AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems AUGUST 2019 回点 Minerals report: tariffs, production summary | C/C aircraft brake systems | Meetings highlights FIRING YOUR IMAGINATION FOR 100 YEARS HARROP HARROP a full spectrum of equipment and services in thermal processing Ads from the 1960\'s and 1970\'s Ceramic Bulletin HARRON 1000000 H THE AMERICAN SOCIETY BULLETR HARROP CAPABILITIES in the DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION of PRECISION EQUIPMENT for the controlled application of heat the measurement of the effect of temperature Production power! New 382-ft. Harrop kiln boosts output and quality of high voltage porcelain hing their HARROP HARROP PRECISION FURNACE CO. 0 ANNIVERSARY 2019 th HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com contents feature articles cover story 20 August 2019 • Vol. 98 No.6 Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems 5G technologies will soon reach the market. Ceramic materials will play an important role in realizing the technology. by Michael D. Hill and David B. Cruickshank department News & Trends Spotlight.... Research Briefs.. Ceramics in Biomedicine Ceramics in Manufacturing 3 7 14 17 19 5G-connecting smartphones through 26 ceramics and glass 28 The nascent 5G network is about more than faster videos and uploads-it holds significant potential for impact on the ceramic and glass materials that are involved in smartphone device design and infrastructure. by April Gocha Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes The demanding requirements of aircraft brake rotor systems require entirely different designs than passenger and sports cars-designs in which carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites are particularly well-suited. by R. Gadow and M. Jiménez 35 Annual commodity summary indicates significant impacts due to trade war USGS Minerals Commodity Summary by Lisa McDonald columns Business and Market View 5G chipset market expected to witness tremendous growth over forecast period 2019-2024 by Sinha G. Gaurav Deciphering the Discipline An interdisciplinary venture: Oxidation studies on stressed SiC/SiC CMCs by Kaitlin Detwiler meetings 6 48 Ceramics Expo recap 38 25th International Congress on Glass (ICG 2019) recap 39 Cements 2019 recap 40 Clay 2019 recap 41 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS 2019) 41 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T19) 42 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org resources Calendar 44 Classified Advertising 45 Display Ad Index. 47 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor edeguire@ceramics.org Lisa McDonald, Science Writer Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, Chair NASA Glenn Research Center Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher Executive Staff mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Mark Kibble, Director of Information Technology mkibble@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing aross@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Sylvia Johnson, President Tatsuki Ohji, President-Elect Michael Alexander, Past President Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Board of Directors Mario Affatigato, Director 2018-2021 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 John Kieffer, Director 2018-2021 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2019 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018-2021 Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian online www.ceramics.org August 2019 • Vol. 98 No.6 http://bit.ly/acerstwitter in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Credit: Pixabay Chemical map charts course to hundreds of new nitrides Exploratory synthesis of nitride materials can be a timeconsuming and risky venture. A new map of ternary metal nitrides gives scientists a good idea of where to look for new nitrides. Read more at www.ceramics.org/nitrides Also see our ACers journals... Ternary borosilicates as potential cladding glasses for semiconductor core optical fibers By I. Dmitrieva, P. Lopez-Iscoa, D. Milanese, and L. Petit International Journal of Applied Glass Science Crystalline IGZO ceramics (crystalline oxide semiconductor)-based devices for artificial intelligence By S. Yamazaki, S. Ohshita, M. Oota, et al. International Journal of Ceramic Engineering and Science Ultrathin ceramic nanowires for high interface interaction and energy density in PVDF nanocomposites By P. Qu, X. Zhu, X. Peng, et al. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology Data driven glass/ceramic science research: Insights from the glass and ceramic and data science/informatics communities By E. De Guire, L. Bartolo, R. Brindle, et al. Journal of the American Ceramic Society International journal of Applied Ceramic TECHNOLOGY BaTiO, PVDF Applied Class Ceramic Engineering Journal Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2019. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 98, No. 6, pp 1- 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 news & trends Will 5G hinder weather forecasts? After years of hype, 5G networks are beginning to tentatively open to the public. In April, three South Korean carriers and Verizon in the United States launched their 5G networks just hours apart from each other while Britain carrier EE followed with their launch at the end of May. British carriers Vodafone and Three UK plan to launch their networks in July and August, respectively, while the Chinese government is coordinating with three statebacked carriers to bring commercial 5G service to 40 Chinese cities in October. These first 5G networks will initially operate in conjunction with existing 4G networks, but what makes 5G desirable is its ability to operate at frequencies above those currently in use by 4G networks. Now, 4G networks operate in the spectrum of frequencies below 6 GHz. However, as of today, networks strain under current demand in this range. 5G networks will help alleviate this crowding by operating in two different bands: a lower frequency below 6 GHz (for long-distance links), and a higher millimeter wave 20-100 GHz region (for super-fast communication in cities). Ideally, 5G will lead to higher data rates, low latency, and increased connectivity. Creating devices that operate in the millimeter wave region, though, pres5G promises to connect us to the internet at speeds faster than ever beforebut will 5G disconnect us from receiving reliable weather forecasts? ents a materials challenge. For now, network carriers are most interested in millimeter wave frequencies in the 20 GHz and 30 GHz region because designing Custom solutions as sophisticated and unique as your process. Unveil yours today. An ISO 9001:2015 certified company American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Furnace control systems are certified by Intertek UL508A compliant 本 Deltech Furnaces www.deltechfurnaces.com 3 Credit: CNET, YouTube news & trends materials that can process the lower end of the millimeter wave region is more immediately achievable than designing materials that can process frequencies in the region\'s middle or higher end. But there is a problem with this plan, just because cell service does not use frequencies above 6 GHz does not mean 4 Business news PLANTS, CENTERS, AND FACILITIES Encirc invests in world\'s first intelligent glass line and increased capacity U.K. glass container manufacturer and bottler Encirc is set to boost glass production capacity at its site in Elton, Cheshire by building a world-first \'Industry 4.0-Ready\' glass production line. The new line will see the plant\'s hot end digitally connected to the cold end. https://www. glass-international.com Schott invests in its glass tubing manufacturing plant in India German technology group Schott invested an additional double-digit million-Euro figure into a new glass tank at its tubing manufacturing plant in Jambusar, India. The expansion follows recent investments at the site, including the construction of an additional tank facility last year. https://www.glass-international.com United States Steel to invest a billion dollars in new plant United States Steel Corp., Pittsburgh, will invest more than $1 billion to construct a new sustainable endless casting and rolling facility at its Edgar Thomson Plant in Braddock, Pa., and a cogeneration facility at its Clairton Plant in Clairton, Pa., both part of the company\'s Mon Valley Works. https://www.asminternational.org/ web/hts/news/newswire Dalmia Seven inaugurates \'first-of-itskind\' monolithics production line in India Dalmia Seven (a JV between Dalmia Bharat Group and Seven Refractories of those frequencies are \"empty,\" specifically frequencies in the 20-30 GHz range. Weather satellites work by detecting electromagnetic radiation emitted by the earth\'s surface and atmosphere. When combined with other forms of information, such as photographs, meteorologists are able to predict what weather will Europe) inaugurated a new monolithics production line at its Katni, Madhya Pradesh manufacturing plant. The new production line is \"first-of-its-kind\" in India and equipped to manufacture a range of monolithic products. https:// www.foundry-planet.com ACQUISITIONS AND COLLABORATIONS Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre signs sixth Tier 1 partner Gerdau, a Brazilian steel company, is the sixth company to sign a Tier 1 partnership with Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre. The collaboration will focus on anti-corrosion coatings, composites for the automotive industry, membranes, and energy storage devices. https://www. manchester.ac.uk/discover/news South Korea to establish joint nuclear research center in Saudi Arabia South Korea plans to set up a joint nuclear energy research center in Saudi Arabia, the South Korean Ministry of Science and Technology says. The agreement came at the bilateral nuclear commission meeting held in Riyadh, at which there was broad exchange on SMART, or the System-Integrated Modular Advanced Reactor program. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com MARKET TRENDS Global glass mold market to surpass US$1,042.0 million by 2027 The global glass mold market was valued at US$802.5 million in 2018, and is projected to exhibit a CAGR of 3% over the forecast period 2019-2027, in terms of look like in the near future. This ability is essential to providing adequate warning to areas about to be hit by severe weather events, such as hurricanes. While ground and water vapor emit electromagnetic radiation all along the frequency spectrum, water vapor emits relatively strongly at 23.8 GHz. This sigrevenue. The growth is due to increasing demand for glass molds from various enduse industries such as food and beverage, healthcare, and others. https://apnews.com Significant growth foreseen by refractories during 2026 An XploreMR report forecasts that the global refractories market is expected to witness an attractive revenue growth over the period 2018-2026. There has been an increasing demand from the steel industry at a global level, which has driven refractories demand for various applications. https://www.xploremr.com Sprayed concrete market driven by tech-intensive processes in construction industry The global sprayed concrete market is expected to exhibit a 7.93% CAGR between 2018-2023, according to a Market Research Future report. The market is driven by growing awareness of benefits offered by sprayed concrete over traditional pouring processes, and growing demand for new construction in developed and developing countries. https://www. globenewswire.com Global glass recycling market will grow at a CAGR of 5% during 2019-2023 Technavio\'s research report on Global Glass Recycling Market for forecast period 2019-2023 estimates global glass recycling market size will grow by more than US$916 million, at a CAGR of more than 5%. The concept of green buildings is gaining popularity worldwide and is being increasingly adopted in developing countries. https://apnews.com www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 nal is still weak, though, and requires fine-tuned instruments to accurately pick it up. And this signal is the reason the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and other parts of the scientific community currently are embroiled in a fight with the Federal Communications Commission. In March, FCC began auctioning frequencies in the millimeter wave region to mobile carriers preparing for 5G. And part of the spectrum auctioned by FCC begins at 24.25 GHz. In theory, signals at 24.25 GHz would not interfere with signals at 23.8 GHz. In practice, signals are like bell curves—a specific frequency has the strongest signal, but the signal tapers off over a range of frequencies. This frequency spillover could have serious effects on weather forecasting. Acting NOAA administrator Neil Jacobs warned in a House Science Committee hearing on May 16, “[These out-of-band emissions] would degrade the forecast skill by up to 30 percent... This would result in the reduction of hurricane track forecasts\' lead time by roughly two to three days.\" The World Radiocommunication Conference, a major meeting of the world\'s spectrum regulators, is set for the end of October, during which limits on out-of-band emissions will be negotiated. An internal United States Navy report warns the U.S. could set a risky precedent: “[I]f the U.S. expands into the 24 GHz band, other countries will follow suit and thus impacts will eventually be worldwide, concentrated near densely-populated areas.\" Corporate Partner news From left, Joe Annese, president; Mark Annese, shop foreman; and Theresa Annese, operations. Bomas celebrates their 60th anniversary Bomas Machine Specialties celebrates its 60th anniversary this year. Started in 1959 by Pat Annese to service the niche industry of ceramic machining, Bomas continues to provide advanced ceramics machining for wear applications in all types of environments. ADVANCED CERAMICS MACHINING MADE EASY Quits OptiSonic 550X OPTIPRO Trusted Technology. OPTISONIC™ SERIES Ultrasonic Machining Centers CUSTOMIZED FOR YOUR CERAMIC OR GLASS APPLICATION: X Travel: 500, 800, 1100, or 1200mm (larger custom machines available upon request) 3, 4, or 5 axis of motion (X, Y & Z standard, B & C optional) Advanced IntelliSonic TM technology Maintains peak ultrasonic machining performance OptiSonic 1150X www.optipro.com 585-265-0160 sales@optipro.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 5 business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. bcc Research 5G chipset market expected to witness tremendous growth over forecast period 2019-2024 By Sinha G. Gaurav The • Healthcare: Service improvements as all sorts of medical devices are IoT enabled, assisted by 5G technology; • Retail: Customer experiences and engagement shaped through mobile phones; and he 5G chipset market for 5G chipset was valued $490 million in 2018 and is expected to reach nearly $10.9 billion in 2024, growing at a CAGR of 65.7% during the logistics operations from end to end. forecast period. The major factors driving 5G chipset growth are an increasing demand for the Internet of Things and Machine to Machine connections coupled with an ever-increasing demand for high-speed mobile data services and rapid development in automated devices. Among all the deployment types of 5G technologies, smart phones held the highest share of the market in 2018 and commanded a market share of more than 54% in the global 5G chipset market. However, the other devices segment is expected to witness the fastest growth rate during the forecast period, growing at a CAGR of 70.2% from 2019 through 2024 (Table 1). One of the key areas the fifth generation of wireless networking technology is aimed at addressing is the Internet of Things (IoT). 5G technology promises to build a more IoT friendly ecosystem, with tremendous improvements over the current capabilities offered by 4G. A few industries where IoT and 5G can bring about disruptions include • Autonomous Vehicles: Sensors attached in self-driving or autonomous vehicles can generate vast amounts of data to help to assess traffic conditions, GPS location, temperature, and weather, among others; • Smart Cities: Wider applications in smart city management from traffic monitoring to waste management; • Logistics: Sophisticated IoT tracking sensors could completely transform Many elements of the current 5G technology are built on 4G networks, which means mobile operators can take an evolutionary approach to the overall infrastructure investment. The 5G technologies primarily require three major frequency ranges to operate: the lower frequency range (below 1 GHz); the high frequencies (1-6 GHz); and the very high frequencies (above 6 GHz). The below 3 GHz band held the largest share of the network infrastructure market globally in 2018 with a value of $56.81 million, and it is expected to reach $1.2 billion by 2024, growing at a CAGR of 65.2%. The fastest growing market, however, is forecast to be the 5-6 GHz spectrum band type. The 5-6 GHz spectrum band market for network infrastructure deployment type was valued at $5.64 million in 2018 and is expected to reach $135.32 million by 2024, growing at a CAGR of 67.9%. The chipset market can be segmented into the following types: gallium nitride (GaN) based chipset, gallium arsenide (GaAs) based chipset, indium phosphide (InP) based chipset, silicon nitride (SiN) based chipset, silicon-based chipset, and others. Of these, GaN-based semiconductors are widely adopted across the world for its thermal efficient performance; GaAs-based chipsets have their application in the space and defense industries due to high radiation hardness; and SiNbased chipsets are mostly used in small amounts in comparison to other wafers that have silicon as the base material. Asia Pacific garnered the highest revenue in the 5G chipset market in 2018 at $334.23 million, and it is expected that it will continue to dominate the revenue share with a value of $7.2 billion in 2024. However, the North America region held the second largest share of the global market and is expected to offer substantial market potential for the 5G chipset market, expanding at a CAGR of 66.1% during the forecast period from 2019 through 2024 to reach $2.2 billion in 2024 from $99.03 million in 2018. High demand for advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine-to-machine communication, and connected cars will provide huge opportunities for the development of the 5G chipset market in North America. About the author Sinha G. Gaurav is a research analyst for BCC Research. Contact Gaurav at analysts@bccresearch.com. Resource S.G. Gaurav, \"5G Chipset: Global Markets to 2024\" BCC Research Report SMC117A, July 2019. www.bccresearch.com. Table 1. Global market for 5G chipset by deployment type, through 2024 ($ millions) Deployment type 2018 2019 2024 CAGR%, 2018-2024 Network infrastructure Smart gadgets Smart phones Routers/modems 43.25 77.09 980.16 Others Total 93.94 167.13 2,107.74 69.22 124.00 1,617.09 66.0 67.1 265.29 468.41 5,690.16 64.8 66.3 18.30 33.37 476.05 490.00 870.00 10,871.20 70.2 65.7 6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 acers spotlight SOCIETY AND DIVISION NEWS Corporate Partner news Welcome ACerS newest Sapphire Corporate Partner: P Technical Products, Inc. We are pleased to welcome the following Corporate Partners: - Ferro-Ceramic Grinding Inc. GrainBound LLC - Ivoclar Vivadent AG Lancaster Products - Paul O. Abbe - Sunrock Ceramics Company - Gorka Corporation - Jadco Manufacturing For more details contact Kevin Thompson at 614-794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. In memoriam Triplicane Parthasarathy Robert Baier James Cloud Eric \"Lou\" Vance Edwin Childs Thomas Prokopowicz Some detailed obituaries can also be found at www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. 2019-2020 ACerS officers The new slate of ACerS officers has been determined. There were no contested offices and no write-in candidates, automatically making all nominees \"elected.\" ACerS rules eliminates the need to prepare a ballot or hold an election when only one name is put forward for each office. The new term will begin October 3, 2019, at the conclusion of the Annual Meeting/MS&T. ACerS President-elect To serve a one-year term October 3, 2019 to October 8, 2020 Dana Goski ACers Board of Directors To serve three-year terms October 3, 2019 to October 2022 Helen Chan Monica Ferraris William Headrick Division and Class Officers To serve a one-year term October 3, 2019 to October 8, 2020, unless otherwise noted Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division Chair: Patricia Marie McGuiggan Vice chair: Glenn Gates Secretary: Marie Jackson Treasurer: Jamie Weaver Trustee: Ed Fuller Basic Science Division Chair: John Blendell Chair-elect: Kristen Brosnan Vice chair: Yiquan Wu Secretary: Wolfgang Rheinheimer Secretary-elect: Edwin García Bioceramics Division Chair: Roger Narayan Chair-elect: Julian Jones Vice chair: Ashutosh Goel Secretary: Bikramjit Basu Cements Division Chair: Denise Silva Chair-elect: Shiho Kawashima Secretary: Dimitri Feys Trustee: Maria Juenger Education and Professional Development Council Cochair: Janet Callahan Cochair: TBD Accuracy is just a tap away. \"Tap\" GrindoSonic The GrindoSonic® MK7 makes precise, reliable, non-destructive testing of material characteristics easy. 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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) ACers delegates visit European Ceramic Society leaders Electronics Division Chair: Jon Ihlefeld Chair-elect: Alp Sehirlioglu Vice chair: Claire Xiong Secretary: Jenny Andrew Secretary-elect: Ed Gorzkowski Trustee: Steven Tidrow Engineering Ceramics Division Chair: Surojit Gupta Chair-elect: Valerie Wiesner Vice chair/Treasurer: Hisayuki Suematsu Secretary: Palani Balaya Trustee: Michael Halbig Parliamentarian: Dileep Singh Glass & Optical Materials Division Chair: Jincheng Du Chair-elect: John Mauro Vice chair: Sabyasachi Sen Secretary: Gang Chen Manufacturing Division Chair: Matthew Creedon Chair-elect: Steven Jung Vice chair: William Headrick Secretary: Weston Wright Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division Division chair: Phil Edmondson Vice chair: Kyle Brinkman Secretary: Krista Carlson Advisor: Kevin Fox Refractory Ceramics Division (term begins March 2019) Chair: Ashley Hampton Vice chair: Steven Ashlock Secretary: Dawn Hill Trustee: Louis J. Trostel, Jr. Structural Clay Products Division (term begins March 2019) Chair: Mike Walker Chair-elect: Jed Lee 8 Vice chair: Holly Rohrer Secretary: Jim Krueger Trustee: John Dowdle The ECers conference took place in Torino, Italy, on June 16-20. Left to right: Pavol Sajgalik, ECerS secretary and past president; Tatsuki Ohji, ACerS president-elect; Alex Michaelis, president, German Ceramic Society; Moritz von Witzleben, ECerS immediate past president; Anne Leriche, treasurer and ECerS past president; Sylvia Johnson, ACerS president; Francis Cambier, ECerS president elect; Jon Binner, ECerS president; Mark Mecklenborg, ACerS executive director; Richard Todd, senior editor, JECS. President Sylvia Johnson attends conferences in China Sylvia Johnson, ACerS president (left) and Ruiping Gao, president of the Chinese Ceramic Society (right) Johnson attended the International Workshop on Ceramics for Sustainable Society at the Guangdong University of Technology in Guangzhou, hosted by H-T Lin; CiCC-11, hosted by the organizers, and IMR in Shenyang hosted by Jingyang Wang. Johnson gave talks on the history of thermal protection systems at all three events. MS&T19 registration for ACerS Distinguished Life and Senior, Emeritus members ACerS again offers complimentary MS&T19 registration for Distinguished Life Members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are only available through ACerS and are not offered on the MS&T registration site. Registration forms are available at https://ceramics. org/acers-spotlight/mst19-registrationsdistinguished-life-emeritus-and-seniormembers, and should be submitted to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ ceramics.org. Volunteer Spotlight ACerS is pleased to announce that Mr. Fred Stover has been selected for Volunteer Spotlight. Fred is currently the treasurer of the Michigan/ Northwest Ohio Section of ACerS. Additionally, Fred was named a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society in 2012. For more information go to https://ceramics.org/stover. Stover Hampton ACerS is pleased to announce that Ashley Hampton has been selected for Volunteer Spotlight as well. Hampton first joined ACerS in 2013 and volunteered at the Refractory Ceramics Division as program cochair of the 53rd Annual Symposium on Refractories in 2017. For more information go to https:// ceramics.org/hampton. We extend our deep appreciation to Stover and Hampton for their service to our Society! www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Names in the news Credit: The Pennsylvania State University ora entinelle Nord Sentinel North LUMIERE SUR LE HEDDING LIGHT O The Pennsylvania State University alumnus Delbert Day, inventor, and materials scientist, (right) accepts a 2019 Distinguished Alumni Award, the highest honor the University bestows upon its alumni, from The Pennsylvania State University president Eric Barron (left), at a ceremony on May 31, 2019. Professor Vincent Harris leads new specialty section on Quantum Materials in Frontiers in Materials. The Centre for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL) at Université Laval, in Quebec City, Canada, hosted the first North American Summer School on Photonic Materials, June 16-21. From left to right: Younès Messaddeq, professor at COPL, International Congress on Glass president Alicia Durán; Kathleen Richardson, ACerS past president and COPL director Réal Vallée. Details of the school\'s program, including lecture and experimental plans, can be found at www.nasspm.org. A world leader in bioactive and custom glass solutions Harris Amit Bandyopadhyay, Herman and Brita Lindholm Endowed Chair and professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Bandyopadhyay Washington State University, has been named a Fellow of SME, the professional society of manufacturing engineers. Bose | Susmita Bose, the Herman and Brita Lindholm Endowed Chair Professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Washington State University, has been named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). I Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions and will work with you to create tailored glass materials to match your application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. mo-sci.com/contact mo.sci CORPORATION www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008. AS9100C @moscicorp f @MoSciCorp linkedin.com/company/moscicorp in American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 9 Credit: Steeve Morency acers spotlight AWARDS AND DEADLINES Deadlines for upcoming nominations August 15, 2019 Engineering Ceramics Division secretary nominations The ECD Nominating Committee invites nominations for the incoming 2019-2020 division secretary candidate. Nominees will be presented for approval at the ECD Annual Business Meeting at MS&T19 and included on the ACerS spring 2020 division officer ballot. Nominations and a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications should be submitted to: Chair: Mrityunjay Singh, Aerospace Institute, NASA Glenn Research Center, mrityunjay@oai.org; Jingyang Wang, Institute of Metals Research, jywang@imr.ac.cn; or Andy Ericks, University of California Santa Barbara, aericks@ucsb.edu. For more information, visit ceramics.org/divisions. Nominations for ACerS 2020 Class of Fellows ACerS 2020 Class of Fellows will be presented at the ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T20. Fellows should be \"persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and who have been members of the Society for at least the past five years continuously at the established nomination deadline date. They shall prove qualified for elevation to the grade of Fellow by reason of outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciences; through broad and productive scholarship in ceramic science and technology, by conspicuous achievement in ceramic industry or by outstanding service to the Society.\" Contact Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics.org if you have any questions about the Fellows nomination process. Visit http://ceramics. org/?awards-society-fellows to review the criteria for nomination and to download the nomination form. September 1, 2019 Nominations for Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures Submit nominations for the two Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass lectures that will be presented at the GOMD meeting in May 2020 in New Orleans, La. The Frontiers of Glass Science and the Frontiers of Glass Technology lectures are designed to encourage scientific and technical dialog in glass topics of significance that define new horizons, highlight new research concepts, or demonstrate the potential to develop products and processes for the benefit of humankind. Submit nominations to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics. org. Additional information: http:// ceramics.org/?awards=darshana-and-arunvarshneya-frontiers-of-glass-lectures January 15, 2020 ACerS and Morgan Advanced Materials Global Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Award This award recognizes a distinguished doctoral dissertation in the ceramics and glass discipline. The awardee must have been a member of the Global Graduate Researcher Network and have completed a doctoral dissertation as well as all other graduation requirements set by their institution for a doctoral degree within 12 months prior to the application deadline. Nominations should be made by a person familiar with the student\'s work such as the research supervisor. It is expected the student will collaborate in the preparation of the nomination package. The award is sponsored by Morgan Advanced Materials and will be presented at the Awards Banquet at the Society\'s Annual Meeting. It consists of a $1,000 honorarium, certificate, and complimentary meeting registration at the Annual Meeting. For complete nomination instructions, visit: http://ceramics.org/ awards/global-distinguished-doctoraldissertation-award Submit nomination materials electronically or by mail. If submitting electronically, send to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics.org. Electronic nominations are preferred. Congratulations to 2019 GOMD student poster awardees! The Glass & Optical Materials Division awarded best student poster prizes to the following students at its June meeting. Special thanks to Corning, Inc. for sponsoring the annual contest. 1st place María Helena Ramírez, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil Unmasking the breakdown of the classical nucleation theory 2nd place Junjie Zhao, Zhejiang University, China Molecular dynamics simulation study of cooling rate effect on fluoride phase separated SiO2-Al₂O3-BaF, glass 3rd place Kuo-Hao Lee, The Pennsylvania State University Crack initiation in an indented metallic glass with embedded nanoparticle Honorable Mentions Moritz Bernd Karl Fritzsche, Rheinische Friedrich-WilhelmsUniversität Bonn, Germany The interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation model of aqueous glass corrosion considering a solution boundary layer and inter-diffusion Zhen Zhang, University of Montpellier, France A comparative study of melt-formed and fracture surfaces of silicate glasses using large scale computer simulations 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 GASBARRE POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM ON-SITE SERVICE Congratulations to the 10th Advances in CementBased Materials Meeting Poster Session and YouTube Video Contest Awardees Poster Session Awardees Robbie Damiani, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Mechanical property of foam concrete with recycled crumb rubber Christina Siakati, KU Levuen, Belgium Modelling the impact of chemical variability on the nanostructure of iron-rich slags Sarah Williams, University of Colorado Boulder Engineered living mortars: Structural hydrogel scaffolds that enhance microbial biocementation Baishakhi Bose, Purdue University Influence of silica-polyacrylamide hydrogel particles on the microstructure and mechanical properties of internally cured cement paste Aniruddha Baral, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Self-cleaning and NOx removal of photocatalytic cements YouTube Research Video Contest Awardees Karthik Pattaje, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Controlling 3D printable concrete with vibration Nima Hosseinzadeh, University of Miami Hydration, strength and shrinkage of cementitious materials mixed with brine STUDENTS AND OUTREACH 4th Annual PCSA Creativity and Microstory Competition submissions ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) has organized an innovative-artistic initiative in the form of a creativity and microstory competition for students. The microstory portion of the competition serves to encourage the harmonious coexistence of art and science in the ceramics and glass community. Students who dabble in ceramic and glass-related arts either for their research or just for fun are encouraged to share their talent. Find out more information about the PCSA Creativity and Microstory Competition by visiting www.ceramics.org/pcsacreative and submit your entries by July 31. Outstanding Student Researcher Award The Outstanding Student Researcher Award recognizes exemplary student research related to the mission of the Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division. Applicants must have an accepted abstract for MS&T19. It is strongly encouraged that American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Engineered Solutions FOR POWDER COMPACTION CNC HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC PRESSES Easy to Setup and Flexible for Simple to Complex Parts HIGH SPEED PTX PRESSES Repeatable. Reliable. Precise. 814.371.3015 press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com COLD ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing GASBARRE POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS AdValue Technology Alumina Sapphire Quartz High Purity Powders Metallization Laser Machining Http://www.advaluetech.com YOUR VALUABLE PARTNER IN MATERIAL SCIENCE Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A 11 acers spotlight Students and outreach (cont.) undergraduate submissions present extracurricular projects only, i.e., research conducted outside the normal scope of one\'s coursework. Instructions, templates, and examples can be found at: www.ceramics. org/netd_osr. Applications will be accepted until July 31. ACerS student tour to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Students will have an opportunity to attend a tour at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Wash., on Wednesday, October 2, 2019, during MS&T19. The ACerS student tour to PNNL will be an all-day event and is open to all MS&T19 student registrants. Space is limited and registration is on a first come, first served basis. To register visit www.matscitech.org/students. NonU.S. citizens: All application materials must be submitted by August 2. If you have any questions, please contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. NEW-PCSA Humanitarian Pitch Competition at MS&T19 The President\'s Council of Student Advisors will host the Humanitarian Pitch Competition for students to pitch ideas to a panel of judges about how to use materials science to address a challenge that a community is experiencing. Teams may have up to four participants, both undergraduate and graduate students. Visit www.ceramics.org/pitchcomp for further details and submit your abstracts by September 1. MS&T19 student contests The following are student contests at MS&T19 this year in Portland, Ore.: Undergraduate Student • Poster Contest • Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest · • Graduate Student Poster Contest • Ceramic Mug Drop Contest Ceramic Disc Golf Contest • NEW! Humanitarian Pitch Competition For more information on student activities at MS&T19, visit www.matscitech.org/students, or contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ ceramics.org. 12 Discover the potentials of Advanced Ceramics CeramTec High-Performance Ceramics open up new potentials in a wide range of applications worldwide, such as in medical technology, the automotive industry, electronics, energy and environmental technology, and mechanical and plant engineering. We will take you further. www.ceramtec.com CeramTec THE CERAMIC EXPERTS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Ceramographic Competition and Roland B. Snow Award It is time to start working on your entry for the 2019 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by the ACerS Basic Science Division. This unique competition, held at MS&T19 in September in Portland, Ore., is an annual poster exhibit that promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis as tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. The Roland B. Snow award is presented to the Best of Show winner of the competition. Winning entries are also featured on the back cover of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Read more about the rules of entry for this year\'s competition here: www.ceramics.org/roland_b_snow_award CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION CGIF receives scholarship support from Allied Allied Mineral Products, headquartered in Columbus, Ohio, recently became the first corporate donor to support scholarships for the new two-year Ceramic Engineering Technology Program under development at Central Ohio Technical College (COTC) in Newark, Ohio. Allied\'s executive vice president, Doug Doza, presented a $5,000 check to CGIF-COTC Allied\'s Doug Doza (left) presents the check to Marcus Fish of the CGIF for the Ceramic Engineering Technology Program. Marcus Fish, development director of CGIF, to build a scholarship fund for future students of the program. The new Ceramic Engineering Technology program will be the only two-year degree program in the United States. The program is being developed through a publicprivate partnership between ACerS, The Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation, and COTC to build a skilled workforce for the ceramic industry. ACerS and the CGIF have committed to promote the program to industry partners, assist with fundraising for scholarships, and help with acquiring the necessary lab equipment and machinery. COTC is a fully accredited, public college dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible programs of technical education in response to current and emerging employment needs. In addition to the equipment and machinery needed for the new lab, donations for internships and scholarships are crucial. If you would like to provide a gift to the scholarship fund or would like a complete list of equipment needs, please contact Marcus Fish at 614-794-5863. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: • CVD SIC Etch & RTP rings ⚫ CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • • Sintering, Debind, Annealing Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com Starbar and Moly-Delements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR-Over 50 years of service and reliability 55 1964-2019 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 13 Cam Miller research briefs The many types of bricks Even though bricks have been used as building materials for thousands of years, many modern homeowners are surprised to find there are many types of bricks to choose from, and not all of these bricks are made of clay. Traditionally, brick refers to a small unit of building material consisting primarily of clay. The mineral content of the clay determines the brick\'s color-clays rich with iron oxide turn reddish, while clays containing a lot of lime have a white or yellow hue. In current times, the definition of brick has expanded to refer to any small rectangular building unit that joins to other units via cementitious mortar (larger building units are called blocks). Clay is still one of the main brick materials, but other common materials are sand and lime, concrete, and fly ash. Sand lime bricks Calcium silicate bricks, popularly known as sand lime bricks, contain high amounts of sand-about 88-92%. The remaining 8-12% is mainly lime. Unlike traditional clay bricks, which are fired in kilns, sand lime bricks form when the constituent materials bond together by a chemical reaction that occurs as wet bricks dry under heat and pressure. Compared to other bricks, sand lime bricks are more uniform in color and texture, and they require less mortar. However, they cannot resist water nor fire for long periods of time, so they are not suitable for laying foundations or building furnaces. Concrete bricks Compared to clay bricks, concrete bricks offer much more in the way of design options. Concrete bricks can be easily formed in a variety of shapes-squares, triangles, octagons-and pigment additive can change a concrete brick\'s color. Additionally, concrete bricks have superior acoustic insulation compared to clay. Research News Virtual substrate opens path to oxide films on silicon for application in 5G Researchers at The Pennsylvania State University found a way to grow thin films of complex oxides using a \"virtual” substrate. Until now, the ability to use complex oxides as thin films for electronics and sensors has been stymied by either a slow growth rate or a lack of stoichiometry control. The researchers grew thick layers of complex oxides on top of a silicon wafer. This thick layer, referred to as a \"virtual substrate,\" is structurally and chemically compatible with the targeted complex oxide thin film layer, thus mimicking the function of a real bulk oxide substrate. The researchers demonstrated growth rates of about two angstroms per second. For more information, visit https://www.mri.psu.edu/mri/news. FREEPORT BACUS DARLINGTON ATER W PROOF SWANK 1500X A brick can be a small red clay building unit-but it can be many other colors and materials as well. These advantages make concrete a good choice for aesthetic purposes. However, for a sturdy material that lasts, clay bricks may be a better option. Concrete shrinks over time while clay expands, ultimately giving clay brick walls a tighter seal than walls made of concrete bricks. Additionally, clay bricks have better thermal insulation, which can result in significant energy cost savings over time. Fly ash bricks Fly ash is a byproduct of burning coal, and it can have harmful health and environmental impacts. As such, there are many ongoing efforts to keep fly ash from entering the environment, including careful disposal or reuse in other products, including bricks. Fly ash bricks consist mostly of fly ash and cement. They weigh less than concrete and clay bricks and, due to low absorption rates, withstand heat and water quite well. However, high concentrations of fly ash in the brick can result in extended set times and slower strength development during brick construction. Antennas of flexible nanotube films an alternative for electronics Researchers at Rice University\'s Brown School of Engineering tested antennas made of \"shear-aligned\" carbon nanotube films and discovered that not only were the conductive films able to match the performance of commonly used copper films, they could also be made thinner to better handle higher frequencies. The researchers said the new antennas could be suitable for 5G networks but also for aircraft, especially unmanned aerial vehicles, for which weight is a consideration; as wireless telemetry portals for downhole oil and gas exploration; and for future \"internet of things\" applications. For more information, visit http://news.rice.edu. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Color-tunable gallium nitride LEDs A team of scientists from Lehigh University, West Chester University, Osaka University (Japan), and University of Amsterdam (Netherlands), recently developed a new technique to generate color-tunable LEDs. \"This work could make it possible to tune between bright white and more comfortable warmer colors in commercial LEDs,\" senior author Volkmar Dierolf says in a Lehigh University press release. \"It could pave the way for monolithic integration for simple color tuning of a light bulb. It would also be beneficial for micro-LED displays, since it allows for higher density of pixels.\" XLC2448 set up for Pyrolysis with Multizone Heating Banks, Inert Atmosphere, and Rapid Cooling L&LSpecial FURNACE CO, INC Precision Pyrolysis & Debinding Furnaces for Ceramic Matrix Composites & Additive Manufacturing If you have high-value loads to process, look no further than L&L Special Furnace. Our furnaces are the most reliable on the market - at any price! Each one is Special! • Precision Uniformity • Value L&L CAN MEET THE STRICTEST PROVISIONS OF AMS2750E FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS 20 Kent Road Aston, PA 19014 Phone: 877. 846.7628 www.llfurnace.com Top row: A GaN:EU LED, which can be tuned from red-yellow due to red and green light mixing from different Eu states. Middle and bottom rows: A GaN:Eu LED with added Si/Mg, which adds blue emission. Credit: West Chester University Thermcraft incorporated eXPRESS-LINE Laboratory Furnaces & Ovens • Horizontal & Vertical Tube Furnaces, Single and Multi-Zone • Box Furnaces & Ovens • Temperatures up to 1700°C • Made in the U.S.A. • Available within Two Weeks Research News 5G-ready lithium nanotube battery with 2.5X run time Nokia Bell Labs developed a lithium nanotube-aided battery that promises as much as 2.5 times the longevity of today\'s best alternatives, even in thin button-like form factors. According to the published study in science journal Nature Energy, they and researchers at Trinity College Dublin\'s AMBER center developed thick new battery electrodes using a composite of carbon nanotubes and lithium storage materials. This design enables energy to be transferred at near-theoretical peak efficiency levels. As a result, the batteries charge quickly and make the most of whatever physical volume they consume. For more information, visit https://venturebeat.com. SmartControl Touch Screen Control System www.thermcraftinc.com • info@thermcraftinc.com +1.336.784.4800 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 15 research briefs The team developed the novel LED out of gallium nitride (GaN), a material that has been increasingly studied recently by the electronics community. GaN is already present in some modern LEDs, so this new development could further extend the material\'s reach into the lighting world by affording GaN LEDs even greater flexibility. 43 Produced jointly by ACerS and NIST under the ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria for Ceramics program The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST UNITED STATES ПЕРАЯ ТАМЕНТ ОТ СОНЫМЕЛСЕ TRUSTED. COMPREHENSIVE. CONVENIENT. SMART. PORTABLE. UNIQUE. UP-TO-DATE. AFFORDABLE. The scientists\' secret to making colortunable LEDs was not GaN, however, but another element with which they doped GaN-rare-earth element europium (Eu). Their research shows that by controlling different excited states of Eu3+ ions in doped GaN, a single LED can emit varying colors of light without significantly impacting the device\'s efficiency. ACERS - NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS NIST STANDARD REFERENCE DATABASE 31 \"Using intentional co-doping and energy-transfer engineering, we show that all three primary colors can emit due to emission originating from two different excited states of the same Eu3+ ion (about 620 nm and about 545 nm) mixed with near band edge emission from GaN centered at about 430 nm,” Dierolf explains in the release. \"The intensity ratios of these transitions can be controlled by choosing the current injection conditions such as injection current density and duty cycle under pulsed current injection.” Although the scientists acknowledge their work is preliminary, they note that the results pave the way for development of monolithic LEDs that are completely color-tunable, allowing development of more natural LED lighting options. Plus, the technique can be integrated into commercial strategies to produce GaN LEDs, while previous efforts to develop color-tunable LEDs have been incompatible. An exciting aspect of the work is that the researchers say the development is not limited to Eu-doped GaN but extends further, opening many bright new possibilities for the future of LED lighting. \"The main idea of this work-the simultaneous active exploitation of multiple excited states of the same dopantis not limited to the GaN:Eu system, but is more general,\" lead author Brandon Mitchell says in the release. \"The presented results could open up a whole new field of tunable emission of colors from a single dopant in semiconductors, which can be reached by simple injection current tuning.” The paper, published in ACS Photonics, is \"Color-tunablility in GaN LEDs based on atomic emission manipulation under current injection” (DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01461). 16 ONE-TIME FEE: Single-user USB: $1,095 Multiple-user USB: $1,895 PHASE Equilibria Diagrams www.ceramics.org/buyphase www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 (B) ceramics in biomedicine Fabricate bioactive glass-ceramics using additive manufacturing (A) ZAL designed for excellence Superior Alumina for Refractory & Ceramics Tabular Alumina Low Sodium Tabular Alumina Calcined/Reactive Alumina Credit: Elsayed et al., Journal of the American Ceramic Society/Wiley Morphology of 3D-printed scaffolds: A) green bodies after 3D printing and B) glass-ceramic samples after heat treatment at 1,000°C. 10mm Researchers from the University of Padova (Italy), the National Research Centre (Egypt), the Federal University of São Carlos (Brazil), and The Pennsylvania State University conducted a recent study aimed to explore the low-cost fabrication of bioactive glass-ceramics with complex geometries and foams. One method for improving the mechanical properties of bioactive glass-crystallization to glass-ceramic-can lead to reduced or delayed bioactivity, thus hindering growth of new bone. In contrast, Biosilicate® glass-ceramics successfully unite the bioactivity of glass with the strength of glass-ceramics, and ensure easy machinability and workability. In their study, the researchers, including ACerS Fellows Edgar D. Zanotto and Paolo Colombo, used polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) to obtain bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds through 3D-printing and direct foaming. PDCs have the potential to reduce raw material and processing costs and cut emissions of volatile organic compounds. Also, the single-step firing of PDCS shorten cycle times and improve reproducibility. Starting from inexpensive commercial silicone resins, calcium and sodium carbonates, and sodium phosphate dibasic, the researchers produced compositions similar to Biosilicate. They then employed direct-ink 3D-printing and direct foaming to create complex glass-ceramic scaffolds and molded foams. Their fired test parts had high porosities (60% to 75%) and compressive strengths around 7 MPa for scaffolds and in the range of 1.5-6 MPa for foams. As the researchers note in their conclusion, \"... we demonstrated that preceramic polymers containing suitable oxide precursor fillers could be employed for the direct synthesis of Biosilicate glass-ceramic in a fast and simple route, with nearly identical crystalline phases.\" The paper, published in Journal of the American Ceramic Society, is \"Biosilicate® scaffolds produced by 3D-printing and direct foaming using preceramic polymers\" (DOI: 10.1111/jace.15948). ZILI USA LLC Tel: 408-728-1849 Email: jsum@ziliref.com Add: 100 Woodlawn Road Aliquippa, PA 15001 USA Improving Ceramic Raw Materials And Reducing Cost. Additive-A • Lower Losses Higher Extrusion Efficiency • Increased Plasticity • Reduced Water Content BioKeram Improved Rheology Improved Green/Dry Strength • Faster Drying • Reduced Cracking Additive-A and BioKeram are a range of products from Borregaard, the world\'s leading supplier of high performance bipolymers to the ceramics industry, with more than 50 years experience in the ceramics market. Bill Daidone bill.daidone@borregaard.com Phone (940)781-1715 Borregaard LignoTech Miguel Ten miguel.ten@borregaard.com +(34) 93 479-1101 www.borregaard.com IMPROVINGCERAMICS.COM American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 17 CALL FOR PAPERS ABSTRACTS DEADLINE SEPTEMBER 6, 2019 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org ceramics.org/ema2020 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS (EMA 2020) ORGANIZED BY THE ACERS Electronics and Basic SCIENCE DIVISIONS January 22 - 24, 2020 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel | Orlando, Fla., USA ceramics in manufacturing Optical fibers provide new twist on traditional 3D printing process In a couple of recent papers, ACerS member Edward Kinzel and his colleagues explore fiber-fed laser-heated additive manufacturing, a new method for continuous deposition of voidfree, transparent glass. Kinzel, associate professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering at the University of Notre Dame, became interested in glass AM in 2012 when he began working at Missouri University of Science and Technology. He wanted to print gradient-index optics, and he and his previous Ph.D. student Junjie Luo initially experimented with powders and frits but had issues with bubble entrapment. Kinzel and Luo saw the use of lampwork “stringers\" at the Missouri S&T hot-glass shop and began to experiment with hand feeding these thin glass fibers into a laser generated melt pool. \"This allowed us to print fully dense transparent glass forms by avoiding the consolidation issues with the powder-bed direct laser melting approach,” Kinzel explains in an email. Their work with stringers led to further investigation of fused filament fabrication techniques, which in turn led to numerous collaborations with partners from industry (Lockheed Martin; Schott Glass), government (Air Force Research Laboratory; Los Alamos National Laboratory), and academia (Missouri S&T). The fiber-fed AM technique they developed uses optical fiber as a feedstock. Optical fibers are widely available, relatively cheap sources of high-quality, low-loss glass that comes in spools kilometers long, allowing continuous, uninterrupted deposition. Additionally, optical fiber\'s inherent corecladding design allows light to be guided down the length of the material, which is the basis for many communication and sensing technologies. John Hostetler, Kinzel\'s previous master\'s student, performed experiments to determine optimal process parameters for 3D printing optical fibers. The results are published in conference proceedings from the 2018 Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) Symposium. In conference proceedings from this year\'s Society of PhotoOptical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Photonics West conference, the researchers dug deeper into whether core-cladding integrity is preserved during the process. The researchers concluded that the laser heating process does not significantly affect the core-cladding boundary, due in large part to the fact that heating of the optical fiber can take place in free-space without supports. Kinzel sees the fact that fiber-fed AM can take place in free-space as an improvement to previous AM methods. \"The approaches that MIT (gravity fed orifice) or Micron3DP (fused filament fabrication) developed both require physically contacting the glass when it\'s very hot. This limits the ability to use A freestanding spiral structure made from GE214 quartz tubing printed by previous Missouri S&T student Joseph Drallmeier. Quinine in tonic water flowing through the open tube fluoresces under UV illumination. higher working temperature glasses such as fused silica. This also significantly complicates printing fully dense forms out of glass,\" Kinzel explains. “In the filament [fiber] fed process we can still push the molten region with the filament as well as heating the glass locally to the point that it can reflow and form solid forms without seams.\" The conference proceedings from the 2018 Annual International SFF Symposium are \"Fiber-fed printing of freeform free-standing glass structures.\" The conference proceedings from 2019 SPIE Photonics West are \"Direct write of photonics using a filament-fed laserheated process\" (DOI: 10.1117/12.2510345). Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday Online research, papers, policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 19 Credit: Edward Kinzel, Joseph Drallmeier bulletin I cover story Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems By Michael D. Hill and David B. Cruickshank 5G technologies will soon reach the market. Ceramic materials will play an important role in realizing the technology. 20 20 I n the world of wireless communication, 5G has become almost a popculture reference. It is a term frequently used to describe improved handsets, devices, and infrastructure enabling faster speeds and more bandwidth. This article presents a cursory overview of what 5G is, what are the technical pillars of 5G systems, and finally, the role ceramic materials will play in 5G technology. To recount the history of wireless telephony, 1G systems, introduced in the 1980s, were full analog systems. These were very large, expensive devices that were essentially luxury items. 2G systems launched in 1991, and these systems were the first to use digital signals in GPRS and EDGE technologies. 3G systems launched in 2001 and had faster data rates and increased use of digital signals relative to 2G. The 2G and 3G systems featured a device called an auto-tuned combiner in the base station that selected frequencies with the use of an ultra-low loss tangent microwave dielectric material for both the analog band (< 1 GHz) and the digital band (near 2 GHz). The current 4G technology came into play around 2011 and did not use the auto-tuned combiner. Metallized ceramic dielectric rods are used for filters in the base stations for this technology. As of today, networks strain under by the current demand in the 700 MHz-2.7 GHz range. New technologies need to be deployed to utilize faster data rates needed for modern wireless communication including the Internet of Things (IoT). Figure 1 shows a schematic illustrating features of 5G communication. Among the benefits of 5G communication are higher data rates (10 times faster than 4G), low latency (no delays between transmit and receive signals or no dropped calls), and increased connectivity (including humans and machines). In fact, 5G systems are expected to be able to handle more than 1,000 times the numwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 5G System Capacity • 1000 x Capacity/km² • >10 Gbps Peak •100 Mbps for Every User • Spectrum Efficiency Mission Critical Low Latency (<1 ms High Reliability (99.99999%) • High Availability • Reduce Cost per bit URLLC Extreme Density ■ Sporadic Access Energy Optimized (10 yr) Signaling Reduction 1000 X Connected Devices eMBB Data Rate Zero Latency Advanced PRO Ite Figure 1. Representation of advantages of 5G systems over current systems. ber of connected devices that exist today. One fundamental technical feature of 5G systems is the use of spectrum at frequencies above which current 4G systems operate. The 5G system will operate in two different bands: a lower frequency band at 3-6 GHz, and a higher frequency band in the millimeter wave region (20-100 GHz). This lower frequency band is adjacent to spectral regions currently used for 4G systems. Although there will be some modifications in the technology used in the lower band relative to 4G systems, the modifications will not be as drastic as the technological changes required to make millimeter wave handsets and devices. 5G requirements Millimeter waves: There are a number of key technologies for 5G systems. The millimeter wave region is attractive in that there is so much “spectrum” available above 10 GHz. Bandwidth considerations therefore cease to be an issue for the time being. Among the frequencies being examined for devices are 28 GHz and 39 GHz. However, along with this “open range” of spectrum come some serious technical challenges. One of the largest challenges involves the signal range at these higher mMTC Low Cost frequencies. Attenuation is a term used to describe how the strength (amplitude) of a signal decays over distance. This attenuation is a frequency-dependent phenomenon for electromagnetic waves; that is, the higher the frequency, the greater the attenuation and the shorter the distance the wave may travel. Attenuation has major implications on how 5G infrastructure will be deployed. Currently, for systems operating below 3 GHz, large base station towers spaced on the order of fractions of miles apart are sufficient to handle wireless traffic in 4G systems. If, in fact, millimeter wave systems are put in place, the range would be much less and the size of the base station (or repeater, in this case) will have to be reduced. It is possible that centralized towers may still connect base stations to each other in the 3-6 GHz range, and each tower would be surrounded by a number of short-range repeaters operating at millimeter wave frequencies. Or, there may just be a myriad of decentralized small base stations dotting the landscape, connecting with one another. At this point, it is too early to tell how 5G infrastructure will be deployed. Filtering becomes another concern for 5G systems, particularly for handset applications. Currently systems operating American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Courtesy of Skyworks! Solutions below 3 GHz use acoustic wave filtering. It is possible that this technology may be pushed into the 3-6 GHz frequency band. However, a different type of filtering technology would be needed for applications in the millimeter wave region. Massive MIMO antennas: The type of antenna technology used for 5G systems is likely to be vastly different Capsule summary 5G TO THE RESCUE Compared to current 4G technologies, 5G communication offers higher data rates, low latency, and increased connectivity. MATERIALS FOR 5G Compared to polymeric materials, ceramics provide a wider range of dielectric constants, better mechanical stability in thin sections, and the relative ease of metallization. 5G\'S \'WILD WEST\' Early versions of 5G will be high frequency variations of 4G technology. However, it will take several years to solve technical challenges and fully realize networks operating in mm-wave frequencies. 21 Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems Credit: Davin Phelps and Mike Hill, Trans-Tech Inc. (Skyworks RF Ceramics) 12SEP101 Zri 480X 50.00m 12SEP101 Zr1 1.80KX 20.00um Figure 2. SEM micrograph of intergrowth phases at antiphase domain boundaries in barium zinc cobalt niobate. as well. Rather than a single antenna transmitting and receiving signal in all directions, 5G architectures will have an enhanced directionality. A directional beam will result in reduced power consumption because all radio frequency (RF) signals will be targeted toward a receiving unit and not scattered in all directions. A directional beam is obtained by using an array of antennas rather than a single antenna. This array, called multiple-input and multipleoutput (MIMO), allows for guiding the beam through a combination of constructive and destructive interference to conserve power and focus the signal on a specific device. The efficiency and bandwidth of an individual antenna is a function of its dielectric constant. A lower dielectric constant material will lead to a more efficient antenna. As there will be arrays of multiple antennas embedded in multiple dispersed base stations, there will be a large number of individual antennas required for 5G networks. Half and full duplexing: For past cellular systems up to 4G, different frequencies are used for the transmit and receive signals, in a technique called diplexing. On the other hand, if the same frequency is used for both transmitting and receiving, the technique is called duplexing. Time domain duplexing (TDD) or half duplexing is a technology to be utilized in 5G systems. The same frequency is used for both transmitting and receiving but they operate at different times. TDD technology requires fast semiconductor gallium nitride switches (particularly at mm-wave frequencies) or nonreciprocal devices 22 such as circulators. Full duplexing technology would involve simultaneously transmitting and receiving at the same frequency and would require a \"nonreciprocal\" device such as a circulator. Antennas, filters, and resonators Ceramic materials are likely to play a role in many 5G systems in both frequency bands.\' Consider individual antennas in use for MIMO applications. As previously stated, MIMO technology will demand multiple individual antenna elements in closely spaced base stations. There will certainly be a demand for inexpensive antennas and for low dielectric constants to improve the efficiency and bandwidth. Polymers and ceramic-filled polymers have the advantage of being inexpensive and having low dielectric constants as well as being easily conformal and integrateable with established low temperature processes. However, ceramic materials have the advantage of reduced dielectric losses, temperature stable dielectric constants, and improved thermal conductivity for thermal management. Depending on thermal requirements of the architecture and design of the base station, polymer-based or ceramic-based technology will likely be favored. Low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) type materials will likely play a large role in some integrated systems containing MIMO antennas. Other advantages of ceramics over polymeric materials include the ability to provide a wider range of dielectric constants, better mechanical stability in thin sections, and the relative ease of metallization. Filtering technology for 5G systems is very likely to involve ceramic materials as well. Currently, microwave dielectrics are used in filters for base stations while acoustic wave filters (bulk acoustic wave (BAW) and surface acoustic wave (SAW)) are used in handsets. In the 3-6 GHz 5G band, significant changes in the filtering technology for 5G base stations are not expected. In the handsets, there are efforts underway to advance BAW technology up to the 5-6 GHz range although it is questionable whether this technology can be pushed to these higher frequencies. For the mm-wave space, however, the nature of filtering will certainly be drastically different than for sub 6 GHz bands. of It is uncertain exactly what type of filtering will be used for handsets or for base stations in the mm-wave region. It is certain that it would involve electromagnetic field-based devices rather than piezoelectric (acoustic) devices. Waveguide filters or any number of a wide range architectures may be used for mm-wave filters. A focus at Skyworks is to predict the nature of the dielectric materials expected for mm-wave applications, determine the gaps in the suite of known dielectric materials, and initiate development efforts on these currently undiscovered materials. The predictions for the types of materials required are 1) ultra-low loss tangent materials with dielectric constants below 30, and 2) temperature stable, low dielectric loss tangent materials with dielectric constants below 15. For the first item, it is useful to bring up the Qf product rule for dielectric www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Port 3 Credit: From Skyworks RF Ceramics App Note 202840B - Use of ferrimagnetic material in circulators resonators. Although this is not exactly applied in any known material, it is a method of getting a crude prediction of the loss tangent for a particular material at a given frequency. The Q of a resonator is the value of the center of the resonant frequency band divided by the width of the resonance 3 dB below the maximum value. In real devices, the Q is a function of the loss tangent of the dielectric material as well as the size of the cavity, the method of affixing the microwave dielectric to the cavity, the proximity to metal, and countless other design related items. Taking the hypothetical case of the infinite cavity, the Q would be equal to the reciprocal of the loss tangent (or dielectric loss) of the material and thus by the \"Qf product rule\" frequency/loss tangent: = constant. As a result, it would be desirable to have ultra-low loss tangent materials (high Qfor mm-wave applications. A material with a low loss tangent of 0.00001 at 1 GHz would have the considerably more modest loss tangent of 0.00028 at 28 GHz (Q of 3,571 in the hypothetical infinite-sized cavity). Therefore, to get materials with appreciable loss tangents in the mm-wave space, it is necessary to look at materials with extremely high Q values near 1 GHz. In the days of 3G technology, a key component for cellular base stations was the auto-tuned combiner. 3G technologies made use of an analog band for voice transmission below 1 GHz and a digital band near 2 GHz. Q values near 50,000 were required for the materials used for the digital band (corresponding to Qf products near 100,000). In addition to the low loss tangents, the material had to have a temperature-stable dielectric constant as well. Some of the highest Q materials were complex ordered materials with the perovskite structure based on barium magnesium (dielectric constant 25), zinc tantalate (dielectric constant of 30), or barium zinc cobalt niobates (dielectric constant 33-36). Peter Davies in particular has published extensively on the mechanisms leading to high Q in these materials.² In short, it involves stabilizing defects of all dimensions (e.g., point defects, antiphase domain boundaries) and creating ordered microstructures where extremely high losstangent features are not present. In ordered perovskites, antiphase domain boundaries are particularly problematic as reported by Davies et al. 2,3 Not only do they create a natural discontinuity to the structure within a particular grain, but they may act as a sink for point defects. One strategy used for barium zinc cobalt niobate is to nucleate a low-losstangent second phase at these antiphase domain boundaries. The staple-like features shown in Figure 2 are an example of a high Qmicrostructure with stabilized domain boundaries. Port 1 Center Conductor Ground Plane TMTM+ H CIR 3 Port 2 Ferrite or Garnet Disks Figure 3. Schematic of circulator operations. For the second item, it is useful to know that for a given frequency, the size of a dielectric resonator (the basic building block of a dielectric filter) decreases in proportion to the square root of the dielectric constant. Therefore, at 1 GHz, to miniaturize a dielectric resonator, it would make sense to switch from a resonator ceramic with a dielectric constant of 30 to a resonator ceramic with a dielectric constant of 75. (Of course, there are other considerations such as the temperature stability of the dielectric constant and the loss tangent as mentioned above.) However, in the mm-wave space (for example, at 28 GHz), materials with a dielectric constant near 75 would be extremely small to the point that machining these ceramics to tight dimensions would be extremely challenging. At some of the higher frequencies, even the \"super-Q\" materials with dielectric constants between 25-35 would require an extremely small, difficult-tomachine resonator. Therefore, there is a need for improved materials with very low dielectric constants. To be clear, there are many examples of very low loss tangent materials with dielectric constants 15 or below. Electronic grade alumina with a dielectric constant close to 9 has low loss tangents comparable and possibly exceeding those of the complex perovskite materials. However, alumina has a positive temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (in device terms, this means that the resonant frequency or the pass-band American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org for a filter will drift over temperature). Most materials with dielectric constants below 10 have positive temperature coefficients of dielectric constant. 5G technologies are likely to need inexpensive, temperature stable materials with dielectric constant values below 10 and Qf products greater than 50,000. Circulators or switches: 5G\'s \'wild west\' Magnetic oxides are currently used in nonreciprocal devices such as circulators. Microwave dielectric materials are likely to be involved in filtering for mm-wave devices as well, and ceramic powders may be used as fillers for polymer ceramic composite substrates and antennas. One critical area where ceramic materials were enabling the operation of cellular base stations was in the area of circulators. Figure 3 shows a schematic of a circulator device in a cellular base station. The circulator acts as a \"traffic circle\" for RF energy in a base station enabling the signal to travel in one direction around the rotary and preventing the travel in the other direction. This device prevents high power signals from damaging sensitive electronics by regulating the direction of travel. Circulators consist of an insulat23 Ceramic materials for 5G wireless communication systems TECHNOLOGY LABS, ING cm 21 Figure 4. Representation of cofire process to produce ferromagnetic dielectric composites. ing magnetic disk (ferrite) connected to three ports. Permanent magnets can be placed above and below (triplate design) on one side (microstrip design) of the ferrite disk. The influences of the magnetic field allow for good RF conduction in one rotary direction (TM +) and good RF absorption in the opposite direction (TM) due to Lenz\'s Law. For 5G materials, the nature of the circulator will need to change to accommodate operation at higher frequencies. For the 3-6 GHz band, the higher frequency would require changes to the design of the circulator, but not drastic changes to the ferrite materials used in the device. The industry standard circulator ferrite materials are based on yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe,O₁2). Substituent elements such as calcium and zirconium are frequently added to improve the magnetic losses of the material and thus improve the insertion loss of the circulator device. Nonetheless, standard garnet structured ferrite materials have dielectric constant values between 12 and 15. However, there is a class of materials developed at Skyworks that have dielectric constant values up to 31. This enhanced dielectric constant for these ferrite materials enables miniaturization of the circulator to make it more suitable for use in smaller base stations. The increased dielectric constant is due 24 Credit: D. Firor Skyworks RF Ceramics to the use of bismuth as a substituent ion for yttrium in the formulation. This material has the thermal stability of yttrium iron garnet, with a slightly higher saturation magnetization and much higher dielectric constant values. The magnetic loss can be decreased by the substitution of zirconium and therefore YBi CayFe ZrO2 is a state-of-the-art ferrite product branded by Skyworks as TTHIE-1950.4,5 For mm-wave circulators, the architecture and the materials used will be different from those used in 4G and previous systems. For one, the triplate designs will no longer be used and microstrip (below 20 GHz) or substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based circulators will be needed. At these frequencies the magnetic material would need to have as high a saturation magnetization as possible so that the lower loss garnet ferrites could be replaced by high magnetization nickel zinc ferrite based spinels. One technology battle that may occur in mm-wave technology would be between circulators and high-power gallium nitride (GaN) based switches. For 5G technology, particularly in the mm-wave space, duplexing rather than diplexing technology is likely to be used. For TDD (half-duplexing), some type of device will need to be used to switch between the transmit function and the receive function. The switch is a logical choice but may be subject to high insertion loss at these frequencies. However, a circulator may be used as well for this application. In addition, a switch would be unable to be used for full duplexing whereas a circulator would be able to readily handle full duplexing. With the abundance of spectrum available in the mm-wave space, full duplexing is not likely to be necessary for some time and therefore it would likely be considerations of loss and heating dictating whether switches or circulators will be used. As the mm-wave technology is likely to be the \"wild west\" for some time, one technology may dominate for a time only to be quickly supplanted by a different technology. Solving processing challenges Moving back to ceramics, it is worth mentioning a \"shrink-wrap\" or cofiring technology used to create sintered, monolithic composites of magnetic and dielectric oxide materials. This effort started at Skyworks when problems with intermodulation distortion (IMD) occurred. As stated earlier, magnets are applied to a ferrite disk to saturate the ferrite and bring about the directional (nonreciprocal) effect. However, if the magnet is the same diameter as the ferrite, it may be difficult to completely saturate the far edge of the ferrite disk, leading to IMD issues. This problem was initially solved by gluing a dielectric ring to the outer edge of the ferrite disk so that the diameter of the permanent magnet is greater than the diameter of the ferrite. In this manner, the outer edge of the ferrite disk is completely saturated by the permanent magnet. However, there are some difficulties with the use of polymer-based adhesives, including high dielectric losses and the inability to deposit metal over the glue bond. As a result of this, the \"cofiring\" process was developed.6 In this case (See Figure 4), a ferrite rod is sintered close to theoretical density. After firing, the ferrite is placed in a cylinder of unfired dielectric and the dielectric is sintered around the ferrite so that it \"shrinkwraps\" onto the ferrite to form a cosintered composite. The composite rod is then sliced into disks and each disk is used for an individual isolator. These composite disks contain no glue line and can be readily metallized. There are a number of challenges inherent in this cofiring process. These include • the dielectric must fire at a lower temperature than the ferrite rod, ·lossy phases should not form at the magnetic-dielectric interface, • the thermal expansion coefficients of the two materials must match, and firing shrinkages need to be carefully controlled. • As a result, there is a limited suite of materials that are mutually compatible for this ceramic \"shrink-wrap\" process. In addition, there is a need for materials with a range of dielectric constants to accommodate different frequency values. This \"shrink-wrap\" process sets a limit on the number of ferrite materials that www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 need to be developed because frequency selection can be done by varying the dielectric constant of the nonmagnetic dielectric ring. One likely direction for 5G technology is the integration of various functional components into a module. This can be done readily with polymeric platforms or even planar LTCC materials. Our direction is to take the \"cofiring\" process a step further and integrate multiple components on a ceramic substrate. The core of the device is a microstrip circulator with the ferrite cofired onto a microwave dielectric material. This material can be LTCC based or a tailored material with a higher dielectric constant than most currently available LTCC materials (which rarely have dielectric constants greater than 10). This ceramic substrate may allow for surface mounting of additional devices, including low noise amplifiers and GaN power amplifiers (Figure 5), and may connect with antennas through vias in the ceramic substrate.? 5G- An evolving network may In the mm-wave space, there be a range of architectures used depending on the frequency of operations. Up to 20 GHz, microstrip circulators may be used. However, above 20-30 GHz, radiative losses become significant so microstrip circulators become untenable. Therefore, for these higher frequencies, substrate integrated waveguide-based circulators are needed, ones where the circulator is surrounded by a metallized \"cage\" to prevent radiative losses.? The above is an overview on what we at Skyworks envision as likely components in 5G technology. While there are considerable technical challenges with regard to operating in the lower frequency band of 3-6 GHz, much of the technology would consist of higher frequency variants of current 4G technology. It is certain that systems will be deployed in this frequency range within a year or two-some have already been deployed at various frequencies. In this range, we would expect to see magnetic oxide circulators, some microwave dielectrics in base station filters, as well as ceramics in polymer ceramic composites (such as titanium oxide). For mmFigure 5. Photographs of integrated cofired wave space, the technical challenges are certain to be much greater; therefore, there will be several years before these systems are deployed. It remains to be seen what type of materials will be used in antennas and substrates although an educated guess would include both polymer- and ceramic-based systems (with ceramic based systems favored for higher power application in which waste heat management is an issue.) Additionally, there is a question of which duplexing technology will dominate in the mm-wave space, whether it be GaN switches or ceramic ferritebased substrate integrated waveguide based circulators. In addition, there are semiconductor-based circulator technologies being developed, which may be better solutions than the biased ferrite technologies widely used below 10 GHz. In short, there will likely be a rapid evolution of different technologies over a short timeframe. However, with the large area of spectrum available and the projected demand, 5G technology will become critical for the global information age infrastructure. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org INGOO LIBERTY mm-wave circulator devices. About the authors 2000 Michael D. Hill is technical director of R&D for Skyworks RF Ceramics, and David B. Cruickshank is engineering director emeritus and a consultant for Skyworks RF Ceramics. Contact Hill at mike.hill@skyworksinc.com. References \'Cruickshank, D.B. (2012). Microwave Materials for Wireless Applications. Norwood, MA: Artech House. 2Davies, P.K., Tong, J., and Negas T. (1997). Effect of ordering-induced domain boundaries on low-loss Ba(Zn₁, Ta2/3)O3-BaZrO3 perovskite microwave dielectrics. JACerS, 80(7), pp. 1727-40. Credit: Credit: Courtesy of D. Firor, lain Mac Farlane, and Dave Cruickshank (Skyworks RF Ceramics) Chai, L. and Davies, P.K. (1997). Formation and structural characterization of 1:1 ordered perovskites in the Ba(Zn₁Ta2/3)O3-BaZrO3 system. JACerS, 80(12), pp. 3193-98. 4US Patent 8696925. 5US Patent 9527776. 6US Patent 7687014. \'Cruickshank, D.B. (2017). Microwave materials applications: Device miniaturization and integration. Norwood, MA: Artech House. 25 5G-connecting smartphones through ceramics and glass By April Gocha The nascent 5G network is about more than just faster videos and uploads it holds significant potential for impact on the ceramic and glass materials that are involved in smartphone device design and infrastructure. 26 T \'he speed, frequency, and demand for more and faster data has created demand for the next generation when it comes to cellular networks-5G. While limited 5G networks began rolling out in 2018, 5G networks are expected to launch worldwide by 2020. 5G will be much faster than current networks. Estimates indicate that 5G will bring 100-times faster downloads than existing 4G networks, allowing entire movies to be downloaded in a matter of seconds.¹ Beyond sheer speed, the 5G network is predicted to enable explosions in not only mobile technologies but also adjacent technologies like autonomous vehicles and the Internet of Things. IoT connections are predicted to reach 25 billion worldwide by 2025, representing a threefold increase from 2017.2 The 5G network partially owes such lightning speed to millimeter wave band transmission, a higher frequency that ultimately provides higher capacity for data transmission. However, smaller wavelengths have more trouble passing through obstacles like walls, providing a shorter signal range. Limited range is one of the challenges of the new network-5G will require five-times as many towers as the 4G network to transmit its signal. That means the new networks will require a cadre of smaller, more spread-out towers, rather than the larger, more interspersed towers that 4G runs on. So, simply building the 5G infrastructure is a major challenge to fully implementing the new network. Plus, each tower will need to pack more antennas into each station to support the increased amount of data and users. Whereas most current towers contain about a dozen antenna ports, new 5G towers will switch to massive multiple-input, multiple-output antennas that will allow about 100 antenna ports per station-supporting up to 22-times greater network capacity.³ Track more antennas and faster transmission speeds one more step down the line, and it is evident that the 5G network is driving significant investments in fiber infrastructure, too, which will be www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 4 required to deliver that higher capacity. Fiber infrastructure will be needed both in between the increased amount of cell towers and within buildings themselves. \"Additionally, legacy copper-based infrastructures won\'t be able to keep up with 5G bandwidth. To keep up, smart buildings will undergo their own fiber-in-the-horizontal transformation,\" Kara Mullaley, manager of global FTTx marketing for Corning Inc., writes in a Cabling Installation & Maintenance article.5 \"5G will most certainly be an evolution of today\'s networks, but the impact will likely be even more significant. Beyond being evolutionary, 5G is potentially revolutionary. The possibilities are virtually unlimited, but a smart, fiberdeep infrastructure will be paramount to making the vision real.\" And that is just the infrastructure to make it happen. 5G devices, set to arrive in 2019, will also require shifts in smartphone design that pose new material challenges. Because shorter wavelengths have lower penetration, \"smartphone manufacturers are going to have to design in multiple antennas, which could change what materials devices are made from, as well as their shape and size,\" according to a Boy Genius Report article. \"Metal backs are likely to vanish altogether, and even the metal sides that are a staple of modern flagship smartphones could be designed out.\" While these new 5G-ready phones have yet be released, suppliers are certainly developing the hardware that will make them possible. Qualcomm has developed the first mmWave antenna, which consists of a penny-sized array of four antennas-small enough to embed into a bezelto search out the nearest 5G tower.\" Many other companies are also redesigning individual components for 5G compatibility. For instance, Resonant Inc. is working on a 5G-specific resonator, called XBAR. \"The high bandwidth 5G data services will operate at frequencies of 3.5-6 GHz and higher, but today\'s best filter technologies have limitations operating at these frequencies,\" CEO George B. Holmes says in a Resonant press release. \"The early results from our XBAR initiative are very promising and we are working hard to provide a cost-effective, 8 high-performance option for 5G services.\" Ceramics are primed for these materials challenges because of their high-frequency performance, particular low temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC). \"As the electronics industry continues its dramatic changes and 5G/ IoT devices and applications Qualcomm has developed the first mmWave antenna. become more prevalent, innovative ceramic interconnection substrate technology is becoming a key enabler,\" according to an article by The International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI). \"Ceramic substrates offer a tool set that will enable adopters to realize a competitive advantage through increased functionality, 3D integration, and portability demanded by 5G electronic systems packaging requirements.\" According to an iNEMI-a electronicsfocused R&D consortium of manufacturers, suppliers, associations, government agencies, and universities-ceramics are key because the materials offer low-cost solutions. Established technologies such as multilayer ceramic interconnections are attractive as mature technologies, although ceramics also offer new possibilities as well. \"Next-generation disruptive materials, especially core-shell powders, will allow lower-cost manufacturing of previously expensive LTCC modules.\" So, 5G is more than just faster YouTube videos or Facebook uploads-it holds significant potential for impact on the ceramic and glass materials that are involved in smartphone device design, smartphone components, antenna infrastructure, optical fiber, manufacturing, and more. \"5G networks threaten to exponentially multiply the scale at which market leaders will be forced to innovate,\" according to an article in It Is Innovation, the membership publication of the Consumer Technology Association.10 \"These advances will enable brands to disrupt entire industries from virtually anywhere on the planet using a connected device.\" A device, and infrastructure, made possible by ceramic and glass materials. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No.6 | www.ceramics.org References ¹S. Woo. \"Why Being First in 5G Matters.\" The Wall Street Journal, Sept. 12, 2018. https:// www.wsj.com/articles/why-being-first-in-5g-matters-1536804360 2GSMA. The Mobile Economy 2018. https:// www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/ uploads/2018/05/The-Mobile-Economy-2018.pdf 3A. Nordrum, K. Clark, IEEE Spectrum Staff. \"5G Bytes: Massive MIMO Explained.” IEEE Spectrum, June 17, 2017. https://spectrum.ieee. org/video/telecom/wireless/5g-bytes-massivemimo-explained 4B. Lavallée. \"5G wireless needs fiber, and lots of it.\" Ciena, May 31, 2016. https://www.ciena. com/insights/articles/5G-wireless-needs-fiberand-lots-of-it_prx.html 5K. Mullaley. \"5G networks\' impact on fiberoptic cabling requirements.\" Cabling Installation & Maintenance, August 1, 2018. https://www. cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-26/ issue-8/features/design/5g-networks-impact-onfiber-optic-cabling-requirements.html C. Mills. \"How 5G is going to make smartphones ugly again.\" Boy Genius Report, June 2, 2018. https://bgr.com/2018/06/02/5g-smartphones-release-date-cost-design Qualcomm. \"Qualcomm Delivers Breakthrough 5G NR mmWave and Sub-6 GHz RF Modules for Mobile Devices.\" Qualcomm, June 23, 2018. https://www.qualcomm.com/ news/releases/2018/07/23/qualcomm-deliversbreakthrough-5g-nr-mmwave-and-sub-6-ghzrf-modules-mobile Resonant Inc. \"Resonant Inc. to introduce new 5G RF filter breakthrough at the 2018 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium in Kobe, Japan, on October 24th.\" Resonant, October 9, 2018. https://www.resonant.com/news-awards/ press-releases/detail/314/resonant-inc-to-introduce-new-5g-rf-filter-breakthrough-at \'H. Imhof. \"iNEMI Roadmap Points to Ceramic Technology as a Key Enabler for 5G Devices.\" iNEMI, July 17, 2017. https://www. inemi.org/blog/ceramics-2017roadmap 10S. Steinberg. \"How will 5G Revolutize Tech?\" It Is Innovation. Sept/Oct 2018, p. 44. Consumer Technology Association. 27 Credit: Qualcomm Carbon fiberreinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes By R. Gadow and M. Jiménez The demanding requirements of aircraft brake rotor systems require entirely different designs than passenger and sports cars-designs in which carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites are particularly well-suited. D uring a normal aircraft landing, the wheel brakes afford about 40% of the total braking energy.¹ The rest is assumed by aerodynamic braking (30%), reverse thrust of jet engines (20%), and rolling friction (10%). However, according to regulations of this transport sector, the wheel brakes must be able to stop the aircraft without support of any other braking system. This requirement must be fulfilled for loads generated at the maximal landing and rejected take-off speeds for maximum weight of the airplane.² Further, wheels and tires must not ignite nor explode, even in an emergency situation. Stanton illustrated in 1968 the order of magnitude of braking loads generated during a rejected take-off, using a Douglas 28 1-212-265ZISZ Figure 1. Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite composite brake assembly of C17 Globe Master III. DC-8 Jet Trader as example.³ During this maneuver, the eight brake assemblies must deliver a total of 40,500 horsepower to stop the 163-ton aircraft at a velocity of 286 km/h (178 mph) in under 30 seconds. The kinetic energy absorbed by the braking system in this situation is similar to simultaneously braking 833 mid-sized passenger cars at a speed of 96 km/h (60 mph). Brake rotor system design for aircraft is completely different than for passenger and sports cars, in which a single rotor for each wheel operates in an open environment, with the special challenge of high-cycle intensive air cooling and easy access of environmental media. The traditional brake system of modern aircraft is a mechanically closed system that consists of an assembly of static and rotating discs (Figures 1 and 2), which are pressed together by a set of hydraulic cylinders under pressures up to 206 bar (3,000 psi) during braking operation. ¹³ This brake configuration has become the standard assembly due to its compact design and ability to generate very high braking torques. In comparison with drum brakes, the brake disc solution exhibits higher lightweight performance and faster cool-down. Today drum brake systems are only used for small aircraft. The main requirements for brake disc material are excellent tribological behavior, elevated thermal capacity, high thermal conductivity, good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, as well as high impact resistance and strain to failure. The need for lightweight engineering inspired development of innovative brake materials fulfilling the previously mentioned features and further exhibiting much lower densities than steel and conventional brake lining assemblies. Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite (C/C) composites meet all these needs with an outstanding low density of less than 1.8 g/cm³ and high thermomechanical stability. Table 1 compares mechanical and thermophysical properties of C/C composites with two traditional brake rotor materials: steel and copper. C/C composites exhibit more than twice www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Capsule summary BIG DEMANDS Aircraft braking systems must successfully and repeatedly handle high-magnitude braking loads. The need for lightweight engineering has inspired development of innovative brake materials with excellent thermal properties as well as much lower densities than conventional assemblies. the specific heat of steel with a fourth of its density. Replacement of steel by C/C has enabled important weight savings not only on the Concorde (~600 kg in total) but also on bigger aircraft, such as the Boeing 747 (~1,200 kg)¹ and C-17 Globe Master III. From the viewpoint of materials engineering with C/C composites, one should separate carbon fiber/carbon with intermediate temperature treatment below 1,600°C and carbon fiber/ graphite-the graphitized version with ultrahigh-temperature-stable carbon fibers (high modulus and ultrahigh modulus) and carbon matrices treated up to 2,500°C. One of the most outstanding properties of C/C composites is their thermal stability up to temperatures of about 2,500°C in the case of ultrahigh temperature-treated high modulus fibers and graphitized carbon matrices, maintaining good frictional properties over the entire application temperature range.5 This aspect is quite determinant considering the extreme brake temperatures during landing. According to Stimson and Fisher, a C/C brake assembly achieves temperatures of 500°C in a normal landing operation and up to 1,300°C in the case of rejected take-off. Awasthi and Wood maintain that disc surfaces can heat up to 3,000°C due to friction between rotating and stationary discs. Therefore, thermal shock resistance of the brake disc material is a further essential requirement for this application. An important challenge considering the service conditions of aircraft brakes is oxidation resistance of discs. Carbon materials exhibit low oxidation resistance if there is no protective treatment on the component surface. 5,7 The first generation of C/C brake discs had a distinct tendency to oxidize over long exposure times, which impaired service life.5 CARBON SOLUTIONS Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite composites meet the materials demands for aircraft braking systems—the materials offer excellent tribological behavior, high thermal capacity, high thermal conductivity, good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, and high impact resistance and strain to failure. To solve this issue, the following treatments have been successfully applied to C/C brake discs: Silicon carbide (SiC)-based coatings on the outer component surface, • Internal surface protection by oxidation inhibitors in the matrix, mostly impregnated with inorganic salt solutions, Glassy sealants on top of the SiC layer, and • • SiC or Si3N4 top layer on glassy coatings. A further challenge is mechanical integration of composite discs as the main friction material in the total brake NEW HEIGHTS The principal change from hydraulic power to electromechanical brake systems-afforded by carbon fiber-reinforced carbon and graphite composite materials-has allowed aircraft braking systems to achieve new heights. Further, new kinds of tailored interfaces provide potential for future technical improvements to take off. assembly. Transmission of the immense brake torque requires sophisticated design and engineering, including removable torque bars, clips, clamps, and washers, all made from refractory or superalloys to withstand high thermal loads. The MRCA Tornado strike fighter plane has been the backbone of European air forces in the past decades. This fighter plane has a completely different brake design, with segments of gray cast iron and attached brake lining segments on the stator counterpart discs. It is difficult to imagine gray cast iron in a system with lightweight engineering b) d) Figure 2. a) C17 Globe Master III; b) landing gear; and c,d) rotor and stator discs. Table 1. Mechanical and thermal properties of different brake disc materials4 C/C composite Steel Copper Density Specific heat [J/g-K] 1.68-1.72 7.8 8.9 1.42 0.59 0.42 Tensile strength (MPa) 66 410 240 Impact resistance (J) Strain to failure (%) Thermal conductivity (J/m-s-K) Coefficient of linear expansion (E-6/K) 0.7 110 55 0.55 33 40 10-150 59 346 0-8 14 18 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 29 Credit: Shaw AFB, 2000 Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes requirements, but approval by multinational authorities can mean a 20-year certification process. In this system with distinct access of air, C/C is not the preferred alternative-materials engineered for sports cars instead provide chopped carbon fiber-reinforced SiC [ceramic matrix composite (CMC)] in the same puzzle segment design (Figure 3).8,9 Fundamentals of C/C composites Fiber reinforcement The production process of a C/C component starts with selection of the most suitable reinforcing carbon fibers. For the earliest generation of C/C com posites in the 1960s, the only alternative was microporous and low modulus rayon-based carbon fibers. 10 Later development of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based Stator Rotor and ultimately polyaromate mesophase (PAM) pitch-based fibers opened a much higher performance range. Today, PAN-based fibers are the preferred option due to important handicaps of alternative carbon fiber types.? On the one hand, pitch-based filaments feature extremely high stiffness but are quite expensive, and the number of suppliers is limited. On the other hand, rayon-based fibers have relatively poor mechanical performance and critical porosity for this application. Today, commercial PAN and PAM carbon fibers have high tenacity with tensile strength of 3,000-7,000 MPa. Depending on thermal treatment and with respect to microstructure, they feature quite different high moduli of 220-800 GPa (Figure 4). Thermal conductivity can vary from 30-1,100 W/m.K. Segment 5 cm 5 cm Figure 3. Brake rotors in segment configuration: (top) carbon fiber-reinforced SiC and (bottom) gray cast iron. Tensile strength [MPa] 6000 5000 HT 4000 3000 2000 U= Ultrahigh H=High I- Intermediate M= Modulus 1000 S=Strength T= Tenacity IMS UMS UHM/UMS (Pitch) HM 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Young\'s modulus [GPa] Figure 4. Mechanical properties of different types of carbon fibers. 30 Credit: Rainer Gadow, 2006 Credit: Rainer Gadow The final properties of C/C components are not only influenced by the original fiber and matrix properties but are further controlled by fiber architecture, fiber volume content, adhesion at the interface, and compatibility during manufacturing and in application (Figure 5). Following the logical design process of a composite material, the next discussion point is fiber architecture. Strength and stiffness of C/C composites-as well as for all composites in general-in unreinforced directions is similar to that of the matrix material. In the specific case of C/C composites, flexural strength rapidly decreases with increased angle between load and fiber direction due to limited mechanical properties of the monolithic carbon. Several studies have investigated the influence of fiber architecture on strength of C/C composites. In 1994, Neumeister et al. studied the influence of six different fiber architectures mainly based on unidirectional, orthogonal 2D, and quasi-isotropic 2D patterns. According to that work, samples manufactured from unidirectional tapes show the highest values of tensile strength but catastrophic or semi-catastrophic failure mechanisms. The highest toughness of all investigated reinforcements was measured for 8-harness satin weave in orthogonal and quasiisotropic directions. Thus, there are two important advantages of 2D in comparison with unidirectional reinforcements: enhanced toughness and higher proximity to isotropic mechanical behavior. The necessity to develop C/C composites with quasi-isotropic mechanical behavior for applications such as aircraft brakes has led to development of multidirectional reinforcements. 3D reinforcements are more suitable than 2D if the structural component is subjected to multiaxial loading. These structures can be customized to accommodate design loads of the intended application. Fitzer et al.12 underlined in 1998 that 3D woven preforms had gained much attention in the C/C production industry due to higher levels of out-ofplane strength and interlaminar shear strength compared with 2D architectures. There was actually a strong boost in the United States from the 1970s onwards to develop 3D multidirectional fiber reinforcement composites. 10 However, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 their fabrication technologies and manufacturing process chains are complex and expensive, and impregnation of multidimensional arrays is quite challenging. The easiest multidirectional preform configuration is based on a 3D orthogonal design with yarn bundles located on Cartesian coordinates (x, y, and z). However, even this pattern presents weakness in nonfiber directions, such as 45° to the x- and y-axes. 10 To solve that issue, automatized weaving techniques enable 4-, 5-, 7-, and 11-directional patterns in which fiber orientations deviate with respect to x, y, and z orthogonal axes. The most common kinds of reinforcements used in C/C brake discs are:6 Carbon fabric laminates, Semi-random chopped carbon fibers, and • • Laminated carbon fibers mattes with cross-ply reinforcement. Matrix deposition The carbon matrix of the C/C material can be deposited by two different routes: liquid phase impregnation (LPI), based on viscous carbon precursor resins and pitches; and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), based on gaseous or vaporized carbon-rich reaction gas mixtures for impregnation of the microporous fiber skeleton by chemical vapor impregnation (CVI). In addition, there is an intermediate manufacturing technology that first combines a liquid precursor phase impregnation of fibers and subsequent carbonization with final densification via CVI.5 The glassy carbon matrix is obtained by carbonization of a high-carbon-yield resin or alternatively by thermal treatment of PAM pitch and chemical transformation to highly oriented graphite. Today, the series production process of C/C brake rotors is based on pyrolytic carbon matrices via CVD.6 The LPI process begins with infiltration of the carbon fiber reinforcement with a resin, such as coal tar/petroleum pitches or thermosetting resins (i.e., phenolic resin). This liquid phase acts as a preliminary binder for the shaping and curing process. Subsequently, the precursor is converted to secondary carbon formed during a controlled high-temperature treatment in inert atmosphere, the carbonization process.5 Mechanical, physical, and chemical fiber properties Purpose: Improved mechanical behavior of the matrix and additional features and composites properties Physical and chemical properties of the pure matrix Geometry: Fiber volume arrangement and textile design Adhesion: Chemical, Interaction between fiber and matrix physical Compatibility: Chemical, physical Figure 5. Influencing factors composite material design and performance. Depending on the secondary carbon deposition process, the matrix can present different microstructures and, therefore, different mechanical properties. If secondary carbon is deposited from the liquid phase and from a thermosetting resin, the structure of the carbon matrix can be completely anisotropic. In contrast, resulting matrices of pitch impregnation and carbonization have microtextures, fiber filament orientation, and a graphitic lattice structure. If the matrix is deposited by CVD, it can be either isotropic or anisotropic. Industrial processing and manufacturing In industrial size and series manufac turing, Meggitt\'s multistep manufacturing process chain can be a reference technology. This manufacturer emphasizes the importance of the role of brakes in an airplane by the following citation: 13 The brake discs in an aircraft landing gear can withstand temperatures up to 2,000°C and absorb millions of foot pounds of kinetic energy on every landing. When you come in to land after a short flight, probably the last thing on your mind is how the brake discs on the wheels below you were made. Phase 1: Fabric manufacture This process chain begins in Phase 1 with fabric manufacture, which uses tows of aerospace acrylic PAN-based carbon fibers as feedstock material. To increase efficiency of the production process, heavy tows-rovings of over 24,000 filaments are preferred. These filaments are initially crimped and chopped and subsequently fed into a carding machine, in which a series of rollers comb and align fibers. Chopped fibers are joined with continuous PAN-based carbon fibers to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Rainer Gadow, 1998 create a network of felt fabric layers. The resulting fiber pattern will be the reinforcing architecture of brake discs.13 Phase 2: Carbonization The 61-cm (2-ft)-wide fabrics feed continuously into a 9.14-m (30 ft)-long oven above 1,000°C, which thermally degrades binders and noncarbon byproducts. This process can be considered sizing removal and functionalization of the carbon fiber surface. To prevent oxidation of carbon fibers, this heat treatment is performed in an inert atmosphere. Waste gases are properly filtrated before being expelled into the atmosphere. The efficiency of the process is enhanced by heat exchangers, which reduce consumption of combustibles.13 Phase 3: Cutting, lay-up, and compression forming From then on, Meggitt\'s brake disc production branches in two different kinds of products. • For 85% of production, robots cut fabrics into annular layers and place them in the most suitable orientation, which depends on required strength and wear resistance. The robot also places the discs on a scale in this step. • For 15% of discs, they are processed with a different fiber architecture. The manufacturer defines it as discs \"built up by hand from smaller fabric segments. \"13 This enhanced structure provides the discs improved strength and higher wear resistance. Brake discs are weighed at every stage of the process to ensure their density at the end of manufacturing. ¹³ Layers of laid-up fabric move to the next stage in the process. Traceability is determinant in such a safety-relevant component. Each disc has a quality history ID with a unique serial number ref31 Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes erencing raw material batch, weight, and the operators who have worked on it at each stage of the process. Data is stored offsite in triplicate for 25 years to comply with high quality control standards.13 Discs are laid-up on graphite jig plates to be compressed. Inserted spacers ensure discs are compressed to the correct thickness. It can take several weeks to create sufficient quantity of discs for CVI in the furnace and several days to load discs into the furnace. 13 Phase 4: Carbon infiltration The next step is matrix deposition by CVI. Carbon preforms are transferred into a 9.14-m (30-ft)-deep vacuum furnace at temperatures over 1,000°C. This matrix deposition process may extend over several weeks or even months. To homogenize the density of every single rotor, it is very important to carefully orient the discs inside the furnace. pores A challenging aspect of CVI is achieving a uniform deposition of carbon within the preform. The rate of deposition must be much lower than the rate of infiltration of the gas into the porous preform. 10 Internal cavities and tend to close due to the bottleneck effect generated in outer interrow spacings. 12 Therefore, a particular feature of C/C composites densified by CVI is the presence of elliptical closed pores formed when the gas deposition closes narrow pore necks. 10 The combination of heat and vacuum activates carbon atoms in the C-spender gas (methane, ethane, hexane, etc.) to diffuse, infiltrate, and react to solid carbon in the open porous structure of compressed fiber compacts in the jigs. The carbon matrix of the C/C material is pure pyrolytic carbon deposited via CVD. This process includes isothermal CVD in industrial-size hot wall furnaces. In R&D, pressure gradient and temperature gradient CVI are promising but complicated alternatives with improved efficiency and densification. In some cases, the matrix consists of a combination of pyrolytic and glassy carbon. 6 The latter is obtained by carbonization of a highcarbon-yield resin, such as phenolic resin. Phase 5: Graphitization, machining, testing, painting, and clipping Discs are machined into their final shape after graphitization, a heat treat32 ment process that transforms highly disordered quasi-isotropic carbon microstructures into highly oriented 3D crystal structures of pure graphite. Every disc then undergoes a thermal conductivity test to assure highest quality. Discs are coated to reduce catalytic oxidation from contaminates such as runway deicing agents and to prevent thermal oxidation at the high temperatures they experience-according to this manufacturer, brake discs can reach temperatures from up to 2,000°C during rejected take-off. Last but not least, U-shaped clips are fitted to protect rotor discs as the surrounding wheel rotates. 13 Aircraft brake applications Meggitt In 1973, Meggitt-at that time under the Dunlop brand-provided the first C/C brake assemblies for an initial trial on a Vickers VC10 aircraft. 4 One year later, the famous supersonic Concorde was the first commercial aircraft equipped with carbon brakes. This first-generation of C/C brake discs was designed and manufactured at Meggitt\'s Coventry site. The competitor braking material system at that time was Dunlop lightweight beryllium brakes, which had been already proven but were abandoned in favor of C/C.14 Today, more than 30,000 aircraft perform 15 million landings per year on Meggitt wheels and brakes.13 UTC Aerospace Systems Market leaders such as UTC Aerospace Systems provide products and aftermarket services for aircraft wheel and braking systems for civil and military aircraft applications. Recent developments include electric and hydraulically actuated brakes, featuring steel or carbon/carbon friction material, brake control systems, tire pressure monitoring systems, and brake temperature monitoring systems. Innovative breakthroughs in brakes include DURACARB carbon friction material, EDL and electromechanical braking technology, and systems integration. 15 Boeing\'s 787 aircraft was first to fly UTC Aerospace Systems\' electric brakes, with eight wheels in the main landing gear assembly and five C/C composite rotors each. Electric brake technology launched more than a decade ago. In 1998, Goodrich successfully flew a fullauthority electromechanical brake system on a U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft. In 2007, Goodrich became the first supplier to have a full-authority electromechanical brake system in production with the introduction on a military unmanned aircraft. This experience helped develop the world\'s first commercial application of this technology for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. The Goodrich 787 electromechanic brake system is expected to be smarter, more durable, and easier to maintain. Reliable electric controls and modular actuators provide high dispatch reliability and ease of maintenance. On-board maintenance systems automatically report brake wear and system health. 15 System safety and electric brake stopping performance meets or exceeds equivalent requirements of traditional hydraulic braking systems. DURACARB carbon heat sink material provides improved lifetime and increased performance. Factory-installed wheel torque bar bushings decrease overhaul times and maintenance costs. Honeywell 15 Honeywell Aerospace has experience in wheels and braking system design and manufacturing since the 1920s. Its history started with company founder Vincent Bendix, who had a rich legacy in the history of aviation technology and air racing. Research into braking systems began under the Bendix brand name as early as 1923. Charles Lindbergh used Bendix wheels on his Ryan Brougham aircraft. 16 Manufacturing at Bendix\'s main facility in South Bend, Ind., started in 1943 to support the World War II effort. The first Carbenix carbon-matrix brake was produced in 1988, after which Bendix became AlliedSignal. Knowing that it serves a vital function in thousands of daily cycles and critical missions of aircraft landing, taxi, and take-off, the company focused on design, manufacturing, and servicing aerospace wheels and brakes.16 Honeywell\'s Carbenix® friction materials have further benefits, as the carbon brakes lower greenhouse gas emissions and enable higher aircraft availability through longer maintenance intervals. They also provide high reliability, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Table 2. Honeywell wheel and C/C braking systems in various aircrafts¹ Aircraft Wheel and braking system A330-200/-300, A340-200/-300, A340-400/-500, A380 717, 737 Classic, 737-600/700/800/900/900ER, 747-400, 777-200/-300, 767-300, 767-200, 747-100/-200, DC8, MD-11, MD80 E130/145 C919 Airbus Boeing Embraer COMAC Military Boeing Lockheed Martin F-22, F-35 B-2 AS 332 Northup Grumman Eurocopter F-15, F-18, KC-46A, B-52, KC-135 improved weight savings, and lower overall lifecycle costs. Ranging from industry-leading energy absorption on the world\'s largest airliner, the Airbus A380, to demanding military missions of the advanced F-35 joint strike fighter, Honeywell\'s Carbinex carbon brakes demonstrate reliable performance and industryleading durability based on development of core carbon-matrix materials and protective antioxidant coatings to provide leading landing per overhaul life matched to versatility of the aircraft service conditions (Table 2). The antioxidant coating technologies have proven performance against carbon oxidation caused by deicing fluids and other contaminants. An alternative type of material is used in Honeywell\'s CerametalixⓇ brakes, which provide proven robustness and greater total value than carbon alternatives and are preferred and installed on the largest 737-700/-800 fleets in the world. Honeywell continues to optimize the Cerametalix friction material family to improve thermal capability and wear performance while ensuring shortest gate turn times in the industry. Honeywell has modernized manufacturing processes and control technologies to ensure Cerametalix brakes continue to provide reliability, performance, and excellent maintainability. New developments and outlook C/C composites today are reliable performance friction materials for aircraft brake systems. Carbon fibers and PAN fibers as one of their prominent precursors are well established in a competitive market. However, application of thin solid films as tailored interfaces on the carbon fiber surface provide potential for technical improvement. These technologies can further improve interfacial adhesion and oxidation resistance. Besides the continuous CVD fiber coating with ceramic and carbon layers on fibers and fabrics, the liquid phase coating process was developed to pilot plant standard. 17,18 With respect to the carbon or graphite matrix in C/C, there was intensive R&D in advanced CVD technology with temperature and/or pressure gradient concepts for assembly and operation in the reactor. These concepts improve material properties and shorten production cycle times in laboratory sample sizes, but application is restricted to simple even or radial symmetric geometries because of the required heat transfer and temperature distribution on one side, and the need for gastight fixation during coating operation for different pressures on the bottom and top of the component on the other side. With that experience in mind, it may be promising again to follow liquid phase impregnation with tailored PAM pitches with extremely high carbon yield and the option to use micro- or nanosize carbon powder fillers in resin or pitch suspensions for prepreg fabrication, based on felts and woven fabrics. In R&D of advanced carbon materials, a further option is use of high-purity semi-cokes with sintering ability such as CarboSint or similar precursors such as CarboRes (both Rütgers Chemical, Germany) to manufacture carbon and graphite articles in complex geometries and with high accuracy by elaborated ceramic forming and shaping processes, such as warm form-pressing in precision dies and ceramic injection molding. 19-21 Although there are obvious cost restrictions in the aircraft market, protective coatings will remain an important R&D field. In contrast to slow CVD processes, fast and versatile advanced plasma spray technologies have shown American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org excellent results with respect to oxidation and corrosion resistance as well as to tailor the friction coefficients of rotors and discs.22 The market for heavy commercial and military aircraft brake systems will remain dominated by C/C composite friction materials. For lightweight or small aircraft, C/SiC-based CMC rotors and much more cost-effective hybrid composites as an intermediate between polymer matrix composites and CMC, (i.e., carbon or basalt fiber-reinforced SiOC composites) are an interesting future option with long-term thermal stability up to 650°C.8,9,23,24 Summarizing materials and manufacturing engineering will further contribute to the progress and performance of high-temperature composite-based aircraft brake systems. The principal change from hydraulic to electromechanical brake systems is a success story of the market leaders. With a look to the latest research in sports and racing car brakes, the next generation of calipers and pressure delivering systems based on piezoceramic multilayer elements is on its way to practice. About the authors Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h.c. mult. R. Gadow is chair and managing director of the Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites at the University of Stuttgart and M. Jiménez is head of the Composite Materials Department of the same institute. Contact Gadow at rainer. gadow@ifkb.uni-stuttgart.de. References \'G. Roloff, B. Flugzeugbremsen Ohly. In Bremsenhandbuch: Grundlagen, Komponenten, Systeme, Fahrdynamik, 5th ed. Edited by B. Breuer, K.H. Bill. Springer Vieweg: Wiesbaden, pp 313-332 (2017). ISBN 9783658154899. 21. Zverev, S.S. Kokonin. “Design of aircraft wheels and braking Systems (NASA Technical Translation NASA TTF-15,764).\" Mashinostroenie, Moscow (1973). 3G.E. Stanton. “New designs for commercial aircraft wheels and brakes.\" Journal of Aircraft, 5,73-77 (1968). 4I.L. Stimson, R. Fisher, R. “Design and engineering of carbon brakes.\" Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, 294, 583-590 (1980). 33 Carbon fiber-reinforced carbon composites for aircraft brakes 5G.R. Devi, K.R. Rao. \"Carbon-carbon composites: an overview.\" Defence Science Journal, 43, 369-383 (1993). 6S. Awasthi, J.L. Wood. \"Carbon/carbon composite materials for aircraft brakes.\" Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Composites and Advanced Ceramic Materials: Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken, NJ; pp. 553-560 (1988). 7T. Windhorst, G. Blount. \"Carbon-carbon composites: a summary of recent developments and applications.\" Materials & Design, 18, 11-15 (1997). 8R. Gadow, M. Speicher. \"Multilayer C/SIC composites for automotive brake systems.\" In Ceramic materials and components for engines. Edited by J.G. Heinrich, F. Aldinger. WileyVCH: Weinheim; pp. 565-570 (2007). \'R. Gadow, M. Speicher. \"Manufacturing and CMC-component development for brake disks in automotive applications.\" In 23rd Annual Conference on Composites, Advanced Ceramics, Materials, and Structures A[B]: January 25-29, 1999, Cocoa Beach, Florida. Edited by E. Ustundag, G. Fischman. American Ceramic Society: Westerville, Ohio; pp. 551-558 (2011). 10R. Taylor. \"Carbon matrix composites.\" Comprehensive Composite Materials, 4, 387-426 (2000). \"J. Neumeister, S. Jansson, F. Leckie. \"The effect of fiber architecture on the mechanical properties of carbon/carbon fiber composites.\" Acta Materialia, 44, 573-585 (1996). 12E. Fitzer, L.M. Manocha. Carbon Reinforcements and Carbon/Carbon Composites. Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg (1998). ISBN 9783642637070. 13Meggitt PLC. \"How do you make carbon brakes?: Happy Landings.\" https://www.meggitt.com/insights/how-do-you-make-carbonbrakes. Accessed February 14, 2019. 14\"Concorde brakes by Dunlop are carbon/ carbon composite.\" Aircraft Eng & Aerospace Tech, 48, 22-26 (1976). 15 Collins Aerospace. \"Goodrich 787 ElectroMechanical Brake: Selected by Airlines around the Globe.\" https://repairsearch.utcaerospacesystems.com/cap/Documents/SYSTEM%20 FACT%20SHEET_Wheels%20and%20 Brakes%20787%20Product%20Fact%20 Sheet.pdf. Accessed on February 14, 2019. 16Honeywell. \"Wheels and braking systems: Delivering safe and reliable wheels and braking systems with lower lifecycle cost of ownership.\" https://aerospace.honeywell.com/ en/~/media/aerospace/files/brochures/ c61-1547-000-000-wheelsandbrakingsystemsbro.pdf. Accessed on February 14, 2019. 17F. Kern, R. Gadow. \"Liquid phase coating process for protective ceramic layers on carbon fibers.\" Surface and Coatings Technology, 151-152, 418-423 (2002). doi: 10.1016/S02578972(01)01644-9. 18R. Gadow, S. Kneip, G.W. Schfer. “Fluid coating process for protective coatings of carbon fibers.\" In 23rd Annual Conference on Composites, Advanced Ceramics, Materials, and Structures A[B]: January 25-29, 1999, NEW & CONVENIENT ACers Live Online Course Introduction to Ceramic Science, Technology, and Manufacturing with Carl Frahme, Ph.D., FACerS Cocoa Beach, Florida. Edited by E. Ustundag, G. Fischman. American Ceramic Society: Westerville, Ohio; pp. 571-577 (2011). 19R. Gadow, F. Kern, W. Boenigk, M. Levering, C. Boltersdorf. \"Sinterable semicoke powder with high bulk density.\" US Patent 8,613,801 B2. 20F. Kern, R. Gadow. \"Nanostructured carbon and graphite-ultra lightweight engineering materials.\" AST, 45, 1495-1504 (2006). doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.45.1495 21R. Fischer, R. Gadow. \"Rheology and CIM processing for net shape carbon components.\" Advanced Ceramics and Composites=Neue keramische Werkstoffe und Verbundwerkstoffe/6th Interregional European Colloquium on Ceramics and Composites, Rainer Gadow (ed.), ExpertVerlag, Renningen-Malmsheim, 95-98 (2000). ISBN 3-8169-1830-1. 22C. Friedrich, R. Gadow, M. Speicher. \"Protective multilayer coatings for carboncarbon composites.\" Surface and Coatings Technology, 151-152, 405-411 (2002). doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(01)01655-3 23P. Weichand, R. Gadow. \"Basalt fibre reinforced SiOC-matrix composites: Manufacturing technologies and characterisation.\" J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 35, 4025-4030 (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.06.002 24K. Berreth, R. Gadow, M. Speicher. “Fibrereinforced ceramic body and method for producing same.\" US Patent 6,666,310 B1. NOW ONLINE! 34 The American Ceramic Society THE www.ceramics.org To learn more and to register, visit www.ceramics.org/shortcourse www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Annual commodity summary indicates significant impacts due to trade war By Lisa McDonald $ 82.2 billion. That is the estimated value of total nonfuel mineral production in the United States for 2018. Put in perspective, that value is about the same amount as the fiscal year 2019 budgets of the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy combined. This statistic is only one of many included within the annual United States Geological Survey Mineral Commodities Summaries, a report which provides a glimpse into the events, trends, and issues taking place in the nonfuel mineral industry. While estimated value of total nonfuel mineral production increased by 3% from 2017 to $82.2 billion in 2018, total value of industrial minerals production saw an increase of 7% to $56.3 billion. Of this total, $25.3 billion came from construction aggregates production, mainly crushed stone, 30%; cement, 20%; and construction sand and gravel, 15%. The year 2018 saw a large number of import duties being levied by the U.S. and against the U.S. in retaliation, beginning with the U.S. enacting additional import duties of 10% and 25% for aluminum articles and steel articles, respectively, in March. In July, a list of 818 tariff lines became subject to an additional import duty of 25%, and in August, a second list of 279 tariff lines was added. In late September, a third list of 5,745 full and partial tariff lines, including nonfuel mineral ores and concentrates and forms, became subject to an additional 10% import duty. Other countries, most notably China, responded to these import duties by adding products of U.S. origin to their list of higher import duties. The tariffs are significantly affecting a number of industries, particularly manufacturers and farmers. A Reason article² from last year gave a list of companies affected by the tariffs, including Alcoa, which cut its profit forecast ranges by $500 million; General Electric, which faces up to $400 million a year in tariffinduced costs; and Ford, which faces up to $300 million in extra costs. The U.S. ultimately removed a few commodities from the proposed tariff lists because they are critical materials. Of the 35 minerals or mineral material groups identified as critical, the U.S. was 100% net import reliant for 14 of them-arsenic, cesium, fluorspar, gallium, graphite (natural), indium, manganese, niobium, rare earth elements group, rubidium, scandium, strontium, tantalum, and vanadium. Many of these critical materials come from China. As American Elements chairman and CEO Michael Silver explained in a Wall Street Journal article,³ around 96% of global mining output for rareearth metals comes from within China\'s borders. It is no surprise, then, that China, followed by Canada, supplied the largest number of nonfuel mineral commodities in 2018. However, China does face supply shortages of their own. In an “IMFORMD € £ LA insights\" column from the March 2019 ACerS Bulletin, IMFORMD director Mike O\'Driscoll discussed how a range of factors arising in 2017 and spilling into 2018 significantly compounded the shortage of key refractory and other mineral exports from China, a crisis that continues into 2019. What follows on the next two pages summarizes salient statistics and trends for a handful of mineral commodities of particular interest in the ceramic and glass industries. Readers are encouraged to access the complete USGS report at https://on.doi.gov/2siRsvg References \'Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va., 2019. 2Lincicome, S. \"Here are 202 companies hurt by Trump\'s tariffs,\" Reason, 2018 Sept. 14. Accessed May 13, 2019. Retrieved from https://reason.com/2018/09/14/tariffvictims/ 3Silver, M. \"China\'s dangerous monopoly on metals,\" The Wall Street Journal, 14 April 2019. Accessed May 13, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-dangerous-monopoly-on-metals-11555269517 4O\'Driscoll, M. \"Refractory mineral supply: Alternative solutions driven by China supply squeeze,\" ACerS Bulletin, March 2019. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 35 USGS MINERALS COMMODITY SUMMARY* BORON CEMENT GALLIUM INDIUM LITHIUM End use industries: Glass, ceramics, abrasives, cleaning products, insecticides, insulation, semiconductors Trend in global production: Cannot be calculated U.S. production: N/A U.S. import/export: Net exporter World reserves: Adequate Leading producer: End use industries: Construction Trend in global production: 1.2% increase U.S. production: 87.8 million tons of cement; 77.7 million tonnes of clinker U.S. import/export: 14% net import reliance World reserves: Raw materials are abundant Leading producer: End use industries: Integrated circuits, optoelectronic devices Trend in global production: 28% increase U.S. production: 0 U.S. import/export: 100% net import reliance World reserves: Estimate unavailable Leading producer: End use industries: Flat-panel displays, alloys, solders, semiconductors End use industries: Batteries, ceramics, glass, grease Trend in global production: Trend in global production: 5% increase U.S. production: 0 U.S. import/export: 100% net import reliance World reserves: Estimate unavailable Leading producer: 23% increase U.S. production: N/A U.S. import/export: >50% net import reliance World reserves: Significant Leading producer: BAUXITE AND ALUMINA CLAYS FELDSPAR GRAPHITE (NATURAL) IRON AND STEEL End use industries: Aluminum smelters, abrasives, ceramics, chemicals, refractories Trend in global production: 0.8% increase for alumina; 2.9% decrease for bauxite U.S. production: 1.5 million tons of alumina U.S. import/export: >75% net import reliance for bauxite; 45% net import reliance for alumina World reserves: 55 to 75 billion tons Leading producers: Bauxite End use industries: Tile, sanitaryware, absorbents, drilling mud, construction, refractories, paper, proppants Trend in global production: 1.9% increase for bentonite; 5% decrease for Fuller\'s earth U.S. production: 27.0 million tons (48.1% common clay; 27.0% kaolin; 13.7% bentonite; 11.2% other) U.S. import/export: Net exporter World reserves: Extremely large Leading producer: Alumina Kaolin Bentonite End use industries: Glass, tile, pottery Trend in global production: 1.2% increase U.S. production: 450,000 tons (marketable production) U.S. import/export: 22% net import reliance World reserves: More than adequate Leading producer: C+ End use industries: Brake linings, lubricants, powdered metals, refractory applications, steelmaking Trend in global production: 3.7% increase U.S. production: 85.4 million tonnes of cement; 0 U.S. import/export: 100% net import reliance World reserves: >800 million tons Leading producer: End use industries: Construction, transportation (auto), machinery, equipment Trend in global production: 2.6% increase for pig iron; 6.5% increase for raw steel U.S. production: 24 million tons of pig iron; 87 million tons of steel U.S. import/export: 24% net import reliance World reserves: N/A Leading producer: 36 *Based on 2018 data. See Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 NIOBIUM RARE EARTHS End use industries: Steel industry, aerospace alloys Trend in global production: 1.6% decrease U.S. production: 0 U.S. import/export: 100% net import reliance World reserves: More than adequate Leading producer: End use industries: Catalysts, ceramics, glass, metallurgical alloys, polishing Trend in global production: 28.8% increase U.S. production: 15,000 tons (bastnaesite concentrates) U.S. import/export: 100% net import reliance for compounds and metals; Net exporter of mineral concentrates World reserves: Relatively abundant in earth\'s crust, bust discoverable concentrations uncommon Leading producer: Lithium triangle · Argentina • Bolivia • Chile KYANITE SODA ASH TITANIUM DIOXIDE (PIGMENT) YTTRIUM ZEOLITES (NATURAL) End use industries: Refractories, abrasives, ceramic products, foundry products Trend in global production: Cannot be calculated U.S. production: 95,000 tons U.S. import/export: Net exporter World reserves: Significant Leading producer: End use industries: Glass, chemicals, distributors, etc. Trend in global production: 1.9% increase U.S. production: 12.0 million tons U.S. import/export: Net exporter World reserves: Practically inexhaustible Leading producer: End use industries: Paints, plastic, paper, catalysts, ceramics, coated textiles, floor coverings, inks, etc. Trend in global production: N/A U.S. production: 1.2 million tons U.S. import/export: Net exporter World reserves: Data not available Leading producer: End use industries: Abrasives, bearings and seals, high-temperature refractories, jet engine coatings, metallurgy, phosphors Trend in global production: N/A U.S. production: N/A U.S. import/export: >95% net import reliance World reserves: Reserves are sufficient, but worldwide issues may affect production Leading producer: End use industries: Animal feed, odor control, water purification, absorbent, fertilizer, pesticide Trend in global production: No change U.S. production: 95,000 tons U.S. import/export: Net exporter World reserves: No estimate available Leading producer: American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 37 ceramics expo 2019-New format, new exhibitors, more networking opportunities onference @ceramics expo TRACK ONE (Credit all images: ACerS) Michael Silver (left) and Eileen De Guire (right) open the Ceramics Expo 2019. C eramics Expo 2019, featuring a new two-day format, saw 2,868 attendees from 35 countries converged on the I-X Center in Cleveland, Ohio, April 30 and May 1. Director of technical content and communications and ACerS Bulletin editor Eileen De Guire kicked off the exposition with an engaging keynote address explaining the importance of the ceramics and glass industry in today\'s increasingly technological society. Day one of Ceramics Expo featured panels discussing and overviewing the advanced ceramic and glass industry, including threats to the global advanced ceramics supply chain. In particular, panelists singled out the tariff war between the United States and China as something that could cause challenges in the short term. Other conference speakers discussed challenges and successes in managing ceramics businesses, how to manufacture different types of ceramics, and various applications of ceramics, including thermal management and energy storage. Ceramics Expo began its second day with several panels focused on advances in different industries, including glass applications, electroceramics, and additive manufacturing. The additive manufacturing panel especially garnered a lot of interest-once seats ran short, attendees stood in the back to listen. The interest in the panel mirrored interest at the ACerS short course on additive manufacturing, which took place before the exposition on Monday, April 29. The conference finished with two speakers from NASA Glenn Research Center and General Electric Aviation who talked, respectively, about materials for the electrified aircraft market and the importance of ceramic matrix composites for next-generation aircraft. Plan now to attend next year\'s Ceramics Expo in Cleveland, May 5-6, 2020. Read more about Ceramics Expo 2019 at http://bit.ly/CEX19Day1 and http://bit.ly/CEX19Day2. View images from Ceramics Expo at http://bit.ly/CEX19photos. Shawn Allan, vice president of Lithoz says in a panel discussion, \"Additive manufacturing gives us the freedom to design almost anything, but it doesn\'t mean we should!\" Reach the Summit with ACerS Your fiel Your be Your Your mbe XJet vice president of healthcare and education Avi Cohen (right) shows product samples to expo attendees. It is not often four past and current ACerS presidents together are in one place! From left to right, Sylvia Johnson (current), Stephen Freiman (1998-1999), Mrityunjay \"Jay\" Singh (2015-2016), and Michael \"Mike\" Alexander (2017-2018). 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Boston becomes Glass City City as it welcomes 900 glass scientists, engineers, and manufacturers G (Credit all images: ACerS) The Technology Fair provided an opportunity for vendors to interact with attendees. lobal citizens of the glass industry descended on Boston, June 10-14, for the 25th edition of the International Congress on Glass (ICG) and the 100th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society Glass and Optical Materials Division (GOMD). More than 900 people, including 200 students, from 45 countries attended the Congress. Program chair John Mauro and his committee worked with the International Commission on Glass\' Technical Committees to present a rich smorgasbord of 43 technical sessions, two poster sessions, a Festschrift, eight award lectures, networking receptions, and working committee meetings. Richard Brow, Congress president, notes, “John and his committee put together a marvelous program that ranged from basic physics on the quantum scale to challenges with manufacturing thousands of tons of glass per day.\" ICG president Richard Brow welcomes attendees to the Congress banquet. ICG president Alicia Durán welcomes women and \"our supporters\" to the Women in Science reception as ACerS president Sylvia Johnson looks on. Mauro says, \"This was such a wonderful opportunity to bring together the global glass community to exchange technical ideas and deepen our sense of camaraderie in the world of glass.\" ICG president Alicia Durán echoed that sentiment saying, \"This Congress is part of our scientific work and, like science, is a collective effort.\" GOMD chair Liping Huang presided over the 100th anniversary segment of the opening ceremony, receiving congratulations and recognition from ICG, Society for Glass Technology, and the Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft (German Glass Society). The celebration included the Morey and Stookey lectures, as well as the first awarding of the L. David Pye Lifetime Achievement Award to Charles Kurkjian and John Douglas Mackenzie, and the Society of Glass Technology\'s first Vijay Jain (left) and John Mauro (right) present Arun Varshneya with the actual Festschrift from the sessions. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org awarding of its Michael Cable Award and lecture. Huang presented a new ceremonial glass gavel for the GOMD to replace the delicate, hollow glass gavel. A century ago Corning Glassworks made the hollow glass gavel for the ACers Glass Division. In honor of the GOMD\'s 100th anniversary, Corning Inc. made a new ion-exchange strengthened gavel with a black ribbon of glass-ceramic winding through it. Alfred University professor emeritus Arun Varshneya, affectionately known as the \"Glass Guru,\" was honored with a four-day Festschrift. Family, former students, and current and former colleagues spoke about the influence of his work in their life, careers in academia, industry, government, and management. The next ICG will be in 2022 in Berlin, Germany. And, save the date for GOMD 2020 in New Orleans, May 17-21. Read more about ICG and GOMD at http://bit.ly/ICG2019wrapup. View images from ICG and GOMD at http://bit.ly/ICG2019photos. I 39 Breakout sessions, awards, student events highlight successful Cements 2019 The American Ceramic Society\'s T Cements Division hosted their 10th Advances in Cement-Based Materials meeting June 16-18 at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign campus. There were 143 attendees at the conference. Highlights from the event include a SEM Workshop, ERDC-CERL tour, student event, poster session, Della Roy Lecture, and 10th Meeting Anniversary Faculty Panel. Monday\'s program opened with keynote speaker Timothy Gangler, Outgoing Cements Division chair David Corr and program cochair Nishant Garg (right). SAVE THE DATE! followed by concurrent technical sessions. Midafternoon, during the Cements Division business meeting, Division chair David Corr provided a Division update including ACerS supplemental funding and budget usage, and Division membership and meeting attendance growth. Corr also announced The Brunauer Best Paper Award for the 2018 winning paper: Molecular and submolecular scale effects of comb-copolymers on tri-calcium silicate reactivity: Toward molecular design (2017), authored by Delphine Marchon, Patrick Juilland, Emmanuel Gallucci, Lukas Frunz, and Robert J. Flatt. David Lange of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign presented his captivating Della Roy lecture, \"Beyond the Science,\" a retrospective on major research developments over the years. The lecture emphasized a somewhat philosophical observation about education, reasoning, and human relationships. The evening concluded with the Elsevier-sponsored Della Roy Reception/Dinner. Tuesday morning\'s keynote speaker, Zachary Grasley, was followed by a panel discussion on changes and accomplishments during the meeting\'s past 10 (Credit all images: ACerS) Following the lecture, attendees proceeded to the Beckman Atrium to participate in the evening poster session, which featured over 50 posters. years and answered inquiries from the audience. The day\'s sessions included talks on additive manufacturing, computational methods, alternative cementitious materials, and an open topic session. The closing awards ceremony announced the 2019 YouTube Research Video awardee, as well as the poster session awardees. Next year\'s meeting will be hosted by Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and will again provide exciting and thought-provoking topics. Check the ACerS website and the Bulletin in early 2020 for further details. Read more about Cements 2019 at http://bit.ly/ Cements2019wrapup. View images from Cements 2019 at http://bit.ly/Cements2019photos. JULY 20-23, 2020 PANAMA CITY, PANAMA 2020 Pan American Ceramics Congress and Ferroelectrics Meeting of Americas (PACC-FMAs) 2020 PAN AMERICAN CERAMICS CONGRESS and FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS (PACC-FMAS) 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Structural clay experts converge on Indianapolis for networking, tours, and more at 2019 brick meeting (Credit all images: ACerS) ore than 100 attendees converged in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, June 24-27 to take part in the combined meeting of the ACerS Structural Clay Products Division, ACerS Southwest (SW) Section, and Clemson University\'s National Brick Research Center (NBRC). The meeting was successful due to the combined efforts and teamwork between members of the ACerS SCPD and SW Section, and NBRC staff. Attendees tour plant operations at Brampton Brick. National Brick Research Center meeting The meeting kicked off with the NBRC Spring Executive Committee Meeting on Tuesday morning, which provided the members with updates at the center. Technical sessions Attendees enjoy the Tuesday evening Suppliers Mixer. On Tuesday afternoon and Thursday morning, attendees heard from 15 industry experts on a wide range of topics including emission reduction, block mining, drying practices, 3D printing, plant safety, computerized maintenance management, regulatory updates, and more. Brick plant tours On Thursday, attendees toured four brick plantsGeneral Shale (Mooresville), Meridian Brick (Terre Haute), Brampton Brick (Farmersburg), and Brickcraft (Center Point). Networking and awards Meeting attendees reconnected with old friends and built new relationships each evening in the hospitality suite, at the Suppliers Mixer reception on Tuesday, and at the awards banquet on Thursday. Danser, Inc. once again took on the role of host for the hospitality suite. Read more about the Structural Clay Products meeting at http://bit.ly/Bricks 2019wrapup. View images from the Structural Clay Products meeting at http://bit.ly/Bricks2019photos. inars with others in their new webinars on Thursdays NBRC director John Sanders leads the NBRC\'s Executive Committee Meeting on Tuesday morning. 3RD ANNUAL ENERGY HARVESTING SOCIETY MEETING (EHS 2019) SEPTEMBER 4-6, 2019 Falls Church, Virginia USA SPONSOR REGISTER TODAY! Energy harvesting has become the key to the future of wireless sensor and actuator networks for variety of applications, including monitoring of temperature, humidity, light, and location of persons in the building; chemical/gas sensor; and structural health monitoring. TECHNICAL PROGRAM Polytec MEDIA SPONSORS • Energy harvesting (piezoelectric, inductive, photovoltaic, thermoelectric, electrostatic, dielectric, radioactive, electrets, etc.) • Energy storage (supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, microbial cells, etc.) bulletin Applied Comic International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science TECHNOLOGY • Journal American Ceramic Society Incorporating Advanced Ceramic Materials and Communications Applications (structural and industrial health monitoring, human body network, wireless sensor nodes, telemetry, personal power, etc.) . • Emerging energy harvesting technologies (perovskite solar cells, shapememory engines, CNT textiles, thermomagnetics, bio-based processes, etc.) Energy management, transmission and distribution; energy-efficient electronics for energy harvesters and distribution • Fluid-flow energy harvesting • Solar-thermal converters • Multi-junction energy harvesting systems • Wireless power transfer www.ceramics.org/ehs19 ORGANIZERS e The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org CHERRY HARVESTIN SOCIETY American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 41 JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 121ST ANNUAL MEETING! SEPTEMBER 29 - OCTOBER 3, 2019 Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 19 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The MS&T partnership brings together scientists, engineers, students, suppliers, and more to discuss current research and technical applications, and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Register now to take part in the leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community. PORT LAND ORE GON ACERS SHORT COURSES SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28 9 a.m. 4:30 p.m. MATSCITECH.ORG SINTERING OF CERAMICS, day 1 SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 29 8 a.m. Noon 9 a.m. 2:30 p.m. INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE SINTERING OF CERAMICS, day 2 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4 8 a.m. Noon ELECTROCERAMICS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT, day 1 ELECTROCERAMICS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT, day 2 PLENARY LECTURES TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 | 8-10:40 a.m. ASM/TMS DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP IN MATERIALS AND SOCIETY Carolyn Hansson, professor of materials engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada The challenge of 100 year service-life requirement ACERS EDWARD ORTON JR. MEMORIAL LECTURE Minoru Tomozawa, professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Glass and water: Fast surface relaxation AIST ADOLF MARTENS MEMORIAL STEEL LECTURE Wolfgang Bleck, chair, Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, IEHK Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Germany The fascinating variety of new manganese alloyed steels HOTEL INFORMATION RESERVATION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 6, 2019 For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at matscitech.org/mst19. PORTLAND MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN WATERFRONT - ACERS HQ | $209 plus tax/night single or double U.S. Government Rate Rooms are extremely limited; proof of federal government employment must be shown at check-in or higher rate will be charged. U.S. Government rate is the prevailing government rate. 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Organizers: The American Ceramic Society REGISTER BEFORE AUGUST 30, 2019 TO SAVE! www.ceramics.org WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG/MST19 THE LEADING FORUM FOR MATERIALS SCIENTISTS ASM TMS AIST ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Co-Sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL The Worldwide Corrosion Authority\" SPECIAL EVENTS SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 29 5-6 p.m. 5:30-7:30 p.m. MS&T WOMEN IN MATERIALS SCIENCE RECEPTION ACERS PCSA & KERAMOS RECEPTION MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 30 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. 1 - 2 p.m. 5-6 p.m. 6:45 7:30 p.m. 7:30-10 p.m. ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT AND COMPETITION ACERS 121ST ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP MEETING MS&T PARTNERS\' WELCOME RECEPTION ACERS ANNUAL HONOR AND AWARDS BANQUET RECEPTION ACERS ANNUAL HONOR AND AWARDS BANQUET TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 7 a.m. 6 p.m. 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. 11 a.m. 1 p.m. Noon - 2 p.m. 1 - 6 p.m. 4-6 p.m. 4:45 5:45 p.m. ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION EXHIBITION SHOW HOURS GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH PRESENTERS MS&T FOOD COURT GENERAL POSTER VIEWING EXHIBITOR NETWORKING RECEPTION GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH PRESENTERS WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 7 a.m. Noon ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION 9:30 a.m. 2 p.m. GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH PRESENTERS 9:30 a.m. 2 p.m. EXHIBITION SHOW HOURS Noon - - 2 p.m. MS&T FOOD COURT THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3 7 a.m. Noon ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION ACERS LECTURES AND AWARDS MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 30 8:10 - 8:55 a.m. | ACERS NAVROTSKY AWARD FOR EXPERIMENTAL THERMODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS - Alexander Beutl, Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFunctional Materials, University of Vienna, Althanstraße, Austria, A novel apparatus for coulometric titrations in lithium containing systems 9-10 a.m. | ACERS/EPDC ARTHUR L. FRIEDBERG CERAMIC ENGINEERING TUTORIAL AND LECTURE – Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida, USA, Redefining material design paradigms for next generation optical materials 24:40 p.m. | ACERS RICHARD M. FULRATH AWARD SESSION - Manabu Fukushima, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, Engineering cellular ceramics with modulated pore configurations - Keigo Suzuki, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan, Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale dielectrics for the design of advanced ceramic capacitors - Ronald Polcawich, U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), USA, Presentation and title to be announced - Koichiro Morita, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Japan, Dielectric material design and lifetime prediction for highly reliable MLCCS - Vilas Pol, Purdue University, USA, Engineered ceramic materials for energy storage TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 1-2 p.m. | ACERS FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND SOCIETYRUSTUM ROY LECTURE - Jennifer Lewis, Harvard University, USA, Printing architected matter in three dimensions 2- 4:40 p.m. | ACERS GOMD ALFRED R. COOPER AWARD SESSION Cooper Distinguished Lecture – Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida, USA, Function-tailoring strategies for broadband infrared glasses 2019 Alfred R. Cooper Young Scholar Award Presentation - Winner will be announced after selection by the Cooper Award Committee. WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 1-2 p.m. | ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION ROBERT B. SOSMAN LECTURE - Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University, USA, Nanomaterials Born from ceramics: Transformative synthesis of carbons, carbides and nitrides American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 43 resources Calendar of events August 2019 19-23 Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy 2019 (MCARE2019) - Lotte Hotel, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea; www.mcare2019.org September 2019 2-6 Materials Research Society of Serbia Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2019 and 11th IISS World Round Table Conference on Sintering - Herceg Novi, Montenegro; www.mrs-serbia.org.rs 4-6 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS19) - Falls Church Marriott Farview Park, Falls Church, Va.; www.ceramics.org/ehs2019 22-27 HTCMC10: 10th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Palais des Congrès, Bordeaux, France; www.ht-cmc10.org 23-25 Annual conference of the Serbian Ceramic Society - Belgrade, Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety. rs/index.htm 29-Oct. 3 MS&T19 combined with the ACerS 121st Annual Meeting Portland, Ore.; www.matscitech.org October 2019 7-11 4th International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials The conference will be held in Bukk in castle hotel Hotel Palota at MiskolcLillafured. More information, online registration and abstract submission are available in the conference websites of www.ic-rmmconf.eu 13-16 UNITECR 2019: United Int\'l Technical Conference on Refractories Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan; www.unitecr2019.org 27-31 PACRIM 13: 13th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Okinawa Convention Center, Ginowan City, Okinawa, Japan; www.ceramics.org/pacrim13 28-31 80th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org November 2019 18-20 Indian Minerals & Markets Forum 2019 - JW Marriott Mumbai Juhu, Mumbai, India; http://imformed. com/get-imformed/forums/indiaminerals-markets-forum-2019 December 2019 1-6 2019 MRS Fall Meeting - Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Mass.; www.mrs.org/fall2019 January 2020 22-24 EMA2020: Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ema2020 26-31 ICACC20: 44th Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/icacc20 April 2020 13-17 2020 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit - Phoenix, Ariz.; www.mrs.org/spring2020 May 2020 17-21 2020 Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, La.; www.ceramics.org/gomd2020 June 2020 7-10 Ultra-high Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications V - The Lodge at Snowbird, Snowbird, Utah; http://bit.ly/5thUHTC August 2020 2-7 ➡Solid State Studies in Ceramics, Gordon Research Conference; Mount Holyoke College; South Hadley, Mass.; https://www.grc. org/solid-state-studies-in-ceramicsconference/2020 16-21 Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy 2020 (MCARE2020) combined with the 4th Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (AEHSM 2020)- Hyatt Regency, Bellevue, Wash.; www.ceramics.org/mcare2020 October 2020 4-8 MS&T20 combined with ACerS 122nd Annual Meeting – David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org November 2020 29-Dec. 3 2020 MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit - Boston, Mass.; www.mrs.org/fall2020 January 2021 20-22 EMA2021: Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 24-29 45th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC2021) - Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. SEAL denotes Corporate partner 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 classified advertising Contract Machining Service Since 1980 CUSTOM MACHINED INSULATION TO 2200°C Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. 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On a consistent Basis? With a small Budget? Call Mona Thiel at 6514-794-5826 or email mthiel@ceramics.org 46 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Program Professors, researchers, retirees, post-docs, and graduate students ... The general editors of the reference series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics community to critically evaluate published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. Additional contributing editors are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commentaries to accompany each phase diagram being added to the reference series. Especially needed are persons knowledgeable in foreign languages including German, French, Russian, | Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. RECOGNITION: The Contributing Editor\'s name will be given at the end of each PED Figure that is published. 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Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-942-5607 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 47 O deciphering the discipline A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors. Kaitlin Detwiler Guest columnist An interdisciplinary venture: Oxidation studies on stressed SiC/SiC CMCS The development and implementation of silicon carbide (SiC)-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) is a story marked by collaboration. In the early days of CMCs, and continuing today, various government departments and agencies including NASA, the Department of Defense labs, and the Department of Energy funded and collaborated with industry to accelerate our working understanding of CMCs, making them more viable for commercial use. Today, GE Aviation and Safran Aircraft Engines have implemented CMCs into their joint venture LEAP engine, 1 and Rolls-Royce currently is testing CMC components in engine test programs. 2 I joined this community at an exciting time as an undergraduate, when these components were first being implemented. Now, I am able to aid in pushing SiC/SiC CMC development further through my graduate studies. As a graduate student at the University of Virginia, I work with RollsRoyce and the Composite Materials Performance group at the Air Force Research Labs (AFRL) at WrightPatterson Air Force Base. Having collaborators within these two groups has kept my work focused on engine applications, while still advancing fundamental knowledge of these materials. My research focuses on quantifying the oxidation kinetics of stressed, low-temperature oxidation behavior in SiC/SiC CMCs. Most elevated temperature mechanical properties and oxidation research has been completed near the upper-use temperature of SiC/SiC CMCs. However, due to thermal gradients and flight operating conditions, SiC/SiC CMC components experience a wide range of stresses and temperatures. The goal of my project is to understand the interplay between temperature, stress, and oxidation behavior. 48 This collaborative effort is training me to become a more interdisciplinary scientist, by leveraging and expanding upon my prior knowledge of mechanical properties and introducing me to thermochemical behavior and analysis. In the summer of 2018, I began by measuring baseline, fast-fracture tensile properties at lower temperatures. I was fortunate to do this testing at AFRL, as this allowed me to work with experienced research scientists, seasoned technicians, and undergraduate interns. From the research scientists and technicians, I learned intricacies of tensile testing that are not easily gleaned from textbooks or manuals. I was also able to pass on my existing knowledge to younger interns who are just beginning their research careers. Working in this synergistic environment allowed us to formulate better, more advanced ideas, such as refining experimental setups (Figure 1). After conducting these tests, I discussed the results with researchers at material and engine manufacturer RollsRoyce. These discussions gave me further information about engine operating conditions, including loading, relative humidities, and exposure time and temperatures. Based on these discussions, I have identified relevant testing conditions that would have otherwise been unknown to me, enabling me to design more meaningful test matrices for material application. From these experiences, I have learned that collaboration and partnerships are essential to pushing the envelope on new material development. The decades-long mission to produce, test, and implement SiC/SiC CMCs has been made possible by great minds working together toward a common goal. By continuing this tradition of collaboration, I hope to make lasting contributions to SiC/SiC CMC technology for aerospace applications. Figure 1. Elevated temperature tensile test setup with furnace, thermocouples, and extensometer rods. References \'Steibel, J. (2019). \"Ceramic matrix composites taking flight at GE Aviation.\" American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 98(3), 30-33. 2Pioneering the development of CMCs. (2019, March 8). Retrieved from https:// www.rolls-royce.com/products-and-services/ civil-aerospace/future-products. Accessed 17 April 2019. Kaitlin \"Katie\" Detwiler is pursuing a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering at the University of Virginia and is a 2019 SMART Scholarship Awardee. Her work focuses on the stressed oxidation behavior of SiC/SiC CMCs. Outside of the lab, she enjoys playing basketball, reading, and taking her dog to the park. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A | Cleared for public release by 88 ABW on May 13 2019 | Case Number 88ABW-2019-2332 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 6 44TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON CALL ADVANCED FOR CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES PAPERS ABSTRACTS DUE JULY 29, 2019 January 26 – 31, 2020 HILTON DAYTONA BEACH RESORT AND OCEAN CENTER Daytona Beach, Florida, USA ceramics.org/icacc2020 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division The Amer con Ceramic Society Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society 田 AMERICAN ELEMENTS yttrium iron garnet glassy carbon THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER ® fused quartz beamsplitters H 1.00794 Hydrogen photonics piezoceramics III-IV semiconductors bioimplants europium phosphors additive manufacturing transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process Be B с barium fluoride 14.0067 Nitrogen zeolite Li 6.941 Lithium 12 9.012182 Beryllium Na Mg 22.98976928 Sodium 24.305 Magnesium raman substrates sapphire windows anod oxides K 39.0983 Potassium 20 Ca 40.078 Calcium 21 Sc 44.955912 Scandium Rb 85.4678 Sr TiCN Rubidium Strontium 132.9054 Cesium 39 Y 88.90585 Yttrium 137.327 Barium 138.90647 Lanthanum 40 27 Ti V Cr Mn Fe 55.845 Iron 47.867 Titanium 50.9415 Vanadium Zr 91.224 Zirconium 41 105 42 51.9961 Chromium 54.938045 Manganese 43 Nb Mo Tc 92.90638 Niobium 95.96 Molybdenum 106 107 (98.0) Technetium 44 108 Ru 101.07 Ruthenium Hs 45 109 10.811 Boron anti-ballistic Co Ni Cu 58.6934 Nickel Copper 13 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum 14 58.933196 Cobalt Rh 102.9055 Rhodium = Mt ༥ ཚ ཿག 110 47 Pd Ag Palladium 79 107.8682 Silver Pt Au 195.084 Platinum 111 196.966569 Gold Ds Rg 48 80 112 31 Zn 65.38 Zinc Cd 112.411 Cadmium Hg 200.59 Mercury 49 81 113 32 12.0107 Carbon Si 28.0855 Silicon Ga Ge 69.723 Gallium In 114.818 Indium ΤΙ 204.3833 Thallium Nh 50 82 114 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead FI 15 33 51 83 NP 30.973762 Phosphorus 115 As 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 16 84 116 O 15.9994 Oxygen S 32.065 Sulfur Se 78.96 Selenium Te Tellurium 17 53 F 18.9984032 Fluorine CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine 18 He 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar 39.948 Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon Po At Rn (209) Polonium (210) Astatine 118 Mc Lv 117 (222) Radon Ts Og Cn (226) Radium (227) Actinium (267) Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium (276) Meitnerium (281) (280) (285) Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium (284) Nihonium (289) Flerovium (288) Moscovium (293) Livermorium (294) Tennessine ZnS Cs Ba La Fr (223) Francium Si3N4 88 Ra Ac quantum dots 72 104 Hf 178.48 Hafnium 73 Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 74 W 183.84 Tungsten 75 76 Re Os 186.207 Rhenium Rf Db Sg Bh 190.23 Osmium epitaxial crystal growth Ce Pr 140.116 Cerium 60 61 62 Nd Pm Sm Eu (145) Promethium 150.36 Samarium 151.964 Europium 77 Ir 192.217 Iridium 140.90765 144.242 Praseodymium Neodymium 91 Th Pa ཨསྨཱནཾ 95 96 Gd 157.25 Gadolinium cerium oxide polishing powder 97 67 68 Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 158.92536 Terbium 162.5 Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 167.259 Erbium 168.93421 Thulium 93 Np 94 Pu Am Cm Bk Cf E 173.054 Ytterbium 174.9668 Lutetium 101 102 103 U Es Fm Md No Lr 232.03806 Thorium 231.03588 Protactinium 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) (243) (247) Plutonium Americium Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium transparent ceramics SiALON GDC alumina substrates sputtering targets deposition slugs MBE grade materials lithium niobate magnesia thin film chalcogenides superconductors nanodispersions fuel cell materials Now Invent. beta-barium borate (294) Oganesson ITO YSZ ribbons silicates termet h-BN InGaAs rutile spintronics YBCO perovskites laser crystals TM CVD precursors silicon carbide solar energy photovoltaics scintillation Ce:YAG The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs Over 15,000 certified high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a state-of-the-art Research Center. 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