents or materials of interest, and release contents on demand. Scientists also are developing and modifying glass formulations and forms that are strong enough to withstand the impact of modern ink-jet printers. Further, researchers from three South Dakota universities-South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, University of South Dakota, and South Dakota State University-recently partnered to form a research collaboraCredit: Intemational Journal of Applied Glass Science; Wiley tion, the Center for Security Printing and Anti-Counterfeiting Technology (SPACT). By its very nature, SPACT also involves a wide range of disciplines, including physical science, engineering, and social/behavioral science. 19-25 SPACT researchers already have developed unique security inks, security markings, and authentication technologies that have garnered significant attention from private and public sectors. Although SPACT researchers have demonstrated remarkable success, they realize staying ahead of counterfeiters requires continuous development of new technologies. As such, SPACT is searching continuously for new, game-changing materials or technologies to incorporate into the next generation of security products, such as PWHGM technologies. Scientists at ARC and SPACT are working together to identify applications of PWHGMs in security printing and anticounterfeiting activities. Scientists realize an interdisciplinary approach is essential in combatting counterfeiting to achieve a meaningful reduction in this growing and critical threat. ARC scientists continue to develop new and more efficient methods of loading, coating, and releasing cargo. Academic allies within SPACT provide additional capabilities, including detailed characterization and evaluation of the microspheres as well as the fluid dynamics involved in the processes. PWHGM proof-of-principle studies One of the critical challenges in developing new security inks is the ink formulation process itself. In traditional ink development, incorporation of a new functional material requires careful identification of a proper solvent, capping agent, and other additives to control dispersion, stability, and rheological properties of the ink. Use of PWHGMs as a carrier, however, minimizes these steps because of the ubiquitous nature of the microspheres\' morphology, characteristics, and glass surface chemistry. Thus, a variety of functional security inks may be developed and deployed within a single technology envelope. Consequently, researchers use PWHGMs to reduce significantly the www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 duration and cost of ink development, enabling rapid development of new security features. An added benefit of PWHGMs is that researchers include multiple functional materials in a single ink by simply mixing PWHGMs carrying various payloads into the same ink formulation. Further, they tune the mechanical properties of PWHGMs by controlling wall thickness or sphere diameter or use external coatings or treatments. These unique features make these materials suitable for antitamper applications in which the spheres can be designed to burst under specific stimuli (e.g., mechanical abrasion or thermal fluctuations), releasing the internal payload for easy detection. To assess the feasibility of using PWHGM technology for security printing and anticounterfeiting applications, ARC and SPACT researchers conducted a multistep proof-of-principle study to assess whether \"signature\" materials can be loaded and contained in PWHGMs. The study also determined whether the loaded microspheres can be mixed with security inks and then applied to the surface of manufactured parts to provide printed codes and other features. Although researchers successfully have filled PWHGMs with a variety of functional materials for other uses and applications, they have directed little research toward loading the microspheres with presynthesized nanoparticles used in security printing applications. Additionally, although researchers have used glass microspheres in extrusion-based technologies for years and even have printed small glass microspheres with ink-jet printers, they never have applied glass microspheres with the size and characteristics of PWHGMs to aerosol jet printing, a form of directwrite printing used in anticounterfeiting technology development. Novel security inks used in preliminary feasibility studies consisted of PWHGMs containing functional materials in their interior, dispersed within a solvent and a dissolved binding agent. As mentioned above, if the unique responses of a variety of nanomaterials are sought for a security feature and those nanomaterials are encapsulated 500 nm 150 nm Figure 3. Electron micrograph depicting gold nanoparticles in a PWHGM shell wall. within PWHGMs, the solvent, binding agent, and printing system can remain constant as they did in these proof-of-principle studies. 100 μm Figure 4. PWHGMs printed on paper. Although many microspheres have shattered, some remain intact. Initially, the researchers studied gold nanoparticles, which exhibit unique optical signatures, as a functional PWHGM payload. Figure 3 depicts gold nanoparticles that were loaded within the wall porosity of a PWHGM by repeatedly soaking the microspheres in the nanoparticle dispersion and evaporating off the solvent to aggregate and the nanoparticles on the interior. trap The researchers loaded the nanoparticles within the shell walls, which coated the surface of the microsphere\'s interior cavity. However, this process had low yields of nanoparticle-loaded PWHGMs. Therefore, the fabrication of security features for simulated tampering events, while promising, is not currently practical. In the future, however, researchers might be able to increase the yield by considering the effects of strong driving forces, such as vacuum induction, on transport of nanoparticle dispersions through the PWHGM wall porosity. In addition to working with presynthesized gold nanoparticles, researchers also loaded metal oxides within substantial amounts of PWHGMs. They loaded copper salt solutions within PWHGMs and then used sol-gel synthesis to convert the solutions to copper oxide, a semiconductor material with known optical properties. By synthesizing the desired payload directly within PWHGMs, they avoided of the challenges of loading many American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org PWHGMs with presynthesized payloads. The researchers demonstrated the feasibility of creating unique ceramic composites for use in security inks by loading PWHGMs with presynthesized nanoparticles and metal oxides. Other current research conducted at SPACT demonstrates successful deposition of nanoporous PWHGMs impregnated with metal oxides onto various substrates. These studies utilize an aerosol jet deposition system in which a fine mist of PWHGM ink is generated using ultrasonic waves. This aerosol is transported to a substrate via a carrier gas. Once deposited, glass microspheres are bound to the substrate by the ink\'s binding agent. Credit: Wicks et al. Credit: Wicks et al. Printing studies are ongoing, and Figure 4 depicts PWHGMs that have been printed on copier paper. Although many PWHGMs fractured either during generation of the aerosol or upon impact with the substrate, the fact that smaller and, therefore, stronger PWHGMs survive is encouraging-especially considering that there are means of further strengthening the microspheres to increase the yield of successfully print27 Glass microspheres hollow out a niche for anticounterfeiting strategies ed microspheres. Additionally, aerosol jet deposition is not the only method of security feature fabrication. The use of other technologies, such as spin coating or automated fluid dispensing systems, may prove to be better suited for fabrication of novel anticounterfeiting features that utilize PWHGM composites. Looking forward Individuals long have sought to copy genuine products and even principles, for reasons of greed, malice, or political gain-to think that counterfeiting will not continue is to deny reality. Therefore, SPACT and ARC are developing new collaborations in the field of anticounterfeiting and antitampering to keep ahead of ill intentions of nations, organizations, or individuals. The work thus far-loading PWHGMs with presynthesized nanoparticles or other functional payloads and successfully printing those loaded PWHGMS onto substrates-effectively demonstrates the feasibility of applying PWHGMs and perhaps other forms of advanced porous ceramics to security printing. As genuine technology advances and opportunities for mischief increase, industry, military, and government must take added precautions to guard We teach. You learn. Increase your materials know-how with Acers. Use our exclusive learning series to expand your knowledge base, brush up on a favorite topic, or increase your practical skills. DVD courses Bioceramics: Advances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare Sintering of Ceramics Surface Chemistry and Characterization of Bioactive Glasses • Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety ⚫ACerS-GMIC\'s Glass Melting Furnaces and Air Emissions Issues in Glass Melting Furnaces valuable assets. Without vigilance and aggressive measures, counterfeiting will continue expanding to further threaten loss of life, financial ruin, compromised national security, and lack of consumer confidence. Acknowledgments The authors thank Patrick Woodell, ARC laboratory manager, for his support of the Advanced Ceramics and Glass programs and for SEM/EDX work on the PWHGMs for this project. They also thank 3M and MoSci Corp. This work was supported in part by the South Dakota Board of Regents, Center for Security Printing and AntiCounterfeiting Technology, and by National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1263343, REU Site: Security Printing and Anti-Counterfeiting Technology. About the authors George Wicks is CTO of the Applied Research Center (ARC) in South Carolina, past president and Distinguished Life Member of ACerS and coinventor of PWHGMs. Fred Humes is CEO/president of ARC and director emeritus of the Economic Development Partnership. Grant Onsite short courses Instabilities in Glass Nucleation, Growth and Crystallization in Glasses-Fundamentals and Applications ceramics.org/learning Online tools ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams database ACerS Bulletin archive Technical Publications from ACers - Wiley The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Crawford is assistant professor at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, serves as director of the NSF REU Site: Security Printing and Anti-Counterfeiting Technology, and is associate director of SPACT. Jon Keller is professor at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, an NSF Presidential Faculty Fellow, and director of SPACT. Forest Thompson was a summer student working with PWHGMs at ARC in 2015 and is currently at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology working with these materials and systems in completion of his master\'s thesis. 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Kellar, \"Polyaniline nanofibers for security printing applications\"; presented at NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference (Portland, Ore., September 21-October 1, 2015); pp. 69-73 in proceedings published by Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Springfield, Va., 2015. 23B.A. Logue, J.K. Kern, S. Rasmussen, J. Kellar, and R.P. Oda, \"Countering counterfeiting of drugs: Unique fluorescent inks for direct printing onto pharmaceuticals\"; presented at NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference (Portland, Ore., September 21October 1, 2015)); pp. 371-74 in proceedings published by Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Springfield, Va., 2015. 24T. Kobayashi, M. Owens, W. Cross, J.J. Kellar, and G.A. Crawford, \"Structural color for security printing: Patterned robust colloidal crystals\"; presented at NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference (Portland, Ore., September 21-October 1, 2015); pp. 396-96 in proceedings published by Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Springfield, Va., 2015. 25F. Thompson, G. Wicks, and G.A. Crawford, \"Porous-wall hollow glass microspheres for security printing applications\"; presented at NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference (Portland, Ore., September 21October 1, 2015); pp. 391-94 in proceedings published by Society for Imaging Science and Technology, Springfield, Va., 2015 | Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Program Professors, researchers, retirees, post-docs, and graduate students ... The general editors of the reference series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics community to critically evaluate published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. Additional contributing editors are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commentaries to accompany each phase diagram being added to the reference series. Especially needed are persons knowledgeable in foreign languages including German, French, Russian, | Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. RECOGNITION: The contributing editor\'s initials will accompany each commentary written for the publication. In addition, your name and affiliation also will be included on the title pages under “contributing editors.\" QUALIFICATIONS: General understanding of the Gibbs phase rule and experimental procedures for determination of phase equilibria diagrams and/or knowledge of theoretical methods to calculate phase diagrams. COMPENSATION for papers covering one chemical system: $150 for the commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. COMPENSATION for papers covering multiple chemical systems: $150 for the first commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. $50 for each additional commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: Mrs. Kimberly Hill NIST Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-8524, USA 301-975-6009 | phase2@nist.gov The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 29 29 Annual commodity summary indicates challenges lie ahead for raw-materials markets By April Gocha Raw aw materials are the starting point of it all. Without them, we would not be able to manufacture all the advanced functional materials that make our high-tech world of today possible. That is why every year, we take a moment to focus on the state of raw materials with a review of the United States Geological Survey\'s annual Mineral Commodity Summary. The Mineral Commodity Summary 2016 details 2015 statistics on the production, supply, and overall market for more than 90 minerals and raw materials-from alumina all the way to zirconium. The report details events, trends, and issues for each material, and paints a quick two-page overview of the climate surrounding each commodity. What follows on the next few pages is a summary of some salient statistics and trends for a handful of mineral commodities that are of particular interest in the ceramic and glass industries. Readers are encouraged to access the complete USGS report at on.doi.gov/1PiwOOD or by scanning the QR code above. Perhaps not surprisingly, China led the world as the supplier of most nonfuel mineral commodities in 2015, with Canada coming in at second place. In the U.S., estimated total nonfuel mineral production decreased 3% from 2014 to 2015, “mainly as a result of decreased metal prices, especially iron ore, copper, and precious metals,\" according to the report. However, production of industrial minerals increased, especially in the construction industry. Nonetheless, \"minerals remained fundamental to the U.S. economy, contributing to the real gross domestic product at several levels, including mining, processing, and manufacturing finished products,\" the report states. The estimated value of mineral raw materials produced at U.S. mines in 2015 was $78.3 billion, a 3% decrease from 2014 figures. The estimated value of metals produced at U.S. mines in 2015 was $26.6 billion, a rather significant 15% drop from 2014 figures. However, industrial minerals production increased 4% from 2014 to 2015, for a total value of $51.7 billion. A corroborating indicator of the challenging climate of the current world market is that several mines and downstream minerals processors idled or shut their doors in the past year. We have seen some of those challenges particularly in the alumina industry of late. According to a recent Roskill Information Services the alumina and aluminum industries are curreport, rently in a state of oversupply, with output continuing despite low demand. Readers can learn more from the Roskill report at prn.to/1RRTEKj. This imbalance has led to widespread reductions in commodity production and permanent closures of several refineries and smelters. Even larger companies, such as Alcoa, are not immune to the challenges. Alcoa cut capacity at several facilities and announced that in late 2016, the company will split into two separate entities, Alcoa and Arconic. While operations have idled at other companies\' plants, too, some companies have not been able to survive by simply decreasing production. Sherwin Alumina Co. and Noranda Aluminum Holding Corp. filed for bankruptcy earlier this year, a deeper sign of the troubling state of affairs in this industry. Although there definitely are challenges in the current market, the future outlook is not completely bleak. According to Mineral Commodities Summary 2016, growth-rate indexes at the end of 2015 indicated that there would be moderate growth in the nonmetallic mineral products industry in 2016. In fact, we recently reported on Ceramic Tech Today that although the global manufacturing industry is in a current holding pattern, analysts suggest the changes are setting the stage for a firmer global economy. Readers can find the complete story at bit.ly/25MltgN. ■ 30 30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 USGS MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARY 2016 highlights End use industries Aluminum BAUXITE AND smelters, abrasives, chemicals, ALUMINA refractories, ceramics Trend in U.S. production U.S. import/ export Leading producer global production (2014-2015) 9% increase for alumina; 12% increase for bauxite 4.0 million tonnes of alumina 100% net import reliance for bauxite; net exporter of alumina Australia for bauxite; Glass, ceram1.7% increase N/A NA BORON ics, abrasives, chemicals, semiconductors Construction 1.9% decrease CEMENT Tile, sanitaryware, absorbents, drilling CLAYS mud, construction, refractories, paper, proppants 0.7% increase 82.8 million tonnes of cement; 75.8 million tonnes of clinker Net exporter 10% net import reliance 25.5 million tonnes (46% common clay; 24% kaolin; 17% bentonite; 13% other) Net exporter China for alumina U.S. China U.S. FELDSPAR Glass, tile, pottery 6% increase 510,000 tonnes (marketable production) 12% net import reliance C⭑ Turkey American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 31 USGS MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARY 2016 highlights End use industries Trend in global U.S. production U.S. import/ export Leading producer production (2014-2015) GALLIUM Integrated circuits, optoelectronic devices 100% net import reliance No change 0 China Brake linings, foundry GRAPHITE operations, lubricants, No change 0 100% net import reliance (natural) China refractory applications, steelmaking Construction, IRON AND transportation STEEL (auto), cans/ containers Refractories, abrasives, 0.85% increase for pig iron; 0.6% decrease for raw steel 26 million tonnes of pig 25% net import reliance iron; 81 million tonnes of steel China KYANITE ceramic prod4.2% increase 110,000 tonnes Net exporter ucts, foundry South Africa products LITHIUM 32 Ceramics, glass, batteries, grease, etc 2.5% increase N/A >60% net import reliance * Australia www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 End use industries Trend in global production U.S. production U.S. import/ Leading export producer (2014-2015) RARE Catalysts, EARTHS metals, magnets, glass 0.8% increase 4,100 tonnes of bastanite concentrates 76% net import reliance polishing China SAND Fracking, well AND packing, 7.6% decrease cementing, 94.9 million tonnes Net exporter GRAVEL glass, foundry U.S. (industrial) SODA ASH Glass, chemicals, detergent, etc 0.8% increase 11.7 million tonnes Net exporter U.S. TITANIUM Paint, plastic, paper, cataDIOXIDE lysts, ceramics, coated textiles, (pigment) floor coverings, 9.8% increase in capacity (production decreased, but data withheld) 1.16 million tonnes Net exporter ink, etc China ZEOLITES (natural) Litter, odor control, cement, water purification, 1.1% increase 72,400 tonnes Net exporter fertilizer, gas absorbent, catalysts, China etc American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 33 00 DIC13 0602 R24 61204 000 Preparation of low-dielectricconstant ceramics using kaolin clay by Baohua Yu, Xiuxiu Yuan, Yingjie Liu, Ping Lu, Bin Li, Huaiqi Li, Yuehua Zhang, and Yanqiu Jing Sintering and sol-gel infiltration techniques help synthesize dense kaolin ceramics as a low-dielectric-constant material for potential fabrication of electronic devices. 34 The development of ultra-large-scale integrated circuits have allowed semiconductor device components to shrink in size. Low dielectric constant materials are essential for interconnections as well as reduction of crosstalk noise and power consumption in these smaller devices. Although researchers traditionally have used SiO, as the main dielectric material,¹ their studies have also explored many low-dielectric-constant materials,²-4 such as Si3N4-SiO2 ceramics and zeolite films.5 Kaolin clay is a naturally abundant composition of hydrated aluminum silicates [i.e, Al(SiO₁) (OH)2] that consists primarily of SiO2 and Al2O3. High-temperature treatment converts kaolin clay to mullite and free silica, which together form strong internal bonds that result in excellent strength. Therefore, kaolin is used worldwide for applications such as clay ceramics, 6 zeolites for nicotine 7,8 and asphaltene adsorption, and substrate insulation. 10 Kaolin also is relatively inexpensive, 11-13 so it has significant potential as a low-dielectric-constant material. However, the surface of kaolin clay can become porous during sintering, which eliminates gas and moisture. These pores absorb moisture, especially in humid environments, deteriorating the ceramics\' dielectric properties. 14 Therefore, increasing the moisture resistance of kaolin clay ceramics is essential for their use as an inexpensive low-dielectric-constant material. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Credit: T137; Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SA 3.0 Intensity (arbitary units) Table 1. Chemical composition of raw materials Content (wt%) 90.32 Kaolin components Kaolin phases Component Content (wt%) Al₂03 36.92 Phase Kaolinite SiO2 53.40 Others 9.68 CaO 3.91 V₂05 0.10 MnO 0.07 Fe2O3 0.32 Rb₂O 0.07 ZrO2 0.01 0.02 Nb₂05 14 Many studies show that dense surfaces impart excellent moisture resistance and dielectric properties to ceramics. As such, we combined sintering and sol-gel infiltration technologies to synthesize ceramics with dense surfaces using inexpensive and naturally abundant kaolin clay. Forming dense kaolin surfaces We obtained kaolin clay from the \"tobacco belt\" of China\'s Hunan province and analyzed its chemical composition via X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Table 1). The clay contained more than 90 wt% Al2O3 and SiO2 and had high CaO content. We dried the clay at 80°C for 24 h before we ground the material into powder and sieved it to <0.3 mm. We mixed this powder with poly(vinyl alcohol) (5 wt%) and coldpressed the mixture in a 20-mm-diameter mold under 2 MPa. We sintered the green bodies for 3 h at 1,300°C, which yielded kaolin ceramic preforms. We then immersed the preforms in industrial silicon collosol (~30 wt% SiO2) and heated them at 95°C for 15, 30, or 60 min in a Teflon-lined autoclave. After we dried the preforms at 80°C for 24 h, we sintered them at 1,300°C for 3 h. For dielectric tests, we coated preforms with silver paste and sintered them at 550°C for 10 min. We refer to kaolin ceramics infiltrated by silica gel for various times as KC-n, where n denotes infiltration time. Microstructure of sintered kaolin surfaces Sintering temperature significantly influences clay\'s mechanical strength, porosity, and dielectric properties. Thermal treatment eliminates poly(vinyl alcohol) and (a) water from the green bodies, resulting in porous surfaces and bonding between clay particles. Figure 1 shows XRD patterns of the ceramics sintered at 1,300°C for 3 h. After sintering, the ceramics that were not infiltrated by silica gel consisted of mullite and calcium oxide phases. The same peaks occur in the pattern of ceramics infiltrated by silica gel and then sintered at 1,300°C for 3 h. This suggests that, even with infiltration by the gel, cristobalite does not form during 3 h of sintering at 1,300°C. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the surfaces of sintered preforms are extremely porous (Figure 2). There are, however, significantly more pores on the top surface than on the bottom surface. These pores may result from the release of CO2 and moisture during sinteringi.e., they act as release channels for CO2 and moisture. Pores also can act as M M M с M MMM M AC MM KC-0 KC-60 TM3000 2015/07/20 NL D5.2 x5.0k 20 um (b) M M السلامة لسلسسلسلة Credit: Yang et al. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 TM3000 20 (deg) Figure 1. XRD patterns of (-) KC-0 and (−) KC-60 preforms sintered at 1,300°C for 3 h. M is mullite, A is anorthite, and C is cordierite. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 3 h. 2015/07/20 NL D4.9 x5.0k 20 um Figure 2. SEM micrograph of the (a) top and (b) bottom surfaces of kaolin clay ceramics sintered at 1,300°C for 35 Credit: Yang et al. (d) Preparation of low-dielectric-constant ceramics using kaolin clay (a) (b) (c) TM3000 2015/07/20 NL D5.2 x5.0k 20 um TM3000 2015/07/20 NL D5.0 x5.0k 20 um TM3000 2015/07/20 NL D5.0 x5.0k 20 um (e) (f) TM3000 2015/07/20 NL D4.9 x2.0k 30 um TM3000 2015/07/20 NL D5.3 x3.0k 30 um TM3000 2015/07/20 NL D5.3 x5.0k Figure 3. SEM micrographs of (a) top and (b) bottom surfaces of KC-15; (c) top and (d) bottom surfaces of KC-30; and (e) top and (f) bottom surfaces of KC-60. transfer channels for silica sol during the infiltration process. Figure 3 shows that both surfaces of KC-n are extremely porous after infiltration times of 15-60 min. This high level of porosity possibly results from short infiltration times, which prevent the pores from being filled and allows only a small amount of silica gel to deposit in KC-30 exhibits low porosity the pores. in contrast with ceramics infiltrated for less than 30 min. In fact, small pores are blocked, channels are well connected by SiO2, and few relatively large pores persist on the surfaces of KC-30. However, both surfaces become covered with a layer of SiO2, which almost completely fills the pores, when infiltration time is increased to 60 min. This implies that KC-60 is resistant to the entry of water and moisture. Increment and open porosity of the kaolin ceramic Figure 4 shows the properties of preforms that were infiltrated by silica gel for various times and then sintered at 1,300°C for 3 h. When we increased the soak time from 0 to 60 min, draingate methods showed that the increment 0.2%. This implies that a of preforms increased from 0 to 0.37 wt%, 0.40 0.35whereas open 0.30porosity decreased 0.25from 2.63% to 0.200.150.100.050.00-0.05 0 10 20 40 Infiltration time (min) 30 50 layer of compact SiO2 formed on the surface of KC-60, as indicated in Figure 3. Top surfaces of noninfiltrated preforms had a Vickers hardness of 947 kg/mm², but KC-60 had Increment (%) Figure 4. Increment and open porosity of kaolin ceramic oxidized at 1,300°C. increased hardness of 1,558 kg/mm². Increased infiltration time led therefore, to decreased open porosity and increased Vickers hardness of the surface. This increase resulted from formation of cristobalite, which is harder than mullite. Further, reduced porosity indicates that quartz formed on the surfaces of preforms. This suggests, in turn, that dense surfaces are more resistant to moisture and mechanical shock than porous ones. Dielectric properties 660 60 Dielectric properties of KC-n at 3 2 20 um Credit: Yang et al. Open porosity (%) 1 MHz are affected by infiltration of the silica gel (Figure 5). The kaolin clay has a low dielectric constant of 5.12 and exhibits low dielectric loss of 0.018. However, KC-60 has slightly higher gel infiltration and, thus, a slightly higher dielectric constant of 5.76 and dielectric loss of 0.031. 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 Credit: Yang et al. Potential for microelectronics We combined infiltration and sintering technologies to form SiO2-kaolin clay ceramics. Mullite phase constitutes the matrix of the preforms, which have excellent mechanical and dielectric properties and are highly resistant to moisture and mechanical shock. Further, covering the surface of the ceramics with a dense layer of SiO2 blocks pores, and increases hardness, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss of the material\'s surface. This phase has significant potential for use as a matrix from which pure SiO2 insulating zeolite materials can be synthesized. Therefore, these ceramics have significant potential for the microelectronics industry. With further characterization, these results may suggest a pathway to manufacture low-cost dielectrics for electronic devices. Acknowledgment The authors thank the Hunan Science and Technology Development Co. Ltd. for providing raw materials. About the authors Baohua Yu is in the Economics and Management College at the National Tobacco Cultivation and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Centre at Henan Agricultural University (Zhengzhou, China). Xiuxiu Yuan and Yanqiu Jing are in the College of Tobacco Science at Henan Agricultural University (Zhengzhou, China). Yingjie Liu and Bin Li are with the Zhengzhou Branch of Henan Province Tobacco Corp. (Zhengzhou, China). Ping Lu and Huaiqi Li are with the Tobacco Industry Technology Research and Development Center (Zhengzhou, China). Yuehua Zhang is with the Detecting Test Station at Xinzheng Cigarette Factory (Zhengzhou, China). Contact Yanqiu Jing at jingyanqiu72t@163.com. References \'J. Banjuraizah, H. Mohamad, and Z.A. Ahmad, \"Thermal expansion coefficient and dielectric properties of nonstoichiometric cordierite compositions with excess MgO mole ratio synthesized from mainly kaolin and talc by the glass crystallization method,” J. Alloys Compd., 494, 256-60 (2010). ZA.I. Kingon and J.P. Maria, \"Alternative dielectrics to silicon dioxide for memory and logic devices,\" Nature, 406, 1032-38 (2000). 3K. Maex and D. Shairyan, \"Low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics,\" J. Appl. Phys., 93, 8793-841 (2003). 4R. Poloni and J. Kim, \"Predicting low-k zeolite materials,\" J. Mater. Chem. C, 2, 2298-300 (2014). X.M. Li and P. Wu, \"Fabrication and properties of porous Si,NDielectric constant Dielectric loss (10-2) Vickers hardness (kg/mm²) 6 (a) 5 3 0 0 10 20 (b) 3.0 2.52.01.51.0 0.5 40 50 60 30 Infiltration time (min) 0.0 ° 10 20 30 40 50 Infiltration time (min) 1600 (c) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 g. 60 400 200 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Infiltration time (min) ·ខ Figure 5. (a) Dielectric constant, (b) dielectric loss, and (c) Vickers hardness of KC-n. SiO, ceramics with dense surface and gradient pore distribution,\" Ceram. Int., 40, 5079-84 (2014). J. Zhou, X.Z. Zhang, and Y.Q. Wang, \"Elaboration and characterization of tubular macroporous ceramic support for membranes from kaolin and dolomite,\" J. Porous Mater., 17, 1-9 (2010). \'K. Shen, W.Z. Qian, and N. Wang, \"Direct synthesis of c-axisoriented ZSM-5 naoneedles from acid-treated kaolin clay,\" J. Mater. Chem. A, 1, 3272-75 (2013). 8N. Lazarevic and J. Jovanovic, \"Kinetics of isothermal nicotine adsorption from the aqueous solution onto the USY zeolite,\" Ind. Eng. Chem., 49, 6302-308 (2010). \'S.S. Wang and Q. Liu, “Study of asphaltene adsorption on kaolinite by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy,\" J. Am. Chem. Soc., 27, 2465-73 (2013). Credit: Yang et al 10V. Viswabaskaran and F.D. Gnanam, “Mullite from clay-reactive alumina for insulating substrate application,\" Appl. Clay Sci., 25, 29-35 (2004). \"M.C. Xu and M.J. Cheng, \"Growth of zeolite KSO1 on calcined kaolin microsperes,\" J. Mater. Chem., 9, 2965-66 (1999). 12M.C. Xu and M.J. Cheng, \"Growth of ultrafine zeolite Y crystals on metakaolin microspheres,\" Chem. Commun., 19, 1873-74 (2000). 13P. Gelin and C. Gueguen, \"Hydrothermal modifications of matrix-embedded Y-faujasite and offretite zeolites,\" Appl. Catal., 38, 225-33 (1988). 14X.M. Li and L.T. Zhang, “Effect of chemical vapor deposition of Si,N, BN, and BC coatings on the mechanical and dielectric properties of porous Si,N₁ ceramic,\" Scr. Mater., 66, 33-36 (2012). ■ American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 37 Application note Kilns Credit: Riedhammer GmbH Figure 1. Flat-bed tunnel kiln for firing bulk solids up to 1,650°C. High-temperature process engineering for firing of advanced ceramics-How to select the proper kiln application By Hartmut Weber Continuous firing systems can be more efficient than batch firing systems. Two examples illustrate selection criteria and design considerations for industrial continuous kiln systems. M any materials undergo heat treatment in production processes. The development potential for technical ceramics and other advanced materials is enormous if we are to meet the demand for more and more novel and optimized products in the market. Manufacturers must compete globally, and they work constantly to improve their products-technically and economically. Increased efficiency of thermal production processes and optimization of heat-treatment equipment is essential. Kilns represent significant capital investments for manufacturers, and the question is how to select the proper kiln for the respective application. This article illustrates the kiln selection process for two applications with different requirements. In general, two types of facilities exist: intermittently operating and continuously operating kiln plants. Because there is increased demand for production capacities of advanced materials, batch-type processes are being replaced by continuously operating equipment to save energy and handling costs. The latest trends of intermittent processes and kilns are found in the literature. 1-3 This article focuses on continuous hightemperature processes and process engineering. Customer process example No. 1 Product: Bulk material Atmosphere: Gas-fired Temperature: 1,400°C Material boundary conditions: No friction allowed during firing Manufacturers usually fire bulk materials in rotary kilns.4,5 But, when friction or abrasion must be avoided during the firing process, they set the product in high-alumina boxes, or saggars. This customer currently uses an intermittent kiln, and stacks saggars in a big block on a shuttle kiln car. The increased demand for this product requires more firing capacity. The ceramic industry initially developed tunnel kilns with continuous car transport and fuel firing (gas or oil) to handle this type of application. Manufacturers usually filled the saggars with product and packed them on tunnel kiln cars, leaving a defined space between blocks of saggars to generate fire aisles. 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 They use this practice up to 1,850°C for all types of oxide ceramics, including high-alumina and zirconia products. The goal here, based on a throughput of 500 kg/h (1,000 lb/h), was to improve firing and to minimize handling operations caused by the many saggars needed. Riedhammer designers proposed two up-to-date high-temperature process engineering solutions with significant benefits. Solution A: Tunnel kiln with flat bed A tunnel kiln with a flat bed (Figure 1) offers two advantages compared with a tunnel kiln with a \"blocks of boxes\" load pattern. First, the flat bed remains on the car, which eliminates handling of boxes. Instead, only the product needs to be handled. Second, the bed is fired from below, allowing quicker heating through the bed. The reduced temperature gradient in the flat bed compared with the temperature gradient inside the block of boxes permits a shorter firing cycle. Solution B: Roller kiln A roller kiln is another important high-temperature kiln for continuous firing of advanced ceramics. Compared with the continuous tunnel kiln with car transport, the versatile roller kiln has much lower specific energy consumption, because no cars have to be heated or cooled. Modern roller kilns are wider than they are long. This design reduces investment costs, because kiln length costs more than kiln width. When we increase useful width, we decrease useful height, which, in turn, results in much better temperature distribution over the kiln cross section. Consequently, we can decrease the product firing cycle. Another advantage of a roller kiln for this application is that, in combination with a closed-loop return for the boxes, we easily achieve lean automation for product loading and unloading operations. We need to handle only the product-the boxes remain in the kiln. Figure 2 shows a roller kiln of a width suitable for six boxes. Ceramic filters, milling balls, high-alumina and zirconia parts, ferrites, and electronic components are fired in this type of kiln. Depending on product requirements, Figure 2. Roller kiln for treatment of bulk materials. electric or fuel energy provides temperatures up to 1,600°C. Customer process example No. 2 Product: Shaped material Atmosphere: Non-oxidizing, electric heating Temperature: 1,250°C Material boundary conditions: Dewaxing of product prior to sintering Currently, the manufacturer thermally treats the product in intermittent top-hat kilns, a style of bell kilns, with a nitrogenbased atmosphere. The manufacturer places the product on setter plates, which are stacked in piles. Increased demand for this product requires more firing capacity. Multichamber furnaces commonly are used for thermal treatment of alloyed steel under various atmospheres. These furnaces are based on cold-wall technology, which means that they have double walls with water jackets and usually inner doors to separate chambers and atmospheres. The operation is quasi-continuous. Usually, heat treatment occurs at lower temperatures than in the ceramic industry. The process cycles from cold to cold in the ceramic industry often are much longer. The ceramic industry has established a multichamber furnace concept with inner doors to separate the atmospheres in largescale production because the doors are maintenance intensive. Two high-temperature kiln concepts meet application needs for mass production of advanced materials with non-oxidizing atmosphere process conditions. Solution C: Gastight roller-type kiln The gas-tight roller kiln (Figure 3) is a new kiln design that combines continuous dewaxing and sintering followed by controlled rapid cooling. The kiln is used for thermal treatment processes of nonoxide materials, such as carbon parts or powder metal parts. Here, the advantage is that roller kilns can be several plates wide. Heating elements located above and below the rollers ensure a homogenous temperature profile that allows single-layer sintering to perfectly control product shrinkage, which also reduces cycle time. Atmospheres are separated by a newly developed transition zone that isolates the dewaxing atmosphere from the sinterFigure 3. Roller kiln for high-temperature sinter hardening of PM parts. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 39 Credit: Riedhammer GmbH Credit: Riedhammer GmbH High-temperature process engineering for firing of advanced ceramics ... Figure 4. 3-D model of a debindering zone with integrated thermal postcombustion. Figure 5. 3-D simulation showing temperature distribution in the product within a pusher kiln. Figure 6. 3-D simulation showing temperature distribution in the cross section of a pusher kiln. Credit: Riedhammer GmbH Credit: Riedhammer GmbH Credit: Riedhammer GmbH ing zone without mechanical doors. Solution D: Pusher-type kiln Manufacturers widely use a pushertype kiln for mass production of sensitive electronic ceramics. They place the green products on ceramic batts in this tunnel kiln and push them steadily through the kiln channel on a ceramic sliding track using a hydraulic or electromechanical pusher system. One, two, or three lines of pusher plates go through the kiln tunnel at the same time. The two-line design is most common and is used for various atmospheres, e.g., N2, Ar, and H2, and operating temperatures up to 1,650°C. These applications require a debindering process prior to sintering. Therefore, current pusher-type kilns have a modular design with either electrical heating with individual recirculation zones or gas heating with debindering units with indirect heating and integrated thermal postcombustion systems (Figure 4). Space constraints at the customer\'s site did not allow for single-layer sintering. We could realize the required throughput increase only by using a multilayer load pattern on two line pusher plates. We used a 3-D-based design system in the early development of this high-temperature kiln to verify that this critical hightemperature process would lead to the desired results. The main advantage of this tool is that the kiln can be modeled and described in every detail and viewed from all perspectives for all necessary process steps. Although we cannot yet realize at reasonable cost a complete simulation of the transient heat and flow process in a continuous kiln, partial simulation of certain scenarios or solutions is common. Figures 5 and 6 show computer simulations of how these critical processes are expected to operate. Summary Manufacturers of technical ceramics and advanced materials are in global competition to increase plant efficiency, product quality, and capacity and minimize investment and production costs. This driving force also influences thermal treatment, particularly hightemperature production processes of continuous kiln technologies. Because of increased demands on products, high-temperature kilns and kiln plants have been further developed in recent years. Development of furnace technology remains essentially based on experience gathered over decades, even if today 3-D simulations partly provide effective support. A variety of continuous furnace systems currently are available that have been specifically designed to meet technical ceramics customers\' requirements and are in continuous development in close cooperation with customers. About the author Hartmut Weber is marketing director with Riedhammer GmbH, Germany. Contact Weber at hartmut.weber@riedhammer.de. About Riedhammer Riedhammer GmbH, a leading manufacturer of kiln plants worldwide with more than 9,000 successfully realized heat-treatment installations, can provide all types of services to its customers for further development of customized production equipment for thermal processes for technical ceramics and advanced materials. References ¹F. Becker and A. Hajduk, “Innovative behandlung von keramik mit low-O₂ technologie,\" Keram. Z., [6] 420-25 (2008). 2F. Becker, Brennstoffbeheizte Keramiköfen. Praxishandbuch Thermoprozesstechnik, Bd. II, 2; pp. 518 ff. Aufl., Essen, Germany, 2011. 3H. Weber, \"Einblicke in Riedhammer Application Center (RAC)-Brennpunkte der ofen- und prozessentwicklung für technische keramik,\" cfi/Ber. DKG, 89 [3] D8-D10 (2012). 4H. Weber, A. Hajduk, and R. Fink, \"Thermal processing plants for heat treatment of bulk solids,\" cfi/Ber. DKG, 90 [4] E11-E14 (2013). 5H. Weber, \"Rotary kilns-Processing equipment for the heat treatment of bulk solids,\" cfi/Ber. DKG, 92 [10-11]-E1-E4 (2015). 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 OVER 135 PAGES VERSION 4.1 PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS 1,656 NEW FOR CERAMIC SYSTEMS Reduce research time and avoid costly experimentation with ACerS-NIST criticallyevaluated phase diagrams for ceramic systems. 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THE GLASS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY COUNCIL GLASS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY REPORT A detailed and comprehensive reference source for intelligence on the glass manufacturing industry INDUSTRY DATA Contained in the report are vital metrics broken out by glass manufacturing segments, Flat Glass, Container Glass, Specialty Glass, Fiberglass - Glass Wool, and Fiberglass -Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics/Polymers (GFRP) SPECIAL SECTION ON EMISSIONS REGULATIONS A detailed and comprehensive survey of emissions regulations relevant to glass manufacturing in North America and Europe, along with recommended best available techniques The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST CONTACT LISTS – US glass manufacturer list – US glass factory list - Supplier lists - alphabetical and by category ORDER THIS VALUABLE RESOURCE TODAY Download Order Form at www.GMIC.org MIC Glass Manufacturing Industry Council ORDER TODAY ceramics.org/phase | 866-721-3322 240-646-7054 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 41 PREMEETING PLANNER Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 16 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 1200A G #4 OCTOBER 23-27, 2016 | SALT PALACE CONVENTION CENTER SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH USA JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 118TH ANNUAL MEETING The MS&T partnership brings together scientists, engineers, students, suppliers, and more to discuss current research and technical applications and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Register now to take part in the leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community. PLENARY LECTURES Tuesday, October 25 | 8:00 - 10:40 a.m. ACerS EDWARD ORTON JR. MEMORIAL LECTURE Bruce Dunn, professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Nippon Sheet Glass Chair Designing Ceramics for Next-Generation Energy Storage Systems ASM/TMS JOINT DISTINGUISHED LECTURE IN MATERIALS AND SOCIETY Julie A. Christodoulou, director, Naval Materials, S&T Division, Sea Warfare and Weapons Department, Office of Naval Research Elegant Solutions Exploration and Outcomes That Matter AIST ADOLF MARTENS MEMORIAL STEEL LECTURE David K. Matlock, university emeritus professor, Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research Center, The George S. Ansell Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Colorado School of Mines Enhancing the Fatigue Performance of Steel: Have We Learned Anything from the Past? HOTEL INFORMATION Reservation deadline: September 29, 2016 For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at matscitech.org. Salt Lake Marriott Downtown City Creek (ACerS HQ) Rate: $194 single or double occupancy Adjacent to the Salt Palace Convention Center U.S. Government rate rooms are extremely limited; proof of federal government employment must be shown at check-in or higher rate will be charged. U.S. Government rate is the prevailing government rate. Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 42 AIST ASM TMS ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Co-sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL The Worldwide Corrosion Authority\" www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 REGISTER BEFORE SEPTEMBER 23 TO SAVE! MATSCITECH.ORG ACERS AWARD LECTURES Monday, October 24 9:00 10:00 a.m. ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture - Aldo R. Boccaccini, Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Friedberg Bioactive glasses in soft tissue repair: What do we know so far? 2:00-5:00 p.m. ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session Cooper Distinguished Lecture cooper - G. Neville Greaves, Cambridge University, Cambridge, U.K., and Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China Where inorganic meets organic in the glassy state: Hybrid glasses and dental cements 2016 Alfred R. Cooper Young Scholar Award Presentation - Matthew A. Tuggle, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technology, and Clemson University Novel approaches to glass optical fibers 2:00-4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Session - Tadachika Nakayama, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan Ceramics polymer hybrids and their processing with nanopulsed power technology - Yoshiki Iwazaki, TAIYO YUDEN CO., LTD., Gunma, Japan Material design of dielectric and piezoelectric materials * with first-principles calculation - James G. Hemrick, Reno Refractories Inc. Fulrath * A future for refractory ceramic technology based on a rich past - Tomoyuki Nakamura, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan Development of dielectrics for monolithic ceramic capacitor Bryan D. Huey, University of Connecticut High-speed and tomographic AFM of functional materials Tuesday, October 25 MS&T Plenary Session 8:00 10:40 a.m. ACers Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture - Bruce Dunn, University of California, Los Angeles 1:00-2:00 p.m. Orton Rustum ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture - Cato T. Laurencin, University of Connecticut Regenerative engineering: A convergence approach to next-generation grand challenges Wednesday, October 26 1:00-2:00 p.m. Roy ACers Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Jennifer A. Lewis, Harvard University Programmable assembly of colloidal suspensions ACERS SHORT COURSE Thursday, October 27 | 9:00 a.m. - 4:40 p.m. Friday, October 28 | 9:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. Salt Lake Marriott Downtown at City Creek Sintering of Ceramics Sosman Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology SPECIAL EVENTS Sunday, October 23 MS&T Women in Materials Science Reception Enjoy the chance to network with professionals and peers in a relaxed environment. Monday, October 24 Experience Salt Lake City Join us from 9:00-10:00 a.m. to meet with local tour organizers who will provide information on local activities, sites, and self-guided tours in Salt Lake City. The knowledgeable local staff will assist in getting your day planned and started. You will be surprised by all the activities and sightseeing available to you during your stay! Advance registration is not required. Welcome Reception and Exhibit Opening Network with your colleagues, meet new people, and learn about the exciting membership offerings of the organizing societies. ACers 118th Annual Meeting The president reports on Society activities and newly elected officers take their positions during the annual membership meeting. All ACerS members and guests are welcome. ACers Annual Meeting ACers 118th Annual Honors and Awards Banquet Enjoy dinner, conversation, and the presentation of ACerS awards. Purchase tickets for $90 via meeting registration. Tuesday, October 25 Salt Lake City Tour 8:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. Price per person: $65 (includes lunch) A 30-mile adventure, which includes visits to Temple Square; the State Capitol building; This Is the Place Heritage Park; historic districts, with mansions and cathedrals; University of Utah; Pony Express Station; historic Fort Douglas; Trolley Square; Union Pacific Depot; and dozens more of Salt Lake City\'s top attractions. Purchase tickets for $65 at matscitech.org. MS&T Young Professionals Reception Attend this reception to meet and network with fellow young professionals. MS&T16 Exhibit Happy Hour Reception Network with colleagues and build relationships with qualified attendees, buyers, and prospects! VISIT THE EXPO! Monday, October 24 Welcome Reception | 4:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Tuesday, October 25 Show 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. Happy Hour | 4:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Wednesday, October 26 Show 9:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. Find the program and exhibit at matscitech.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 43 Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 16 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OCTOBER 23-27, 2016 | SALT PALACE CONVENTION CENTER SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH USA JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 118TH ANNUAL MEETING CALENDAR OF EVENTS Accurate as of 7/7/16 (times and locations are subject to change) Legend: SPCC Salt Palace Convention Center MCC = Salt Lake Marriott City Center MDCC = Salt Lake Marriott Downtown at City Creek Hilton Hilton Salt Lake City Center SUNDAY, OCTOBER 23 Conference Activities Programming Support Desk Registration Society Member Lounges Material Advantage Student Functions Chapter Leadership Workshop (Material Advantage Chapters only) Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Semifinal 1 Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Semifinal 2 Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Finals Material Advantage Presentation Workshop Student Networking Mixer Social Functions MS&T Women in Materials Science Reception MONDAY, OCTOBER 24 Conference Activities TIME LOCATION 12:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m. SPCC 12:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. SPCC 12:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. SPCC 10:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. SPCC 1:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. SPCC 1:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. SPCC 4:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. SPCC 5:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. SPCC 6:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. SPCC Registration 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC Programming Support Desk 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC Authors\' Coffee 7:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. SPCC Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC Acers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition 8:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. SPCC Exhibition Exhibitor Set Up 8:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC Welcome Reception and Exhibition Grand Opening 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC Exhibition Show Hours 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC Football Feature 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC Career Pavilion Lectures ACerS/NICE: Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Session 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC 9:00 a.m. 10:00a.m. SPCC 2:00 p.m. 4:40 p.m. SPCC ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session 2:00 p.m. -5:00 p.m. SPCC Alpha Sigma Mu Lecture 2:30 p.m. 4:00 p.m. SPCC Material Advantage Student Functions ACerS Student Tour 12:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. SPCC Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Installation 4:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. SPCC Graduate Student Poster Contest Installation 4:30 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. SPCC Social Functions ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Banquet Reception 6:45 p.m. 7:30 p.m. MDCC ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Banquet 7:30 p.m. 10:00 p.m. MDCC Annual Meetings ACerS 118th Annual Membership Meeting 1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25 Conference Activities Authors\' Coffee Registration Programming Support Desk Society Member Lounges ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition 44 7:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m. SPCC 6:00 p.m. SPCC www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25 (continued) Conference Activities Poster Installation General Poster Session with Presenters General Poster Viewing Exhibition ASM Mini-Materials Camp Exhibition Show Hours Football Feature Career Pavilion MS&T Food Court Happy Hour Reception Lectures MS&T Plenary Lectures ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions REGISTER BEFORE SEPTEMBER 23 TO SAVE! TIME LOCATION 10:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. SPCC SPCC 1:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. SPCC 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC 10:00 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. SPCC 10:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC 10:00 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. SPCC 12:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m. SPCC 4:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. SPCC 8:00 a.m. 10:40 a.m. SPCC 1:00 p.m.-2:00 p.m. SPCC Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Judging 10:00 a.m.-12:00 p.m. SPCC Graduate Student Poster Contest Judging 10:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. SPCC ASM DomesDay Competition 10:15 a.m. 1:30 p.m. SPCC Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display with Presenters 11:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. SPCC Graduate Student Poster Contest Display with Presenters 11:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. SPCC Mug Drop Contest 11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. SPCC Disc Golf Contest Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display Graduate Student Poster Contest Display Student Awards Ceremony Social Functions ACers Companion Breakfast Salt Lake City Tour MS&T Young Professionals Reception WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26 Conference Activities 12:30 p.m. 1:30 p.m. SPCC 1:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. SPCC 1:00 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. SPCC 2:00 p.m.-3:00 p.m. SPCC 8:00 a.m. - 10:00 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. MDCC SPCC 4:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC Registration Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. SPCC Society Member Lounges ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition Exhibition Exhibition Show Hours ASM Mini-Materials Camp General Poster Viewing Football Feature 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. SPCC 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC MS&T Food Court 12:00 p.m.- 2:00 p.m. SPCC Exhibitor Tear Down 2:00 p.m. 9:00 p.m. SPCC General Poster Session: Tear Down 2:00 p.m.-3:00 p.m. SPCC Lectures ACerS Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture 1:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. SPCC Graduate Student Poster Contest Display 9:30 a.m. 2:00 pm. SPCC Undergraduate Student Poster Dismantle 2:00 p.m.-3:00 p.m. SPCC 2:00 p.m. 3:00 p.m. SPCC Graduate Student Poster Dismantle THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27 Conference Activities Registration Society Member Lounges Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition Educational Course Sintering of Ceramics FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28 Educational Course Sintering of Ceramics American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 7:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 8:00 a.m. SPCC 7:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. SPCC 9:00 a.m. 4:40 p.m. MDCC 9:00 a.m. 2:30 p.m. MDCC 45 45 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org STUDENTS \"Lettuce Nudibranch,\" a painting inspired by a sea slug and similar to a coating developed for high surface area applications using self-assembly. Credit: Swetha Barkam University of Central Florida get your creative juices flowing! ceramics.org/pcsacreative Compete in the 1st Annual ACerS PCSA Creativity Competition! If you are a student and would like to participate in this contest, submit a picture or short video of your artwork along with the application form to PCSACreative@ceramics.org by August 15, 2016. Possible art categories: • Glassblowing • Stained glass • Pottery • Ceramic 3-D printing •⚫ Glass 3-D printing • Artistic painting of a ceramic-related image • Digital 3-D rendering of a ceramic-related process • Other ceramic or glass-related forms of art Penn State graduate student Ethan Kahn, throwing pottery. Winning categories: 1. Scientific Creativity: Art that creatively conveys effective scientific concepts and/or illustrates a technically difficult characterization or processing technique in beautiful form! 2. Artistic Creativity: Unique ceramic- or glass-inspired art that is attention grabbing and thought invoking! 3.Viewer\'s Choice: We\'ll be showing off your art through PCSA social media! The submission with the most likes will win the Viewer\'s Choice Award. For more information and how to apply, go to ceramics.org/pcsacreative Winning art pieces will be displayed in the ACerS booth during the MS&T16 Conference in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Contact PCSA delegate and programming liaison, Lyndsey Denis at lyndseymdenis@hotmail.com for more information. Glassblowing by Jarrett Rice, Penn State MSE graduate student. Award trophies sponsored by: CORNING Credit: Lyndsey Denis Credit: Lyndsey Denis ACERS GLASS AND OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION keeps momentum going at annual conference (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) GOMD chair Randy Youngman served as banquet master of ceremonies. Mario Affitigato, editor of the International Journal of Applied Glass Science, conducted a \"lunch and learn\" for students on scientific publishing. Matthew Dejneka from Corning Inc. delivers the Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers in Glass Technology award lecture. M ore than 360 glass scientists, engineers, and students attended ACerS Glass and Optical Materials Division technical conference and annual business meeting in Madison, Wis., the week of May 22. \"We have a lot of momentum now,\" according to Division chair Randy Youngman. \"We\'ve benefited from working with Reinhard Conradt in Aachen,\" he said, referring to the two-year joint meeting with the German Glass Society (DGG). DGG hosted the 2014 joint meeting in Aachen, Germany, and GOMD hosted it last year in Miami, Fla. The international flavor of the meeting carried into Madison, with attendees from 24 countries. France, Germany, China, Brazil, and Japan sent the largest number of participants. Students were a big part of the story-nearly 90 graduate students and 10 undergraduates were there. The technical program included 18 sessions distributed through five symposia. Breakout sessions stimulated many discussions that spilled out into the coffee breaks. The annual poster session gave students the opportunity to showcase their results and get advice from experts in the field. The Division organized a career round robin for students to learn about careers in academia, industry, and national labs. Two of the symposia recognized extraordinary leaders in the field—a bioglass symposium dedicated to the late Larry Hench and a Festschrift in honor of Donald Uhlmann. In his tribute to Hench, Delbert Day, Curator\'s Professor Emeritus of Ceramic Engineering at Missouri S&T, said, \"What an achievement—taking science and engineering and putting it together to develop a material that has affected the lives of millions of people worldwide.\" Next year GOMD will be held May 21-26, 2017, in conjunction with the Pacific Rim meeting in Waikoloa, Hawaii. In the meantime, check out some highlights from this year\'s meeting on ACerS Flicker page. Richard Brow (center) receives the Neville F. Mott award from the Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. From left: Edgar Zanotto, Joseph Zwanziger, Brow, B.G. Potter, and Karine van Wetering. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Students from Steve Martin\'s group at lowa State University celebrated “the amorphous life\" at the GOMD banquet. Martin is second from left in the front row. 47 Save the date APRIL 23-25, 2017 | CLEVELAND, OHIO Held in conjunction with the 3rd Ceramics Expo THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY\'S 6TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT The 6th Ceramic Leadership Summit (CLS) and the 3rd Ceramics Expo have joined forces to bring you the 2017 \"Ceramic and Glass Power Week.\" • Strengthen your business strategy, operations, and workforce through targeted information on economic climate and industry trends. • Forge lasting business relationships with industry leaders and meet with key decision makers. Meet your peers at CLS, then meet your customers at the Expo. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org WHERE BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING MEET STRATEGY Scan for CLS 2017 updates ceramics.org/CLS2017 Ceramic matrix composites conference a mix of \'promise delivered\' and \'promised potential\' AUTY BALLBOOMY SALON (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Roger Naslain (second from left) founded the HTCMC series in 1993. He is pictured with this year\'s general chair and ACerS president, Mrityunjay Singh (left); Dominique Naslain (second from right); and Gita Singh (right). Semiconductor Energy Laboratory (Japan) brought prototype display devices enabled by semiconducting oxide materials. SEL founder and president, Shunpei Yamazaki, is in the background (white shirt with red tie). The American amic Societ Shunpei Yamazaki, founder and president of Semiconductor Energy Laboratory in Japan, was the first plenary speaker at HTCMC-GFMAT. Sanjay Mathur (right) inspects the folding tablet. Mathur organized the GFMAT program. Happy to be in Toronto at HTCMC-GFMAT! Reconnecting with friends and colleagues at Sunday the welcome reception. A bout 425 ceramic engineers, scientists, and students converged in Toronto, Canada, June 26-July 1 to attend the 9th International Conference on High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (HTCMC) and the Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development (GFMAT). This truly international conference brought together attendees from 24 countries. Ceramic matrix composite technology has come a long way since the first edition of this conference in 1993 in Bordeaux, France. The potential of CMCS for aerospace has been discussed for decades, and it is exciting to see that dream on the verge of realization with General Electric\'s LEAP engine. The new engine and its CMC parts-will go into service in fall 2016. GE plans to add more CMC parts in future engine designs, according to plenary speaker Katherine Stevens, who is GE\'s general manager, materials and process engineering. The conference also included several special sessions and a symposium in honor of Roger Naslain, professor emeritus at the University of Bordeaux in France and ACerS Distinguished Life Member, who founded the HTCMC series in 1993. Asked if he was surprised by the longevity of the conference, he said, \"No, because I knew there was nothing else like it for these materials.\" Visit ACers Flickr page for more photos. Conference attendees enjoyed dinner and a show at the awards banquet. The future looks bright! American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 40 49 Organized by: GMIC Glass Manufacturing Industry Council Alfred University Endorsed by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org register today! November 7-10, 2016 GPC is the largest glass manufacturing event in North America, attracting global manufacturers and suppliers to exchange innovations and solutions. Showcase your company during the 77th GPC. Contact Mona Thiel at mthiel@ceramics.org to reserve your daytime exhibit or evening hospitality space today. Space is running out! Greater Columbus Convention Center Hilton Columbus Downtown 77 th Conference on Glass Problems where glass manufacturers & suppliers meet Short Courses and Symposium: Fundamentals of Batch and Furnace Operations to Batch and Furnace Operations Monday, November 7, 2016 | Noon – 5:00 p.m. C. Philip Ross, President, Glass Industry Consulting International (GICI) Glass Defects Monday, November 7, 2016 | 1:00 – 3:00 p.m. Part 1: Bubble Analysis: Filip Janos, Glass Service USA, Inc. Part 2: Solid Defects Analysis: Martina Jezikova, Glass Service USA, Inc. Energy Savings at Glass Furnaces Monday, November 7, 2016 | Noon 5:00 p.m. Oscar Verheijen, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, Celsian Glass & Solar B.V. GMIC SYMPOSIUM Thursday, November 10, 2016 | 8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Modeling Technology in Glass Manufacturing glassproblemsconference.org new products kason Rek-Gardner R ROSS High-throughput viscometer heoSense Inc. has introduced VROC initium, the first automatic viscometer. Equipped with automatic sample loading and sample cleaning, the instrument measures absolute viscosity as a function of shear rate across a wide temperature range. This allows unique viscosity fingerprinting of samples. Sample volumes as little as 10 μL can be automatically measured in 96 well plates or 40 vial racks. With the extreme repeatability and small footprint, the VROC initium is a workhorse for research and routine viscosity measurements. RheoSense Inc. (San Ramon, Calif.) rheosense.com 925-866-3801 Centrifugal sifter A new Kason Kek-Gardner highK1350C removes oversize foreign matter and agglomerates from on-size material at rates up to 100 tons per hour on a continuous basis. The sifter features an easy-to-clean cantilevered three-bearing shaft design with bearings at the motor end of the shaft and on the exterior of the discharge end cover, providing maximum support for heavy loads. An exclusive \"forward and lift\" access door on gas struts improves interior access for cleaning, inspection, and maintenance. In addition to sifting of dry materials, the screener can reduce soft agglomerates and/or dewater moist solids or slurries. Kason Corp. (Millburn, N.J.) kason.com 973-467-8140 Double planetary mixer The Ross Double Planetary Mixer is The ideal for single-pot mixing and deaeration of viscous formulations. Equipped with patented high-viscosity blades, the mixer can process highly filled and highdensity applications up to six million centipoise in viscosity. Unlike horizontal kneaders also designed for high-viscosity mixing, the double planetary mixer has no packing glands or bearings submerged in the product zone. Charles Ross & Son Co. (Hauppauge, N.Y.) mixers.com 800-243-ROSS USB microscope Ga ardco now supplies a small, portable, and inexpensive USB microscope that can be connected directly to a computer. The microscope, illuminated with integrated LED lights, offers 20-200 magnification. This compact digital microscope is ideal for analyzing coating failures, imperfections, pretreatment quality, and other fine-surface structures. The microscope can be used in direct contact with a surface or at a distance. The microscope is supplied with a magnetic microscope holder, which enables use in a vertical position. Paul N. Gardner Co. Inc. (Pompano Beach, Fla.) gardco.com 954-946-9454 Machinable ceramic A now remco offers Aremcolox 502-1100, a new machinable aluminosilicate ideal for producing reliable, low-cost ceramic parts. Aremcolox demonstrates exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, and it can be used under oxidizing, reducing, or vacuum atmospheres. It will not outgas under ultrahigh vacuum and does not react with most molten metals, salts, and acids. The material is suitable for producing electrical and thermal insulators, feedthroughs, furnace carriers, brazing fixtures, welding shields, soldering fixtures, and burner nozzles used in applications to 1,150°C. Aremco Products Inc. (Valley Cottage, N.Y.) aremco.com 845-268-0039 Multifunction miniaturized components oodfelGlow and German technology company Acquandas GmbH have formed a new partnership to offer micropatterned, 2-D, and 2.5-D integrated multifunction miniaturized components and coatings with superior performance properties. Materials for thin-film miniaturized components currently available include nitinol and other superelastic or shape memory alloys, bioresorbable alloys, magnetic materials, and electrical alloys and insulators. Quantities can range from prototype to high-volume production. Goodfellow Corp. (Coraopolis, Pa.) goodfellowusa.com 800-821-2870 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 51 ●resources Calendar of events July 2016 28-31 Innovations in Biomedical Materials and Technologies Rosemont Hyatt, Chicago, III.; www.ceramics.org/biomed2016 31-Aug. 5 Gordon Research Conference on Ceramics and Solid State Studies - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs August 2016 21-23 ICC6: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Dresden, Germany; www.icc-6.com September 2016 4-8 ESG 2016/SGT100: Society of Glass Technology Conference Sheffield, U.K.; www.sgt.org 18-21 ISFGMS 2016: 14th Int\'l Symposium on Funtionally Graded Materials/Multiscale and Multifunctional Structures - University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany; www.isfgms2016.org 28-29 59th Int\'l Colloquium on Refractories 2016 - Aachen, Germany; www.ecref.eu October 2016 1-6 ➡6th Int\'l Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition - Gyeongju, South Korea; www.engconf.org/conferences 23-27 MS&T16, combined with ACerS 118th Annual Meeting - Salt Lake City, Utah; www.ceramics.org; www.matscitech.org November 2016 8-10 77th Conference on Glass Problems Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org 13-15 CerSJ-GOMD Joint Symposium on Glass Science and Technologies - Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; www.talab.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp January 2017 18-20 EMA 2017: ACerS Electronic Materials and Applications DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ema2017 22-27 ICACC\'17: 41st Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ icacc2017 February 2017 20-24 Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy - Jeju, Korea; www.ceramics.org/ mcare2017 April 2017 24-25 6th Ceramic Leadership Summit - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramics.org/meetings/cls2017 25-27 Ceramics Expo 2017 - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa.com July 2017 4-7 6th European PEFC & H₂ Forum: 21st Conference in Series with Tutorial, Exhibition, and Application Market Lucerne, Switzerland; www.EFCF.com 24-28 9th Int\'l Conference on Borate Glasses, Crystals, and Melts; Int\'l Conference on Phosphate Glasses Oxford, U.K.; www.sgt.org September 2017 27-29 UNITECR 2017 CentroParque Convention and Conference Center, Santiago, Chile; www.unitecr2017.org 17-20 Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Applications IV - Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, U.K.; www.engconf.org October 2017 8-12 MS&T17 combined with ACerS 119th Annual Meeting - Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org 22-25 2017 ICG Annual Meeting and 32nd Sisecam Glass Symposium Sisecam and Technology Center, Istanbul, Turkey; www.icginstanbul2017.com November 2017 6-9 78th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org 12-16 Int\'l Conference on Sintering 2017 - Hyatt Regency Mission Bay Spa and Marina, San Diego, Calif.; www. ceramics.org/international-conferenceon-sintering-2017 Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. 52 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services custom finishing/machining Rauschert Custom Machining Five Modern CNC Routers Two Shifts a Day, Five Days a Week! Low Mass, High Temp. 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Andy Nieto Guest columnist Credit: Andy Nieto Exploring nature, history, and nanodiamonds in Korea During the summer of 2015, I was fortunate to have been awarded an East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes (EAPSI) fellowship through the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) to conduct research at Yonsei University in South Korea. My journey to Korea enabled me to conduct cuttingedge research on novel ceramic-based nanocomposites, explore the majestic natural wonders of Korea, and learn about the rich history of the people behind the Miracle on the Han River. The research that took me to Korea was my investigation on the effects of nanometric (~5-10 nm) diamonds (ND) on the tribological performance of WC-Co coatings. WC-Co coatings are the current state-of-the-art for applications requiring protection from wear, erosion, and corrosion. NDs offer ideal properties for a tough and wear-resistant cermet coating because of the superb hardness of diamond and the nanometric dimensions that enable ND to serve as a dispersoid reinforcement that does not adversely affect toughness. At my host research institution in Korea, the Center for Nano-Wear (CNW) at Yonsei University, I conducted reciprocating sliding wear experiments to evaluate the effect of ND on tribological behavior of nanocomposite coatings. WC-Co-ND nanocomposite coatings were synthesized by thermal spray techniques at the University of California, Davis and then transported to Korea for evaluation of their tribological performance. Reciprocating sliding tests utilized a hard silicon nitride counter-surface to induce wear for more than 7,000 cycles. Using a state-of-the-art laser microscope, I generated 3-D topographi56 4000.0 4000.0 ROHO (left) Andy Nieto at a Buddhist temple in Gyeongju Historical National Park in Korea. (center, top) 3-D topographical map of WC-Co-ND wear tracks generated by Nieto on a 3-D laser microscope in the Center for Nano-Wear at Yonsei University (center, bottom). (right) Nieto at the Daecheongbong Peak at Sokcho National Park in Korea. cal images of the wear tracks, which allowed quantification of the amount of material lost during the wear test-a direct measure of wear resistance. Through these experiments, I found that the addition of ND enhanced coatings\' wear resistance at room temperature. The excellent thermal conductivity of ND promoted formation of a protective silicon dioxide tribofilm that inhibited damage to the coating. However, during tests performed at 300°C, the diamond structure deteriorated and wear resistance of the nanocomposite coatings was lower relative to control WC-Co coatings. Conducting research over a short time span (about eight weeks) can be a challenging experience that requires excellent coordination and organization. Luckily, the students and researchers at CNW were highly motivated, accommodating, and knowledgeable. The perseverance of my labmates gave me firsthand insight into the Korean people\'s work ethic and drive, further providing insight into the culture\'s rich history. My travels in Korea allowed me to visit sites as diverse as ancient Buddhist shrines and imperial palaces, as modern as 63 Building and Olympic Park, and as surreal and riveting as the demilitarized zone. I was able to learn about Korea\'s deep history, from its early struggles with neighboring imperialist powers to its modern ascendance into a global economic power and symbol for democracy and prosperity. The people of Korea have a deep appreciation for the rich natural wonders of their land. A favorite pastime of Koreans is to hike the many jagged and serene mountains throughout Korea. I was able to experience this as I ascended the peaks of the Bukhan, Dobong, Chiak, and Seorak mountains. The hikers one meets in the mountains of Korea are emblematic of its people-patriotic, yet welcoming and amiable to foreigners. My trip to Korea engraved in me a profound admiration for the Korean people, and I would proudly wave their flag whenever given the chance. From the seaside markets in Busan to the cloud eclipsing peaks in Sokcho, the Korean people always made me feel welcome in their inspiring nation. Studying abroad enabled me to establish relations that will forge future collaborations and to gain insights and perspectives that last a lifetime. Andy Nieto received his bachelor\'s degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Miami (Coral Gables, Fla.) and his master\'s degree in materials science and engineering at Florida International University (Miami, Fla.). He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of California, Davis. Nieto has investigated the synthesis and mechanical behavior of graphene and nanodiamond-reinforced composites. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 6 CALL FOR PAPERS Abstracts due July 29, 2016 41ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES January 22-27, 2017 S1 Mechanical behavior and performance of ceramics and composites S2 Advanced ceramic coatings for structural, environmental, and functional applications S3 14th International symposium on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC): Materials, science, and technology S4 Armor ceramics-challenges and new developments S5 Next-generation bioceramics and biocomposites S6 Advanced materials and technologies for direct thermal energy conversion and rechargeable energy storage S7 11th International symposium on functional nanomaterials and thin films for sustainable energy harvesting, environmental, and health applications S8 11th International symposium on advanced processing and manufacturing technologies for structural and multifunctional materials and systems (APMT11) S9 Porous ceramics: novel developments and applications S10 Virtual materials (computational) design and ceramic genome S11 Advanced materials and innovative processing ideas for the production root technology S12 Materials for extreme environments: ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs) and nano-laminated ternary carbides and nitrides (MAX Phases) S13 Advanced materials for sustainable nuclear fission and fusion energy S14 Crystalline materials for electrical, optical, and medical applications S15 Additive manufacturing and 3-D printing technologies FS1 Geopolymers, chemically bonded ceramics, eco-friendly, and sustainable materials FS2 Advanced ceramic materials and processing for photonics and energy FS3 Carbon nanostructures and 2-D materials and composites 6th Global Young Investigator Forum 3rd Pacific Rim Engineering Ceramics Summit W Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center | Daytona Beach, Fla., USA Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society The American Ceramic Society Engineering Ceramics Division www.ceramics.org ceramics.org/icacc2017 NW AMERICAN 田 ELEMENTS metamaterials THE MATERIALS SCIENCE MANUFACTURER ® medicine electrochemistry nanorib catalog: americanelements.com cerium polishing powder yttrium atomic layer deposition crystal growth H thin film dysprosium pellets nanodispersions solid vanadium high purity silicon ro tant He surface functionalized nanoparticles semiconductors B 10.811 Boron 12.0107 Carbon N 14.0067 Nitrogen 15.9994 Oxygen 18.9984032 Fluorine 1.00794 refractotals ite catho con 19 Li Be 6.941 Lithium Na 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium diele Rb 85.4678 Rubidium CIGS CS rod 132.9064 Cesium Fr (223) Francium 12 20 38 88 9.012182 Beryllium Mg 24.305 Magnesium Ca 40.078 Calcium Sr 87.62 Strontium Ba 137.327 Barium 21 39 Sc 44.966912 nuclear Scandium Y 88.90585 Yttrium La 138.90547 Lanthanum Ra Ac 22 40 72 104 Ti 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium Hf 178.48 Hafnium Rf 23 41 73 V 50.9415 Vanadium Nb Niobium Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 42 106 Cr palladium shot 99.999% ruthenium sphere 51.9961 Chromium 25 43 27 28 Zn Mn Fo Co Ni Cu Z 54.938045 Manganese Mo Tc 95.96 Molybdenum W 183.84 Tungsten 75 107 (98.0) Technetium Re 186.207 Rhenium Db Sg Bh 44 108 Iron RU Ru 101.07 Ruthenium Os 190.23 Osmium Hs 77 109 Cobalt Rh 102.9055 Rhodium Ir 192.217 Iridium Mt 46 110 58.6934 Nickel 47 63.546 Copper 48 65.38 Zinc Pd Ag Cd 106.42 Palladium 107.8682 Silver 112.411 Cadmium Pt 195.084 Platinum Au Hg 196.966569 Gold 112 200.59 Mercury Ds Rg Cn 13 31 49 81 113 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum Ga 69.723 Gallium In 114.818 Indium TI 204.3833 Thallium Uut 14 32 50 82 Si 28.0855 Silicon 15 33 P 16 F CI 30.973762 Phosphorus 32.065 Sulfur Ge As 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead 114 FI 51 83 115 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth Uup 116 SS Se 78.96 Selenium Te 127.6 Tellurium Po (209) Polonium 53 85 Lv 117 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine 10 18 36 54 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon cerme anode iron lump liqui At Rn ionic (210) Astatine Uus 2 118 (222) Radon Uuo (226) Radium (227) Actinium Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium (276) Meitnerium (281) (280) Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium (284) Ununtrium (289) Flerovium (288) Ununpentium (293) Livermorium (294) (294) photovoltaics Ce 140.116 Cerium spintronics super alloys Th 232.03806 Thorium nanofabrics platinum ink 91 europium phosphors 61 62 quantum dots 69 Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 140.90765 144.242 Praseodymium Neodymium Pa 231.03588 Protactinium (145) Promethium 94 150.36 Samarium 95 151.964 Europium 157.25 Gadolinium 97 158.92535 Terbium Np Pu Am Cm Bk 162.5 Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 100 es Ununseptium Ununoctium neodymium foil 70 Yb Lu 167.259 Erbium 168.93421 Thulium solar energy 101 102 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