AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2014 Proppants for shale gas and oil recovery Engineering ceramics for stimulation of unconventional energy resources Q&A with ASTM Committee C28 ⚫ Annual Meeting and MS&T recaps Meet ACerS president David Green Meetings! ICACC, EMA, MCARE, CLS, and Ceramics Expo Innovations in Biomedical Materials: Focus on Ceramics At the intersection of medical practitioners, materials researchers, manufacturers and marketers. CALL FOR POSTERS! July 30-August 1, 2014 Technical program:- Plenary: Heathcare Environment Panel Discussion: New Products/Technology Panel Discussion: Regulatory - Plenary: Clinical Applications Panel Discussion: Clinical Applications I Panel Discussion: Clinical Applications II Confirmed speakers: Steve Jung, Mo-Sci Corporation Ted Day, Mo-Sci Corporation Orville Bailey, Covalent Coating Technologies, LLC Aditya Sukthankar Larry Hench, University of Florida Dale Mitchell, Captiva Spine Hilton Columbus Downtown, Columbus, Ohio - Plenary: Materials Characterization Panel Discussion: Biomaterials Testing Panel Discussion: Clinical Testing - Plenary: Surgical Trends Panel Discussion: Radiotherapeutics Panel Discussion: Clinical Applications III Charanpreet Bagga, Prosidyan, Inc. Sunil Saini, Integra LifeSciences Corporation Peter Ullrich, Titan Spine David Greenspan, Spinode Consulting Lynda Bonewald, University of Missouri, Kansas City Delbert Day, Missouri University of Science & Technology www.ceramics.org/bioceramics2014. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org contents January/February 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 1 feature articles A letter to the ceramics and glass community Joel P. Moskowitz Moskowitz announces a new initiative with global impact to support industry and university partnerships. 3 Meet ACerS president David Green 10 Eileen De Guire David Green\'s goals as president trace back to his experiences in the Society as a student, professional, and volunteer. Annual Meeting summary. 11 cover story Eileen De Guire A summary of highlights from the 115th Annual Meeting in Montreal in October. 27 Proppants for shale gas and oil recovery (Credit: Pennsylvania State University.) - page 28 Shale gas recovery-Engineering a big business Eileen De Guire Hydraulic fracturing to recover natural gas from shale deposits is a big business and an opportunity for ceramic science to make a difference. Proppants for shale gas and oil recovery-Engineering ceramics for stimulation of unconventional energy resources. . 28 John R. Hellman, Barry E. Scheetz, Walter G. Luscher, David G. Hartwich, and Ryan P. Koseki New research shows mixed glass cullet, mine tailings, and drill-cutting waste streams are viable alternative sources of raw materials for engineering proppants for shale and oil recovery. ASTM International Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics Jonathan A. Salem and Michael G. Jenkins In this Q&A, ASTM Committee C28 leaders outline the goals and progress of the committee and its importance to the ceramics community. meetings 36 Meet ACerS president David Green (Credit: ACerS.) 38th Intl. Conf. & Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites 40 40 Meeting overview; Schedule of events; Short course 40 - page 11 Award and plenary speakers 41 Symposia schedule; Hotel information Exposition Expo preview Electronic Materials and Applications Introduction; Organizing committee; Short course Plenary speakers; Hotel information.. Symposia schedule 42 43 44 48 48 49 50 Ceramic Leadership Summit Meeting overview; Schedule of events Confirmed speakers; Hotel information Technical program 51 51 52 53 Correction: Incorrect contact information for Zili USA Inc was printed in the December 2013 ceramicSOURCE directory. The correct listing is: Zili USA Inc 5629 Snowdon Place | San Jose, CA 95138 Phone: 408-728-1849 | Fax: 408-532-6188 E-mail: jsum@ziliref.com | Website: www.ziliref.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org research briefs Supercomputer study of concrete rheometers (Credit: NIST.) - page 24 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Andrew Gyekenyesi, Chair, Ohio Aerospace Institute Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Megan Bricker, Dir. Marketing & Membership Services mbricker@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Dir. Technical Publications & Meetings mmecklenborg@ceramics.org contents January/February 2014 Vol. 93 No. 1 Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy Introduction, sponsors; Hotel information; Plenary speakers Schedule; Technical program MS&T\'13 Conference highlights.. departments News & Trends • • • Sequester, continuing budget uncertainty impact research Lessons in innovation from NexTech CEO • Materials at heart of mobile display, battery life battle • Business news • • $60 million in DOE support aimed at advancing solar technology ACers Spotlight • Society award nominations due January 15, 2014 • Ceramographic Competition winners • Engineering Ceramics Division announces 2013 best paper, poster awards • BSD Graduate Excellence in Materials Science Awards • Student scholarships and awards on the horizon for 2014 • St. Louis Section/RCD 50th Annual Symposium, March 25-27, 2014 • Names in the news Ceramics in Energy. Mesoporous zeolites for refining applications • Energy-saving windows getting smarter, cheaper Ceramics in the Environment • Ceramic nanogrid photo-catalysts clean up with sunlight In ancient and modern times, ceramics deliver wine to the feast Research Briefs • FEA and \'weakest-link\' analysis of dielectric strength of polycrystalline alumina • NIST team wins 80M hours of supercomputer time for concrete rheometer study columns Deciphering the Discipline.. 54 54 55 56 13 19 22 24 64 Officers David Green, President Kathleen Richardson, President-elect Richard Brow, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Artashes Ter-Isahakyan Interpreting time scales through art and science resources Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 59 60 63 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2014. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 93, No. 1, pp 1-64. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 January 2014 Dear Colleague, I am honored and pleased to announce the formation of the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF). The Foundation will be a global partnership between industry and universities interested in promoting ceramic and glass science, engineering, and technology. The CGIF will be organized with the leadership and support of The American Ceramic Society. ACerS volunteers and staff members are now outlining the major activities of the Foundation. The Foundation will promote the formation of a working association between industries looking for the next generation of ceramic and glass engineers and scientists, and the university programs that can provide them. The CGIF will offer scholarships and facilitate an international network of internships for the ceramic and glass community. The Foundation also will work with industry and universities to organize workshops and to develop and deliver additional web-based training for the workplace. This major effort will require that the Foundation develop a significant endowment to ensure these activities have the greatest long-term impact on our community. I am very happy to announce that the Board of Directors of The American Ceramic Society unanimously agreed during its most recent annual meeting to commit $1 million of Society assets as a founding grant for CGIF. This grant will serve as a matching fund for corporate and individual donations to the Foundation. I am particularly honored to announce to you that I have agreed to chair the fundraising effort, designed to match and then exceed the Society\'s contribution, to ensure that the Foundation is indeed in the very best position to promote our ceramics and glass community. You will be hearing much more in the near future about the Foundation, its purpose and plans, and I encourage you to join us in helping to build an organization that will ensure the vitality of ceramic science, engineering, and technology for years to come. Cordially, Joel P. Mahavity Joel P. Moskowitz Founding Chair, The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends Sequester, continuing budget uncertainty impact research Last March\'s across-the-board, automatic federal budget cuts, known as sequestration, reduced fiscal year 2013 funding for many federal agencies that bankroll materials-related research. October\'s 16-day federal government shutdown further disrupted operations, and uncertainty remains following another uneasy political truce that ended the shutdown and funded the federal government through midJanuary. Finally, as 2013 ends, a budget agreement seems imminent, which bodes well for funding stability for the next two years. With a new-year shutdown apparently averted, some are starting to evaluate the cost of Congress\'s fiscal battles on the scientific community. Sequestration and the shutdown impacted research efforts at many universities that depend on federal funding, according to a Science magazine article that reports results of a survey of more than 170 research universities sponsored by the Association of American Universities, the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities, and The Science Coalition. The survey asked respondents about the early effects of sequestration, which began in March. More than 80% of respondents reported that sequestration had a negative impact on university research programs. \"We already have experienced significant reductions in expenditures in two categories: temporary staff and equipment purchases,\" one respondent from a public university says in the summary. \"As our research enterprise adjusts to the decline in federal support we expect to see other categories of employees and expenses affected in a similar way.\" 4 According to survey results, 70% of respondents said the sequester caused research projects to be delayed. A similar number of respondents said their universities were awarded fewer new research grants. \"The widespread delays and reductions in research activities reported by the survey respondents have immediate, real costs for researchers and students as well as long-term financial and opportunity costs for the nation\'s research enterprise,\" the survey summary says. Sequestration also resulted in position reductions or layoffs at 58% of responding institutions. The United States Capitol. More difficult to quantify but still significant is the impact of budget cuts on researcher morale and productivity. \"These factors [diminished funding] contribute to low morale for our research community, particularly among graduate students and junior faculty who are questioning career choices,\" says one respondent from a private university. “Some graduate students have dropped out of programs this year or are considering leaving in favor of consulting, startups, and other nonacademic careers.\" According to the survey summary, \"Sequestration also is part of larger budget constraints and uncertainties at both the federal and state levels-all of which have cumulative, negative effects on new and current research and innovation as well as on the dissemination and application of the results to benefit society and spur economic development.\" Meanwhile, research at the Department of Energy\'s national laboratories, which are run by universities and private contractors, also was impacted by sequestration and by the uncertainty caused by the recent government shutdown. One scientist at a DOE facility, who wished to remain anonymous, said recently that lab managers anticipated and planned for reduced funding levels, and even were prepared to weather a relatively brief government shutdown. \"Even if [the shutdown] had continued, we had money carried over from [FY] 2013,\" the researcher said in an interview. \"And, between now and January we will be receiving funding for 2014. But the situation is very stressful. You cannot make any plans, because you just don\'t know what funding levels there will be, or even if there will be any.\" www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Technical Ceramic Flame retardant Abrasive Tile Refractory Spacial glass It all points to Alteo for high performance aluminas Our world-class P-series low-soda aluminas set the standard for the most demanding requirements of technical ceramic producers: ⚫ P152 and P152SB, the industry benchmarks ⚫ P172LSB, highly reactive alumina ⚫ P172HPB, the new reference in high-purity and reactivity P172SDP, ready-to-press powder ■ P112, P122, P662 semi-reactive standards Available as-calcined and superground (SB), as required. www.alteo-alumina.com alteo A NEW WORLD OF ALUMINA nzeption : sharksdesign.com news & trends (Credit: ACerS.) Lessons in innovation from NexTech CEO William Dawson, CEO of NexTech Materials in Lewis Center, Ohio, spoke on the importance of innovation at his company at a November networking lunch for industry at ACerS headquarters in Westerville, Ohio. The company is independent and privately owned by its two founders, Dawson and partner Scott Swartz. From the beginning, NexTech\'s vision has been to provide materials solutions for energy and environmental challenges. One of the first technologies the company addressed was solid oxide fuel cells, but about 13 years ago they realized that significant commercialization of SOFC technology was still a long way off. Dawson noted that, without the support of investors or other external funding sources, they had to come up with products to sell, which led to the evolution of four NexTech brands to serve fuel cell, battery, sensor, and emerging markets. \"It\'s hard to invent, but it\'s even harder to take products to market,\" Dawson says. In this regard, staying focused on what you do best is key. NexTech identifies its core technical competencies as advanced ceramics, electrochemistry, and nanomaterials, and the intersections of these competencies represent product opportunities with identified markets, such as sensors, catalysts, electrocatalysts, and SOFCS. Dawson identified four innovation drivers: large, government-funded projects; product development in collaboration with defined customers; expansion of existing product lines; and cost reduction. Focusing on the second driver product development—he shared two examples of innovation at NexTech using a typical stage-gate approach to push ideas into the innovation pipeline. The first example is protective coatings for SOFC interconnects. The SOFC market is finally poised for growth in stationary power generation applications at hospitals, grocery stores, office buildings, and data centers. Growth for mobile applications is expected as well. NexTech Materials CEO William Dawson spoke on the importance of innovation at a networking lunch at ACers headquarters. The design lifespan of an SOFC running at 800°C is 80,000 hours. A persistent problem has been the tradeoff between the cost of interconnect stainless steels and corrosion. Chromium can exit cost-effective ferritic stainless steels and poison the lanthanum strontium manganite electrode. NexTech developed a manganese cobalt oxide coating that effectively isolates the steel from the electrode. The challenge was how to commercialize the technology. The company wanted to maintain control of the intellectual property, but building plants close to steel suppliers was not feasible. In this case, NexTech chose to license the technology and provide the coating materials, keeping open the option for further innovation and possibly manufacturing. The other example Dawson described was development of a hydrogen sensor. Originally the technology was developed for the SOFC market, but \"the need had passed by the time the technology was successful,\" according to Dawson. Searching for other applications, the company worked with Case Western Reserve University (Cleveland, Ohio) to adapt the the now-successful sensor for new applications. NexTech markets the sensor to monitor nuclear power plants, utility transformers, and lithium-ion batteries. The commercialization model in this case is to manufacture the active ingredients, then assemble and calibrate devices using parts bought from vendors. ny that no longer was interested. The company went to a few conferences to discover what sorts of problems were out there for which they already had a solution, which is how the battery alarm system came about. Dawson emphasized the importance of working closely with customers, not straying from core technical competencies, and having a disciplined, robust stage-gate process for R&D. Materials at heart of mobile display, battery life battle Apple continues to make materials news, this time for the display technology used in its new iPad Air tablet. Analysts say the display uses backplane electronics based on indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), an alternative to amorphous silicon chips that offers higher resolution with significantly lower power consumption. According to an article in MIT Technology Review, IGZO is one of two materials technologies competing to replace amorphous silicon for semiconductor applications. The problem facing designers of displays and other components for mobile devices, such as tablets and smartphones, is one of simple physics: new chip designs are bumping into the upper limits of amorphous silicon\'s ability to transport electrons. IGZO and another material, low-temperature polycrystalline silicon, have much higher electron mobility than amorwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 One attendee asked how the compafound applications for the hydrogen sensor technology, which had, after all, been developed for an SOFC market THE MOST VERSATILE PARTICLE REDUCTION SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD... HCP SERIES IMMERSION MILLS are the cutting edge in particle reduction equipment. These highly versatile machines can be customized extensively to fit your processing needs. 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An Apple news release says only that the iPad Air uses a new chip that allows a more compact battery design. The result is an overall volume reduction of 24% with battery life of up to 10 h equaling that of the previous-generation device. The iPad Air\'s 9.7-in. display clocks in with a resolution of 326 pixels/ in., according to the release. Teardown experts (Apple\'s refusal to divulge information about the electronics and materials technologies used in its devices has spawned an entire reverse engineering industry) say display resolution is 264 pixels/in. Regardless, the iPad Air display has more than adequate resolution, and efficiency is even better than Apple\'s claim, according to DisplayMate Technologies Corp.\'s head-to-head comparison of the latest tablets from Apple, Amazon, and Google. \"The most important under the hood display improvement is the switch from [amorphous silicon] LCDs up to a muchhigher-performance IGZO LCD backplane,\" the article states. \"The switch to IGZO produces an impressive 57% improvement in display power efficiency from previous Retina display iPads―so the iPad Air doesn\'t get uncomfortably Business news Plibrico adds Quebec-based preferred contractor (www.plibrico.com)... Micromeritics acquires PoroTechnology (www.micromeritics.com)... Somany to add capacity via joint ventures (www. thehindubusinessline.com)... Blastcrete acquires Neal Mfg. (www.blastcrete. com)... Advanced Ceramics Mfg. receives federal research awards (www.azstarnet.com)... Cliffs Natural Resources halts Ontario chromite project (www. ir.cliffsnaturalresources.com)... GE Aviation breaks ground on CMC production facility (www.geaviation.com)... warm like the earlier iPads.\" The article reports on tests of display resolution, brightness, performance under various lighting conditions, and other factors for the iPad Air as well as the Apple device\'s main competitor, Amazon\'s newly launched Kindle Fire HDX, and Google\'s Nexus 10. The newest Kindle uses an LTPS display backplane and is said to offer screen resolution of 339 pixels/in.—the highest of any current device. Released about a year ago, the Nexus 10 uses an amorphous silicon display backplane but still manages 300-pixels/in. resolution. The article gives the Fire HDX display an overall grade of \"A.\" The iPad Air receives an overall \"A-,\" while the Nexus 10 rates an overall “B” grade. Makers of mobile devices-and even of LED TVs and computer monitors— clearly will be making use of chips produced using these new backplane materials. Less clear is which material may eventually win out, but the bottom line, as usual, may be the bottom line: According to the MIT Technology Review article, IGZO transistor arrays are less expensive to produce than LTPS, and the technology lends itself better to production of large displays. The latter material is likely to find more limited application in high-end smartphones and other smaller mobile devices, the article says. Abakan expands thermal spray coating business (www.abakaninc.com)... PPG, Universal Display expand OLED production (www.ppg.com)... Measuring instrument manufacturer Anton Paar acquires CSM Instruments (www.anton-paar. com)... NIST announces new materials research center (www.nist.gov)…… Amedica, Kyocera team to make Si̟N medical devices (www.amedica.com)... Nanova Biomaterials to expand operations (www.nanovamed.com)... West African Ceramics Ltd plans $50 million tile factory in Nigeria (www.wacing.com) 9:41 (Credit: Apple.) Apple\'s iPad Air use competing nextgeneration LCD backplane materials to improve display resolution and battery life. $60 million in DOE support aimed at advancing solar technology The US Department of Energy recently announced awards totaling about $60 million to support innovative solar energy research and development in a variety of areas. Part of the DOE\'s SunShot initiative, the awards target solar materials development to improve efficiency and so-called soft costs, such as solar photovoltaic mounting hardware, permitting, and installation. According to a recent DOE report, the cost of a solar energy system has dropped by more than 70% during the past three years, resulting mostly from overcapacity in silicon PV cell production. However, soft costs have remained relatively steady, and they now account for a larger percentage of installed system costs than they did a few years ago. A total of about $23 million will be awarded to university and national lab research consortia and companies to develop more efficient solar devices and stronger, more reliable components, DOE says. Approximately $16 million www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Credit: Oregon Department of Transportation/Wikimedia Commons.) New awards from DOE\'s SunShot program may reduce overall solar PV system costs, including installation. of those tax dollars will fund four materials-related projects to push silicon PV cells to near the theoretical limit of their efficiency of about 30%. These efforts include • Arizona State University, with MIT, Caltech, University of New South Wales, and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, will receive $4.5 million to \"develop a novel structure for ultrathin crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells based on carrier selective contacts.\" The efficiency target is 29%. Arizona State also will receive more than $1.4 million to study cadmium telluride thin-film PV technology. • Georgia Institute of Technology, with National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, will receive $3.5 million for research to push c-Si cell efficiency past 26.5%. Approaches will include using \"passivated contacts via tunnel dielectrics, emitter optimization, and enhanced light trapping through the development of photonic crystals and a plasmonic backside reflector,\" DOE says. •IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, with University of Delaware Institute for Energy Conversion, University of California, Santa Barbara, and Harvard University, will receive nearly $4.5 million to develop a model single-crystal approach to copper zinc tin selenide cell technology. The work aims at achieving targeted device efficiencies of more than 18%. •NREL, with First Solar, Texas State University, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Mines, and Washington State University, will receive $4.5 million to \"explore the fundamental limits of doping, lifetime, mobility and surface passivation in CdTe,\" DOE says. The research involves epitaxial CdTe films grown by molecular beam epitaxy to reach efficiencies of 24%. According to an article in GreenTech Media, 58 private sector companies have received backing from the SunShot program since its inception in 2007. The article says $104 million in DOE awards to these companies has been leveraged into more than $1.7 billion in private sector backing. mo.sci CORPORATION Steel Interconnect Glass Seal -Cathode ← YSZ Electrolyte <Anode Sealing Glass Glass YSZ / NiO Excellent wetting and bonding to both metal and ceramics Glass is homogeneous, with no crystals and no significant elements from metal or ceramics diffusing into glass The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with design and develop your project. you to Mo-Sci is ISO 9001:2008 and AS9100C certified. mo.sci HEALTH American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org CARE mo.sci SPECIALTY PRODUCTS www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 mo-sci PRECISION MATERIALS 9 Meet ACerS president David Green By Eileen De Guire 10 \"I always felt that The American Ceramic Society is a great place to make friends and get to know people,\" says David Green, professor emeritus at Pennsylvania State University, who assumed the office of president of The American Ceramic Society at the Annual Meeting in October in Montreal, Canada. Taking on the top leadership role while in Canada was especially fitting for Green, who was introduced to ceramics and the Society—as a graduate student at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Green, originally from the north of England, studied chemistry as an undergraduate at the University of Liverpool. When the time came to select a topic for his honors year specialization, a fellow student recommended he give metallurgy and materials science a try. When the time came for graduate school, he went to McMaster University to study fracture of metals, a topic that captured his attention during his last year of undergraduate studies. However, he arrived at McMaster University only to discover that there were no openings to study fracture of metals. Instead, a metallurgy professor directed Green to a guy down the hall who had a project on fracture of ceramics. Green recounts with a chuckle, \"And I said, \'Ceramics? What the heck are ceramics?\" Green quickly changed his plans. “I didn\'t know anything about ceramics. I didn\'t know anything about zirconia, but it was fracture, so―OK. I can count very closely to the day when I started my ceramic career. It was when I took on this project with Dr. Pat Nicholson and started working on fracture of zirconia. ... That\'s how I got involved in ceramics,” he recalls. He did not realize at the time that he was grafting himself to sturdy stock with deep roots within the Society. Nicholson was a student of Richard M. Fulrath (for whom the Fulrath Award is named). He introduced his new student to leaders in the field, such as Arthur Heuer and Fred Lange. Green began attending ACerS Annual Meetings as a student and running the slide projector in the back of the room while listening to talks by leaders in the field. Eventually, Green was invited to speak at a Gordon Conference shortly after completing his Master\'s thesis and realized as he looked around that \"all my references were sitting there!\" Ultimately, it was the intimacy of the ACerS community that drew him to the Society. He says, \"What attracted me right away was that you could get to know people right away—people who were world-leading experts and I thought, \'Wow!\'— because the Society is small enough but also active enough, that you have these opportunities.\" In fact, Green can link his entire professional career to his ACerS network, from his first job with CANMET with the Canadian government and friends he made while there, to working with Fred Lange at Rockwell International, where he worked on Space Shuttle tile, to joining the Pennsylvania State University faculty at the urging of Richard (Dick) Tressler. Later, Gary Messing encouraged Green to get involved with the Society through its publications activities, and, today, he serves as editor of the Society\'s flagship Journal of the American Ceramic Society. At the 2013 Annual Meeting, Green outlined three priorities for his presidential year. All of them relate to ensuring that anyone who wants to is able to participate in the Society in as meaningful a way as he has and is able to tap into the many opportunities that the Society\'s size and mission allow it to offer. The first priority he announced is to continue the work begun under Richard Brow\'s leadership to establish the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation. The Board of Directors approved its establishment at its October meeting, and Green will lead the Society as it rolls out this exciting, new endeavor. The goal of the CGIF is to build the relationship between the industry base and the student and faculty base, which used to occur naturally through things like student sections of ACerS. Nowadays, however, Green says, “You\'ve got to be more creative about the way you make these connections [between industry and universities],\" and ACerS through the CGIF will be able to help make that happen. Green already has established a committee to address his second initiative, which is diversity. He says, \"It used to mean just gender diversity, but today there\'s a whole raft of things that you think of in terms of equal opportunities for people.\" The committee will identify areas where there are diversity problems within the Society and suggest solutions. Finally, Green is interested in strengthening ties between ACerS and other ceramic societies in the Americas, including South America, Central America, Canada, and Mexico an initiative he calls \"Pan Am Ceram\" and \"to start a dialog to see what we can do together.\" Green and his wife, Kay, enjoy hiking, traveling, and ballroom dancing. \"We\'ll ballroom dance to the Beatles if we have to!\" he says with a smile. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Annual Meeting summary By Eileen De Guire T he American Ceramic Society held its 115th Annual Meeting on October 28, 2013, in conjunction with the MS&T\'13 conference in Montreal, Canada. As his term as ACerS president came to its close, Richard Brow reported on the state of the Society and its activities since the 2012 Annual Meeting, recognized Society officers and Board of Directors members whose terms ended at the Annual Meeting, and administered the oath of office to incoming officers and directors. Treasurer Ted Day reported on the fiscal health of the Society, and Distinguished Life Member Joel Moskowitz introduced plans for a new Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation. ACerS president for 2013-2014, David Green, outlined his goals for his presidential year and invited questions from the membership during the Town Hall portion of the meeting. Outreach One of Brow\'s goals as incoming president was to establish Technical Interest Groups (TIGS) to provide a mechanism for interdisciplinary collaboration. To date, three TIGs have been established and are working on projects: • Computational Design of Ceramic Materials; • Bioceramic-Based Materials for Medical Devices and Regenerative Medicine; and • Manufacturing and Cost Issues for Ceramic, CMC, and other Advanced Materials. Within the ACerS structure, the Art Division transformed into the Art, Archaeology, and Conservation Science Division (AACS) and now has more than 100 members. AACS held its first workshop in September at Stanford University. The Society strengthened its international ties during the year and established collaborations with the Indian Ceramic Society, Chinese Ceramic Society, and European Ceramic Society. ACerS also signed a memorandum of understanding with its PacRim partner societies ensuring that the meeting will continue with ACerS serving as host every four years through 2031. In 2014, ACerS looks forward to holding its Glass and Optical Materials Division meeting in Aachen, Germany, in collaboration with the German Society of Glass Technology. From slurry to sintering, count on Harrop. Tape Casters The Harrop line of lab and production models feature automatic slurry control with micrometer adjustment to within 0.0001\" of wet tape thickness. PLC temperature controlled multi-zone infrared and forced air heating, self-aligning belt drive, and enclosed cabinet for cleanliness. Caster lengths from 6 ft. to more than 100 ft. 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HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com See us at ICACC\'14 Expo Booth 201 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 11 Annual Meeting Meetings An unusual number of large meetings took place in 2013. Besides ACerS\'s own lineup of Division meetings, the Society organized and managed the 10th PacRim Conference in San Diego, Calif., and the 13th Unitecr in Victoria, BC, Canada. Building on these successes, ACerS won its bid to organize and host the 25th International Congress on Glass in 2019 in Boston, Mass. Publications Publications comprise an important function of the Society through its journals, the ACerS Bulletin, Ceramic Tech Today blog, and magazines, books, and DVDs for the art ceramics community through its wholly owned Ceramics Publishing Co. (CPC). ACerS\'s three journals rank 2, 6, and 7 for impact factor in their category of Materials Science/Ceramics out of 27 total rankings. The Ceramic Tech Today blog reaches about 15,000 subscribers worldwide and reached a milestone of one million visits since its inception. CPC introduced mobile tablet editions of its two magazines, Ceramics Monthly and Pottery Making Illustrated. Tablet subscriptions to both magazines are exceeding expectations. Finances Treasurer Ted Day reported that the Society is financially strong. The Society possesses a healthy and growing asset base, has no debt, and has 10 months of reserves, exceeding its target of six months of reserves. Richard Brow administers the oath of office to incoming Society leaders. From left: David Green, president; John Halloran, Edgar Lara-Curzio, Tatsuki Ohjo, all directors; and Kathleen Richardson, president-elect. Future Moskowitz spoke to the membership about the formation of the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, which the Board of Directors approved at its meeting a few days earlier. For details of his message, see his letter on page 3 of this issue of the ACerS Bulletin. After taking the oath of office, Green outlined his plans for his presidency. His three initiatives for the year are Now Director • Diversity in ACerS; • Pan Am ceramic society collaborations; and • Continuation of the process of establishing the CGIF. See a profile of Green and details about his initiatives in the \"Meet the new ACerS president\" profile on page 10. Brow closed the meeting by passing the ceremonial ceramic gavel to Green. Day. Richard Brow recognized officers who completed their terms of office. Left is George Wicks, past president. Right of Brow are William Lee and William Fahrenholtz, who both finished terms on the Board of Directors. 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 ●acers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes companies that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on Corporate Membership, contact Tricia Freshour (tfreshour@ceramics. org) or visit the ACerS Corporate Membership web page at www. ceramics.org/corporate. BOF INDUSTRIES BDF Industries Vicenza, Italy www.bdf.it Society award nominations due January 15, 2014 Do you know someone who should be considered for a Society award? Now is the time to line up sponsors, draft nominations, and submit them for consideration for awards that will be presented at the Annual Meeting in AMERICAN cheme CORPORATION October 2014 in Pittsburgh, Pa. Award committees are accepting nominations for the Kingery, Coble, Jeppson, Purdy, Spriggs, Distinguished Life Member, and more. For award details and nomination criteria, visit ceramics. org/awards or contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. Note that the Fellows deadline has passed. Ravi\'s Futura Ceramics (P) Ltd. Futura Ceramics Private Ltd. Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India www.futuraceramics.com PTX Pentronix, Inc. PTX Pentronix, Inc. Plymouth, Michigan www.ptx.com INNOVACERA Xiamen Innovacera Advanced Materials Co. Ltd. Xiamen, Fujian, China www.innovacera.com New class and division award deadlines The deadline for CEC Outstanding Educator Award is now January 15, 2014. The Glass & Optical Materials Division Kreidl and Stookey Awards deadline is now January 21, 2014. Nominations for the Electronics Division Henry and Hoffman awards are now due May 15, 2014. Visit ceramics.org/awards for details. MADE IN MONTANA SOLD TO THE WORLD Give Ceramists Something to Think About CUPRIC OXIDE COPPER GRANULES • Blue and Red Glazes and Glass Iron Spot Brick CUPROUS OXIDE Blue Glass and Glaze • Brick Colorants and Ferrites ZINC OXIDES • For Ferrite, Brick, Fibre Glass Copper & Zinc for Farrites Plante in Montana and Tennessee American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org Stock Available Worldwide AMERICAN CHEMET 740 Waukegan Road P.O. Box 437 Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA Phone +1-847-948-0800 Fax +1-847-948-0811 www.chemet.com Sales@chemet.com 13 acers spotlight New rules for Purdy award New rules for the Purdy award allow more time to identify the impact of candidate Effective immediately, papers. the award for the most valuable contribution to ceramic technical literature will be made for a paper published in the calendar year two years, rather than one year, prior to the selection. Also, a new procedure was established to search the expansive literature effectively. Thus, in 2014, the award committee will consider articles published in 2012 rather than 2013. Nomination deadline is January 15, 2014. Previous winning papers are excluded. Renew membership-It is easy! Many ACerS memberships expire at this time of year. Please take a minute to renew by going to ceramics.org, clicking on the Renew button; call customer service at 866-721-3322 (US); or 240646-7054 (outside US); or email customerservice@ceramics.org. Tired of getting renewal notices every year? Instead, sign up for a multiyear renewal or use the automatic credit card renewal option. Contact customer service for these options because they are not available online. Please renew today! Ceramographic Competition winners Sponsored by the Basic Science Division, the annual competition promotes microscopy and microanalysis tools for investigating ceramic materials. The Carbon-Anatase Dog Engineering Ceramics Division announces 2013 best paper, poster awards The Engineering Ceramics Division\'s awards for the best papers and posters presented at ICACC 2013 will be presented at the plenary session of ICACC 2014. Congratulations to the authors of these award-winning papers and posters. Best posters Best papers First place SOFC-System for Highly Efficient Power Generation from Biogas Andreas Lindermeir, Ralph-Uwe Dietrich, and Jana Oelze Second place Interfacial Characterization of Diffusion-Bonded Monolithic and Fiber-Bonded Silicon Carbide Ceramics H. Tsuda, S. Mori, M. C. Halbig, and M. Singh Third place Dead-End Silicon Carbide MicroFilters for Liquid Filtration Ronald Neufert, Malte Moeller, and Abhaya K. Bakshi First place Tensile Strength, Fracture Toughness, and Flaw Characterization of Tungsten Carbide J. Wright and J. J. Swab Second place Inkjet-Printed Fractal-Connected Electrodes with Silver Nanoparticle Ink M. Vaseem, A. Hong, and Y. Hahn Third place NETD awards student travel stipends Comparision of Thin-Film WO¸ Photoanodes Prepared by Different Methods M. Sarnowska and P. Barczuk The Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division awarded two travel stipends to help students attend MS&T 2013 and the ACerS 115th Annual Meeting. This year\'s winners were Kate Lindley, Purdue University, and Zhi Tang, University of Tennessee. Congratulations! Winners by Category Scanning Electron Microscopy First place and Roland B. Snow Award for Best in Show The Carbon-Anatase Dog Babak Anasori, Michael Naguib, Yury Gogotsi, and Michel W. Barsoum Drexel University Second place Pt ‘Gecko\' on SrTiO, Pacman Board Galit Atiya and Wayne D. Kaplan Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Third place Frosty Animesh Kundu and Martin P. Harmer Lehigh University Transmission Electron Microscopy First place SnO, NanoLeaves under a Full Moon Jorgen F. Rufner, Chi Hsiu Chang, Ricardo H.R. Castro, and Klaus van Benthem University of California, Davis Second place Europium Mountains in Spinel Valley Onthida Kosasang, Christopher J. Marvel, Animesh Kundu, Richard P. Vinci, and Martin P. Harmer Lehigh University Third place Bunny Rabbit on Mountain in Winter Patrick Cantwell, Zhiyang Yu, Qian Wu, Christopher J. Marvel, and Martin P. Harmer Lehigh University; Yuanyao Zhang and Jian Luo University of California, San Diego 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Optical Microscopy First place Cu₂O Thin Film by Electrospray Deposition Yoshikazu Suzuki University of Tskuba, Tskuba, Japan; Hiroyuki Itoh and Susumu Tohno Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Tohru Sekino Tohoku University Sendai, Japan; Jean-Christophe Valmalette Universite du Sud Toulon, La Garde Cedex, France Second place Ferroelectric Domains in a PbTiO3 Ceramic L.A. Boatner and J.O. Ramey Oak Ridge National Laboratory Undergraduate Category First place Piezoresponse Force Microscopy of Annealed Zinc Oxide Nanowires Reza Shahbazian-Yassar, Yoke Khin Yap, and Bryan Turner Michigan Technological University Ferroelectric Domains in a PTO, Ceramic More MS&T action from Material Advantage Students present talks, drop mugs, and hurl discs The ACerS Student Activities Committee helps organize the Material Advantage student programming at MS&T. This year, Material Advantage sponsored five contests, which are highlighted below. For contest details see http://materialadvantage.org/financialopportunities/contests. Organizers introduced a new event this year- -the ceramic disc golf competition, which was developed by Keramos students. This contest was entertaining and attendees will want to be at next year\'s ceramic disc golf competition in Pittsburgh! These competitions rely on the generous support of volunteer judges. Thank you to all who have assisted over the years! 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CM FURNACES INC. 103 Dewey Street Bloomfield, NJ 07003-4237 Tel: 973-338-6500 Fax: 973-338-1625 See us at ICACC\'14 Expo Booth 311 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 15 acers spotlight BSD Graduate Excellence in Materials Science Awards The Basic Science Division sponsors the GEMS Awards to recognize outstanding achievements of graduate students who give an oral presentation of their work at MS&T. Congratulations to the 2013 GEMS Award finalists! Diamond rank Matthias Ehmke, Purdue University Electric Field Dependent Domain Processes in Ba(Zr2Ti)O3-x(Bao Cao 3) TiO3 Piezoceramics Yijia Gu, Pennsylvania State University Flexoelectricity Induced Charged Domain Walls: Phase-Field Model Valerie Wiesner, Purdue University Green Manufacturing of Near-Net Shape Ceramic Parts by Room-Temperature Injection Molding Sapphire rank Jesse Angle, University of California, Irvine Synthesis and Characterization of LaCrAl₁O₁, (Magnetoplumbite) through Solid State Reaction 11 19 Amy Morrissey, Colorado School of Mines Nucleation and Growth of Metallic Nickel in Internally Reduced NiO-Doped Oxides Rachel Muhlbauer, Georgia Institute of Technology Effect of Drying Time and Temperature on the In-Plane and Thru-Plane Electrical Properties of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Films Deposited on Paper Substrates Using a Unidirectional Drying Method Michael Naguib, Drexel University Eight Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides: Adding Two New Members to the MXenes Family Timothy Pruyn, Georgia Institute of Technology Fabrication and Characterization of Conductive Glass Composites with Networks of Silicon Carbide Whiskers Katerine Saleme Ruiz, Mississippi State University Structure-Property Correlations of a Digitally Represented Polycrystalline Microstructure Based on Discrete Element Method Winnie Tan, Purdue University Samarium and Thulium Doped High Emissivity Coatings for Hypersonic Applications Prepared by Plasma Spray Material Advantage Graduate Student Poster Competition First place Priscila Chaves Panta, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Mössbauer and Magnetic Behavior of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Stabilized with Polyethylene Glycol Second place HyunJeong Bae, Korea Aerospace University Silicon Carbide Coating on Carbon Fibers for Enhanced Oxidation Resistance Cf/SiC Composites Third place Yun-Hyuk Choi, Seoul National University Direct Printing Synthesis of SelfOrganized Copper Oxide Hollow Spheres on Substrate Using Cu(II) Complex Ink and Their Highly Sensitive HighThroughput Gas Sensor Applications Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Poster Competition First place Andrew Robinson, Washington State University Using Al-PTFE Granular Composites and Natural Rubber for Semireactive Armor Second place Jaron Senecal, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Parameterization of a General Glass Dissolution Model: Accounting for Shape Effects in Dilute Dissolution Conditions Third place (tie) Nadia Ben Dahmane, McMaster University Boiling-Water Quenching Using the Galvanizing Simulator Timothy Fountain, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Friction Stir Welding of Grade-110 HSLA Steel Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Winner Luke Shi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Materials Selection and Device Design for Robust Epidermal Electronics First runner-up Kelsey Jorgensen, Northwestern University The Binary Join of the Transparent Conducting Oxides GITO and ZITO Second runner-ups Austin Gerlt, Missouri University of Science and Technology Cerium-Based Anticorrosion Coatings on Aluminum Alloys Spencer Ferguson, Rutgers University Advanced Cement Materials with Reduced Environmental Impact 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Furnaces & Ovens Material Advantage Ceramic Mug Drop Contest (Organized by Keramos) Winner (Passing at 45-cm drop) Myranda Ferris, Missouri University of Science and Technology Most aesthetic mug Jake Ivy, Missouri University of Science and Technology Material Advantage Ceramic Disc Golf Contest (Organized by Keramos) Winner (Three-way tie from 5 m) Mackenzie Merrick, University of Connecticut Brenden Mil-Homens, University of Connecticut Steven Ashlock, Missouri University of Science and Technology Most aesthetic disc Austin Gerlt, Missouri University of Science and Technology New PCSA 3D stein design contest! PCSA\'s new 3D printing stein design contest celebrates traditional ceramic processing with a modern twist. Contestants will design a miniature stein and either submit a hand-drawn design at an upcoming ACerS conference (EMA\'14 in Orlando, ICACC\'14 in Daytona Beach, or MCARE\'14 in Clearwater Beach) or electronically using open source 3D software such as gmsh, meshlab, or ReplicatorG. Entries will be judged on creativity, aesthetics, and usability. One hand-drawn design and one electronic design will be selected. A plastic prototype will be made using 3D printing methods, which will be used to make a mold to slip cast ceramic a stein. Electronic entries must be received between January 15 and February 28, 2014. Hand-drawn entries can be entered at the ACerS membership table at any of the conferences mentioned. For more information contact Jessica Rimsza at jessicarimsza@ my.unt.edu. Student scholarships and awards on the horizon for 2014 Kreidl Award competition for glass science graduate students The Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars recognizes research excellence in glass science and will be presented at the first joint meeting of DGG-ACerS GOMD in Aachen, Germany, May 25-30, 2014. The competition is open to all degree-seeking graduate students (MS or PhD) or those who have graduated within 12 months prior to this meeting. Visit www.ceramics.org/?awards=norbert-j-kreidl-award. Nomination deadline is January 21, 2014. CARBOLITE Leading Heat Technology part of VERDER, scientific If you are looking for a complete line of furnaces & ovens for heat treatment, look no further than CARBOLITE. Temperature range from 20°C to 1,800°C Chamber, tube and application specific furnaces Customized solutions and modifications GAINOLITE American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org www.carbolite.com See us at ICACC\'14 Expo Booth 206 acers spotlight Looking for leaders-Apply for the Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship today The Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship is awarded to an undergraduate student pursuing a degree in any area of materials science engineering. Emphasis will be placed on involvement in ACerS activities, particularly the President\'s Council of Student Advisors. The scholarship awards $3,000, and a $500 travel grant to attend MS&T 2014 to receive the award. Visit www.ceramics.org/?awards= du-co-ceramics-scholarship-award-2. Application deadline is April 1, 2014. ED\'s Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship for undergraduates The Electronics Division invites applications for the Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship. The tuition award is $2,000. The 2014 essay topic is \"SolidState Ceramic Electrolytes for Energy Applications.\" Visit www.ceramics.org/?awards= lewis-c-hoffman-scholarship. Nomination deadline is June 1, 2014. Refractories scholarship opportunity for students The Refractories Institute will award scholarships based on academic merit and the applicant\'s demonstrated experience and interest in the field of refractories. The scholarships will be one-time grants of $5,000 each and are available to college undergraduate or graduate students studying in North America who will be enrolled full-time for the 2014-2015 academic year in pursuit of an undergraduate or advanced degree in ceramic engineering, materials science, or similar discipline. Visit www.refractoriesinstitute.org. Application deadline is March 14, 2014. 18 In Memoriam Richard C. Campbell Eugene C. Letter William E. Moddeman Harry W. Rouch, Sr. Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website, www. ceramics.org/in-memoriam. St. Louis Section/RCD 50th Annual Symposium, March 25-27, 2014 The theme of the 50th Annual Symposium of the ACerS St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division is \"Refractory Bonding Systems.\" The meeting will be March 26-27, 2014, in St. Louis, Mo., at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel. Program cochairs are Bill Headrick of MORCO and Josh Pelletier of Kerneos. A partial list of papers that will be presented includes • \"A Review of Refractory Bond Systems for Monolithic Refractories,\" Chris Parr, Kerneos SA; • \"Effect of Additives on the Properties of Magnesium Phosphate Cement,\" George Gower, Refractory Minerals; • \"Cement Hydration and Strength Development How Can Reproducible Results be Achieved?,\" Dale Zacherl, Almatis Inc.; • \"Comparison of the Properties of Cement and Cement-Free Castable Bond Systems,\" Sam Bonsall, Vesuvius USA; • \"Activated Alumina Binders in Refractory Compositions,\" Scott Barnhouse, Alteo-Alumina; • \"How do Steelmakers Choose Refractories The Role of Bonding Systems,\" Tom Vert, ArcelorMittal Dofasco; • \"A 50-Year History of Contract Refractory Dryout/Heatup Services,\" Irish Cobane, Hotwork; • \"Refractory Castable Binder Engineering,\" Victor C. Pandolfelli, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil; • \"The Use of Phosphates as Binders and Additives for Refractories,\" Erwin Schmidt, Chemische Fabrik Budenheim KG; • \"Bonding System in MgO-CaO– Fe2O3 Refractory for EAF Furnace Bottoms,\" Henry He, Magnesita Refractories. The event will include a Tabletop Expo. To participate in the Tabletop Expo ($300 fee) or for information about the event, contact Patty Smith at 573-341-6265 or psmith@mst.edu. Names in the news Madsen recognized for diversity work The Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers (SHPE) presented Lynnette Madsen with its \"Junipero Serra\" Star Award in recognition of her work in the scientific community to support and promote minority participation in science and engineering. The SHPE Award is named for Padre Serra, a Franciscan missionary who traveled through the Pacific West. It is given to a recipient who demonstrates a similar “pioneering spirit and tireless enthusiasm.\" Madsen received the award at SHPE\'s conference in Indianapolis in November 2013. Madeen is program director for ceramics in the Division of Materials Research of the National Science Foundation. ESI establishes new lecture series at University of Alabama Engineering Systems Inc. (Aurora, Ill.) has established a new lecture series at the University of Alabama in honor of ACerS Fellow Richard Bradt. Bradt is professor emeritus at the university. Michael Stevenson, CEO of ESI and a former student of Bradt\'s, gave the inaugural lecture in November 2013. Stevenson and Bradt. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 ceramics in energy (Credit: Rive Technology; You Tube.) Mesoporous zeolites for refining applications Fluid catalytic cracking breaks longchain crude hydrocarbons into highvalue products, such as gasoline and diesel oil. The process uses zeolite ceramic catalysts with pore size of about 1 nm to break down the hydrocarbons. According to an article in MIT Technology Review, the materials\' small pore size means they have difficulty handling the largest hydrocarbon chains. This results in inefficient use of a precious, nonrenewable resource and lower profits for the refinery. Javier García-Martínez solved these shortcomings by developing nanoscale zeolite materials with 10 nm pores while working as a postdoctoral researcher at MIT more than 10 years ago. According to the article, García-Martínez \"mixed Mesoporous zeolite ceramic catalysts could lead to increased catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons. zeolites with an alkaline solution and added a temporary surfactant, which forms small structures that the zeolites reconstruct around. The surfactant then burns off, leaving zeolites with a high number of mesopores.\" Pores in the new material ranged from 7 to 10 nm, which \"would allow refineries to, for example, process more barrels or run heavier (and less expensive) crude oil feeds, leading to greater yields and profits,\" the article explains. EIRICH - PARTNERS FOR PROCESS TECHNOLOGY – MIXING, GRANULATING, DRYING, FINE GRINDING The HEART of your PROPPANT system + + RAW MATERIALS LIQUID ADDITION MIXING PELLETIZING BATCHING LIQUID ADDITION = FINISHED PRODUCT ENGINEERED SYSTEM METERED DISCHARGE CONTROLS E EIRICH 4033 Ryan Rd. • Gurnee, IL 60031 P: 847-336-2444 sales@eirichusa.com • www.eirichusa.com See us at ICACC\'14 Expo Booth 203 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 19 ceramics in energy Working with another MIT graduate, Andrew Dougherty, and MIT professor emeritus of chemical engineering, Larry Evans, García-Martínez founded Rive Technology in 2006 to commercialize the mesoporous zeolite technology. According to the MIT Tech Review article, Rive has partnered with W.R. Grace, a producer of conventional zeolite materials and other refining technology, to manufacture its first commercial product. www.ceramics.org/clay14 ACerS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION MEETING TENNESSEE wwww in conjunction with The National Brick Research Center Meeting Sign up now! March 3-5, 2014 Hilton Knoxville Hotel Knoxville, Tennessee USA The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER Rive\'s website says mesoporous zeolites provide \"a technology solution to diffusion-limited reactions\" such as oil refining. The company says its materials use \"Molecular Highway” technology, referring to the relative ease with which large hydrocarbon chains can pass through the mesoporous catalyst. Rive says the technology also is useful for chemical processing, biofuel, and air and water filtration applications. Two US oil refineries have successfully tested Rive\'s materials. In tests with one, Alon USA\'s heavy-crude refinery in Big Spring, Texas, results showed a value increase of more than $2.50 barrel after using the technology on a residual feed unit at the facility. per García-Martínez, now Rive\'s chief technology officer and director of the Molecular Nanotechnology Lab at Spain\'s University of Alicante, believes mesoporous zeolite technology can improve use of hydrocarbon resources and potentially solve other thorny global problems. \"I am personally convinced that nanotechnology in general, and materials with controlled porosity in particular, hold the promise to solve some of our most pressing challenges, such as cleaner energy production, mitigating climate change, and better water and air quality,\" he says in the MIT article. Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramictechtoday.org Online research, papers, policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Energy-saving windows getting smarter, cheaper The US Department of Energy\'s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) scientists are developing an insulating window film that “preserves the view while increasing occupants\' comfort and saving energy,” according to an NREL press release. The film incorporates nanometer- to micrometer-sized vacuum capsules that can be applied like conventional low-e window tinting films. \"Early estimates indicate that a millimeter-thick layer results in clear insulation with values equivalent to R-20, which is equal to standard wall insulations,\" the release says. According to the release, the window film could reduce building energy use by as much as 33%, resulting in a payback period of less than a year while saving energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Window films are one thing and may indeed provide a relatively economical way for homeowners and commercial building owners to cut energy consumption. But how about \"smart windows\" that can adjust to sunlight intensity and other environmental conditions to maintain a set temperature? The technology is based on layered glass composites that control transmittance of solar radiation by thermochromic, photochromic, or electrochromic means. Current smart windows are about twice as expensive per square foot as conventional doublepane windows and only block visible radiation. Heliotrope Technologies, a startup company working with DOE\'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory recently won an R&D 100 Award for a new electrochromic window-coating technology that can switch between three states—\"bright, cool, and dark\"\"—to block a wide range of solar radiation, and at relatively low cost. The company says windows with its coating consume minimal power during switching and “almost none” to maintain either of the two solar blocking states. The company plans to make small commercial windows by 2016. Alumina Fused Quartz ♦ Zirconia Crucibles Rods Furnace Tubes Thermocouple Insulators Plates & Disks ♦ Custom Components Sample Pans for Thermal Analysis ADVALUE TECHNOLOGY 3470 S. Dodge Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85713 Tel: 520-514-1100 sales@advaluetech.com Fax: 520-747-4024 www.advaluetech.com A AdValue Technology 24-hour Shipment of Many In-stock Standard Sizes Custom Fabrication for Special Requests Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. LS3 NREL researchers are developing window films that can improve building comfort and cut energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: P. Corkery, NREL.) Over 40 years of service and reliability I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 21 ceramics in the environment Ceramic nanogrid photocatalysts clean up with sunlight A new product from the laboratory of a ceramic scientist currently being readied for production by a startup company could make environment cleanup from oil spills as simple as throwing a net over the offending oil slick. Pelagia-Irene (Perena) Gouma, professor of materials science and engineering at State University of New York Stony Brook, led a team that created a novel copper tungsten oxide nanogrid photocatalyst. Activated by sunlight, the net breaks down spilled oil, leaving behind only biodegradable compounds. \"[This] is the first time that selfsupported nanostructured catalysts have been shown to clean up petroleum-based hydrocarbons in water,” Gouma writes via email. \"Our technology responds to visible light (as opposed to the UVresponding industrial catalysts). It does not rely on dispersed and loose nanostructures that need to be confined or retrieved after a cleaning step, and, as an oxide catalytic system, it is reusable. The products of the hydrocarbons clean up/water remediation are innocuous and biofriendly.\" Gouma, director of SUNY\'s Center for Nanomaterials and Sensor Development, says in a National Science Foundation news release that the invention \"utilizes the whole solar spectrum and can work in water for a long time, which no existing photocatalyst can do now. Ours is a unique technology. When you shine light on these grids, they begin to work and can be used over and over again.\" Ships could carry the nanogrid nets, and so be able to handle their own small spills, she adds. According to Gouma, the self-assembling nanogrids form in a multistep process that involves a combination of templating and blend electrospinning. \"Upon heating, metal clusters diffuse inside polymeric nanofibers, then turn into single-crystal nanowires, then oxidize to form metal oxide-ceramicnanoparticles that are interconnected, like links in a chain,\" she says in the news release. Gouma envisions the nanogrid photocatalyst materials being used to clean up oil spills and to break down other environmental contaminants, such as water used in hydrofracturing extraction of natural gas. Applications exist for more mundane applications, too, such as, for example, at-home dry cleaning. \"The dry-cleaning process that we now use involves a lot of contaminants that have to be remediated and treated, such as benzene,\" she says in the news release. \"This could be a dry-cleaning substitute that would be more environmentally friendly than current drycleaning approaches.” She imagines users simply laying the Scanning electron image of self-supporting ceramic nanogrid photocatalysts may one day make oil spill containment booms a thing of the past. 22 22 (Credit: P. Gouma/SUNY) nanogrid over articles of clothing and exposing them to light to clean them. \"You won\'t need a washing machine, or chemicals, or even water,\" she says. Gouma and her team have two patents pending on the nanogrid technology and have launched a startup company to commercialize production. \"We are focusing on scaling up further the nanomanufacturing process while optimizing the nanogrids\' composition and properties,\" she writes via email. \"[The nanogrids] are currently being produced in sheets several inches wide that can be directly applied to (and be recovered from) an oil spill in water.\' In ancient and modern times, ceramics deliver wine to the feast \" The United States\'s first celebration of Thanksgiving dates back to the early 17th century when pilgrim immigrants and Native Americans came together to share a meal of gratitude. By the time that historic meal took place, a banquet hall in the Canaanite region of northern Israel had already sat in ruins for more than 3,000 years. According to Brandeis assistant professor of classics, Andrew Koh, the site is remarkably pristine. More often than not thieves have ransacked a site, or a later civilization has built over it and destroyed some of it in the process. Thus, Koh and an international group of collaborators are getting an unprecedented glimpse into the banquet celebration practices of ancient Canaanites as they excavate the wine cellar of a palace that dates back to about 1500 BC. The wine cellar contains 40 ceramic jars about one meter tall. Each jar could hold a volume of about 50 liters. Initially, the team is focusing on chemical analysis of the organic residues (Koh\'s specialization) to understand the winemaking craft of the era, because, as Koh said in a phone interview, \"Residue analysis is the [priority] because of the delicate nature of the evidence.\" As a result, he says, \"Ceramic research is lagwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Credit: Brandeis; Futurity CC license.) ging behind,\" but the group intends to study the jars themselves eventually. According to Koh, the jars are utilitarian and purely functional. \"They are well-constructed but nothing special,\" he says. However, they appear to be made from the same clay and fired in the same way, suggesting they were made for the palace by a single workshop, he adds. Most likely, the wine would have been made in the vineyard regions of northern Israel where wine grapes are still grown today. The vineyards are far enough away that wine would have been transported to the palace in the jars. Koh said the 40 jars were mostly indistinguishable from one another. However, the rims varied slightly in groups. The archeologists speculate that the rims correspond to different batches or lots of wine. According to a press release, nothing is known about the purpose of the banquets, who hosted them, or why the palace was abandoned. The ancient jars taper and are torped-shaped with thick points and were not intended to be moved often. Koh says they would have been pushed into a dirt floor for storage or supported by metal or wooden stands (none of which survive at this site). The team has collected shards from the pointed ends for evaluation and petrography later on. Over the millennia, the fundamentals of winemaking have remained unchanged grapes, yeast, and time— combined according to the vintner\'s magic touch. Oenophiles relish the tasting experience and sleuthing out of the grape\'s experience on its way to becoming a wine. However, imbibers of Mer Soleil Vineyard\'s (Monterey County, Calif.) Silver Chardonnay will not detect any \"oakiness\" in the wine because it is fermented in concrete tanks and delivered in ceramic bottles. Instead, it picks up a “minerally” flavor, according to a video on MSV\'s website (www.mersoleilvineyard.com). The wine is fermented in concrete tanks, and it is distributed in ceramic bottles. MSV winemaker Charlie Wagner II, a third-generation winemaker, got to thinking about ceramic bottles for wine after drinking a beer from a ceramic bottle. In an interview with Wines & Vines, he says, \"After looking at this [beer bottle] for a over a year, it hit me that this bottle sort of resembled the concrete tanks that we use for our unoaked Silver Chardonnay.” Ancient ceramic wine storage jars from Israel date back to 1500 BC. A modern-era California winery has adopted ceramic bottles for its signature look. the ceramic compared with glass, but, Wagner says, we see it as a great investment due to the visual attention it receives as compared with its glass cousins. To me it feels like a more expensive bottle than it actually is.\" Ultimately, MSV\'s ceramic bottles serve exactly the same purpose as the ancient Canaanite jars—they transport wine from the winery to the feast. I ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac The winemaker worked with MKM, the German manufacturer of the inspirational beer bottle, to get the right color, right labeling process, and good-enough strength. Applying a label proved tricky. Pressuresensitive labels did not adhere well to the bottle. Ultimately, they were unable to find an adhesive that would hold a label on a bottle in an ice bucket. Wagner says, \"We scrapped the idea of paper labels and pursued silk screening, which had its own set of issues.\" The largest issue was cracking of the bottles during secondary firing of the silk-screened design. Eventually, a low-firing-temperature paint was found, and MSV started bottling in ceramic. The marketplace has responded well to the unique bottles, and MSV has grown from producing 1,000 cases in 2008 to 50,000 cases in 2011. There is a bit of a cost premium-35 to 40 cents per bottle-for American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY GASBARRE PRESS GROUP MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com See us at ICACC\'14 Expo Booth 207 23 research briefs FEA and \'weakest-link\' analysis of dielectric strength of polycrystalline alumina A new paper in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society appears at first glance to offer a new way of evaluating dielectric properties of alumina, but also offers insights as to how flaws in an alumina sample affect those dielectric properties. The paper, \"Dielectric Breakdown of Polycrystalline Alumina: A WeakestLink Failure Analysis,\" reports on research by Dinesh Shetty, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Utah. Alumina serves as an insulator in a wide range of applications from mundane spark plugs to sophisticated medical instrumentation. Punctures can happen when the dielectric strength is exceeded and the part fails. A key challenge to measuring dielectric strength is that external factors, such as specimen configuration and variations in such microstructural features as grain size and porosity, can exert more influence than the intrinsic properties. Standardized tests for measuring dielectric strength do not account for variations in field intensity with extrinsic factors. For example, when dielectric strength is measured with flat electrodes against a flat sample as specified by ASTM standard D14997a, the electric field is most intense at the edges. Shetty\'s team looked at a variety of extrinsic factors and their influence on dielectric strength. Extrinsic factors included electrode geometry and size, dielectric constant of the dielectric oil, and specimen thickness. To evaluate their results, the group took advantage of Shetty\'s expertise with finite-element analysis (FEA) and weakest-link theory tools that are typically associated with mechanical property analysis. These tools allowed the team to investigate the effects of electric field variations. \"We were the first to do a careful analysis of electric field distribution and use local electric field to describe dielectric breakdown,\" Shetty said in a phone interview regarding 24 applying FEA to electrical fields. The team used a finite mesh used to calculate electric fields in polycrystalline alumina with spherical electrodes and a dielectric liquid. The liquid, an oil, prevents arcing and forces the system to find its breakdown pathway in the ceramic. Using a balland-ring electrode A representative \"puncture\" caused by dielectric breakdown of alumina. A surface pit formed by grain pull-out is circled red, although there are clearly many. configuration, the researchers noticed that the breakdown field scales with electrode size and is higher when the electrical field is localized, for example, in thin samples tested with small ball electrodes. This trend was familiar to Shetty. \"This scaling effect of the electrically stressed ceramic surface area or volume suggested that dielectric breakdown of alumina might be exhibiting the characteristics of a weakestlink failure phenomenon analogous to brittle fracture,\" he writes in the paper, which also explains that \"weakest-link failure\" is the \"theory of extreme values,\" and describes the \"mathematical relationship between a population distribution and the distribution of the lowest values\" in a sampling of the population. The team considered two defect distribution paradigms to describe the FEA results the familiar Weibull distribution and the Laplace distribution. The Laplace distribution fit the data closely the Weibull distribution did not. This was an important discovery, because the Laplace distribution describes surface defect distributions, not bulk defect distributions. Initially, Shetty said he expected that the weakest-link flaws would be in the bulk, but the FEA and its fit with the Laplace distribution showed that the fatal flaws were on the surface. In fact, flaws more than 100 μm below the surface do not matter. Realizing the importance of surface defects, the team also noticed pits on the surface of their alumina samples that were about the same size as the grains. Suspecting grain pull-out during finishing, they carefully repolished the samples to minimize grain pull-out and measured again. Tests confirmed that dielectric strength correlates directly with surface pit density—that is, the samples with better surface finishes had higher dielectric strengths. Shetty thinks this approach to measuring dielectric strength would work for other materials, too. It is interesting to note that an electrical measurement provided information about processing effects, which could have quality control applications. NIST team wins 80M hours of supercomputer time for concrete rheometer study The Department of Energy recently announced the award of 6 billion core hours of supercomputing time for 59 projects \"to accelerate scientific discovery and innovation\" through its Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (INCITE) program, now in its tenth year, including one to ACerS Cements www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Credit: Shetty, et al; JACerS, Wiley.) Division member Edward Garboczi and his team at NIST. The supercomputers are located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory. In the announcement press release, Michael Papka, director of Argonne\'s computing facility, says \"The INCITE program addresses the largest, most computationally pressing projects in science and engineering.\" These \"computationally pressing projects\" include a ubiquitous and heavily studied material-concrete. The NIST team was awarded 40 million hours per year for two years for Phase III of a study on concrete rheology. The cement and concrete industry is the backbone of the construction industry worldwide, and one market research report estimates its global value in 2012 was $450 billion. According to the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association website, concrete\'s utility results from a careful balance of constituents. The key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests on the careful proportioning and mixing of the ingredients. A concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough, honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete. A mixture with an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth surface. However, the resulting concrete will be more likely to crack and be uneconomical. A properly proportioned concrete mixture will possess the desired workability for the fresh concrete and the required durability and strength for the hardened concrete. Typically, a mixture is by volume about 10% to 15% cement, 60% to 75% aggregates and 15% to 20% water. Entrained air bubbles in many concrete mixtures also may take another 5% to 8%. Portland cement\'s chemistry comes to life in the presence of water. Cement and water form a paste that surrounds and binds each particle of sand and up stone. Through the hydration reaction between cement and water, the paste hardens and gains strength. The quality of the paste determines the character of concrete. The strength of the paste, in turn, depends on the ratio of water to cement. The Organizers: The CHRLITE MY AIST water/cement ratio is the weight of the mixing water divided by the weight of the cement. High-quality concrete is produced by lowering the water/ cement ratio as much as possible without sacrificing the workability of fresh concrete. Generally, using less water ASM INTERNATIONAL TIMIS Cosponsor: NACE The Materials Information Society MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 David L. Lawrence Convention Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA The leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing and performance across the materials community. call for papers March 15, 2014 The technical program covers: . • • Biomaterials JUPMC • Ceramic and Glass Materials • Characterization Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials Fundamentals • Green Manufacturing and Sustainability • Iron and Steel (Ferrous Alloys) • Materials Behavior and Performance • Materials-Environment Interactions • Nanomaterials • Processing and Product Manufacturing • Surface Modification • Special Topics American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org www.matscitech.org 25 45 research briefs produces a higher-quality concrete provided the concrete is properly placed, consolidated and cured. Garboczi and his NIST colleagues are using sophisticated computational methods to optimize the instruments used to measure concrete rheology. The team provided the following summary of the challenges involved in measuring rheology, which trace back to rheometer design parameters, and how new rheometers might be designed using advanced methods, such as additive manufacturing. The work applies beyond concrete, too. Garboczi and his coinvestigators provided the following description of the Phase III project for the Bulletin. \"Accurately measuring the rheology of dense suspensions like concrete is a crucial and widespread problem in the construction and other industries. Two rheological parameters, plastic viscosity and yield stress, are necessary to explain and predict fresh concrete flow properties or indeed almost any dense suspension. However, the usual rheometer geometry used, a spinning vane with some shape blade, does not permit an analytical solution of internal fluid flow, so that neither fundamental rheological parameter can be measured. During the first INCITE phase of this work (3 years, 2.25 million hours), the basic smooth-particle hydrodynamics computations needed to compute the shear rheology of complex suspensions consisting of a non-Newtonian matrix fluid and a high volume fraction of solid particles (either model spheres or real industrial mineral shapes) were developed and validated. Phase II (3 years, 70 million hours) applied these computations to common industrial rheometers and used the results to design standard reference materials for dense suspensions that can be used to convert empirical experimental measurements into fundamental rheological quantities. In both cases, massively parallel computations were needed to handle the large number of particles and the complex particle-particle interactions necessary for an accurate simulation. In the justawarded Phase III INCITE award, computations will be run to design the actual vane rheometer blades themselves and optimize their shape and rotational speed so as to avoid artifacts like sedimentation, particle segregation, and low-shear regions that are present in currently available rheometers. Simulated vane rheometer. The blades rotate clockwise in the simulation, and suspended spheres are color coded for their originating octant. The yellow indicates low-stress regions, while green represents high-stress regions. Novel, non-traditional rheometer blade designs, suggested by the simulations, which look nothing like current blade designs, will be built using additive manufacturing processes. This opens up the potential design space, leading to an almost unlimited range of possibilities. Massively parallel computations are needed to guide this manufacturing design and fabrication process, so as to produce optimal rheometers for practical industrial use. NIST has the capability to manufacture these new designs as well as perform experimental validation of the predicted rheological measurements produced by these novel rheometer blade designs. The results of this work also will be useful for the many industries that make use of dense, complex suspensions, such as food processing, water treatment, coatings, ceramic processing, and pharmaceuticals. Finally, an integral part of this work, over all three INCITE phases, has been to break down the multiscale dense suspension material problem into manageable chunks and then reunite the major length scales of concrete rheology: cement paste, mortar, and concrete. Each length scale (cement paste hundreds of micrometers, mortar millimeters; concrete-hundreds of millimeters) has its own separate rheological behavior and complexities and its own rheometers. Cement paste (cement plus water plus chemical additives) is a non-Newtonian fluid with fundamental properties that can be measured with standard parallel plate rheometers. Mortar is modeled as a sand suspension in a cement paste fluid matrix with measured properties. Concrete is considered to be a gravel suspension in a mortar fluid matrix. The Phase III simulations will unite these length scales for traditional and novel rheometer designs, with the aid of computationally designed standard reference materials and rheometers for each length scale. 26 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 (Credit: NIST.) Shale gas recovery— Engineering a big business By Eileen De Guire The cost of natural gas, especially in the United States, has plummeted in recent years, thanks largely to recovery of natural gas from shale gas reserves, or \"plays.\" Gas-rich shale deposits reside 5,000 to 20,000 feet below the Earth\'s surface. Vertical wellbores are drilled down to the shale, and a number of horizontal drillings radiate off the vertical bore. A slurry of water, chemicals, and particles is pumped into the well under pressure to induce fractures in the rock to release the gas. The particles-known as proppants hold the cracks open to allow the gas to escape, where it is recovered at the surface. According to Industrial Minerals, 80% of proppants are so-called frac sand-cheap and abundant silica sand. The remaining 20% is approximately equal parts resin-coated sand or ceramic, and ceramic proppants. The cover story of this issue—“Proppants for shale gas and oil recovery\"reports on innovative approaches to engineering ceramic proppants from some surprising sources. Shale gas recovery, also called hydraulic fracturing or “fracking,” is politically controversial, especially in regions of the country where the plays are located. Regardless of views pro or con, this is a big business, and materials science and engineering has a role to play to ensure that the technology addresses issues of natural resources, waste streams, and environment as well as manufacturing issues, in a way that is responsible to residents and shareholders. Shale gas by the numbers: • 40% of US natural gas dry production comes from shale gas.¹ · • • Top-producing countries are China, Argentina, Algeria, and the US.¹ Projected US recoverable shale gas is 665 trillion cubic feet.¹ Projected reserves in China, Argentina, and Algeria are 1,115; 802; and 707 trillion cubic feet, respectively.¹ • Hydraulic fracturing consumes about 30 million tons of proppants per year.² • Proppant demand is expected to reach 45 million tons per year by 2017.2 • The proppant market is projected to be worth $10 billion by 2017.² \'DOE Information Administration, www.eia.gov. 2Industrial Minerals, www.indmin.com. Hydraulic fracturing rig in Pennsylvania. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 27 E (Credit: Photo by Schmerling; FracTracker.org.) XXXX Proppants for shale gas and oil recovery Engineering ceramics for stimulation of unconventional energy resources New research shows mixed glass cullet, mine tailings, and drill-cutting waste streams are viable alternative sources of raw materials for engineering proppants for shale and oil recovery. 28 By John R. Hellmann, Barry E. Scheetz, Walter G. Luscher, David G. Hartwich, and Ryan P. Koseski O bulletin | cover story he development and commercialThe ization of natural gas- and oil-containing shales during the past decade have been instrumental in making the United States self-sufficient in terms of natural gas supply, with significant export potential. Concurrently, the significant increase in natural gas supply has the nation poised to make natural gas the largest component in our energy mix, while simultaneously slashing our greenhouse gas emission. Likewise, the bountiful supply of natural gas as an energy source and chemical feedstock has spurred a resurgence in the petrochemical, synthetic fuels, fertilizer, and manufacturing industries. Similar benefits are occurring in the ceramics industry, and opportunities abound for even greater contributions from our community. Directional drilling and hydraulic stimulation technology have been the main drivers for recovery of unconventional energy resources such as shale gas, gas from tight sands, and even coal bed methane. Natural gas is contained in fine, isolated porosity and adsorbed onto other organic constituents contained in the shale. The relatively impermeable nature of the shale requires creation of additional surface area to retrieve trapped natural gas in commercially viable quantities. Directional drilling accesses the deep, undulating shale seams to allow high recovery rates from intersecting fractures in the shale, while hydraulic stimulation fractures the shale to create the high surface area required for gas retrieval. Hydraulic stimulation—known in the industry as “hydrofracturing\" is a critical technology for creating and maintaining high-permeability paths for resource recovery over the life of the well. This is commonly achieved by introducing a slurry of surfactants, corrosives, and aggregates under pressure to induce and maintain fractures emanating from the well bore. The aggregates are pinned by closure stresses after the stimulation pressure has been relieved and \"prop\" the fracture open, thereby providing a permeable pathway for oil and gas to migrate to the well bore for subsequent extraction. Hence, the aggregates are commonly referred to in the industry as “proppants.\" Many materials have been used as proppants during the past six decades, including walnut hulls, Brady and Ottawa sands, glass, sintered bauxite and kaolin, and fused zircon. Current state-of-the-art proppants are manufactured from sintered highgrade bauxite and kaolin. High-grade bauxites are preferred for achieving the high strength required for proppants in deep wells, where closure stresses in the gas-bearing strata can exceed 8,000 to 10,000 psi. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Worldwide demand for proppants has increased more than 10-fold since the advent of shale gas extraction and is projected to exceed 100 billion pounds per year by 2017,¹ of which approximately 10% comprises sintered bauxite-based materials. However, the demand for high-quality bauxite for primary aluminum metal production and for use in industrial refractories also has increased almost sixfold worldwide during the past decade.² This has led to a significant shortage of bauxite, accompanied by a concomitant increase in cost and availability of high-strength ceramic proppants. Recent reviews report that bauxite reserves face a strategic challenge, particularly because the United States possesses few untapped domestic sources and relies on imports. Best case scenarios estimate development of new bauxite reserves is almost a decade away, and even then cannot meet our domestic needs. Therefore, the ability to manufacture high-quality proppants from a broad array of alternative raw materials, indigenous to the site of deployment, offers significant strategic benefit. Industrial waste streams and underutilized minerals from other industrial processes are a potential raw-material source. Such materials are ubiquitous throughout the regions where new domestic energy reserves are being tapped, for example, in the Marcellus, Utica and Bakken plays. The potential cost benefits associated with their ready availability and minimized transportation are enormous. Manufacturing such materials into proppants represents a significant departure from current industrial practice (i.e., high-temperature sintering of relatively expensive and increasingly scarce aluminosilicates such as bauxite and kaolin). During the past decade, work at Pennsylvania State University has demonstrated the feasibility of recycled glass cullet, fly ash, metallurgical slag, and mine tailings to manufacture proppants with properties and performance rivaling those of state-of-the-art sintered bauxite proppants. 3-15 High-strength, neutrally buoyant proppants derived from lower-grade sintered bauxites have American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Heating rate (d) (a) (b) Figure 1. Role of sintering process parameters on microstructure of sintered bauxite proppants. The phase composition of sample (a) is 88 wt % mullite, 12 wt % cristobalite. The samples shown in images b, c, and d are 100% mullite4 bonded by an aluminosilicate glass. Temperature Time Soak time (min) Table 1. Role of processing parameters on properties and microstructure Image Sintering Heating rate (°C/min) Density (g/cm3) temperature (°C) Characteristic strength (MPa) а 1,550 30 12 2.95 129 b 1,600 60 16 2.95 213 с 1,650 90 20 2.90 190 d 1,550 30 20 2.90 248 2622 been developed in collaboration with a major manufacturer and worldwide supplier of proppants.5,6,8 Dopant sintering aids promote desirable microstructural evolution and tailor surface reactivity and provide the ability to manufacture high-performance proppants from lowergrade, more readily available bauxite and kaolins than commonly used Related work addressed manufacturing high-quality proppants from chemically bonded pozzolonic materials, such as fly ash and slags, 14,15 ion-exchanged glass beads derived from domestic recycling of mixed glass cullet, 12,13 and mine tailings comprised of andesite-, rhyolite-, and metabasalt-based glass-ceramics.\" 9-11, 13 These waste-stream-based proppants rival commercially available sintered bauxite based materials with regard to strength, hardness, specific gravity, and permeability behavior according to industry-accepted testing protocols, such as ISO 13503.16,17 The work has been extended to manufacturing proppants from shale-based cuttings derived from the well-drilling process, as well as ferrous swarf derived from metals manufacturing and shows great promise. An additional benefit of this work is the ability to fabricate high-strength proppants with tailored specific gravity and engineered surface reactivity. This offers potential to reduce the need for | www.ceramics.org environmentally damaging additives to hydraulic stimulation fluids that maintain suspension and optimal delivery of proppants to the hydrofractured zone, and may accelerate the development of alternative stimulation technology, such as the use of liquid CO2 as a replacement for water. This approach warrants further evaluation and demonstration in locales where availability and treatment of water used in the hydraulic stimulation process is of immense environmental concern. This paper summarizes our work in developing ceramic proppants with properties tailored to specific geologic characteristics from lower-grade aluminosilicate reserves, underutilized minerals, and industrial and domestic waste streams High-specific-strength bauxitebased proppants via microstructural tailoring Early work in our laboratories addressed alternative sintering cycles to achieve full densification concurrently with the microstructural and crystalline phase evolution that is required for achieving high strength in bauxite- and kaolin-based proppants. Prior work had demonstrated that eliminating residual quartz, and suppressing cristobalite evolution during sintering was required for 29 Engineering ceramics for stimulation of unconventional energy resources Characteristic strength (MPa) - Undoped 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 -Potassia Iron oxide ° 1440 1460 1480 1500 1520 1540 Temperature (°C) 1560 Figure 2. Effect of potassia and hematite dopants on strength evolution as a function of sintering temperature in sintered bauxite proppants.5 300 Oum Figure 3. Metallic iron decorates the surface and is encapsulateed in the interior of 10 wt% Fe2O3-doped bauxite after sintering under reducing conditions (forming gas: 5% hydrogen in nitrogen at 100 mL/min). achieving optimal strengths. We examined the role of processing parameters given in Table 1 on the microstructural and crystalline phase development and, subsequently, density and strength in sintered-bauxite compositions (Figure 1). Characteristic strength, σ (measured in diametral compression), and specific gravity comparable to state-of-the-art commercial proppants (250 MPa and 2.9 g/cm³, respectively) were achieved at substantially lower temperatures than commonly used in commercial manufacturing (1,550°C versus 1,650°C) by manipulating the liquid phase sintering mechanisms and dwell time in temperature regimes where quartz dissolution was accelerated and cristobalite crystallization was suppressed, all the 30 while achieving full densification during liquid-phase sintering. 4,6 More rapid heating rates and shorter sintering dwell times than typically used in commercial manufacturing yielded higher characteristic strengths, because of the evolution of a fine-grained microstructure comprised primarily of mullite and corundum. Characteristic strengths rivaling those of state-of-the-art bauxite-based proppants were achieved, but at significantly higher heating rates and shorter sintering dwell times, offering substantial energy savings and environmental impacts relative to current industrial practice. Manipulating liquid-phase sintering via doping Conventional wisdom circa 2000 was that potassia and iron oxide impurities in bauxite- and kaolin-based raw materials resulted in lower-strength proppants 18. A rapid escalation in bauxite and kaolin prices during the past decade triggered an evaluation of the role of these impurities on microstructure and crystalline-phase evolution in lower-grade bauxites and kaolin for proppant manufacturing. In particular, if liquid-phase evolution, viscosity of the liquid phase, and rate of particle rearrangement could be reliably manipulated during each stage of liquid-phase sintering, then microstructure and crystalline-phase evolution could be tailored to yield the high strengths required for proppant applications. Using parametric experiment design, the roles of potassia and iron oxide concentration (as hematite), sintering temperature and sintering time on the liquid-phase evolution, particle rearrangement, and solution and precipitation during liquid phase sintering were determined. The study addressed the role of sintering temperature and dopant concentrations ranging from 0 to 1 wt% K₂O and 0 to 10 wt% Fe2O3 on the characteristic strength of a sintered bauxite proppant. Figure 2 demonstrates that low-to-moderate dopant levels of potassia and hematite can lead to strengths comparable to state-of-theart proppants, such as Carbo Ceramics HP7 (nominally 250 MPa diametral compressive strength) at sintering temperatures almost 100°C lower than conventionally used in the commercial manufacturing of high strength proppants. 5-7 Extended sintering cycles at higher temperatures yield full densification, but with substantially lower strengths because of the evolution of a pseudobrookite phase (R₂TiO2, where R=Al, Ti, and Fe) above 1,500°C.5 Doping in this study allowed manipulation of the valence of the dopant cation, and hence, the viscosity of the transient liquid phase, by adjusting the oxygen fugacity in the system during sintering. This permits tailoring the rate of densification as well as crystalline and microstructural evolution, which contribute to full densification and high strength 5,8 (diametral compressive strengths in excess of 250 MPa). Full densification can be achieved rapidly by altering the oxygen partial pressure in the sintering atmosphere. This results in a dense proppant with a surface decorated with metallic iron (Figure 3). Subsequent reheating in air reoxidizes the surface iron, accompanied by dissociation of iron-bearing oxides in the center of the specimen, resulting in a proppant with a distinct core-shell microstructure. The extent to which pore evolution occurs depends on temperature and time, and can be quite dramatic (Figure 4). Kinetic analysis of the pore evolution yielded an activation energy of 525 + 53 kJ/mole, which is comparable to creep activation energies in high alumina fireclay refractories. Figures 5 and 6 demonstrate www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.1 Weight (%) 101.8 101.6 101.4 101.2 101.0 100.8100.6 100.4 100.2 100.0 99.8 0 250 500 750 Temperature (°C) 1000 1250 1500 tion in the porous core could be beneficial for matching proppant properties to specific shale characteristics, where embedment and blinding of the proppant packs is expected to be an issue. The potential to use the catalytic activity of the proppant surface to treat fracturing fluids in-situ may offer substantial advantage in post-fracturing extraction and treatment of hydrofracturing fluids. The ability to tailor specific gravity will simplify the formulation of fracturing fluids to promote suspension and placement of proppants in deep, horizontal wells. High-strength, neutrally buoyant proppants will accelerate the development of non-water-based stimulation fluids, such as liquid CO2, thereby eliminating a major environmental concern surrounding the hydraulic stimulation technology, while concurrently allowing sequestration of this greenhouse gas into deep geological formations from which it originated. Figure 4. Effect of reheating previously densified doped bauxite proppants in air on pore evolution and development of a coreshell microstructure; micrographs left to right are as-sintered; onset of surface oxidation and pseudobrookite evolution; and creep cavitation during hematite dissociation. 5, 8 that high characteristic strength can be maintained in doped bauxite proppants that exhibit distinct core-shell microstructures. Pore evolution could be dramatically manipulated by altering oxygen partial pressure, temperature and time, ultimately resulting in the development of intermediate- to-highstrength proppants with neutral buoyancy.⁹ The ability to manipulate the microstructure of these materials by controlling oxygen partial pressure during sintering offers tremendous flexibility in developing proppants possessing high strength, surface catalytic activity, and a broad range of specific gravities, all characteristics of interest to the hydraulic stimulation industry for use in the emerging natural gas and oil plays. The ability to tailor the strength and hardness of the dense shell of the proppant, while promoting controlled deformaProppants from ion-exchanged mixed glass cullet Mixed glass cullet is a plentiful waste stream from the highly successful recycling efforts (a) in the United States. These efforts have resulted in sufficient clear cullet to meet all of the needs of the bottle-glass manufacturers and still provide a significant volume of brown and green cullet on an annual basis that is generally not returned to the glass-manufacturing cycle. Although mixed glass cullet has been used for construction aggregate, abrasives, and as admixtures for sanitaryware and brick production, the supply far exceeds demand, and hence, it is of marginal commercial value. The plentiful supply and availability in regions where significant natural gas plays are being developed makes mixed glass cullet an interesting candidate for proppant manufacturing. Manufacturing of beads from glass cullet in large commercial quantities has been broadly demonstrated in industry for use in reflective paints and abrasion media. High strength, sphericity, and roundness are hallmark characteristics. However, past experience in the energy industry has shown that glass sphere proppants do not perform as well as might be expected. Highstrength glass beads, when stressed to failure, possess such high stored elastic strain energy that they dust upon failure, thereby blinding (clogging) the interstices in the proppant beds that allow gas or oil to escape. Reverse-ion-exchange technology has been developed as a strategy to force the glass to fracture into large fragments, which will still the prop cracks and mitigate interstitial blind(b) (a) (b) -300 Qum -300 Qum Figure 5. Pore evolution during oxidative reheating (1,550°C in air) of previously fully dense sintered bauxite proppants containing 10 wt% hematite dopant; a) 4 minutes, b) 64 minutes.5 Figure 6. Core-shell microstructure development in a 10 wt% hematite-doped bauxite proppant (a) after reheating to 1,450°C in air (b); diametral compressive strength of 111 ± 12 MPa of sample (b) compares favorably to the as-sintered strength of 137 ± 8 MPa for sample (a).5 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 31 Engineering ceramics for stimulation of unconventional energy resources I Failure probability 99.900 Lot Description A Fine mixed glass culet 90.000 H B Medium mixed glass cullet C Recycled windshield glass D Recycled windshield glass 50.000 E Basalt glass G Visibead melt based glass H Visibead cullet based glass 10.000 5.000 2 mm Figure 7. Mixed glass cullet after flame spheroidization. ing. 12, 13 The concept involves generating a stress profile in the spherical proppant particle in which an outer shell of glass in moderate tension accompanies an embedded compressive stress field below the particle surface. This stress profile results in a high-strength particle, which, upon loading, yields crack arrest at the compressive zone and shedding of fragments of the outer skin from its surface, leaving behind a large core that continues to serve as a propping media. Figure 7 shows mixed glass cullet particles after flame spheroidization (performed in collaboration with Mo-Sci Corp, Inc., Rolla, Mo.). Figure 8 is a Weibull plot of diametral compressive strength of a variety of candidate glasses, including mixed glass cullet from domestic recycling streams (glasses A and B), recycled windshield glass (glasses C and D), a proprietary andesite-based glass (glass E), and sodalime-silica glass produced by Potters, Inc. (Visibead). Diametral compressive strengths ranged from 190 to >400 MPa (Table 2) and are comparable to stateof-the-art sintered bauxite proppants of similar size, such as Carbo Ceramics (Houston, Texas) Carboprop (205 ± 13 MPa) and Carbo HSP (254 ± 21 MPa); Norton Proppants (Saint-Gobain, Fort Smith, Ark.) Sintered Bauxite (245 ± 19 MPa); and Curimbaba Sinterball (Mineração Curimbaba, Brazil) (196 ± 12 MPa).4,6 No significant difference in strength as a function of color was observed in the particles derived from mixed glass cullet (Figure 9). Single- and reverse-ion-exchanges resulted in high strength particles with diametral compressive strengths 32 1.000 0.500 0.400 40.000 100.000 Strenght (MPa) 700.000 Figure 8. Weibull plot of strengths of flame spheroidized mixed class cullet (A and B), windshield glass (C and D), andesite-based glass (E) and Potters Visibeads measured in diametral compression.¹³ Table 2. Comparison of the diameter range, average sphere diameter, characteristic strength, and Weibull modulus all the as-spheroidized glass lots.13 Failure probability Diameter Average sphere Characteristic Weibull Lot range (mm) diameter (std) strength, σ (MPa) modulus, m A 0.4-0.6 0.509mm (0.047) 328.4 3.49 B 1.0-1.6 1.464mm (0.120) 193.1 6.57 C 0.4-0.6 0.516mm (0.041) 418.6 3.17 D 1.5-2.0 1.814mm (0.106) 231.8 5.14 E 0.4-0.6 0.484mm (0.043) 344.8 5.15 G 0.8-1.2 1.049mm (0.058) 280.3 5.79 H 0.8-1.5 1.203mm (0.111) 191.2 MPa 6.77 99.000 Brown: m 6.39 a=185.8 MPa T1=8% 90.000 50.000 10.000 5.000 1.000 10.000 4 Clear: m=8.40 = 197.5 MPa T1=0% Creen: m = 5.74 0 = 195.1 MPa T1 = 10% 100.000 Strenght (MPa) 1000.000 Figure 9. Strength distribution of -20/+40 mesh flame spheroidized mixed glass cullet (Glass B) after separation by color.13 well in excess of 200MPa. Mediumto long-time reverse-ion-exchanges resulted in significantly less fine particle generation and improved long term permeability in ISO 13503 crush and permeability tests (Figures 10 and Table 3). The net result is that reverseion-exchange processing is capable www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Failure probability 40 49 45 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2000 4000 6000 Strength (MPa) 8000 10000 ▲ C-0 A C-5X-10 A C-5X-60 ▲ C-5X-180 Figure 10. ISO 13503-2 crush behavior for reverse ion exchanged C-glass proppants.13 Table 3. ISO 13503-5 long term conductivity and permeability test data for lot C-5X-180 reverse ion exchanged glass samples (Courtesy of Accurate Test and Engineering, Inc., Albuquerque, NM) Closure (psi) Conductivity (milliDarcy-ft) Permeability (Darcy) 2000 4875 227 4000 927 46 6000 108 6 of altering the single-particle fracture behavior to yield long-term conductivity behavior up to higher stresses than industry-accepted coated sand proppants. Current efforts focus on scaling up manufacturing capabilities to determine whether the manufacturing economics permit replacing coated sands and intermediate-strength proppants with ion-exchanged glass proppants in hydraulic stimulation. Proppants from mine tailings Millions of tons of aluminosilicate ores such as andesite, rhyolite, and basalt are used annually as aggregates for the manufacturing of asphalt shingles. These minerals are indigenous to regions of the US experiencing the most intense development of unconventional natural gas and oil plays. They are mined in rock form, then comminuted to the right size distribution for roofing granules, leaving a large weight fraction of undersized fines that are redirected to land fill. However, the chemistry of these fines is ideal for melt spheroidization and devitrification into strong, tough proppant particles. In our work on prefused and aggregated andesite, rhyolite, and basalt American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 fines, we used a laboratory scale melt spheroidization tower (Figure 11) to produce highly spherical (sphericity and roundness both in excess of 0.9 on Krumbine-Schloss charts per ISO 13503-2 specifications), smooth, dense vitreous spheres (Figure 12). Crystalline phases such as magnetite, augite, labradorite, and albite nucleated and grew by applying secondary heat treatments. These toughened the particles by inducing crack deflection during failure (Figure 13), thereby yielding high-strength proppants (100 to 350 MPa, hardness (7 to 12 GPa), and fracture toughness (1.1 to 3.3 MPa.m¹/2).13 Particles subjected to heat treatments to optimize strength and fracture toughness failed into large fragments that continued to serve as proppants (Figure 14). The impressive crush and permeability behavior in ISO 13503-2 testing (Table 4), when combined with polymeric coating technology routinely used on silica- and bauxite-based proppants, yields a proppant that should compete quite favorably with state-ofthe-art high-strength proppants such as Carbo HSP and Curimbaba Sinterball.4 Our current efforts focus on scaling up to manufacturing tonnage quantities of these materials using direct flame spheroidization technology. Proppants from drill cuttings Drilling wells in unconventional deposits, such as shale, creates large quantities of drill cuttings (nominally 300 to 1,200 tons per well depending on depth and length of the | www.ceramics.org Figure 11. Flame spheroidization apparatus for manufacturing andesite, rhyolite, and basalt-based glass ceramic proppants. 9-11 horizontal lateral bore). These cuttings contain \"Technology Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials,\" referred to in the industry as TENORMS. The drill cuttings brought to the surface also contain all of the constituents of the synthetic drilling \"mud\" used to cool and lubricate the drill bit and flush cuttings from the well bore. Those components routinely are separated from the drill cuttings and recycled into new drilling muds. However, the cuttings retain significant quantities of mineral or synthetic oil, the primary liquid component of the mud, after the separation process. Hence, the TENORMs and residual mineral oil content in the drill cuttings must be treated as residual waste and disposed of in engineered landfills at significant expense. Conversion of the TENORM-containing drill cuttings into high-strength spherical aggregates would provide a beneficial reuse of these waste materials as proppants, thereby providing an additional source of materials for well stimulation, and simultaneously sequester the TENORMS back into the geological strata from whence they were extracted. Using technology recently developed at Pennsylvania State University for extracting tars and oils from tar sands, we have developed processes for cleansing the drill cuttings into a form that is amenable to spheroidization via pelletizing, sintering, and melt processing 33 Engineering ceramics for stimulation of unconventional energy resources (a) 1mm (b) 5mm Figure 12. Vitreous proppants manufactured using (a) apparatus in Figure 11 and (b) scaled-up processing apparatus at Mo-Sci, Inc. (a) (c) 5 μm (b) Figure 13. Crack deflection induced by devitrification of the amorphous matrix to albite and labradorite during heat treatments in air¹³. Heat treatment regimens: (a) 790°C for 25 h, (b) 990°C for 25 h, (c) 1,015°C for 1 h. (Figure 15). 19,20 Figure 11 shows our lab\'s spheroidization apparatus for manufacturing proppants with a variety of compositions. Currently we are assessing the role of spheroidization technique (dopant enhanced liquid-phase sintering versus melt spheroidization) on strength, hardness, and specific gravity. Impact and opportunity The development of unconventional energy resources, such as shale gas and oil, represents a sizable opportunity for participation by the ceramics community. New materials for drilling, 34 stimulation, detection, and production are needed. Proppants alone, for example, represent an impressive need and opportunity. Demand for proppants has exceeded our domestic rawmaterials supply and manufacturing capacity. None of the existing manufacturing capacity resides near the areas of intense exploration and production of shale oil and gas. We have demonstrated the feasibility of engineering indigenous raw materials that typically are relegated to landfill into valuable proppants. Eliminating these materials from landfill offers the opportunity for gaining significant environmental benefit while simultaneously developing a new source of a high-value-added material critical for the development of our shale gas and oil resources. But the opportunity is much broader than for proppants alone. Deploying the science and technology developed in the refractories, steel, cement, glass, and ceramics industries during the past century is critical to responsible, sustainable development of this new industry. New raw-material streams, new and revitalized large scale manufacturing capacity, enhanced transportation infrastructure for moving materiel, coating technologies, sensors, and new materials for enhanced production efficiencies, corrosion resistance, water treatment, waste and emissions mitigation, and environmental compliance must evolve. The ceramic community is ideally positioned to lead development of technologies that will enable safer, cleaner, more efficient use of our unconventional energy resources, and to provide solutions as we transition from a fossilfuel-driven energy ethos to a broader array of sustainable alternative energy technologies in the future. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge many useful discussions regarding their proppant development work with colleagues in the refractories industry (Richard C. Bradt and Marc Palmisiano), proppant manufacturing industry (Chad Cannan, Tom Palamara, Brett Wilson, and Bob Duenckel at Carbo Ceramics), glass industry (Ted Day and Steve Jung at Mo-Sci), and proppant testing community (William Smith at Accurate Test and Engineering Inc.). Professors Hellmann and Scheetz are founding directors and officers of Nittany Extraction Technologies LLC, which licenses intellectual property related to core-shell microstructural evolution in proppants and manufacturing of glass-ceramic proppants from The Pennsylvania State University. These relationships have been reviewed by the University\'s Institutional Conflict of Interest Committee and currently are managed by the University. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.1 Failure probability 99.900 Signifies type I failure 90.000 Type I zone 50.000 10.000 5.000 1.000 0.500 30.000 Type Il zone As-received: 790-5h 790-25 h 940-5h 940-25h 990-5h 990-25h Transition area 1015-1h 1015-17h 350 MP 150P 100.000 Strength (MPa) 4 1000.00 (a) (b) Figure 14. Weibull strength distribution of heat treated sample of flame spheroidized metabasalt. Highlighted points denote Type I failure (large fragments) that continue to serve as proppants. Blue lines divide the three failure type zones. Table 4. ISO 13503-5 conductivity results for a -30/+50 mesh size fraction of a high strength, high toughness glass-ceramic proppant. (Courtesy of Accurate Test and Engineering, Inc.) Closure Stress Permeability (Darcy) (psi) Conductivity milliDarcy-ft (md-ft) 2,000 6,786 314 4,000 5,974 278 6,000 1,520 79 8,000 7,25 39 John Hellmann is professor of materials science and engineering, and Barry Scheetz is professor of civil engineering, both at Pennsylvania State University. Walter Luscher is with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. David Hartwich is ceramic research engineer at ANH Refractories and Ryan Koseski is senior research engineer at SaintGobain North American R&D Center. Contact John Hellmann at hellmann@ matse.psu.edu. References \'M. O\'Driscoll, \"Proppant Prospects for Bauxite\"; presented at the 19th Annual Bauxite and Alumina Conference, March 13-15, 2013, Miami, Fla. http://www.indmin.com/downloads/Proppant%20Prospects%20 for%20Bauxite-Mike%20ODriscoll%2019 th%20Bx%20A1%20 Miami%203-2013.pdf 2P. Wray, \"Battling for Bauxite,\" Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 87 [8] 26-28 (2008) 3J.R. Hellmann, W.G. Luscher, R.P. Koseski, D.G. Hartwich, P.J. McClure, and B.E. Scheetz, \"Development of High Performance Proppants from Materials Derived from Industrial/ Domestic Waste Streams\"; pp. 66-78 in Proceedings of the 46th Efficiency (St. Louis, Mo., March 24-25, 2010), American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio. 4W.G. Luscher, \"Structure-Property Relationships in Aluminosilicate Derived Proppants,\" MS thesis in materials science and engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., 2004, 205 pp. 5W.G. Luscher, \"Role of Composition and Oxygen Partial Pressure on Microstructural and Crystalline Phase Evolution in Aluminosilicate Derived Aggregates\"; PhD thesis in materials science and engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., 2007, 304 pp. 6W.G. Luscher, J.R. Hellmann, B.E. Scheetz, and B.A. Wilson, \"Strength Enhancement of Aluminosilicate Aggregate Through Modified Thermal Treatment,\" J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 3 [2] 157-163 (2006). 7W.G. Luscher, J.R. Hellmann, D.L. Shelleman, and A.E. Segall, \"A Critical Review of the Diametral Compression Method for Determining the Tensile Strength of Spherical Aggregates,\" J. Test. Eval., 35 [6] 2007. 8J.R. Hellmann, W.G. Luscher, B.E. Scheetz, and B.A. Wilson, \"Materials Having a Controlled Microstructure, CoreShell Macrostructure, and Method for Its Fabrication,\" US Patent No. 7,828,998, 2010 (Licensed to Nittany Extraction. Technologies LLC). \'R.P. Koseski, \"Manipulation of Microstructure, Phase Evolution, and Mechanical Properties by Devitrification of Andersite for Use As Proppant\"; PhD thesis in materials science and engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. Dec. 2008 (239 pp.). 10R.P. Koseski, J.R. Hellmann, and B.E. Scheetz, \"Treatment of Melt Quenched Aluminosilicate Glass Spheres for Application as Proppants Via Devitrification Processes,\" US Patent No. 8,359,886, 2013 (Licensed to Nittany Extraction Technologies LLC). 1R.P. Koseski, J.R. Hellmann, and B.E. Scheetz, \"Treatment of Melt Quenched Andesite Glass Spheres for Application as Proppants Via Devitrification Processes,\" Mexican Patent No. MX/a/2011/002781; Mexico Pat. No. 03930 granted Aug. 2, 2012. 12J.R. Hellmann, B.E. Scheetz, and R. P. Koseski, \"Treatment of Particles for Improved Performance as Proppants,\" US Patent No. 8,193,128, 2012. 13David G. Hartwich, \"Development of Proppants from Ion Exchanged Recycled Glass and Metabasalt Glass Ceramics,\" MS thesis in materials science and engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa. 2011. 500 με (c) Figure 15. Pelletized (a), sintered (b), and flame spheroidized (c) proppants from Ionic Liquid Separation (ILS) processed drill cuttings from a Marcellus well.19 gas 14J.M. Boyce, \"Synthesis of Cementitiously Bonded Aggregates,\" MS thesis in materials science and engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa., 2008 (180 pp). 15J.T. Harris, A.E. Segall, J.R. Hellmann, B.E. Scheetz, R.P. Koseski, J.M. Boyce, \"An Experimental and Finite-Element Study of Proppant Compaction During Simulated API 60 Testing,\" J. Test. Eval., 39 [3] 1-6 (2011). 16International Standard 13503-2 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Completion Fluids and Materials; Part 2: Measurement of Properties of Proppants Used in Hydraulic Fracturing and Gravel-Packing Operations, ISO Ref. No. ISO 13503-2:2006(E). 17International Standard 13503-5, Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries Completion Fluids and Materials; Part 5: Procedures for Measuring the Long-Term Conductivity of Proppants, ISO Ref. No. ISO 13503-2:2006(E). 18B. Wilson and C. Cannan, Carbo Ceramics Inc., personal communication, November 2003. 19J. R. Hellmann, B.E. Scheetz, P.C. Painter, and B.G. Miller, \"Application of Ionic Liquid Separation, Sintering and Melt Spheroidization Processing to the Manufacturing of Proppants from Drill Cuttings from the Marcellus Shale Gas Play,\" Final Report to the Translational Research in Energy Support Programs (TRESP) of the Ben Franklin Technology Partnership of Central and Northern Pennsylvania, June 30, 2012 (30 pp). 20J.R. Hellmann, B.E. Scheetz, P.C. Painter, B.G. Miller, R.P. Koseski, and A.W. Lupinsky, \"Ionic Liquid Separation, Sintering, and Melt Spheroidization Processing of Proppants from Drill Cuttings from Gas and Oil Containing Geological Strata,\" Patent application filed 2011. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 35 ASTM International Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics: Setting standards since 1986 By Jonathan A. Salem and Michael G. Jenkins In this Q&A, ASTM Committee C28 leaders outline the goals and progress of the committee and its importance to the ceramics community. 1. What is an ASTM standard, and why are standards important? An ASTM International standard is a document developed with the consensus principles of the society that meets the approval requirements of ASTM regulations. In a technical sense, it distills the knowledge required to perform a measurement that can be used for material comparison, quality control, or design-related activities. During the materials development process, ceramic materials often are made in the form of square or circular plates. If an important characteristic of the material is fracture strength, then we could follow the requirements in ASTM Test Method C1499 to conveniently and reliably determine the material\'s strength. Standards tend to be prescriptive in nature, but within Committee C28, we include notes explaining the background behind the requirements. Standards are important because they attempt to incorporate stateof-the-art findings in a practical way through a consensus working group. The process strikes a balance between excessive specification and excessive convenience to minimize errors to levels practical for engineering purposes. This allows broad acceptance and use of the standard, which makes it possible to effectively compare one organization\'s measurement with another\'s. By providing a common framework for measurement and communication, the standard enhances commerce. C28.90 Executive C28.01 Mechanical Properties and Reliability COMMITTEE C28 - ADVANCED CERAMICS C28.92 Education/Outreach C28.93 Awards C28.03 C28.04 Physical Properties and NDE Ceramic Applications C28.94 ISO TC 206 TAG C28.95 Long-Range Planning C28.07 Ceramic-Matrix Composites C28.91 Nomenclature and Editorial Figure 1 - Organization of ASTM International Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics. 2. What is the ASTM C28 Committee? What need does it meet? ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics was established in 1986 when ceramics were being considered for aerospace, biomedical, military, and automotive applications to improve performance, fuel economy, and pollution levels. Because ceramics had not been used substantially in such demanding applications, the development of standards was viewed as necessary for successful implementation. Support for the volunteer committee has come from a variety of sources, including leadership from DOE, NIST, and NASA. It is an open forum. Membership, currently at 74 (about onehalf of its historical maximum), includes researchers from industry, academia, and government laboratories. Committee C28 is responsible for promotion of knowledge, stimulation of research, and development of standards (classifications, specifications, terminology, test methods, guides, and practices) relating to processing, properties, characterization, and performance of advanced monolithic and composite ceramics (Figure 1). The Committee meets twice per year: in conjunction with ICACC and a WebEx virtual meeting. Examples of C28 standards include measurement of fracture strength, fracture toughness, hardness, and elastic modulus. A unique standard developed by C28 that is Practice C1322, \"Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins\" (Figure 2). The committee also has developed standards for powder characterization, nondestructive evaluation, and Weibull statistics. 3. How are the standards developed by Committee C28 used? ASTM standards are used in material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design code or model verification. For example, ASTM Test Method C1421 \"Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics\" has been used to establish the fracture toughness of sapphire and silicate materials used in the International Space Station. Such data are needed for hardware design and safety assurance. The standards also have been used to compare the fracture properties (biaxial strength, fracture toughness, and slow crack growth) of transparent armor materials and sensor materials (Figure 3). Soon, they may be used to measure the burst strength of ceramic-matrix composite (CMC) tubes being considered for next-generation nuclear reactors. 4. How is a standard developed? When a standard is proposed, the relevant subcommittee reviews its necessity and practicality. If accepted, a task group leader, usually the proposer, is assigned and a taks group is formed. The group performs any necessary technical work and creates a draft for circulation, feedback, and subcommittee discussion. Once the task group feels the draft is ready for additional scrutiny, the subcommittee approves a ballot, usually for the subcommittee level. Once the draft 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 has passed subcommittee ballot(s), it is balloted at the committee and society levels. Along the way, the committees resolve technical issues and negative ballots. 5. What is the committee working on now? Several of C28\'s physical characterization standards were out of date. Matthias Thommes and Tony Thorton have led the effort to revamp them based on newer technology. Precision and bias statistics are being established through round robin test programs. This effort will provide users with more accurate estimates of their powder distributions, pore distributions, and elemental mass fractions. Earlier, a work task group primarily from industry (Jim Webb, Sujanto Widjaja, and John Helfinstine of Corning Inc. and Randy Stafford of Cummins Inc.) developed standards for measuring properties of diesel particulate filter materials. The newest efforts involve the development of standards for testing CMC tubes being considered for next-generation nuclear reactor rods. Although the committee has established test methods for CMCS manufactured in plate form through efforts led by Michael Jenkins and Edgar Lara-Curzio, a new effort was needed to address the complexities of testing tubular components in a variety of modes. The effort has generated international interest because nuclear power is used significantly in Europe and Asia, as well as in the US. Yutai Katoh and Stephen Gonczy are leading efforts to develop standards and specifications for CMCs in nuclear applications. 6. What are the challenges in developing a standard? Standards development can be arduous. A dedicated champion is needed to carry it through the draft writing and balloting processes. Generally, the process takes at least two years with several ballots at the subcommittee and committee levels. Negative ballots must be addressed and resolved. Technical objections may require additional analyses or tests to address committee objections, thereby adding time to the process. The addition of a precision and bias statement to a standard is beneficial and American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 groupspreferred, but requires a round-robin test program. Round-robin programs require the participation of multiple laboratories followed by statistical data analyses, which requires patience again. Task all volunteers-usu ally comprise a small core group of participants and other individuals that help with tasks as their schedules allow. Tight travel budgets plus work and personal life priorities all influence the process. Despite these challenges, C28 work meets the technical rigor and attention to detail of other standards organizations. ASTM supplies essential support in the development process with support staff, ballot processing, and publishing services. 7. How often are standards updated? Origin {111} {111} Scratches Origin {111} 50 μm 500 μm Figure 2 Fracture origin identified using ASTM C1322. Inset shows detail of a crack emanating from a scratch. Precrack 500 μη Figure 3 Fracture surface of a specimen used to determine fracture toughness using ASTM C1421. At minimum, ASTM standards are renewed on a five-year basis. The ballot process is relatively simple if the stateof-the-art has not changed. Updating and reballoting a standard is considered renewal and relatively quick. Standards that are no longer relevant can be discontinued. 8. How can standards be accessed? Standards can be accessed at libraries in CD or paper form, or at the ASTM website (www astm.org). Members receive a free volume each year. Student members are able to buy standards at a heavily discounted rate through a program for university professors. The background work for standards is the open literature and specific efforts by task group members, which are often presented at committee-sponsored technical workshops and symposiums and published in ASTM\'s Special Technical | www.ceramics.org Publications. 9. How can interested people get involved? Getting involved is simple. Attend a committee meeting and participate in a task group. The committee colocates its winter meeting with ACerS ICACC to encourage participation of ACerS members. ASTM welcomes nonmembers, but joining the society has the benefit of selecting a standard volume. Volunteers can contribute by writing draft standards for review and ballot, organizing a round robin to establish a precision and bias statement, or running analyses to establish test specimen criteria. About the authors Jonathan A. Salem is outgoing chair of ASTM Committee C28. Michael G. Jenkins is incoming vice chair of C28, a subcommittee chair, and a task group leader. Contact Salem at jonathan.a.salem@nasa.gov | 37 (Credit: Salem, NASA.) (Credit: Salem, NASA.) Founding Partner ceramicS -expo the manufacturing tradeshow for ceramic materials and technologies Launching in 2015, an event for the entire ceramics and glass supply chain The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org \"Ceramics Expo establishes a crucial marketplace for ceramic manufacturing and supply chain products and services under one roof\" Charlie Spahr, Executive Director, The American Ceramic Society, Partner of Ceramics Expo April 28-30, 2015 Cleveland, Ohio Exhibition & Sponsorship Now Open Contact our team today to find out how you can participate. Email us at info@ceramicsexpousa.com or call us toll free: +1 855 436 8683. www.ceramicsexpousa.com 38TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES www.ceramics.org eramics.org/icacc2014 020 10 N 102 90409060700 MEETING OVERVIEW The 38th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites continues the strong tradition as the leading international meeting on advanced structural and functional ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and technologies. Since its inception in 1977, this prestigious conference has been organized by ACerS\'s Engineering Ceramics Division and ACers. The conference has experienced tremendous growth in interest and participation from ceramic researchers and developers representing national, regional, and global technical communities. The technical program consists of oral and poster presentations and provides an open forum for scientists, researchers, and engineers from around the world to present and exchange findings on recent advances on various aspects related to ceramic science and technology. January 26-31, 2014 | Hilton Daytona Beach | Resort and Ocean Center | Daytona Beach, Florida, USA Michael Halbig 2014 ICACC Program Chair NASA Glenn Research Center SPONSORS CCTC 三环集团 UBE UBE INDUSTRIES.LTD. A SYSTEM CORNING CSIR PLASMA ELECTRONIC SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Sunday - January 26 Welcome Reception Monday - January 27 5-7 p.m. Opening Awards Ceremony and Plenary Session Technical Sessions Tuesday - January 28 Technical Sessions Exposition and Reception Poster Session A 8:30 a.m. Noon 1:30-6 p.m. 8 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. 5-8 p.m. 5-8 p.m. Wednesday - January 29 Technical Sessions Exposition and Reception Poster Session B 8 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 5-7:30 p.m. 5-7:30 p.m. Thursday - January 30 Technical Sessions Friday - January 31 Technical Sessions 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. 8 a.m. - Noon MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS AND GLASS SHORT COURSE Instructors: George D. Quinn, NIST; Richard C. Bradt, University of Alabama Thursday and Friday, January 30 – 31, 2014 This two-day course covers: • Mechanical properties of ceramics and glasses for elastic properties, strength measurements, fracture parameters, and indentation hardness; • Fundamentals of properties for each topical area; • Relation of properties to structure and crystal chemistry of the materials; • And more. Visit www.ceramics.org/icacc2014 for rates. MEETING APP To take full advantage of the ICACC\'14 technical program, create a personal schedule with the Itinerary Planner prior to arriving in Daytona Beach. Scan the QR code to access the Myltinerary app. Download, then bookmark the site or add a link to your home screen. You can sync the app with your Google calendar and with your online itinerary by entering your unique itinerary name. 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 Monday January 27 | 8:30 a.m. - Noon AWARD AND PLENARY SPEAKERS 2014 James I. Mueller Award Wiederhorn Sheldon Wiederhorn Senior Fellow Emeritus, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA Title: From the Rattler Test to Modern Fracture Mechanics: A Perspective on Toughness In this talk, we project backward to a time when there was no materials science, no fracture mechanics, and no way to characterize or modify the microstructure of materials in a controlled way. There were no universal mechanical test machines and no standard means of establishing how a material would perform under a given load regime. Yet the needs for mechanical reliability were there, just as they are today. In this talk we review some of the problems encountered at the beginning of the 20th century that remain problems today. We shall show how the development of fracture mechanics and modern techniques of microstructural analysis have enabled the solution of mechanical problems associated with the use of ceramics in modern applications. In the course of the lecture we will trace the development of fracture mechanics from the early 20th century to the present day and the replacement of performance tests with design criteria based on fracture mechanics analysis. 2014 Bridge Building Award Varela José A. Varela CEO, São Paulo State Research Funding Agency (FAPESP); Professor, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), Brazil Title: Building Bridges in Materials Science and Technology: An Important Issue for Solving Basic Problems in Modern Society The world population is at seven billion and growing. We are stretching the limits of the Earth\'s natural resources. To achieve our global goals of environmental health and economic development, we must find new and effective ways to use science and technology to meet our expanding energy needs while reducing gas emissions to minimize climate change. This is a global challenge, and each nation must find its own individualized means to contribute solutions to this problem. Those challenges need more collaboration among worldwide scientists as well as an open science. Our recent knowledge in nanoscience and nanotechnology, in particular functional oxide semiconductors, has opened many doors for solving key technological problems. Developing new materials is a multidisciplinary field and building bridges for scientists and engineers is an important issue to have more efficient materials solution for the future of humankind. There are several ranges of forming networks for scientists in materials science, including those in the same research institution, among different research institutions, between research institutions and industries (for innovation), and at different countries. Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division The Amer car Comic Society Plenary Speaker Willard Cutler Technology Director, Environmental Technology, Corning Incorporated Title: The Need and Potential of Porous Ceramic Materials A substantial amount of work over many decades has Cutler been aimed at developing understanding to create defect-free, fully dense ceramic bodies. However, there is an equal need for understanding and industrialization of porous ceramic bodies with well-engineered pores. The talk will provide an overview of specific aspects of porous materials, including commercial uses, materials selection, porosity creation, processing, characterization, and properties. Specific examples will be provided from pollution control and filtration sectors. Plenary Speaker Ulrich Simon Professor, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Germany Title: Nanostructured Metal Oxides in Gas-Sensing Applications: Challenges and Perspectives The talk will address the challenge of identifying strucSimon ture-property relations and descriptors for a rational design of gas-sensing materials consisting of either semiconducting nanoparticles or ion-conducting nanoporous materials. Selected examples will demonstrate the potential of high-throughput experimentation in search of new selective gas sensors and will introduce zeolites as a chemically variable class of nanoporous proton conductors, which can be optimally tuned, in particular for exhaust-gas monitoring. Global Young Investigator Award Hemmer Eva Hemmer Postdoctoral Researcher, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-Centre EMT), Canada Title: Title: Ln³+-Doped Gd2O3 Nanostructures for NIRNIR Bioimaging Bioimaging is an important tool allowing the visualization and understanding of biomedical processes. However, the main disadvantage of common organic dyes is color fading, autofluorescence, phototoxicity, and scattering when UV light is used as the excitation source. Consequently, the penetration depth is limited. Yet, the use of NIR light reduces phototoxicity and scattering, resulting in deeper penetration, and imaging of deeper tissue areas becomes possible. NIR absorbing and emitting compounds are promising candidates to overcome the disadvantages of common dyes. Because new, reliable NIR-NIR biomarkers were needed, Gd₂O̟¸:Er³+,Yb³+ nanorods and particles were synthesized by hydrothermal and precipitation processes. Their suitability as biomarkers for 980-nm excited NIR emission was investigated. In-vitro tests revealed a cytotoxic effect in the case of incubation of macrophages with bare nanostructures. This was deduced from the poor chemical stability of Gd2O3 under the acidic conditions found inside macrophages, which was overcome with surface modification with PEG-b-PAAC. The in-vivo biodistribution in mouse organs was investigated with a >1000nm NIR in-vivo fluorescence bioimaging system. This system allows the time-resolved observation of the distribution of the nanostructures in the mouse body. The Gd2O3 doped with Ho³+ and Er³+ system allows multicolor imaging based on their 1.2- and 1.5-μm emissions. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 41 02010 N 102 38TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES www.ceramics.org/icacc2014 504 05 06 07 SYMPOSIA SCHEDULE (Schedule was accurate when the Bulletin went to press. Check onsite to confirm times and locations.) Mon Tue PM AM PM He Tue Wed Wed Thu Thu Fri AM PM AM PM AM S1 Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics and Composites • • • S2 Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications S3 11th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs): Materials, Science, and Technology S4 Armor Ceramics S5 Next-Generation Bioceramics and Biocomposites S6 Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation and Rechargeable Energy Storage S7 8th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanocomposites S8 8th International Symposium on Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials and Systems (APMT8) in Honor of Professor Stuart Hampshire S9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications S10 Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic Genome S11 Advanced Materials and Innovative Processing Ideas for the Industrial Root Technology S12 Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases) S13 Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy FS1 Geopolymers, Chemically Bonded Ceramics, and Ecofriendly and Sustainable Materials FS2 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy FS3 Rare-Earth Oxides for Energy, Optics, and Biomedical Applications FS4 Ion-Transport Membranes 3rd Global Young Investigator Forum • • • • . • • • • • • • • • 2nd Pacific Rim Engineering Ceramics Summit • 42 HOTEL Hilton Daytona Beach Resort 100 North Atlantic Ave., Daytona Beach, FL • 386-254-8200 Contact hotel for availability. wwwxxx AY . • . • • • . EXPOSITION This event offers an exceptional opportunity to present your company\'s latest products, services, and technology to a sophisticated audience sharply focused on this market. Tuesday, January 28, 2014: 5:00 – 8:00 p.m. Wednesday, January 29, 2014: 5:00 – 7:30 p.m. Contact Mona Thiel at mthiel@ceramics.org or at 614-794-5834. Visit www.ceramics.org/icacc2014 for more information Rented booths Nonrented booths Poster Boards 127 125 123 121 117 115 111 107 105 103 101 226 224 222 220 216 214 212 210 206 204 202 200 227 225 223 221 207 205 203 201 Food Station 326 324 322 320 306 304 302 300 327 325 323 321 317 315 313 311 307 305 303 301 426 424 422 420 416 414 412 410 406 404 402 400 Poster Boards Exhibitor Alfred University American Ceramic Society (The) AVS Inc. BTU International Booth No. Exhibitor Booth No. 315 J&L Tech Co. Ltd. 414 101 Keith Co. 220 107 Laeis GmbH 321 115 Linseis GmbH 304 Carbolite Inc. 206 MEL Chemicals 322 Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. 416 MTI Corp. 222 Ceramics Expo 227 Nabertherm 307 CM Furnaces Inc. 311 Netzsch Instruments North America LLC 300 Deltech Inc. 326 New Lenox Machine Co. Inc. 306 Dorst America 303 NIST 111 Eirich Machines Inc. 203 Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. 320 ESL ElectroScience 202 Powder Processing & Technology 402 Evans Analytical Group 412 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics 210 Florida Institute of Technology 327 Process Design & Innovation 302 Fuel Cell Materials.com 105 PTX-Pentronix-Gasbarre Presses 207 Furuya Metal Co. Ltd. 223 R.D. Webb Co. 216 GE Aviation 410 Robocasting Enterprises 200 GT Advanced Technologies, formerly 226 Sonoscan Inc. 221 Thermal Technologies Swindell Dressler International 301 H.C. Starck North American Trading LLC 305 TA Instruments 325 Haiku Tech Inc. 313 TAV SPA 420 Harper International 317 TEAM by Sacmi 321 Harrop Industries Inc. 201 TevTech 214 HED International Inc. 400 Thermaltek Inc. 103 Heraeus Thick Film Division 212 Thermal Wave Imaging 323 Hockmeyer Equipment Corp. 205 Washington Mills 117 Imerys Fused Minerals 225 Zircar Ceramics Inc. 224 Innovnano Advanced Materials S.A. 204 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 43 20 10 102 9030006/07 Exhibit Dates: January 28 - 29, 2014 ICACC\'14 EXPO PREVIEW Alfred University Booth No. 315 Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering/New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University offers BS and MS degrees in ceramic engineering, glass, biomaterials, materials science and engineering, electrical and mechanical engineering; PhD degrees in ceramics, glass, and materials science; short courses for ceramics and glass professionals; research in glass, ceramics, and biomaterials; and analytical services. watkinsb@alfred.edu | www.engineering.alfred.edu Ph: 607-871-2473 | Fax: 607-871-2392 ܀ ܀ American Ceramic Society (The) Booth No. 101 More than 9,500 scientists, engineers, researchers, manufacturers, plant personnel, educators, students, and marketing and sales professionals from more than 70 countries make up the members of The American Ceramic Society. The Society provides members and subscribers access to an extensive array of periodicals and books, meetings and expositions, and online technical information. ACerS Journals are three of the most cited ceramic publications in the world. ACerS educates and provides forums to connect individuals working in ceramics-related materials through hosted technical meetings and conferences to better advance the ceramics community. Since 1898, ACerS has been the hub of the global ceramics community and one of the most trusted sources of ceramic materials and applications knowledge. If ceramic materials and technologies are a significant part of your work, then ACerS is the professional society for you. customerservice@ceramics.org | www.ceramics.org Ph: 866-721-3322 | Fax: 240-396-5637 AVS Inc. Booth No. 107 * ܀ ܀ AVS specializes in design, engineering, fabrication, and complete integration of custom furnaces. We specialize in applications involving combinations of high temperatures to 2,400°C, vacuum to 10-6 torr, and gas pressures to 3,000 psig (200 bar). We also manufacture furnaces that include hydraulic hot pressing from 5 tons to more than 1,000 tons of force, complex gas controls, such as MIM and CVD, as well as combination debinding/sintering furnaces. Some AVS furnace applications involve induction heating, but most utilize either graphite or metal resistance heating. AVS leads the industry with its ACE Data Acquisition and Control System, a fully integrated control system that provides graphical user interface screens with point-and-click selection and control of furnace components, run-time parameter displays, recipe screens, user-configurable recipes, status screens, statistics screen, and trend screens, including a split-screen feature, allowing direct trend screen comparisons. sales@avsinc.com | www.avsinc.com Ph: 978-772-0710 | Fax: 978-772-6462 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ BTU International Booth No. 115 BTU International is a global supplier of advanced thermal-processing equipment and processesfor alternative energy and electronics assemblyapplications. BTU\'s controlled-atmosphere furnaces are available with temperature ranges up to 1,150°C and with various process atmospheres, including hydrogen and nitrogen. Excellent atmosphere purity is achieved through the use of BTU\'s patented gas barrier technology with an end result of superior efficiency, superior performance, and superior thermal uniformity. sales@btu.com | www.btu.com Ph: 978-667-4111 | Fax: 978-667-9068 * ܀ ܀ ܀ Carbolite Inc. Booth No. 206 Established in 1938, Carbolite is a world-leading manufacturer and supplier of elite laboratory heating equipment. Carbolite offers an extensive line of laboratory heat-processing furnaces and oven products for use in the research, testing, and pilot-plant environments. Furnaces are provided for operation up to 1,800°C, oven products to 600°C, and incubators to 80°C. Our product range includes multiple chamber sizes of box/chamber, tube, and bottom- and top-loading furnaces, ovens, incubators, and sterilizers. Carbolite also provides modified or special furnace and oven products. Custom-engineered furnaces can be designed to meet specific customer requirements. sales@carbolite-usa.com | www.carbolite.com Ph: 920-262-0240 | Fax: 920-262-0255 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Centorr Vacuum Industries Booth No. 416 Centorr Vacuum Industries is a manufacturer of vacuum/controlled-atmosphere furnaces for sintering, debinding, and heat treatment of advanced ceramics (SIC, Si N, AIN, BN, and BC), refractory metals, and hard metals. Available in laboratory/production sizes to 3,000°C with graphite or refractory metal hot zones and optional Sweepgas binder-removal system. plennon@centorr.com | www.centorr.com Ph: 603-595-7233 | Fax: 603-595-9220 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Ceramics Expo Booth No. 227 Ceramics Expo is trade show dedicated to providing a one-stop-shop for all raw materials, equipment, machinery, and technology used in the ceramic manufacturing supply chain. The inaugural Ceramics Expo will be April 28-30, 2015, at the Cleveland, Ohio, International Exposition Center. adam.moore@smartershows.com | www.ceramicsexpousa.com Ph: +44 1273 916 300 | Fax: +44 1273 774341 ܀ ܀ ܀ CM Furnaces Inc. Booth No. 311 * CM Furnaces offers units of standard design and construction as well as specialized custom units. We manufacture a complete line of laboratory furnaces in all configurations, including box and tube furnaces, ranging from 1,000°C to 2,000°C. These are available in air, inert and reducing atmospheres. CM also offers production furnaces and our 1,700°C batch, hydrogen, and box furnaces. info@cmfurnaces.com | www.cmfurnaces.com Ph: 973-338-6500 | Fax: 973-338-1625 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Deltech Inc. Booth No. 326 Our motto is, \"We build the furnace to fit your need.\" Since 1968, family owned and operated Deltech has designed and built standard and custom electric benchtop and production furnaces for materials science researchers and manufacturers worldwide. Operating temperatures up to 2,000°C in air, inert atmospheres, and under positive pressures. Special designs for glass melt applications. Rotary kilns are our newest offering. mary@deltechfurnaces.com | www.deltechfurnaces.com Ph: 303-433-5939 | Fax: 303-433-2809 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Dorst America Booth No. 303 Dorst Technologies provides state-of-the-art solutions for your ceramic forming needs whether you need to dry press (mechanical, hydraulic, and electric presses), isostatic press, pressure cast, or extrude. Technology-leading spray-drying solutions also are available. Dorst also provides world class support for customers in training and all areas of equipment support. g.wallis@dorstamerica.com | www.dorst.de Ph: 610-317-2000 | Fax: 610-317-6416 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Eirich Machines Inc. Booth No. 203 Eirich Machines designs, manufactures, and supplies batch and continuous mixers and systems for the processing of raw materials, compounds, waste, and residues in a wide range of industries. Our complete line of products for mixing, agglomerating, pelletizing, grinding, granulating, and plasticizing range from 1 to 10,000 liters and can be equipped with vacuum. A full line of test equipment allows for presale testing in our lab or the customer\'s plant. nsemitka@eirichusa.com | www.eirichusa.com Ph: 847-406-1313 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 511 Yes, it\'s cerami THERMAL ANALY ESL ElectroScience Booth No. 202 ESL ElectroScience specializes in providing solutions to enable customers to take technologies from concept through high-volume production using thick-film pastes and ceramic tapes. ESL products can be found in hybrid microcircuits, multilayer microelectronics, transformers, thick-film heaters, sensors, and fuel cells. Itimko@electroscience.com | www.electroscience.com Ph: 610-272-8000 ܀ ܀ ܀ Evans Analytical Group Booth No. 412 Evans Analytical Group (EAG) is the global leader in materials characterization for ceramics and other advanced materials. We specialize in measurement of material composition, purity, contaminant levels, and crystal structure, etc., using advanced analytical techniques, such as GDMS, ICPMS, SEM, TEM, XRD, XRF, XPS, SIMS, Auger, and FTIR. EAG provides fast turn-around time, superior data quality, and excellent results, with ISO 9001 and 17025 certification. EAG has more than 15 locations in the US, Asia, and Europe. info@eaglabs.com | www.eaglabs.com Ph: 408-530-3500 | Fax: 408-530-3501 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Florida Institute of Technology Booth No. 327 www.fit.edu ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Fuelcellmaterials.com Booth No. 105 Fuelcellmaterials.com is the premier resource for solid oxide fuel cell powders, materials, components, test fixtures, and fabrication aids. Fuelcellmaterials.com focuses its efforts on delivering high-quality products with a high level of customer service and support. sales@fuelcellmaterials.com | www.fuelcellmaterials.com Ph: 614-635-2025 | Fax: 614-842-6607 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Furuya Metal Co. Ltd. Booth No. 223 Furuya Metal produces industrial-use products made of platinum group metals, including platinum, rhodium, palladium, iridium, and ruthenium. PGM possess outstanding properties, such as excellent heat resistance, high chemical stability, and high electric conductivity, and they play an important role in electronics, optical glass, the environment, and medicine. Furuya Metal manufactures PGM products, such as crucibles for crystal growth, sputtering targets, thermometers, and chemical compounds. naoki_nishioka@furuyametals.co.jp | www.furuyametals.co.jp/english/index.html Ph: +81-3-5977-3374 | Fax: +81-3-5977-3371 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ GE Aviation Booth No. 410 Ph: 910-795-2375 kristen1.fitzsimmons@ge.com | www.geaviation.com GT Advanced Technologies, formerly Thermal Technology Booth No. 226 GTAT is a diversified technology company and global manufacturer of advanced thermalprocessing systems with innovative hot presses, spark plasma and direct-current sintering systems, laboratory and production furnaces, and crystal growth equipment. The company has a history of delivering innovative products that provide sustained value to customers by lowering manufacturing cost and improving operational efficiency. patricia.mede@gtat.com | www.thermaltechnology.com Ph: 707-571-1911 | Fax: 707-571-8098 H.C. Starck North American Trading LLC Booth No. 305 H.C. Starck is a leading international developer and manufacturer of high-performance metals and ceramic powders as well as fabricated metal and ceramic products for electronics, energy, industrial engineering, automotive, and aerospace applications. Customers benefit from our technology leadership, extensive production process knowledge, and materials expertise, from efficient R&D application technology to fully integrated production supply chains. Innovation, a clear commitment to quality, and technological expertise lets us support customers along the entire value creation chain. robert.jensen@hcstarck.com | www.hcstarck.com Ph: 617-630-4857 | Fax: 617-630-5919 ܀ ܀ ܀ Haiku Tech Inc. Booth No. 313 ܀ Haiku Tech specializes in materials, equipment, and solutions for the manufacturing of electronic passive components, including dielectric powders, binders, tape formulations services, tape casters, sheet blankers, mechanical punches, screen printers, stackers, isostatic laminators, chip dicers, termination equipment, tape and reel, optical dilatometers, and visual inspection equipment. sales@haikutech.com | www.haikutech.com Ph: 305-463-9304 | Fax: 305-463-8751 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Harper International Booth No. 317 Harper International is a global leader in the design of complete thermal-processing solutions and technical services for the production of advanced materials, including custom-designed rotary, pusher, and belt conveyor furnaces. Our experience spans a range of engineering ceramics, including designing for the production of silicon nitride, tungsten carbide, boron nitride, and aluminas. Harper kilns are widely used to calcine powders and sinter components, such as thermistors, varistors, and monolithic and multilayer capacitors. info@harperintl.com | www.harperintl.com Ph: 716-684-7400 | Fax: 716-684-7405 Harrop Industries Inc. Booth No. 201 LFA Law Fish The Harrop designs and manufactures a complete line of continuous and periodic tape casters, dryers, burn-off ovens, and kilns to produce ceramic products for laboratory, pilot-plant, and industrial applications. Heat sources can be electric or gas fired. Microwave-assisted heating is available. Provides thermal analysis lab services and toll firing. sales@harropusa.com | www.harropusa.com Ph: 614-231-3621 | Fax: 614-235-3699 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ HED International, Inc. Booth No. 400 www.hed.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ * Heraeus Thick Film Division Booth No. 212 Heraeus Precious Metals, Thick Film Division, is a worldwide supplier of thick-film pastes, LTCC materials, and precious-metal powders to the hybrid microelectronics industry. The Division has developed a series of pastes for the manufacture of solid oxide fuel cells. Heraeus also offers paste optimization and toll manufacturing services for those companies that prefer proprietary control of their inorganic formulations. yin.yin@heraeus.com | www.thickfilm.net Ph: 610-825-6050 | Fax: 610-825-7061 ܀ ܀ Hockmeyer Equipment Corp. Booth No. 205 Hockmeyer Equipment Corp. is the leading supplier of grinding and dispersion equipment with viscosity ranges up to 2 million cps. The Hockmeyer Immersion Milling Technology can handle most solid particles suspended in a liquid or paste and produce particles down to the submicron or nanoparticle range in tight particle-size distributions. gmurphy@hockmeyer.com | www.hockmeyer.com Ph: 252-562-3110 | Fax: 252-338-6540 ܀ ܀ Imerys Fused Minerals/UCM Advanced Ceramics Booth No. 225 Imerys Fused Minerals is the new name for UCM Advanced Ceramics GmbH. Based in Laufenburg, Germany, Imerys will be exhibiting its range of stabilized fused zirconia submicron powders for engineering ceramics. The company has produced these materials for more than 20 years for customers in the automotive, aerospace, structural ceramic, and fuel cell industries. Available powders include 3-, 5-, and 8-mol%-yttria-stabilized zirconia, spinel, and other specialized zirconiabased ceramics. gordon.bennett@ucm-fm.com Ph: 44-0-7836505958 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 45 20 10 Exhibit Dates: January 28 - 29, 2014 ICACC\'14 EXPO PREVIEW Innovnano - Advanced Materials S.A. Booth No. 204 From its state-of-the-art Manufacturing Technology Centre, in Coimbra, Portugal, Innovnano produces industrial quantities of high-performance nanostructured ceramic powders and products. Applications include thermal barrier coatings, high-surface-area catalysts, structural engineering components, orthopedic and dental applications, selective gas sensors, solid oxide fuel cells, scratch-resistent transparent coatings, and sputter targets. Innovnano has an extensive network of technology partners in Europe and the USA and is open to collaborative partnerships with other organizations. Our ceramic powders offer lower-cost-processing routes for manufacturers to achieve higher-performing ceramic products, coatings, and intermediates. paul.newbatt@innovnano.pt | www.innovnano.pt Ph: +351 21 00 58 600 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ J&L Tech Co. Ltd. Booth No. 414 lis8184@jnltech.co.kr | www.jnltech.co.kr Ph: 82-31-4991005 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Keith Company Booth No. 220 Lab- and production-scale furnace systems for processing advanced ceramics and specialty metals. Batch, continuous, electric, or gas-heated furnaces for the most exacting heat-processing applications. Experienced in processing nanoscale, glass, and rechargeable battery materials for solar, SOFC, piezoelectric actuator, capacitor, thermistor, and oxide ceramic applications. For 55 years, Keith has served the aerospace, automotive, ceramics, electronics, energy, and medical industries with precision heating furnaces often integrated with automation and digital process control. r.fehr@keithcompany.com | www.keithcompany.com Ph: 800-545-4567 | Fax: 562-949-3696 Laeis GmbH Booth No. 321 ܀ Laeis supplies hydraulic presses for refractories, fine ceramics, advanced ceramics, carbon products, building materials, salt products, and special applications. The company also manufactures mixers, heat-up drums, handling and automation systems, and can help customers with equipment needs for partial and complete plants. info@laies.eu | www.laeis.eu Ph: 352-276120 | Fax: 352-27612109 Linseis Inc. Booth No. 304 ܀ ܀ Linseis manufactures thermal analysis instruments including DTA, TGA, STA, DSC, dilatometry, xenon flash and laser flash thermal conductivity systems, and Seebeck coefficient/electrical resistivity instruments. r.ansel@linseis.com | www.linseis.com Ph: 609-223-2070 | Fax: 609-223-2074 MEL Chemicals Booth No. 322 MEL Chemicals is a global manufacturer and supplier of high-quality zirconium-based chemicals. Products include doped and undoped zirconias, including ready-to-press yttria- and magnesiadoped materials, for advanced ceramic applications in structural, dental, medical, sensors, SOFC, and catalysis applications. MEL also offers a range of tin oxides for ceramic and advanced applications. pjones@melchemicals.com | www.zrchem.com Ph: 908-782-5800 MTI Corp Booth No. 222 ܀ Fax: 908-782-8378 Since 1995, MTI has been providing a total solution for materials research labs, such as crystal substrates, cutter, polisher, high-temperature box/ tube furnaces, pressing machine, CIP, film coaters, glove boxes, high-vacuum system, RTP, CVD, PVD furnaces, multichannel gas-mixing system as well as compact XRD and equipment for battery research. mel@mtixtl.com | www.mtixtl.com Ph: 510-525-3070 Nabertherm Booth No. 307 ܀ ܀ ܀ Nabertherm supplies furnaces globally, with all manufacturing completed at our facilities in Lilienthal, Germany. The extensive product range supports many diverse markets and integrates excellent build quality, professional logistics, and reasonable pricing throughout the world. In addition, Nabertherm designs and manufactures furnaces for further efficient process scale up from research projects to full-scale production. contact@nabertherm-usa.com | www.nabertherm.com Ph: 302-322-3665 | Fax: 302-322-3215 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Netzsch Instruments North America LLC Booth No. 300 Thermal analysis, thermal properties, calorimetry, and contract testing services: DSC, DTA, TGA, STA (simultaneous DSC/DTA-TGA) from cryogenic to +2,400°C; evolved-gas analysis by coupled FTIR and MS and GC-MS; specific heat measurement; dilatometers for thermal expansion; thermal conductivity; thermal diffusivity by laser flash method from cryo to +2,800°C; DMA, TMA, DEA for in-situ thermoset cure monitoring; and adiabatic reaction calorimeters to measure thermal and pressure properties of chemical reactions. fumi.akimaru@netzsch.com | www.netzsch-thermal-analysis.com Ph: 781-272-5353 New Lenox Machine Co. Booth No. 306 New Lenox Ordnance manufactures specialty projectiles for the Army and testing laboratories. We develop and manufacture the NLMC Powder Breech System, ranging from 5.56 mm to 40 mm and manufacture a 30-mm system capable of launching 20-mm FSPs at more than 5,000 fps. classic195@aol.com | www.newlenoxordnance.com Ph: 815-584-4866 | Fax: 815-584-4877 NIST Booth No. 111 ܀ ܀ NIST Standard Reference Materials support accurate/compatible measurements by certifying and providing more than 1,300 SRMS with wellcharacterized composition or properties, or both. SRMs are used to perform instrument calibrations as part of quality assurance, accuracy of specific measurements, and support new measurement methods. Standard Reference Data provides well-documented numeric data to scientists and engineers for use in technical problem-solving, research, and development. The calibration services are designed to help in achieving high levels of measurements. diane.decker@nist.gov | www.nist.gov/srm Ph: 301-975-3774 | Fax: 301-926-0416 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. Booth No. 320 Oxy-Gon is a manufacturer of standard and custom-designed vacuum/controlled-atmosphere furnaces for demanding research and manufacturing requirements. We offer a full array of furnace configurations with emphasis on high-temperature and high-vacuum capability. Applications include ceramic studies, sintering, tensile testing, hot press, brazing, and gas purification. sales@oxy-gon.com | www.oxy-gon.com Ph: 603-736-8422 | Fax: 603-736-8734 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Powder Processing & Technology LLC Booth No. 402 PPT performs custom contract manufacturing on a wide range of ceramic materials. We have an extensive line of ready-to-press ferrite powders for inductive and EMI shielding applications. We also offer an extensive range of low-sintering-temperature powders for SMD applications. Typical processing services we provide include batching, blending, calcining, wet and dry milling, spray drying, sintering, and screen classification. The company has a fully equipped pilot plant and multiple production areas. jdenham@pptechnology.com | www.pptechnology.com Ph: 219-462-4141 X224 | Fax: 219 462 0376 46 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 MELChemicals PremaTech Advanced Ceramics Booth No. 210 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics designs, engineers, machines, grinds, laps, and polishes basic and complex components made of advanced ceramics and other ultrahard materials. For more than 30 years, PremaTech has been an industry leader in ceramic machining and polishing, with special expertise in silicon carbide. We are ISO 9001 certified. Let us develop a solution for your most challenging application. info@prematechac.com | www.prematechac.com Ph: 508-791-9549 | Fax: 508-793-9814 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Process Design & Innovation Booth No. 302 ܀ PTX-Pentronix-Gasbarre Presses Booth No. 207 Manufacturer of powder-compacting presses, tooling, and industrial furnaces. Press product lines include Gasbarre mechanical and CNC hydraulic presses, Servo-Electric presses, PTXPentronix presses and loaders, Simac dry-bag isostatic presses. Industrial heat-treating producers include Sinterite Furnaces, C.I. Hayes Furnaces, and J.L. Becker Furnaces. Each equipment design is specially tailored to the specific application for optimum performance. press-sales@gasbarre.com | www.gasbarre.com Ph: 814-371-3015 | Fax: 814-371-6387 ܀ R.D. Webb Co. Booth No. 216 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ R.D. Webb produces air-cooled vacuum furnaces for use to 2,200°C. Simple, inexpensive, and reliable units are ideal for sintering, active-metal brazing, annealing, and general research applications, and they can be set up for processing in highvacuum and argon-gas atmospheres. rdwebb@alum.mit.edu | www.rdwebb.com Ph: 401-267-8802 | Fax: 401-262-4935 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Robocasting Enterprises Booth 200 Robocasting Enterprises specializes in automated manufacturing and engineering services using unique, agile, and patented robocasting technology. We have full-scale manufacturing and inspection capabilities, with product quality and performance as primary goals, and are dedicated to quality, part traceability, and manufacturing consistency. robocasting@robocasting.net | www.robocasting.net Ph: 505-883-0555 Sonoscan Inc. Booth No. 221 * ܀ Sonoscan manufactures and develops acoustic microscope (AM) systems to nondestructively inspect and analyze materials, subassemblies, and products. Our leading-edge C-SAM systems provide unmatched accuracy and robustness for the inspection of products for hidden internal defects, such as poor bonding, delaminations, cracks, and voids. In addition, Sonoscan offers analytical services through regional testing laboratories in the USA, Asia, and Europe, plus educational workshops for all levels of users of AM technology. info@sonoscan.com | www.sonoscan.com Ph: 847-437-6400 | Fax: 847-437-1550 11m Swindell Dressler International Booth No. 301 Established in 1912, Swindell Dressler engineers, designs, and constructs shuttle, bell, electric, roller hearth, and tunnel kilns for the ceramics and carbon industries. The company also offers carmoving equipment, such as transfer cars, haulages, and pusher systems. dbuszinski@swindelldressler.com | swindelldressler.com Ph: 412-788-7100 | Fax: 412-788-7110 ܀ ܀ ܀ TA Instruments Booth No. 325 ܀ Visit TA Instruments for innovative technology for thermal analysis, rheology, microcalorimetry, and thermophysical property measurements of polymers, ceramics, metals, and more. We now offer a complete line of tools for measurements of thermal diffusivity by the flash method, thermal conductivity, and dilatometry for materials from -150°C to 2,800°C. info@tainstruments.com | www.tainstruments.com Ph: 302-427-4000 | Fax: 302-427-4001 TAV SPA ܀ ܀ Booth No. 420 TAV designs and manufactures vacuum furnaces for the thermal processing of advanced ceramic materials in a wide range of dimensions, from laboratory to full-scale production. TAV furnaces can operate in the 1-6 torr range, with pressures up to 150 bar and temperatures up to 2,550°C. The control system is state-of-the-art and is complete with an operator friendly interface as well as advanced data acquisition software. sales@tav-alto-vuoto.it | www.tav-vacuumfurnaces.com Ph: +39 (0)3633 55711 | Fax: +39 (0)3635 3878 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ TEAM by Sacmi Booth No. 321 TEAM by Sacmi, an alliance of the Sacmi group companies Laeis (Luxembourg), Riedhammer, Sama, and Alpha Ceramics (all Germany), offers cutting-edge technology for all steps of advanced ceramics production. The scope of supply covers R&D, process development and optimization, material preparation technologies, various shaping technologies, and thermal treatment for all types of advanced ceramics. kaiser@laeis.eu | www.sacmi-team.com Ph: 352-27612-210 ܀ ܀ ܀ TevTech LLC Booth No. 214 ܀ TevTech provides custom-designed hightemperature vacuum furnace systems. TevTech furnace solutions provide our customers with new \"materials\" that open new markets or provide for improved process control leading to higherquality materials. TevTech\'s engineers can fulfill your process requirements by internally designing your high-temperature vacuum furnace system. TevTech engineers can provide support for your high-temperature vacuum furnace system with detailed training on field maintenance, process enhancements, or system control upgrades. JohnD@tevtechllc.com | www.tevtechllc.com Ph: 978-667-4557 | Fax: 978-667-4554 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Thermal Wave Imaging Booth No. 323 Thermal Wave Imaging (TWI) is the leading innovator and provider of state-of-the-art thermographic nondestructive testing solutions ranging from low-cost portable systems for field applications to highly sophisticated automated inspection equipment for manufacturing/QA. Our COTS (commercially off the shelf) equipment, custom turnkey solutions, and testing and evaluation services are designed to meet critical needs of aerospace, power generation and automotive OEMs and suppliers. alannusbaum@thermalwave.com | www.thermalwave.com Ph: 248-414-3730 | Fax: 248-414-3764 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Thermaltek Inc. Booth No. 103 Thermaltek designs and manufactures hightemperature Electric- and gas-heating equipment for ceramic applications up to 1,800°C. Designs include box, elevator, top hat, tube, and crucible furnaces. Thermaltek also manufactures metallicresistance-heating elements and provides other types of elements for industrial-heating applications. Typical applications are technical ceramics, electronics, fuel cells, optical fibers, calcining, glass, and crystal growing. www.thermaltek.com Ph: 704-784-3001 | Fax: 704-784-3020 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Washington Mills Booth No. 117 Washington Mills is one of the world\'s largest producers of abrasives and fused mineral products, offering a wide line of standard abrasive grain and specialty electrofused minerals from its worldwide multiplant locations. info@washingtonmills.com | http://www.washingtonmills.com Ph: 800-828-1666 | Fax: 716-278-6650 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Zircar Ceramics Inc. Booth No. 224 Zircar Ceramics Inc. manufactures high-temperature fibrous ceramic materials and related refractory, heating, and insulating products. Our broad product range includes alumina, alumina-silica, and other refractory oxide fiber materials, heating elements, plus furnace insulation custom assemblies and accessories. We offer only the highest-quality products in a wide variety of forms, shapes, and sizes. Besides our standard product line, we custom manufacture many one-of-a-kind products to satisfy customers\' unique needs, including furnace insulation, heating components, and high-temperature systems. sales@zircarceramics.com | www.zircarceramics.com Ph: 845-651-6600 | Fax: 845-651-0441 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 47 F www.ceramics.org/ema2014 LECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2014 January 22-24 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World® | Orlando, Florida, USA ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Tidrow STEVEN C. TIDROW, ED The University of Texas Pan American sctidrow@utpa.edu GEORGE A. ROSSETTI JR, BSD University of Connecticut rossetti@ims.uconn.edu Rossetti HAIYAN WANG, ED Texas A&M University wangh@ece.tamu.edu Wang 2013-2014 DIVISION OFFICERS Basic Science Division Chair: WAYNE KAPLAN Chair-Elect: EDUARDO SAIZ Vice-Chair: BRYAN D. HUEY Secretary: SHEN DILLON Electronics Division Trustee: WINNIE WONG-NG Chair: STEVEN C. TIDROW Chair-Elect: TIMOTHY HAUGAN Vice-Chair: HAIYAN WANG Secretary: GEOFF BRENNECKA Secretary-Elect: BRADY GIBBONS INTRODUCTION Electronic Materials and Applications 2014, is programmed jointly by the Electronics Division (ED) and Basic Science Division (BSD) of The American Ceramic Society. EMA 2014 covers the basic science, engineering, and applications of electroceramic materials for electronic, magnetic, dielectric, and optical components, devices, and systems. The symposia address passive, active, and multifunctional electroceramic materials across broad themes covering theory and computation; structure, interfaces, and novel characterization methods; doping, defects, and nanoscale phenomena; processing science; thin films; multilayers, heterostructures, and graded materials; single crystals; composites; and device integration. The conference features plenary lectures from leaders in the field. The technical program includes invited lectures, contributed papers, and poster presentations. It provides ample opportunity for the exchange of information on the latest developments in the theory, experimental investigation, and applications of electroceramic materials. The participants represent an international mix of industrial, university, and federal laboratory researchers, engineers, technologists, and leaders. For students, there is a separate student-run symposium that features best-paper awards and provides development and networking opportunities. We are pleased to build on the previous successes of this conference series in providing a distinctive forum to address emerging needs, opportunities, and key challenges in the field of electronic materials and applications. We anticipate that this meeting will continue to highlight the most recent scientific advances and technological innovations in the field and to facilitate the interactions and collaborations that will help to shape its future. A BRIEF TUTORIAL ON INTERFACES January 22, 2014, from 7:45 to 9:45 p.m. Instructors: Dominique Chatain and Wayne D. Kaplan The goal of this tutorial is to introduce the majority of the topics that will be discussed during the Basic Science Division Symposium on Interfaces, held during EMA. The specific issues for discussion have been selected based on titles of the invited talks and the particular interest of the instructors. The issues for discussion include: . Equilibrium Segregation/Adsorption Thermodynamics. The correlation of interface chemical and structural excess with energy. What are \"monolayers,\" and what is the best way to measure/describe them? • Macroscopic and Microscopic Degrees of Freedom at Interfaces. Five macroscopic degrees of freedom. Microscopic degrees of freedom and their connection to adsorption. Epitaxy, heteroepitaxy, and general orientation relationships. Coherent versus incoherent interfaces and the issue of reconstruction. • Interface Complexions and Complexion Transitions. Cahn\'s wetting transition. Interface adsorption transitions. MEETING APP To take full advantage of the EMA 2014 technical program, create a personal schedule with the Itinerary Planner prior to arriving in Orlando. Scan the QR code to access the Myltinerary app. Download, then bookmark the site or add a link to your home screen. You can sync the app with your Google calendar and with your online itinerary by entering your unique itinerary name. 48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 TO SHAPE HOTEL INFORMATION DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World 10100 International Drive, Orlando, FL 32821 Phone: 407-352-1100 or 800-327-0363 Fax: 407-352-2632 Rate: Contact the hotel for availability SPONSORS SCIENCE THE FUTURE RESEARCH 1951 RE OF THE ARMY *UTPA THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS-PAN AMERICAN™ PLENARY SPEAKERS JAMES BRAY GE Global Research, USA Electrical and Electronic Materials for Industrial Applications Abstract: This talk will focus on emerging needs, opportunities, and challenges for electrical and electronic materials in energy, power conversion, aviation, lighting, and transportation, as seen from an industry perspective. There will be some emphasis on experiences at GE and on ceramics. Biography: Bray attended Georgia Institute of Technology and graduated with a BS degree in physics in 1970. He received an MS in physics from the University of Illinois in 1971 and a PhD in physics in 1974. While at Illinois, he worked under Professor John Bardeen on unusual mechanisms for superconductivity. He joined General Electric Global Research after graduation in September, 1974. Until June 1979, he worked as a theoretical condensed matter physicist in support of several programs. Since June 1979, he has held several technical management positions supervising R&D on various physical science topics, biotechnology, electronic materials processing (e.g., molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition), electronic devices, electronic packaging, and high-temperature superconductivity. In 1996, he began work in the new GE Six-Sigma quality thrust and eventually acted as manager of the Measurements Systems Program, containing the bulk of the NDE projects. In 1998, he became manager of the new Optical Measurements and Processing Lab, focused on applied optics projects of many types. In 2001, he became program manager of the Superconducting Generator Program. He presently is a chief scientist within Electrical Technologies and Systems. JÜRGEN RÖDEL Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Lead-Free Piezoceramics: History, Achievements, Future Abstract: Legislation originating from Europe enhanced scientific interest in the research on lead-free piezoceramics about 10 years ago, although earlier work was done 50 years ago, and some companies started research in the 1990s. Therefore, I will summarize the current legislation, the progress which has been made overall in eliminating lead from industrial products, and briefly review its toxicity. The evolution in research in lead-free piezoceramics during the past 20 years then is highlighted and the chances for success evaluated. In particular, progress in alkali niobates is contrasted to bismuth-based piezoceramics and barium titanate-based piezoceramics and is discussed with reference to the salient properties required. The focus will be on application-relevant properties, such as temperature dependence, stress dependence, and cycle and frequency dependence of the materials in question. In the end I will discuss recent advances in product development and will suggest applications where PZT may be replaced soon. As guidance for researchers, I will outline the immediate needs for the next five years and try to sketch the road for lead-free piezoceramics after that period. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org Biography: Rödel is a professor in the department for materials and geoscience at Technische Universität Darmstadt (Germany). He received a Diploma in Materials Science from Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and a PhD from the University of California at Berkeley. He completed postdoctoral periods at NIST, Gaithersburg, and TU Hamburg-Harburg. At TU Darmstadt, part of his research is focussed on processing of lead-free piezoceramics and high-temperature piezoelectrics as well as toughened piezoceramics. Next to the ceramics group, he initiated the Center of Electric Fatigue at TU Darmstadt (SFB595). In Germany, he served the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through a four-year term as speaker of the review board for materials science and a four-year term as regular member of same review board. Rödel is currently member of the grants committee on Centers for Collaborative Studies of the DFG and was a member of the selection committee for fellowships for the Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation. He received the DFG research award for young scientists (Heinz-MaierLeibnitz-Price) in 1992 and the DFG research award for senior scientists (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz-Price) in 2009. He authored or coauthored more than 230 refereed publications and has four patents. JOSEPH V. MANTESE United Technologies Research Center, USA Functional Electronic Materials in Integrated Commercial Building and Aerospace Systems Abstract: Commercial building and aerospace platforms are undergoing a consolidation of subsystems toward creating holistic approaches to intelligent buildings and aircraft design. Using analogies from a similar rationalization of automotive systems, this talk will look at the role of functional electronic materials development and component processing as enabling technologies for future distributed sensing needs and energy generation/consumption. With an eye toward lessons learned from the automotive industry, opportunities for functional and electronic materials will be identified, particularly in the areas of closedloop-sensing, local power generation/storage, and material and device processing for cost-effective manufacturing. Biography: Mantese is a research fellow at United Technologies Corporation\'s Research Center, specializing in electronic materials, components, sensors, and packaging. Prior to joining UTRC, Mantese was department head of Delphi Research Laboratories (Materials, Components, and Packaging). He was section leader at General Motors\' Research and Development Laboratories, where he received an R&D 100 Award (1997) for the development of industrial-scale plasma ion implantation. He was twice winner of General Motors\' Campbell Award (1990 and 1995) for scientific breakthroughs in materials science. He is an inductee in Delphi Corporation\'s Hall of Fame (2000). In 2010 Mantese received an UTRC Outstanding Achievement Award for his work related to multispecies chemical sensing. In 2013 he was inducted in the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering (CASE). Mantese has 33 patents pertaining to electronic materials, sensors, MEMS, and components. He authored more than 95 peer-reviewed papers, a book on the fundamentals of graded ferroic materials, and three book chapters related to electronic materials and devices. 49 www.ceramics.org/ema2014 LECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2014 ELE January 22-24 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World | Orlando, Florida, USA EMA 2014 SYMPOSIA Wed Wed Thu Thu Fri Fri AM PM AM PM AM PM S1 Functional and Multifunctional Electroceramics for Commercialization • S2 Multiferroic Materials and Multilayer Ferroic Heterostructures: Properties and Applications • S3 Structure of Emerging Perovskite Oxides: Bridging Length Scales and Unifying Experiment and Theory • S4 LEDs and Photovoltaics-Beyond the Light: Common Challenges and Opportunities S5 Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Electronic Materials S6 Thermoelectrics: Defect Chemistry, Doping, and Nanoscale Effects S7 Computational Design of Electronic Materials S8 Advances in Memory Devices S9 Thin-Film Integration and Processing Science S10 Ceramic Composites for Defense Applications S11 Failure: The Greatest Teacher S12 Recent Developments in High-Temperature Superconductivity S13 Highlights of Undergraduate Student Research in Basic Science and Electronic Ceramics 50 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROSPINNING August 4-7, 2014 Westin San Francisco San Francisco, CA submit abstracts by march 17th www.ceramics.org/electrospin2014 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org • • www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 register now! Early-bird savings of $150 end March 7th TAX WATER FAIR CITY B TAXI ** DETOUR Where Business and Manufacturing Meet Strategy 4TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT APRIL 7-9, 2014 | BALTIMORE, MARYLAND www.ceramics.org/cls2014 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Addressing business issues, emerging technologies, and process innovations that challenge the ceramic materials community. If your work relies on the business-end of ceramics, you cannot afford to miss the 4th Annual Ceramic Leadership Summit. This unique and powerful meeting focuses on the most important strategic issues confronting the ceramics and glass community. Invited speakers include schedule Monday, April 7, 2014 Welcome Reception and Networking Event Tuesday, April 8, 2014 Senior Executive Forum (invitation only) Future Leaders Breakfast (invitation only) General Session: Business Climate Overview Keynote Address 5-7 p.m. some of the most respected leaders in the ceramic and glass community, and the highly interactive format maximizes the expertise in the audience. Sign up by March 7th to save $150. Wednesday, April 9, 2014 General Session: Additive Manufacturing Technology Coffee Break 7:30-9:15 a.m. Concurrent Tracks Innovation 7:30-9:15 a.m. 9:30 - 10:55 a.m. 11-11:45 a.m. Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability 8:30 9:25 a.m. 9:25 9:45 a.m. 9:45 11:40 a.m. Networking Lunch 11:45 a.m.-12:55 p.m. Networking Lunch 11:45 a.m.- 1:15 p.m. Concurrent Tracks General Session: Sustainability 1:15-2 p.m. Innovation General Session: Opportunities for Manufacturers 2-3:30 p.m. Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability 1 – CLS 2014 Wrap-Up Session - 2:55 p.m. 3:15-4:30 p.m. General Session: Finding and Developing 4-5:30 p.m. Engineering Talent Thursday, April 9, 2014 Conference Dinner 7-9 p.m. Optional Tour: The Walters Art Museum 10-11:30 a.m American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org Interested CLS attendees will have the option of taking a tour of the Walters Art Museum, which is about one mile from the hotel. Attendees will be able to visit the Walters Art Museum Science Lab and Ikebana, an exhibit of contemporary Japanese vases and flowers. 51 4TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT confirmed speakers CLS 2014 focuses on business and technology leadership by connecting attendees with other leaders who can help grow your organization. The impressive speaker lineup grows each day. James P. Meil, vice president, chief economist, Eaton, Global Business Climate Katharine Frase, vice president, CTO, Global Public Sector, IBM Corporation, Technology Trends Andy Zynga, CEO, NineSigma, Connecting with the Outside World to Advance Your Company\'s Technology and Product Innovation Frank O\'Brien-Bernini, vice president, chief sustainability officer, Owens Corning, Manufacturing and Sustainability Al T. Lubrano, chairman, NAM\'s Small to Medium Manufacturers, Manufacturing Competitiveness: How We Can Improve It Eric Urruti, vice president, research & technology development, SCHOTT NA, Finding and Developing Engineering Talent Wayne G. Butscher, director, BioSTART and Lab Associates Program, BioTechnical Institute of Maryland Inc. Finding and Developing Engineering Talent Martin J. Curran, executive vice president, innovation officer, Corning Incorporated, Innovation Strategies to Leverage Your Business R. Allen Kimel, assistant professor, associate head for undergraduate studies, MSE, Pennsylvania State University Finding and Developing Engineering Talent Steven M. Ritchey, partner, Thompson Coburn LLP, Innovation, Intellectual Property, and the America Invents Act Greg Morris, lead, strategy and business development for additive technologies, GE Aviation, Additive Manufacturing Technology Anthony Nickens, vice president, energy and new business, Ceramatec Inc., Innovative Partnerships and Business Models 62 52 Petra Mitchell, president, CEO, Catalyst Connection, Developing/Improving Business Practices to Achieve Long-Term Sustainability Richard Norment, executive director, National Council for Public-Private Partnerships, Public-Private Partnerships to Build a Competitive Workforce hotel Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel 300 S. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21201 | 410-962-8300 Rates: Single/Double - $179 Cutoff Date: February 28, 2014 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 register now! APRIL 7–9, 2014 | BALTIMORE, MARYLAND technical program Tuesday, April 8, 2014 Business Climate Overview | 9:30 - 10:55 a.m. • Introduction of CLS 2014, David W. Johnson, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Moderator • Global Business Climate, Jim Meil, Eaton Corporate • Meil will set the stage for CLS 2014 by exploring key global economic trends that will impact the business climate in the next two to three years. Technology Trends, Katharine Frase, IBM Corporation Frase will address technology trends that will impact the business environment for materials companies in the next three years. Keynote 11- 11:45 a.m. Strategic Open Innovation - Connecting with the Outside World to Advance Your Company\'s Technology and Product Innovation, Andy Zygna, NineSigma Open Innovation, also known as external or networked innovation, is focused on uncovering new ideas, reducing risk, increasing speed and leveraging scarce resources. With a better understanding of \"what is out there,\" a company is able to lower risk by combining external capabilities with internal innovation resources. The old question of \"Why reinvent the wheel?\" clearly applies, because Open Innovation enables a company to connect with someone who already has developed the technology in need or who is farther along the development path. Strategic Manufacturing - Sustainability | 1:15 - 2 p.m. www.ceramics.org/cls2014 Wednesday, April 9, 2014 Strategic Manufacturing - Additive Manufacturing Technology | 8:30 9:25 a.m. _ Additive Manufacturing Technology, Greg Morris, GE Aviation This session will explore new and innovative manufacturing technologies, including additive manufacturing/3D printing. Innovation - Track Leader: Christine Heckle, Corning Incorporated 9:45 10:40 a.m. | 10:45 - 11:40 a.m. | 11:55 p.m. | 2- 2:55 p.m. • Innovation Strategies to Leverage Your Business Marty Curran, Corning Incorporated Innovation converts inventions into dollars. Successful innovation takes great inventions, rigorous processes, talented scientists, commercial leaders, and the \"right\" customers. Many technology companies use a gated approach to commercialize inventions while optimizing resource deployment. Although Corning uses a five-stage innovation process for most of its programs, it also uses an \"agile innovation process\" for selected projects to advance new innovations with key customers. • Innovation, Intellectual Property, and the America Invents Act Steven M. Ritchey, Thompson Coburn LLP • Innovative Partnerships and Business Models Anthony Nicken, Ceramatec Inc. • Material Sourcing Challenges and Strategies Speaker: TBA Cooper Rothen, Du-Co Ceramics Manufacturing and Sustainability, Frank O\'Brien-Bernini, Owens Corning Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability - Track Leader: Lora How can sustainability strategy enhance product innovation and marketability, increase manufacturing efficiency, reduce energy consumption and environmental impact, and increase profitability? Strategic Manufacturing - Opportunities for Manufacturers | 2-3:30 p.m. Manufacturing Competitiveness and How We Can Improve It, Al Lubrano, Materion Technical Materials and National Association of Manufacturers\'s Small to Medium Manufacturers Session will focus on opportunities for making manufacturers more competitive, including issues such as regulation, energy, technology niche, labor force, and production techniques. Includes a Q&A panel discussion. Strategic Manufacturing - Finding and Developing Engineering Talent 4-5:30 p.m. Finding and Developing Engineering Talent, Eric Urruti, SCHOTT NA Urruti will provide insights and discuss opportunities and challenges in finding and developing engineering and technical talent. This will be followed by a panel discussion, including Urruti. Other Panelists: R. Allen Kimel, Pennsylvania State University; Wayne G. Butscher, BioTechnical Institute of Maryland Inc. 9:45 - 10:40 a.m. | 10:45 - 11:40 a.m. • • Navigating the Current Regulatory Landscape (Export) and/or Value of Locating Manufacturing Operations in US Panel Discussion: Panelists TBA Developing/Improving Business Practices to Achieve Long-Term Sustainability Petra Mitchell, Catalyst Connection Includes exploration of drivers of sustainable manufacturing-energy, environment, health, safety, waste management, etc. Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability - Track Leader: Richard Weber, Materials Development Inc. | 1- 1:55 p.m. | 2 - 2:55 p.m. • Public-Private Partnerships to Build a Competitive Workforce Richard Norment, National Council for Public-Private Partnerships • Professional Associations\' Role in Helping to Develop Technical Talent Speaker: TBA CLS 2014 Wrap-Up Session | 3:15 - 4:30 p.m. Moderators Panel - Review and Next Steps The CLS Moderator will provide a summary on main points from the general sessions. A moderator from each concurrent track will provide a summary of major discussions and conclusions in these sessions. Questions and comments from the audience also will be considered, including what are next steps for ACers to address some of the key points raised. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 53 February 17-20, 2014 | Hilton Clearwater Beach Resort, Clearwater, Florida, USA Materials Challenges In Alternative & Renewable Energy INTRODUCTION MCARE 2014 facilitates information sharing on the latest developments involving materials for alternative and renewable energy systems. Emphasis will be on materials challenges and innovations in areas of hydrogen, solar fuels, solar power and concentrators, battery and energy storage, nanocomposites and nanowires, nuclear, critical resources, and other energy areas. MCARE 2014 is intended for scientists and engineers active in energy and materials science research and for those new to the field. Visit www.ceramics.org/mcare2014 to sign up! Special activities for students and young professionals, including a poster contest, are planned. Make your plans to participate. PLENARY SPEAKERS M. STANLEY WHITTINGHAM SUNY Distinguished Professor, State University of New York, Stony Brook, USA Title: The LiFePO4 Story: Theory, Experiment and Characterization D. YOGI GOSWAMI Director, Clean Energy Research Center, University of South Florida, USA Title: Materials and System Aspects of Thermal Energy Storage VOLKMAR LUETHEN Siemens AG, Germany Title: TBA BOR Z. JANG Cofounder and CEO, Angstron Materials Inc. and Nanotek Instruments Inc., USA Title: Graphene for Electrochemical Energy Storage Lin Mathur Zidan H.T. Lin, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Sanjay Mathur, University of Cologne, Germany Ragaiy Zidan, Savannah River National Laboratory SPONSORS A-TECH, Korea Henkel AG & Co. KGaA Toyota HILTON CLEARWATER BEACH RESORT 400 Mandalay Avenue, Clearwater Beach, FL Phone: 727-461-3222 | 800-753-3954 Rates: $179 Cutoff: January 15, 2014 www.ceramics.org/mcare2014 TAEK-SOO KIM Executive Director, Professor, Korea Institute for Rare Metal; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology; University of Science and Technology SUKLYUN HONG Director, Graphene Research Institute, and Dean, College of Natural Sciences, Sejong University Title: Theoretical Study of Growth and Electronic Structure of Graphene and Graphene-Based Nanostructures CHIKASHI NISHIMURA Hydrogen Materials Unit Director and Project Leader for Materials for Power Generation & Storage, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan Title: Non-Palladium-Based Alloy Membranes for Hydrogen Separation and Production NED STETSON Hydrogen Storage Program Manager, Fuel Cell Technologies Office, DOE, USA Title: TBA REGISTER by January 16th to save! TECHNICAL PROGRAM SCHEDULE Monday, Feb. 17, 2014 HYDROGEN Sessions Date Time 8-8:10 a.m. Welcome and Opening Remarks: Sanjay Mathur Hydrogen I Feb-17 Hydrogen II Feb-17 9:40 a.m. Noon 2:20-5:40 p.m. 8:10-8:45 a.m. Plenary 1: M. Stanley Whittingham 8:45-9:20 a.m. 9:20-9:40 a.m. 9:40 a.m.-Noon Plenary 2: D. Yogi Goswami Hydrogen III Feb-18 9:40 a.m. Noon Hydrogen IV Feb-18 2:20-5:40 p.m. Break Breakout Sessions SOLAR FUELS Noon-1:30 p.m. Networking Lunch 1:30-2:10 p.m. Plenary 3: Volkmar Luethen Sessions Date 2:20-5:40 p.m. Breakout Sessions (afternoon Solar Fuels I Feb-18 Time 9:20 a.m. Noon break from 4-4:20 p.m. sponsored Solar Fuels II Feb-18 2:20 5:40 p.m. by Toyota) Solar Fuels III Feb-19 9:20 a.m. Noon 1:30-2:10 p.m. 2:20-5:40 p.m. 6-7:30 p.m. Tuesday, Feb. 18, 2014 8:20-9 a.m. 9-9:20 a.m. 9:20 a.m.-Noon Noon-1:30 p.m. Break Breakout Sessions Networking Lunch Plenary 5: Taek-Soo Kim Welcome Reception Solar Fuels IV Feb-19 2:20-5:40 p.m. Solar Fuels V Feb-20 8:20 a.m. Noon Plenary 4: Bor Z. Jang SOLAR POWER AND CONCENTRATORS Session Date Solar Power and Concentrators Feb-17 Time 2:20 - 5:40 p.m. BATTERIES AND ENERGY STORAGE Breakout Sessions (afternoon 6-8 p.m. break from 4-4:20 p.m.) Poster Session and Reception Sessions Date Time Batteries and Energy Storage I Feb-17 9:40 a.m. Noon Batteries and Energy Storage II Feb-17 2:20 - 5:40 p.m. Wednesday, Feb. 19, 2014 8:20-9 a.m. 9-9:20 a.m. 9:20 a.m.-Noon Noon-1:30 p.m. 1:30-2:10 p.m. Batteries and Energy Storage III Feb-18 9:20 a.m. Noon Plenary 6: Suklyun Hong Break Batteries and Energy Storage IV Feb-18 2:20 - 5:40 p.m. Batteries and Energy Storage V Feb-19 9:20 a.m. Noon Breakout Sessions Networking Lunch Batteries and Energy Storage VI Batteries and Energy Storage VII Feb-19 2:20 - 5:40 p.m. Feb-20 8:20 a.m. Noon 2:20-5:40 p.m. Plenary 7: Chikashi Nishimura Breakout Sessions (afternoon break from 4-4:20 p.m.) NANOCOMPOSITES AND NANOWIRES MATERIALS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGIES Sessions Date Time Thursday, Feb. 20, 2014 Nano I Feb-18 9:20 a.m. Noon 8:20-9 a.m. Plenary 8: Ned Stetson Nano II Feb-18 2:20 - 5:40 p.m. 9-9:20 a.m. 9:20 a.m.-Noon Break Nano III Feb-19 9:20 a.m. Noon Breakout Sessions Nano IV Feb-19 2:20 - 5:40 p.m. Nano V Feb-20 8:20 a.m. Noon NUCLEAR Organized by: Session Nuclear Date Feb-17 Time 2:20 - 5:20 p.m. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org SOLARGENIX Session Solargenix Date Feb-17 Time 9:40 a.m. Noon Co-organized by: ASM Everything Material. TERNATION The Materials Information Society Endorsed by: MRS OTHER ENERGY ISSUES ENDORSED MEETING Sessions Date Time Other Energy Issues | Feb-19 9:20 a.m. Noon Other Energy Issues II Feb-19 2:20 - 5:40 p.m. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 55 MS&T13Ⓡ Materials Science & Technology 2013 (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) ACerS\'s 115th Annual Meeting, Society awards, and conference highlights T The 115th Annual Meeting of The American Ceramic Society took place in Montreal, Quebec, in conjunction with MS&T\'13. The Society\'s officers assumed their new positions, and outgoing officers were recognized for their service. At the Awards Banquet, ACerS recognized the contributions of many members to materials science and to the Society. Also, the Society inducted three new Distinguished Life Members and the 2013 Class of Fellows. The MS&T technical meeting included more than 1,900 presentations and posters. More than 3,400 materials scientists and engineers attended the meeting, including 933 students and 896 attendees from 57 countries outside the US and Canada. In all, 109 materials technology suppliers participated in the exposition. ACerS\'s 116th Annual Meeting and MS&T\'14 is set for October 12-16, 2014, at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center in Pittsburgh, Pa. We look forward to seeing you! 1 2013-2014 ACerS president David Green at the Society\'s 115th Annual Meeting. 2 Montreal\'s Palais des Congrès provided the venue for MS&T\'13, which saw nearrecord attendance of more than 3,400. 3 Outgoing ACerS director William Fahrenholtz and past president Marina Pascucci catch up during the opening reception. 4 More than 100 materials and technology suppliers exhibitors discussed and demonstrated their products at the Expo. 5 Organized by ACerS, Monday\'s plenary session featured three speakers on the topic of \"Advanced Manufacturing and Materials for Extreme Environments.\" From left: Kevin Bowcutt of Boeing; John Sarrao of Los Alamos National Laboratory; and Tresa Pollock of the University of California, Santa Barbara. 6 ACerS\'s 2013 Class of Fellows. 7 Bioglass inventor Larry Hench presented ACerS\'s Frontiers of Science and Society Rustum Roy lecture, entitled \"Affordable Healthcare? Role of Bio-Ceramic Technology, Socio-Economic and Ethical Issues.\" 8 Senior NIST Fellow Emeritus Sheldon Wiederhorn delivered the 2013 ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture, entitled \"Griffith Cracks at the Nanoscale.\" 9 Ludwig J. Gauckler accepts his Distinguished Life Membership at the Awards Banquet. Katherine T. Faber and Gary L. Messing also were named Distinguished Life Members. 10 Many ACers classes and divisions held business meetings. Here, attendees at the Society\'s National Institute of Ceramic Engineers meeting participate in the Order of the Engineer induction ceremony. 11 Coffee breaks gave poster presenters a chance to discuss their work with interested attendees. 12 ASM International, an MS&T partner society, celebrated its 100th anniversary this year. Richard Brow presented a commemorative ceramic plate on behalf of ACerS to C. Ravi Ravindran, ASM president, to mark the occasion. 2 3 56 4 10 Affordable Healthcare? Lany L. Hench 6 5 7 8 9 11 udwig J. Gauckler 12 44 57 MS&T\'13Ⓡ Materials Science & Technology 2013 Conference highlights President\'s Council of Student Advisors sets up ambitious year at its first autumn meeting By Bradley Schultz or the first time, the ACerS\'s President\'s Council of Student Advisors held its annual meeting on the opening weekend of MS&T. Previously, PCSA met in Florida at one of the ACerS January conferences. The meeting was changed to increase participation in both PCSA and MS&T. The delegates and representatives-33 students from 26 universities-met in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on October 26-27, to evaluate the past year and plan for the upcoming year. The meeting also provided a networking opportunity for students from the United States and Europe to learn about and appreciate ceramic research and distinct cultures across the globe. The main event, a daylong meeting on Saturday, included a successful transition of committee chair positions. The delegates elected me to serve as the new PCSA chair for 2014, succeeding Derek Miller (Ohio State University), who led the PCSA to a new level and ran the meeting in Montreal. Five new committee chairs were appointed: Peter Robinson, Jessica Rimsza, Sapna Gupta, Bradley Richards, and Amy Bolon. They will lead the Outreach, Programming, Finance, Communications, and Recruitment Committees, respectively. The Outreach Committee completed development of the Materials Science Demonstration and Laboratory Kits. Next, the committee plans to introduce a new kit based on ceramics applications and properties to promote ceramics to younger students. This involves expanding the PCSA teacher\'s database and aligning the kits with curricular standards to ensure they cover the necessary material in the curriculum. The Programming Committee promotes engaging engineering students with the greater ceramics community. The committee will organize student and professional networking events at ACers conferences, ceramic-based student contests, and social events to facilitate student and industry interactions. The Finance Committee plans to increase PCSA\'s financial backing to support the demonstration kits program and the PCSA meeting in Pittsburgh, Pa., next fall. Please visit our website for information on supporting our conference programming, outreach efforts, and delegate travel expenses. The Communications Committee will continue work to complete analysis of an education survey and to compile a comprehensive online resource for scholarships, internships, fellowships, REUS, and career opportunities. The committee also provides content for the June/ July issue of the ACers Bulletin. The Recruitment Committee\'s goal is to have 35 delegates from at least 15 universities at the 2014 PCSA meeting. Ideally delegate representation will balance evenly between undergraduate and graduate students, with at least 10 percent of the delegates representing universities outside of the United States. The PCSA extends its sincere appreciation to the financial contributors who make its work possible. We are grateful to last year\'s leaders, Derek Miller, Aaron Lichtner, Valerie Wiesner, Dalton Divine, Liangfa Hu, and Lesa Brown. Finally, the PCSA would be lost without the ACers advisors and liaisons, Geoffrey Brennecka, Richard Brow, David Green, Charlie Spahr, and Tricia Freshour. Students interested in becoming leaders in the ceramics community or in helping with the PCSA\'s goals should visit www.ceramics.org/ pcsa. Please direct questions to Amy Bolon at ambolon@sbcglobal.net. The PCSA will begin accepting applications for new delegates in mid-January 2014. Bradley Schultz is a PhD candidate at Clemson University. Bombardier welcomes PCSA during MS&T while production lines roll By Aaron Lichtner F \"ollowing lunch on the first official day of MS&T 2013 in Montreal, 25 graduate and undergraduate students from universities around North America boarded a bus for the Bombardier Aerospace Manufacturing Facility in Saint-Laurent, Quebec. The PCSA Programming Committee organized the tour as part of the ACerS-sponsored student activities at MS&T. Bombardier put us right on the main floor, in the thick of things. It was great to see how manufacturing on a large-scale is done. The floor is loud, busy, and dangerous. More than once we had to dodge forklifts and moving carts driven by busy, focused Québéquois. However, this made the tour that much more exciting! We spent about an hour and a half on the main floor, learning about the various aircraft BOMBARDIER, as well as the manufacturing techniques and testing methods used by Bombardier. We also spent time with the materials characterization engineers and the nondestructive-testing engineers. Our hosts were unabashedly excited for us to be there to learn what it is they do. Following demonstrations from the engineers, we said our goodbyes and boarded the bus to head back to the Palais des Congres Convention Center. It was great to meet fellow materials scientists and share experiences. I even ran into a current student from my alma mater. It is important for groups like the PCSA and ACerS to continue organizing events like these to bring the materials community together and to foster collaboration and enthusiasm among our ranks. Aaron Lichtner is past chair of the PCSA Programming Committee 58 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 resources Calendar of events January 2014 8-10 1st Int\'l Workshop on Lithium, Industrial Minerals and Energy - Center for Advanced Research in Lithium and Industrial Minerals, Antofagasta, Chile; www.celimin.com/#!workshop/csst 18-19 Gordon Research Seminar on Renewable Energy: Solar Fuels Ventura, Calif.; www.grc.org/programs. aspx?year=2014&program=grs_renew 19-24 2014 Gordon Conference on Renewable Energy: Solar Fuels Ventura, Calif.; www.grc.org/programs. aspx?year=2014&program=renewable 22-24 Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA 2014) - Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/meetings/electronicmaterials-and-applications-2014 26-31 38th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC 2014) - Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ meetings/38th-international-conferenceand-expo-on-advanced-ceramics-andcomposites 26-29 37th Annual Conference on Composites, Materials, and Structures - Radisson Resort at the Port, Cocoa Beach, Fla.; www.bit.ly/104uq3r February 2014 2-6 23rd Australian Conference on Microscopy and Microanalysis and the Int\'l Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - Adelaide Convention Centre, Adelaide, Australia; www.aomevents.com/ACMMICONN 8-10 1st Int\'l Workshop on Lithium, Industrial Minerals and Energy - Center for Advanced Research in Lithium and Industrial Minerals, Antofagasta, Chile; www.celimin.com/#!workshop/csst 9-13 12th Int\'l Bologna Conference on Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media - Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand; www.mrpm12. co.nz 16-21 Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy 2014 Clearwater Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics. org/meetings/materials-challenges-inalternative-renewable-energy-2014 19-21 NANOENERGY 2014 University College London, London, England; www.nanoenergy.co.uk 26-28 NANOMED 2014 - Royal Free Hospital, London, England; http://www. nanomed.uk.com March 2014 2-6 6th Int\'l Symposium on Advanced Plasma Science and its Applications for Nitrides and Nanomaterials / 7th Int\'l Conference on Plasma-Nano Technology & Science - Maijo University, Nagoya, Japan; http://www.isplasma.jp 8-9 Int\'l Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization - Griet, Hyderabad, India; www.icmpc.com 8-9 Gordon Research Seminar: Batteries - Four Points Sheraton/ Holiday Inn Express, Ventura, Calif.; www.grc.org/programs. aspx?year=2014&program=grs_batt 9-13 SPIE Smart Structures/NDE 2014 San Diego, Calif.; www.spie.org/ x12228.xml 10-14 10th Int\'l Conference on the Science of Hard Materials - Grand Coral Beach Cancun Resort & Spa, Cancun, Mexico; www.icshm10.org/index.htm 25-27 St. Louis Section/RCD 50th Annual Symposium - Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; www. ceramics.org April 2014 7-9 4th Annual Ceramic Leadership Summit - Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel, Baltimore, Md.; www.ceramics.org/ dates-deadlines/4th-ceramic-leadershipsummit 7-9 Nanomaterials for Industry Crowne Plaza San Diego Mission Valley, San Diego, Calif.; www.executive-conference.com/conferences/nano13.php 7-10 Advanced Material for Demanding Applications - Glyndwr University, St. Asaph, UK; www. amda2014.iopconfs.org/home 28-May 2 Int\'l Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films – San Diego, Calif.; www2.avs.org/conferences/ICMCTF May 2014 25-28 ISSNOX4: 4th Int\'l Symposium on SIAIONS and Non-oxides - Nagahama Royal Hotel, Shiga, Japan; http://ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/ISSNOX4 28-31 MMA2014: Microwave Materials and their Applications - Boise Centre, Boise, Idaho; www.mma2014. com June 2014 8-13 CIMTEC 2014: 13th Int\'l Ceramics Conference - Montecatini Terme, Italy; www.cimtec-congress.org/2014 15-20 6th Forum on New Materials · Montecatini Terme, Italy; www.cimteccongress.org/2014 August 2014 17-21 ICC5: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Beijing Int\'l Convention Center, Beijing, China; www.icc-5.com September 2014 22-25 Int\'l Commission on Glass XXIII Int\'l Congress - Parma, Italy; www. icglass.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 59 classified advertising Career Opportunities Faculty Positions in MSE at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Materials Science and Engineering Department (MSE) at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, is seeking to add tenure-track faculty described as following. Research area: Ceramics Outstanding candidates with demonstrated expertise in the synthesis and processing of ceramics, and the ability to build a strong research program based on functional ceramics for electronic, magnetic, optical, thermal, or catalytic/chemical applications, will be considered. Qualified candidates must possess a Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering or a closely-related field, with an emphasis on ceramics. Candidates must send your application materials to maglai@my.nthu.edu.tw and hung2@ mx.nthu.edu.tw before Jan. 31, 2014 which includes a cover letter, curriculum vitae, statements of research interest, course titles for teaching, certificate of doctoral degree, undergraduate and graduate transcripts, teaching philosophy, publication list with journal ranking and impact factor, the names (and contact information) of at least three references, and other supporting materials. 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Inc. 21 media@alaincharles.com 716-542-5511 sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com JTF Microscopy Services Inc. 607-292-6808 61 ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Classified Advertising/Services Mona Thiel mthiel@ceramics.org itfmicroscopy@roadrunner.com ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 9 600 N. Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 merican Ceramic ociety Westerville, OH 43082 www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 63 O deciphering the discipline Artashes Ter-Isahakyan Guest columnist Interpreting time scales through art and science A double major in materials science and engineering and art-studio provides a unique perspective on the unbroken circle between art and science. My work represents the various manifestations of time that humanity encounters through a lifetime. The materials, creative process, and final object all immolate various temporal abstractions that are comparable to life, offering, in turn, viewers a chance to reflect on their own past, present, and future. This idea compares to the life cycle of a person, but also follows a geological timeline that connects man, Earth, and time. I chose the material and form of the ceramic vessel to embody the human and geological properties. The vessel has represented life and vitality for cultures around the world since antiquity. Basically all regions where ancient civilizations developed have done so using ceramic vessels to store food and water. The vessel, in this way, is a tool and symbol for vitality, representing life by sustaining life. The vessel becomes an integral part of a family and community and, in many cases, has been passed down through generations to continue sustaining life. The vessel in this way compares to an individual life. The relationship between the life of an individual and the vessel often goes even deeper, for example, becoming a grave marker or grave good after an individual has passed away. The viewers of the vessels I have produced understand this, because many of the forms represented are comparable to crematory urns. The vessels also are meant to have a strong association to geology, which the viewer is led to understand through the crystalline glazing applied to the surfaces. Many people already understand the idea of firing a pot, but they most likely do not understand the connection between kiln firing and fundamental geological processes. When a pot is fired, the clay constituents undergo physical changes identical to the changes that happen beneath the Earth\'s surface. Heat, pressure, and time factors are uncontrolled beneath the Earth\'s surface. However, they can be used with purpose to create a beautiful glaze surface on a ceramic vessel. In the case of crystalline glazing, a maximum temperature is reached within the kiln, and then the environment is cooled slowly and reheated to influence crystal growth. The process is long and often unstable, creating unpredictable failures, but also capable of producing beautiful successes. The vessels produced, thus, are representations of the human life-cycle and the geological process found within the Earth. The portions of a vessel are referred to as the neck, shoulder, belly, and foot, because they often mimic human proportion. The vessels also have a temporal existence comparable to the human life-cycle—they are born, fired, and eventually destroyed. Ceramic vessels helped humankind develop food and water storage, and, because of this, they are viewed as sustaining objects. The vessel is comparable equally to the processes of the Earth\'s geology, because it literally is made from earth and fired by a human, similar to the way in which rock hardens beneath the crust of the Earth. It takes fire, energy, and time to produce a pot, similar to a volcano or a natural crystal. The viewers may not be given all this information directly, but they will come to similar conclusions through their own knowledge and comparisons to the world around them. Artashes Ter-Isahakyan is a senior at the University of Kentucky pursuing a double degree in materials science and engineering and art-studio. His work features the use of highly technical crystalline glazes that require meticulous and tight control of firing processes. He has tested more than 500 recipes and oxide combinations. As an undergraduate researcher under the guidance of Professor Richard Eitel, Ter-Isahakyan has researched synthesis of nanostructured ceramic materials that exhibit nanoscale three-dimensional checkerboard patterns in polycrystalline ceramics and bulk single crystals. These materials are being evaluated as potential high-performance \"electron-crystal phonon-glass\" thermoelectric materials. 64 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 1 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Are You Graduating Soon and Wondering What to Do? Sign up for a FREE year of membership in The American Ceramic Society! ACers can help you succeed by offering you a FREE Associate Membership for the first year following graduation. By becoming an ACerS Associate Member, you\'ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and throughout your career. 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