AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology JANUARY/FEBRUARY 2015 Inside the engine environmentSynchrotrons reveal secrets of high-temperature ceramic coatings Oxygen separation membranes Meet ACers new president ⚫ 116th Annual Meeting report January meetings: ICACC\'15 and EMA⚫ Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\" kiln for your specific needs • Robust, industrial design and construction • After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com contents January/February 2015 • Vol. 94 No. 1 feature articles Meet ACerS president Kathleen Richardson. 13 Eileen De Guire ACerS new president tells the Bulletin about her career in glass, what the Society means to her, and her goals for the year. ACerS 116th Annual Meeting and \'State of the Society\' report from President David Green 14 Eileen De Guire The Society is financially sound and responding to new needs of the ceramic and glass communities, David Green reported at October\'s Annual Meeting. Inside the engine environment-Synchrotrons reveal secrets of high-temperature ceramic coatings. 22 Kevin Knipe, Albert Manero II, Sanna F. Siddiqui, Carla Meid, Janine Wischek, John Okasinski, Jonathan Almer, Anette M. Karlsson, Marion Bartsch, and Seetha Raghavan Combining synchrotron X-rays with a recreated engine environment yields an innovative testing technique to analyze material responses of thermal barrier coatings. Fabrication of laboratory-scale planar oxygen separation membrane modules .. 28 Patrick Niehoff, Falk Schulze-Küppers, Stefan Baumann, Wilhelm A. Meulenberg, Olivier Guillon, and Robert Vaẞen A novel approach incorporates high-flux material and parallel modeling of oxygen transport to fabricate multilayer, planar, and fully-ceramic oxygen transport membranes with an eye on largescale manufcturing. meetings cover story Inside the engine environment— Synchrotrons reveal secrets of high-temperature ceramic coatings Credit: Uwe Schulz; DLR - page 22 10 mm Ceramics Expo 2015 EMA 2015: ACers Electronic Materials and Applications 2015 33 32 34 ICACC\'15: 39th Int\'l Conference and Expo on feature Fabrication of laboratory-scale planar oxygen separation Advanced Ceramics and Composites 35 membrane modules Credit: P. Niehoff GOMD-DGG 2015: ACers Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting and Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft Annual Meeting - page 28 39 Meeting highlights: Materials Science and Technology 2014 40 columns departments Deciphering the Discipline. David Kok From combat to ceramics: A unique phase transformation resources Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 48 News & Trends 3 ACers Spotlight. 8 Ceramics in Biomedicine 15 Research Briefs... 16 43 45 Ceramics in Energy. 20 47 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Associate Editor Jessica McMathis, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Finn Giuliani, Chair, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated John McCloy, Washington State University C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Fei Peng, Clemson University Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers Kathleen Richardson, President Mrityunjay Singh, President-Elect David Green, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2015 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian contents January/February 2015 Vol. 94 No. 1 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss 7 pars 8 5 w abo 3 Ceramic TechToday Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and receive the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news in your inbox each Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday. Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some top posts: OLED airplane Windowless aircraft offers lower carbon emissions and high-flying fun (with a view) http://bit.ly/11HhJ4H Bulletproof glass Armored vehicle maker trusts bulletproof glass to stop AK-47 bullets http://bit.ly/1ulzsUq Peanut butter diamonds Cut, clarity, crunchy, and creamy-The 4Cs of diamonds made from peanut butter http://bit.ly/1B3HJAA American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2014. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp 1-48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. Credit: Istockphoto 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 news & trends Corning debuts strongest glass yet with new Gorilla Glass 4 Corning Incorporated recently unveiled the latest and toughest version of its infamous Gorilla Glass. The new Gorilla Glass 4 promises to be two times tougher than any competitive cover glass on the market. According to an ABC News article, 30% of Americans damage their iPhones every year, and one in 10 is currently using a phone with a cracked screen. Broken screens are consumers\' top concern, according to Corning. To accurately put their products to the test, Corning devised specialized protocols that mimic the abuse smartphones get in the real world. According to a Corning press release, “Corning scientists examined hundreds of broken devices and found that damage caused by sharp contact accounted for more than 70 percent of field failures.\" In the lab, Corning researchers simulate that abuse by dropping phones from platforms one meter off the groundonto an unforgiving sandpaper-covered landing. Corning\'s new fusion-drawn Gorilla Glass 4 withstands the abuse. In addition to being at least two times tougher, the new glass also survived up to 80% 1m Credit: Corning of falls, in comparison with soda-lime glass, which \"breaks nearly 100% of the time,\" says Corning. \"Corning Gorilla Glass has outperformed competing materials, such as AMERICAN chemmet CORPORATION soda-lime glass and other strengthened glass, since it was introduced in 2007, and we\'re always innovating to push the limits of what glass can do,\" says James R. Steiner, senior vice president and MADE IN MONTANA SOLD TO THE WORLD Give Ceramists Something to Think About CUPRIC OXIDE COPPER GRANULES • Blue and Red Glazes and Glass ⚫ Iron Spot Brick CUPADUS OXIDE • Blue Glass and Glaze Brick Colorants and Ferrites ZINC OXIDES • For Ferrite, Brick, Fibre Glass Copper & Zinc for Ferrites Plants In Montana and Tennessee Stock Available Worldwide Corning\'s drop testing device for smartphone screens. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 www.ceramics.org AMERICAN CHEMET 740 Waukegan Road P.O. Box 437 Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA Phone +1-847-948-0800 Fax +1-847-948-0811 www.chemet.com Sales@chemat.com 3 ●news & trends Credit: h080; Flickr; CC BY-SA 2.0 general manager of Corning Specialty Materials, in the release. \"With Gorilla Glass 4, we have focused on significantly improving protection against sharp contact damage, which is the primary reason that mobile devices break. Dropping and breaking a phone is a common problem, and one that our customers have asked us to help address.\" Corning says that more than 40 manufacturers have used Gorilla Glass to date in the design of 1,395 total product models, for a total of 3 billion devices featuring Gorilla Glass since its introduction. The company says that \"product sampling and shipment for Gorilla Glass 4 are under way with Corning\'s global customers.\" Rooftop and utility-scale solar prices are on the decline According to a news release, two reports-\"Utility Scale Solar\" and \"Tracking the Sun\"-from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory show that solar costs substantially less than it did in recent years, partly because large-scale solar projects have found ways to offer renewable energy that is competitively priced. \"The price of electricity sold to utilities under long-term contracts from large-scale solar power projects has fallen 4 Business news Argonne announces new licensing agreement with Akhan Semiconductor (anl. gov)...Special furnaces from Carbolite process high-tech ceramics (carbolite. com)...Saint-Gobain and CNRS open a joint research center at NIMS in Japan (saint-gobain.com)...Guardian to close Floreffe plant in 2015 (guardian. com)...Corning expands light-duty filter capacity in Germany (corning.com)…… Ross expands India operations (mixers. com)...Owens-Illinois completes €55M investment in Italian beverage industry (o-i.com)...AGC Technovation Centre inaugurated in Gosselies, Belgium (agcglass.eu)...H.C. Starck and Ningxia reach settlement agreement in patent infringeby more than 70% since 2008, to just $50/MWh on average within a sample of contracts signed in 2013 or 2014 and concentrated among projects located in the southwestern United States,\" says Berkeley\'s Mark Bolinger, one of the authors of \"Utility Scale Solar.\" Solar costs substantially less than it did in recent years, say Berkeley Lab researchers. It also costs less to install a utilityscale photovoltaic (PV) project, say the authors. Utility-scale projects have shown increased performance while decreasing in price by a third since 2007-2009. Likewise, in 2013, the cost of installing a residential or commercial PV system fell by almost $0.70/W-or 12% to 15%from the previous year, according to the writers of \"Tracking the Sun.\" \"This marked the fourth consecutive year of significant price reductions for residential and commercial systems in the U.S.,\" says coauthor Galen Barbose. Unlike previous years, during which the falling price of PV modules helped reduce the installation cost, it is reductions in solar\'s \"soft costs\"-marketing, system ment case (hcstarck.com)...Schott to restructure Duryea plant (schott.com)... Thomson Reuters releases top 100 global innovators for 2014 (top100innovators. com)...Graphene Frontiers partners with Madico to accelerate material production (graphenefrontiers.com)...Bohle AG takes over cutting wheel producer Lixon (bohle-group.com)... Corning expands science and technology presence in Korea (corning.com)...Harper partners with University of Colorado Boulder for advanced magnesium processing (harper intl.com)...Gujarat Tech to train manpower for glass industry along with Saint Gobain (gtu.ac.in) design, installation labor, and permitting and inspections-that seem to be driving the decline in PV system pricing. Those soft costs are detailed in a third report, \"How Much Do Local Regulations Matter?,\" written by the lab in collaboration with the University of Texas at Austin and the Department of Energy. The data show that variances in permitting and regulatory procedures in various cities \"significantly impact\" the price (to the tune of $900, or $0.18/W) of residential PV systems. Says Berkeley\'s Ryan Wiser, coauthor of the report, \"A variety of efforts are underway to make local procedures less onerous and more conducive to solar market growth. These results highlight the magnitude of PV price reductions that might be possible through streamlining burdensome local regulatory procedures.\" Go to http://emp.lbl.gov/reports/re to read the full reports. DOE funding to speed up nuclear R&D, lab-to-market transition Following an infusion of more than $67 million in nuclear energy research a few months back, the Department of Energy has announced that it will award five companies more than $13 million to advance \"key\" R&D in nuclear energy projects. According to a DOE press release, the cost-share agreements, part of United States President Barack Obama\'s \"all-ofthe-above\" energy approach, will “help address significant technical challenges to www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 57.83 Credit: Jason Samfield; Flickr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 The Department of Energy plans to award more than $13 million to advance \"key\" R&D in nuclear energy projects. the design, construction, and operation of next-generation nuclear reactors, based off needs identified by industry designers and technical experts.\" Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz says that the research will help lay the groundwork for a new low-carbon future. \"This type of public-private research in advanced nuclear reactors will help accelerate American leadership in the next generation of nuclear energy technologies, and move the U.S. closer to a low-carbon future,\" he says. \"These types of investments are crucial to the continuing role of nuclear power as a significant contributor to the U.S. energy economy.\" Additionally, the department has announced a new program to accelerate delivery of clean energy technologies from lab to market. Based on the National Science Foundation\'s Innovation Corps model, the DOE\'s Lab-Corps program hopes to \"better train and empower national lab researchers to successfully transition their discoveries into high-impact, real world technologies in the private sector.\' \" Deal may expand tariff-free technology, including semiconductors Successful negotiations between United States President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping are setting the stage for the World Trade Organization to slash tariffs on an expanded selection of high-tech products, including semiconductors. Kappel; Flickr O According to the Wall Street Journal, \"The new technology deal would include 200 different tariff categories. Among the products that would see tariffs eliminated are next-generation Semiconductors are poised to get a tariff break. rounding an update to the Information Technology Agreement, a global trade agreement that details which tech products are excluded from tariffs. semiconductors, which now have tariffs as high as 25%; magnetic resonance-imaging, or MRI, machines, which face tariffs of up to 8%; and GPS devices, which also have tariffs as high as 8%, the U.S. said.\" Obama and Jinping agreed on those 200 products during discussions happening in China recently at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit. The agreement is part of negotiations surAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 www.ceramics.org Sealing Glass The ITA was implemented almost two decades ago, at a time when many current high-tech goods were nonexistent or less widespread than today-meaning that an update is long overdue. Although the progress so far is positive, this is only the first step toward slashing tariffs. Additions to the ITA will Sealing Glass Solutions from Mo-Sci Excellent wetting and bonding to both metal and ceramics Glass is homogeneous, with no crystals and no significant elements from metal or ceramics diffusing into glass The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with you to design and develop your project mo.sci CORPORATION ISO 9001:2008 AS9100C • www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 5 Onews & trends next need to be approved by the dozens of other economies that contribute to the ITA and by the WTO. According to the WTO, facilitating trade in general is a big business: \"The benefits to the world economy are calculated to be between $ 400 billion and $1 trillion by reducing costs of trade by between 10% and 15%, increasing trade flows and revenue collection, creating a stable business environment, and attracting foreign investment.\" UK\'s Imperial College builds global advanced ceramics industry-university consortium In 2008, the British Engineering and Physical Research Council (EPSRC) established the Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics at Imperial College, London, through its fourth \"science and innovation call.\" EPSRC is the United Kingdom\'s primary agency for funding research in the engineering and physical sciences. The concept behind the fiveyear, £5.5 million program was to provide “roots\" of support while the Centre established itself and built a consortium of \"wings\" comprising industry members and universities. According to Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez, professor at Imperial College and director of CASC, \"The goal was to address the lack of critical mass of U.K. expertise in the fundamental understanding of structural ceramics, which underpin key areas of the economy, including energy generation, aerospace, defence, transport, and healthcare.\" The first director of the Centre was Bill Lee, professor at Imperial and future president of ACerS (2016-2017). CASC started from almost nothing-the first tasks were to renovate antiquated labs and acquire new equipment. Now CASC is a fully functioning, state-of-the-art multidisciplinary center with industry consortium partners in the U.K. and \"in the abroad.\" Industry partners include Rolls Royce, Morgan Technical Ceramics, DSTL, and Reaction Engines. A sampling of 6 Researchers in the Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics at Imperial College, London. non-U.K. consortium members includes Kerneos and Asahi Glass Company. The Centre has built a \"hub and spoke\" network of academic partners, too, with university partners in the U.K. as well as the United States, Belgium, Spain, Germany, France, Israel, China, and Italy. Today, CASC has more than 30 students and postdoctoral researchers working on advanced structural ceramics who are supervised by Saiz, Lee, and two other facultyFinn Giuliani and Luc Vandeperre. As its name describes, CASC research focuses on advanced structural ceramics. However, the research cuts widely across applications and materials. For example, researchers study bioinspired compos ites, ultra-high-temperature ceramics, glass-matrix composites for optomechanical devices, graphene, age hardening of coatings, and concrete containing clay brick waste. Processing research figures prominently into the research programs. Work on silicon carbide, for example, investigates hot pressing and spark plasma sintering with an aluminum nitride sintering aid. The CASC annual report presents highlights of advanced structural ceramic research discoveries. The annual report also provides information about membership fees for joining the consortium and benefits that accrue at various participation levels. Outreach is a key aspect of the CASC mission. Saiz says, \"CASC also organizes different activities to promote scientific dissemination and ceramics education, such as a summer school on ceramics, lectures, specialized workshops, industry days, and the Richard Brook Prize for the best Ph.D. thesis on ceramics in the U.K.\" GE advances advanced manufacturing with Connecticut lab General Electric Industrial Solutions\' new Advanced Manufacturing Lab (AML) recently opened its doors in Plainville, Conn. There, the company hopes to promote its abilities-particularly those related to the soon-to-be-launched GuardEon molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) platform with processes powered by \"sophisticated robots and automated manufacturing systems.” \"We are making unprecedented investments in our business to deliver the global MCCB platform faster www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 Credit: Imperial College, CASC Easy to Choose. Easy to Use. Simultaneous Thermal Analysis than ever before, while introducing innovative design-formanufacturing development methods and launching a modern, advanced manufacturing plant,\" says Bob Gilligan, CEO of GE\'s Industrial Solutions business, in a news release. \"This is a genuine vote of confidence in our ability to build a stronger, more competitive business that best serves our customers\' needs.\" Those investments include people. In 2013, GE had seven engineers working in Plainville. Today, the company has 50-plus full-time employees working on the MCCB project. According to the release, the lab boasts \"advanced technoloGE\'s new Advanced Manufacturing Lab aims to hone advanced manufacturing abilities. gies including some of the first Occupational Health and Safety Administrationapproved advanced manufacturing robots, utilizing smart-response movements to help safely and intelligently work directly alongside operators in a manufacturing environment. The AML also features 4-by-6-foot \'moonshine\' tables outfitted with programmable logic controllers and pneumatics. The tables serve as experimental design pods for inventing enhanced manufacturing operations to meet strict TAKT times, a critical measurement linking production-cycle times to customer-demand rates.\" As a result, says the company, it is able to design, build, and deliver products faster, including GuardEon, which took just three years from development to launch, \"significantly faster than typical industry development time.\" GE plans to leverage these quickerto-market methods at its new Circuit Breaker Center of Excellence (Puerto Rico), where GuardEon will be produced. The company also recently announced that it is building a $32-million advanced manufacturing facility in Pennsylvania, a second site that places its employees and research firmly at \"the intersection of technology and manufacturing.\" American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 www.ceramics.org Credit: General Electric Company 100% NETZSCH at the best price-performance ratio www.netzsch.com/n11718 STA 449 F5 Jupiter® - The New Standard for TGA-DSC Measurements Universal: For applications up to 1600°C. ■Easy-Access: Sample holder can be reached from above; furnace hoist rotates. ■Time-Saving: TGA-BeFlat baseline correction considerably lessens measuring effort. STA 449 F5 Jupiter® NETZSCH NETZSCH NETZSCH Instruments North America, LLC 129 Middlesex Turnpike Burlington, MA 01803-3305, USA Tel.: (+1) 781 272 5353 nib-sales@netzsch.com acers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Megan Bricker at mbricker@ceramics. org, or visit www.ceramics.org/corporate. HYSITRON® Hysitron Minneapolis, Minn., USA www.Hysitron.com TREBOL Trebol USA LLC Andrews, S.C., USA www.gtrebol.com/trebol-usa.php Nominations needed for 2015 awards ACerS runs a thriving awards program that recognizes contributions of deserving individuals and companies within the ceramics and glass community. To help us identify those candidates, please submit a nomination-or encourage others to do so-by January 15, 2015. Please note that even if your nominee is not selected this year, for most awards, he or she will be reconsidered for future years. To view the full list of awards or submit a nomination, visit www.ceramics. org/awards or contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. 8 Order your Materials Science Kit at www.ceramics.org MS&T14 student contest winners The Material Advantage Student Program sponsored five contests for undergraduate and graduate students during MS&T14 in Pittsburgh. Thank you to all who helped to judge and organize the contests this year, and congratu lations to all of the winners. Material Advantage Graduate Student Poster Competition First place Wei Wu, Carnegie Mellon University Effect of Electrolyte on Electrochemical Performance of Aqueous Sodium-Ion Battery System Second place Kenta Ohtaki, University of California, Irvine Synthesis Route for Doped Monoclinic LaPO4 (Monazite) Avoiding the Formation of Rhabdophane Third place Harpal Singh, The University of Akron Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite: Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Poster Competition First place Kathleen Alyssa O\'Connell, West Virginia University Synthesis of Doped Lanthanum Zirconate by Spray Pyrolysis Second place Carolina E. Swanson, Missouri University of Science and Technology Grain Growth of ZrB2 in Pulse Plasma Arc Welded Fusion Zones Third place Dan Shields, Pennsylvania State University Development of Experimental Procedures for Digital Image Correlation at Elevated Temperatures Using Laser Micro-Machined Pattern Honorable Mention Kimberly Lachell and Chuanzhe Hu, Ohio State University Novel Methods for Analysis of Biomaterials Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Winner Jennifer DiStefano, Pennsylvania State University Advancing Flexible Electronics through Novel 2D Materials First runner up Utthara Rameshbabu, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Nano-Bio Interactions of Concave-Surfaced Gold Nanoparticles Second runners up Danish Dhamani, Drexel University Modeling Resistive and Capacitive Behavior of Knitted Supercapacitors Kevin R. Talley, Boise State University High-Throughput Processing for Materials Discovery Material Advantage Ceramic Mug Drop Contest (Organized by Keramos Winners (passing at 90-cm drop) Joshua Marett, Sarah DeSilva, Cameron Crowell, and David Lichtman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Most Aesthetic Mug Samantha Swayne, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Material Advantage Ceramic Disc Golf Contest (Organized by Keramos) Winner (made 7 m) Noveen Delaram, University of Connecticut Most Aesthetic Disc Allie Clark, University of Connecticut Mug Drop contest video included in iOS and Android app editions www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics Division 51st Annual Symposium, March 24-26, 2015 \"Refractories as Engineered Ceramics\" is the theme for the 51st Annual Symposium of ACerS St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division on March 25-26, 2015 at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo. A kickoff event will be held the evening of March 24, 2015. Program cochairs are Mike Alexander, Riverside Refractories, and Matt Lambert, Allied Mineral Products. A partial list of papers to be presented includes: \"Novel Deflocculation System for Silica-FumeContaining Castables with Enhanced Robustness to Raw Material Variations,\" Christoph Wöhrmeyer, Kerneos SA \"Castables for Industrial Applications-Still Room for Improve-ment,” Dale Zacherl, Almatis, Inc. • • \"New Forefront Measuring Techniques for Characterizing Engineered Refractories,\" Peter Quirmbach, Deutsches Institut fuer Feuerfest and Keramik (DIFK) \"Thoughts on Additive Manufacturing for Refractory Application,\" James Hemrick, Oak Ridge National Laboratory \"A Potential Short-Cut to Quantitative Mineralogy,\" Bill Carty, Alfred University • • \"Improvement of Refractory Castables with an Innovative Calcium Aluminate Binder System,\" Robert Stacy, Calucem • \"Physical Properties of a Refractory Castable with Various Alumina Aggregates,\" Mike Alexander, Riverside Refractories \"Micro-Gel-Bonded Castables-A Bond with Potentials,\" Bjorn Myhre, Elkem • \"Carbon-Bonded Refractory Composites,\" Duane DeBastini, Vesuvius • \"An Alternative Advanced Alumina for Advanced Refractory Ceramics,\" Scott Barnhouse, Alteo-Alumina \"In-Depth Microstructural Evolution Analyses of CementBonded Spinel Refractory Castables: Novel Insights Regarding Spinel and CA6 Formation,\" Eric Sako, Saint-Gobain \"Tailoring Composite Properties Through Engineered Ceramics,\" Jeremy Watts, Missouri University of Science & Technology • \"ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors: Annual Report of Student Activities,\" Jessica Rimsza and Bradley Richards The event also will include a Tabletop Expo. To participate in the Expo ($300 fee), contact Patty Smith at 573-341-6265 or psmith@mst.edu. To register or reserve your room before the March 2, 2015 deadline, visit www.ceramics.org/meetings/acers-meetings. Please note that a meeting of the ASTM International C-8 Committee on Refractories will be held on March 24 just prior to the St. Louis Section/RCD conference. Contact Kate McClung at 610-832-9717 for more information. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org tzeschutz ON ANTI-CHALBUR Ceramitec 2015: Hot spot for ceramics industry Ceramitec 2015, the European trade fair for ceramics industries, will be held October 20-23, 2015, in Munich, Germany. The fair occurs every three years, and the 2012 event attracted more than 600 exhibitors from 42 countries and more than 16,000 visitors from 100 countries. The 2015 event will have a special focus on the entire value-added supply chain, from manufacturer to supplier to researcher. Vendors will showcase the latest raw materials, testing rigs, production tools, and equipment for producing ceramic products. For more information, visit www.ceramitec.de/en. NEW! Alumina ♦Fused Quartz Zirconia ♦ Sapphire Crucibles Furnace Tubes Thermocouple Insulators Rods Plates & Disks ◆ Quartz Cuvettes Alumina & Sapphire Sample Pans for Thermal Analysis Custom Components ADVALUE TECHNOLOGY 3470 S. Dodge Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85713 Tel: 520-514-1100 sales@advaluetech.com Fax: 520-747-4024 www.advaluetech.com A AdValue Technology 24-hour Shipment of Many In-stock Standard Sizes Custom Fabrication for Special Requests 9 acers spotlight Retired Corning scientist S. Donald Stookey dies at 99 Stookey S. Donald Stookey, most renowned for his discovery of glass-ceramics and photosensitive glass, died on November 4, at the age of 99 in Pittsford, N.Y. During his 47-year career at Corning, he discovered and learned how to control the nucleation and crystal growth process that converts glass to glass-ceramic. Corning named the glassceramic material \"Pyroceram” and used it to make consumer products, missile nose cones, and fasteners for the space shuttle. One of the company\'s most successful consumer products, CorningWare, extended Stookey\'s work into millions of households around the world. In 2006, the Society\'s Glass and Optical Materials Division established the \"Stookey Lecture of Discovery\" to recognize \"an individual\'s lifetime of innovative exploratory work or noteworthy contributions of outstanding research on new materials, phenomena, or processes involving glass that have commercial significance or the potential for commercial impact.\" The award is sponsored jointly by Corning and Coe College. Stookey joined the Society in 1944 and was a Distinguished Life Member, Fellow, and member of the Glass and Optical Materials Division. In Memoriam Gary Braun Edward Giess Karl Sieber Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Awards, scholarship opportunities for students ACerS Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division sponsored two $500 travel stipends to help students fund their attendance to MS&T14 in Pittsburgh, Pa. Congratulations to this year\'s winners: Kara Phillips, University of California, Irvine, and José Marcial, Washington State University. Additionally, ACerS Basic Science Division recently announced the winners of its 2014 Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) awards. Diamond Ranking Amy Marquardt, University of Maryland-College Park Efrain Hernandez-Rivera, University of Michigan, Sandia National Laboratories Yachao Chen, Colorado School of Mines Sapphire Award John Drazin, University of California, Davis Jorgen Rufner, University of California, Davis Marion Werinos, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Austria Richard Otis, Pennsylvania State University Wei Wu, Carnegie Mellon University Zheng Ren, University of Connecticut Graduate students whose abstracts are accepted for an oral talk at MS&T15 should consider applying for the 2015 GEMS Awards. Additionally, the following awards and scholarship opportunities are available to students. • The Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars, recognizing research excellence in glass science, will be presented at the GOMD-DGG 2015 Joint Annual Meeting in Miami, Fla., May 17-21, 2015. The competition is open to all degreeseeking graduate students or those who have graduated within a 12-month period of this meeting. Nomination deadline is January 21, 2015. • • The Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship is awarded to an undergraduate student pursing a degree in ceramic science, ceramic engineering, materials science, materials engineering or any combination of these degrees. The winner will receive a scholarship of $3,000, a certificate of recognition, and a $500 travel grant to attend MS&T to receive their award. Application deadline is April 1, 2015. • • The Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship is a $2,000 tuition award from ACerS Electronics Division designed to encourage academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics and materials science and engineering. The 2015 essay topic is \"Electroceramics for telecommunications.\" Nomination deadline is May 15, 2015. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/awards. Mark your calendars for ICACC\'15 student activities Students attending the 39th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC\'15), in Daytona Beach should take note of these activities: • Student and Young Professional Networking Mixer: Swap stories with fellow students and young professionals during this relaxed event on Monday, January 26. Schott Glass Drop Competition: Be sure to attend this fun design contest, organized by ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors on Tuesday, January 27. | • 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 Members: Save time with multiyear renewal If your membership expires this month or even if you have another expiration date, please take the time to renew now. To renew online, visit www.ceramics.org, click the \"Renew\" button on the top of the home page, and follow the prompts. You will need a credit card or PayPal to complete the transaction. You also can call customer service at 866-721-3322 (U.S.) or 240646-7054 (outside U.S.), or email customerservice@ceramics.org. Tired of getting renewal notices every year? Contact customer service to sign up for a multiyear renewal option that lets you decide how many years to renew. Annual call for committee nominations The ACerS Nominating Committee seeks nominations for key leadership positions on the Nominating, Meetings, Member Services, and Publications Committees. Download nomination forms at www.ceramics.org/acers-blog/acers-annualcall-for-board-committee-nominations and submit by February 27, 2015 to acerspresident@ceramics.org. ECD announces best paper, best poster winners from ICACC\'14 The Engineering Ceramics Division has announced the Best Paper and Best Poster winners from the ICACC\'14 meeting held last January in Daytona Beach, Fla., and will present the awards during the plenary session at ICACC\'15. Congratulations to the authors of the winning papers and posters. Best Posters First place Damage Monitoring of Silicon Carbide Matrix Composites by Digital Image Correlations Takashi Nozawa, Kazumi Ozawa, and Hiroyasu Tanigawa Second place Vertically Aligned Carbon-Nanotube-Based Ceramic Nanocomposites with Anisotropic Thermal Properties James Mckee, Hongjiang Yang, and Jihua Gou Third place Geopolymer Foams by Gelcasting Paolo Colombo, Marcelo Strozi Cilla, and Márcio R. Morelli Best Papers First place Fractographic Analysis of Broken Ceramic Dental Restorations George D. Quinn Second place Fabrication and Characterization of a Micro-Reformer Unit Fully Integrated in Silicon for Ethanol Conversion Dolors Pla, Marc Salleras, Inigo Garbayo, Alex Morata, Neus Sabaté, Nuria J. Divins, Jordi Llorca, and Albert Tarancón Third place Novel Low-Temperature Ceramics for CO₂ Capture Hutha Sarma and Steven Ogunwumi Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR -- 50 years of service and reliability 50 1964-2014 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. 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Singh, known for his work in science, engineering, and applications of advanced materials and technologies for aerospace and energy systems, is an ACerS Fellow, and the recipient of more than 55 national and international awards, includ ing ACerS John Jeppson, Richard M. Fulrath, and James I. Mueller Awards. He serves on ACerS Executive Committee as president-elect for 2014-2015. Lewis Lewis named to list of 100 Leading Global Thinkers Foreign Policy magazine has named Jennifer Lewis as one of its 100 Leading Global Thinkers for 2014 for her disruptive research in 3D bioprinting. The Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard\'s School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Lewis pioneered the microscale 3D printing of functional inks. Her work was featured in the magazine\'s November issue, and she was honored Connecting Global Competence Messe München International Hot spot for the ceramics industry To register: www.ceramitec.de/application ceramitec 2015 Technologies Innovations. Materials October 20-23 Messe München ceramitec.de Fred E. Schmidt, president of Alpha Sigma Mu, presents Mrityunjay Singh with the honor society\'s Distinguished Life Member Award. during an event in Washington, D.C. featuring keynote speaker U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry. Lewis, a member of ACerS Basic Science Division, earned her Sc.D. in ceramic science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Among her numerous distinctions, she is an ACerS Fellow, the recipient of the Cements Division Stephen Brunauer Award, and a finalist for BostInno\'s 50 on Fire in Medicine and Healthcare awards. Riman earns \'Inventor of the Year\' honor The New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame has awarded Richard E. Riman, distinguished professor of materials science and engineering at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, and founder of Solidia Technologies, an ACerS Corporate Member, “Inventor of the Year.\" Riman, who also was inducted into the Hall of Fame, was honored for his work related to carbon capture and sequestration through the use of novel concrete products. Riman He holds a bachelor\'s degree in ceramic engineering from Rutgers and a doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in materials and engineering. A member of ACerS Basic Science Division and the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, Riman holds 10 patents that are in the process of commercial development by Solidia, which was named to the 2014 Global Cleantech 100 in October 2014. Brinkman chosen as international scholar Brinkman The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society (TMS) has selected Kyle Brinkman, associate professor of materials science and engineering at Clemson University, as the recipient of the 2015 TMS Young Leaders International Scholar-FEMS Award. Brinkman will receive the award during the TMS Annual Meeting in March. A member of ACerS Electronics Division and the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, he holds degrees from Clemson and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He joined the Clemson faculty in January 2014 following seven years working as principal engineer at Savannah River National Laboratory\'s Materials Science and Technology Division. 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 Meet ACerS president Kathleen Richardson By Eileen De Guire CerS president Kathleen Richardson did not intend to study ceramics, nor did she intend to earn a Ph.D., and she definitely did not intend to be an entrepreneur. She did all those things. Richardson grew up in Rochester, N.Y, home to large companies including Kodak, Bausch and Lomb, and Xerox. When she headed to Alfred University in 1978 as an undergraduate to study chemistry, it was with the assumption that she would return to Rochester to work at Kodak. \"What could be further from the truth?\" she marveled in a recent interview. First was a turn from chemistry lab to mud lab, where, she says, \"all of my classmates were having much more fun in mud lab.\" Before her freshman year ended, Richardson was a ceramic engi neering major. Thinking she would return to Rochester to work in an optics-based company inspired her to take every optics course Alfred offered. Instead, Richardson hired into the Laboratory for Laser Energetics at the University of Rochester as its first materials engineer. Everyone else, including Steve Jacobs, who hired her, were optics engineers. Jacobs, who directed the program, realized there could be advantages to having a materials engineer on staff. After interviewing Richardson three times, he took a chance on the young ceramic engineer who knew a lot about optics. With a good job secured, Richardson promised herself she was done with school. Richardson helped connect the LLE to ceramic engineering, glass science, and faculty experts at Alfred. \"The understanding that you can enable new optical function by tailoring the chemistry of the material... in the early 1980s, people [outside of industry] had not really thought about that,\" she says. \"Now researchers see the benefit of cross-disciplinary training.\" \"It was in that time that I quickly realized I needed a Ph.D.,\" Richardson says. During graduate school, she also American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 discovered her passion to teach and introduce young people to interdisciplinary approaches to science. She says, \"My whole career has been based on benefitting and exploiting interdisciplinary [approaches to science].\" Her part-time M.S. graduate work was funded by Hoya Corporation (Japan) while she was still working at U of R. Her work introduced her to the international optics community at Hoya, Schott Glass in Germany, and others. These experiences showed her that cultural crossover is as important as technical crossover, a perspective that she brings to her presidential year. Richardson\'s academic career took her to the University of Central Florida in Orlando. After 12 years, she joined the faculty at Clemson University in South Carolina, where she helped merge the textiles and ceramics efforts into a progressive, interdisciplinary materials science and engineering department. Richardson stayed there until 2012, when she rejoined UCF and its Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers (CREOL). Her research led to a start-up company to manufacture chalcogenide optical materials for infrared applications-IRradiance Glass (Orlando, Fla.)—where she serves as chief technical officer. my Richardson joined ACerS through a local section while working in Rochester. \"ACerS has always been my home. It helped me so much in the early stages of career,\" she says. She recalled her first talk at a Glass Division meeting in New Orleans. \"Connie Moynihan asked the first question. I was scared to death because I had read all his papers, and he was known as a tough questioner. We laugh about it now!\" Over time, Richardson started taking on leadership roles in the GOMD, which led to serving on the ACerS Board of Directors and the presidential office sequence. \"I\'m thrilled to be president and to give back to this organization that has been so giving to me,\" she says. Richardson laid out three goals for year. her www.ceramics.org Kathleen Richardson receives the ceremonial ceramic gavel from David Green. First, while preparing to assume the presidency, she found each Division has highly effective best practices for its constituents. Richardson wants to use her role to facilitate communication between Divisions so that they can benefit from each others\' experiences and successes. Second, Richardson has introduced a \"global diversity initiative,\" but her vision is for the broadest possible interpretation of \"global\" and \"diversity.” The idea is to globally build links between all aspects of the diverse ACerS membership. \"So many of our members just want to be asked to help,\" she says. Third, Richardson realizes this is a critical year for the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation as it begins fundraising in earnest and starts to unfold programs to serve its mission. \"Our community and industry is only as good as the workforce that we provide it,\" Richardson observes. “I will put the challenge out there to our industrial partners: Here\'s an opportunity to reengage and support the process of educating their workforce. Tell us what you need. Come to the table, and be part of the process.\" Her husband, Martin Richardson, also a UCF and CREOL optics professor, is currently a Jefferson Fellow with the United States State Department. Together they enjoy traveling, skiing, and keeping up with six grandchildren. Clearly, Richardson\'s schedule leaves little free time, but she has a plan for managing that. \"Just asking others makes a huge difference. I\'m bringing that attitude to my presidency. If I haven\'t asked you yet, stay tuned, I probably will!\" 13 ACers 116th Annual Meeting and \'State of the Society\' report from President David Green By Eileen De Guire he American Ceramic ☐ Society held its 116th Annual Meeting on October 13, 2014, during the MS&T14 conference in Pittsburgh, Pa. President David Green delivered a report on the \"State of the Society\" and its activities over the past year. In addition, he recognized Society officers and Board of Directors members whose terms ended with the Annual Meeting and administered the oath of office to incoming officers and directors. Treasurer Ted Day reported on the fiscal health of the Society, and ACerS incoming president, Kathleen Richardson, outlined her goals in 2014-2015. The Annual Meeting finished with the traditional Town Hall forum. Green reviewed key highlights and milestones from the year, such as the Art, Archaeology and Conservation Division\'s first workshop at Stanford University, the St. Louis/Refractory Ceramics Division\'s 50th annual symposium, and the Diversity Committee\'s activities to promote and facilitate diversity among ACerS membership. The Society\'s most important new initiative, the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, hired a full-time development director and began organizing a Board of Trustees. The CGIF is positioned to begin fundraising and offer programming in 2015, according to Green. In addition, Green had the happy duty of reporting that CGIF had received a new donation of $100,000 from Ted and Kim Day, which will be matched from the ACerS $1 million matching grant. All three ACerS peer-reviewed journals rank in the top ten journals for Materials Science, Ceramics Category. The Journal of the American Ceramic Society reclaimed its first-place ranking with an impact factor of 2.428. Green reported that ACerS\' other peer review journals-International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology and International Journal of Applied Glass Science-rank fifth and eighth, respectively, which also were ranking increases. \"There is a download from JACerS every 40 seconds,\" Green said. \"Overall, in 2013, 32,763 JACerS papers were cited. These metrics speak to the caliber of research being published in our journals and the importance of ACerS journals for promoting scientific discourse in our field.\" The Society now offers access to its journals through an app for smartphones and tablets. In addition, a new ACerS Bulletin app expands options for readers and will add an extra dimension of \"discoverability\" for the magazine as well as the Society. The Society undertook a project to digitize the entire Bulletin archive, which will make the extensive content published since 1922 available to members and institutions. The Ceramic Publishing Company-the Society\'s publishing arm serving the art ceramics communityexpanded its offerings with a subscriptionbased glaze recipe dataNew leaders of the Society are sworn in at the Annual Meeting. From left: Daniel Lease, treasurer; Michael Alexander, director; Kathleen Richardson, president; Hua-Tay Lin, director; Mrityunjay Singh, president-elect; Geoff Brennecka, director. base. CPC also completed digitization of its magazine archives, giving potters and artisans access to a rich history of clay practice and knowledge. The Society continued Acers president David strengthening Green reports to the memits internation- bership at the 116th Annual Meeting of the Society. al ties, building on the outreach activities of previous presidents. Green realized a goal of his presidency to build \"Pan American\" ceramic society collaborations with the signing of a memorandum of understanding with the Brazilian Ceramic Society. Looking beyond the Americas, Green began work with the European Ceramic Society to develop student exchanges and summer schools. Also, discussions with the Chinese Ceramic Society, begun while Green attended the 5th International Congress on Ceramics, will continue on topics such as establishing a joint award lecture symposium. The Society\'s Glass and Optical Materials Division held a successful joint Division meeting in Aachen, Germany, with the German Glass Society (DGG). GOMD and the Society will welcome the DGG to Miami, Fla., in May 2015 for a second joint meeting. Treasurer Ted Day reported again this year that the Society is financially strong. Both ACerS and its CPC subsidiary achieved operating budget surpluses in 2013. Investment fund returns contributed substantially to ACerS total assets in 2013. As a result, the Society holds no debt and enjoys a strong asset-toliability ratio. With 11 months of operating reserves, the Society has exceeded its goal of maintaining a minimum of six months of operating reserves. After taking the oath of office, Richardson outlined plans for her presidency. The meeting closed with Green passing the president\'s ceremonial ceramic gavel to Richardson. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 ceramics in biomedicine Bioabsorbable metal-ceramic implants fix broken bodies, then vanish Suture anchors are little pieces of hardware that reattach soft tissues, such as tendons and ligaments, to bone. The anchors screw into the bone and end in an eyelet for attaching sutures, providing a stable anchor point to reconnect soft tissues. The hardware can be composed of titanium, but metal can be problematic because it can eventually damage repaired tissues. Therefore, researchers at Germany\'s Fraunhofer Institute have devised a solution of metal-ceramic composites, which they are using to fashion into bioabsorbable implants. \"With the implant, severed tendons can be anchored to the bone until they have grown again,\" says Philipp Imgrund, Fraunhofer manager of Medical Technology and Life Sciences, in a Fraunhofer press release. \"Since the function of the fixing element is satisfied after the healing process, it is no longer needed in the body.\" Using powder injection molding, the team fabricated suture anchors, barely bigger than a match head, out of an optimized mix of 60% iron alloy and 40% beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic. Researchers used injection molding because, even though economical and scalable, the process allowed them to control the composition\'s strength through density and porosity. New metal-ceramic composite suture anchors are barely bigger than a match head. \"Iron alloys corrode slowly and ensure high mechanical strength, while ceramic decomposes quickly, stimulates bone growth, and aids the ingrowth of the implant,\" Imgrund says. “It is important to determine the right amount of ceramics as a function of the powder amount. If the proportion is too high, the material will be brittle. On the other hand, the tricalcium phosphate accelerates the degradation of the implant.” Because the team is pioneering this process with powder injection molding, it also can adjust the composition of the powders that comprise the hardware, allowing them to adjust the degradation rate of the implant. According to the release, the researchers achieved degradation rates in the laboratory that would achieve anchor absorption in the body within one to two years. According to the release, part of the team is now working on an “in vivo monitoring system that can monitor and document the degradation behavior of the implants in the human body.” I It\'s A Matter Of Choice CM Furnaces, long recognized as an industrial leader in performance-proven, high temperature fully continuous sintering furnaces for MIM, CIM and traditional press and sinter now OFFERS YOU A CHOICE, for maximum productivity and elimination of costly down time. Choose one of our exclusive BATCH hydrogen atmosphere Rapid Temp furnaces. Designed for both debinding and sintering, these new furnaces assure economical, simple and efficient operation. OR... choose our continuous high temperature sintering furnaces with complete automation and low hydrogen consumption. E-Mail: info@cmfurnaces.com Web Site: http://www.cmfurnaces.com CONTACT US for more information on our full line of furnaces with your choice of size, automation, atmosphere capabilities and temperature ranges up to 3100°F / 1700°C. CM FURNACES INC. 103 Dewey Street Bloomfield, NJ 07003-4237 Tel: 973-338-6500 Fax: 973-338-1625 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 15 research briefs Give me a brake-preferably one that is ceramic Ceramic brakes are used to slow down speedy cars, such as Aston Martins, Paganis, Lamborghinis, Porsches, and Ferraris. But with high performance and high potential speeds comes another high—price. Automobile drivers may not have to pine for the luxe life much longer, however. Researchers at Switzerland\'s Empa research institute are aiming to bring ceramic brakes to the masses with an affordable option that can be installed on compact cars. The team, which consists of Empa, Politecnico di Torino, Spanish brake manufacturer Fagor Ederlan, Liechtenstein soldering specialists Listemann AG, and the Fiat research center C.R.F., is working together to develop a product that can be quickly manufactured in large quantities and at low cost and that can perform at least as well as cast-iron brakes-which is no trivial task. To make the high-performance brakes, the team is looking to replace the cast iron of traditional disc brakes with lightweight aluminum, rather than a completely ceramic body. That light aluminum will then be coated with a ceramic layer to protect the much-too-malleable metal from the friction, heat, and wear of braking. \"First of all, we had to find a lowpriced ceramic material that is a good heat conductor and can also be processed Ceramic brakes are already on high-performance cars, including Porsches, where they can be recognized by their characteristic yellow calipers. easily,\" says ceramist Jacob Kübler in an Empa press release. The press release continues, \"This rules out zirconium oxide as it insulates too strongly. And silicon carbide conducts heat well but breaks too easily, which leaves only one material: aluminum oxide.” Using aluminum oxide, the team fabricated a ceramic laminate, just 2 mm thick, and then stacked layers of the material 15 deep. With each layer, \"silicon carbide is added to the aluminum oxide layers to increase the heat conductivity, along with a cover to regulate wear and tear, and an adherent layer to enable the ceramics to be soldered to the aluminum surface,\" states the press release. \"...The layers are compressed, the synthetic material in-between burned out, and the different layers joined and condensed at several hundred degrees.\" The researchers are tiling the ceramic layer to the aluminum brake to allow room for the aluminum\'s expansion, which is three to four times that of the ceramic. Soldering the ceramic tiles also is a tricky process, however, because aluminum melts at just 700°C. The team currently is testing various ceramic compositions and anticipates developing a prototype to begin testing by April 2015. Credit: Karma Motorsports; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Properties of nanocomposite oxide ceramics driven by interface details Mixing several ceramic materials together can yield a composite with unique combinations of properties that move beyond each individual material\'s contribution. Nanocomposite oxide ceramics are one such example-these interesting mashups of oxide materials often have novel properties because of the material interfaces they contain. Despite the boom of research into these materials-which could find use in batteries, fuel cells, radiation-tolerant materials, electronics, and more-little is known about how nanocomposite components atomically interact at their interfaces. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory are attempting to change that. \"The interfaces separating the different crystalline regions determine the transport, electrical, and radiation properties of the material as a whole,\" says LANL researcher Pratik Dholabhai in an LANL press release. \"It is in the chemical makeup of these interfaces where we can improve features, such as tolerance against radiation damage and fast ion conduction.\" Dholabhai, along with ACerS members Ghanshyam Pilania and Blas Uberuaga and some additional LANL colleagues, recently published their results in Nature Communications. The team applied some sophisticated simulations, giving them the ability to model where each atom was located in a nanocomposite of SrTiO, and MgO. With these high-resolution models, the scientists then could predict how molecules and defects in the interface would affect the properties of the nanocomposite as a whole. In the model, SrTiO, was built similar to a layer cake, with alternating layers of Sro and TiO2, according to the release. The team\'s calculations show that depending on which layer-SrO or TiO2-is in contact with MgO, the entire nanocompos ite will have different functional properties. Because the atoms within each layer do not line up perfectly, those imperfections create dislocation networks. Therefore, 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 00000 000000000 COCCOD GOOD 311 Sro TiO Dislocation network MgO each material creates a unique dislocation network, which directly influences the composite\'s properties. \"We believe that this discovery, that the interface structure is sensitive to the chemistry of the interface, will open the door for new research directions in Building an invisibility cloak with just four optical lenses Scientists at the University of Rochester have devised a simple cloaking device that, although not quite as perfect as Harry Potter\'s cape, does make significant improvements over existing real-world cloaks. The device uses just four optical lenses, of particular focal lengths and arranged in a specific configuration, to effectively conceal what is behind the contraption. Schematic depicting distinct dislocation networks for SrO- and TiO2-terminated SrTiO3/ MgO interfaces. oxide nanocomposites,\" senior author Uberuaga says in the release. The paper is \"Termination chemistry-driven dislocation structure at SrTiO3/MgO heterointerfaces\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6043). Credit: U. of Rochester Doctoral student Joseph Choi helped develop a multidirectional \'perfect paraxial\' invisibility cloak using just four simple optical lenses. \"This is the first device that we know of that can do three-dimensional, continuously multidirectional cloaking, which works for transmitting rays in the visible spectrum,\" says Joseph Choi, researcher and Ph.D. student at Rochester\'s Institute of Optics, in a Rochester press release. Choi worked on the project alongside physics professor John Howell. Unlike previous devices, the lensbased contraption hides an object from multiple viewing angles and does not distort the background-a must for not giving away the cloak\'s presence. \"The Rochester Cloak can be scaled up as large as the size of the | lenses, allowing fairly large objects to be cloaked. And, unlike some other devices, it\'s broadband so it works for the whole visible spectrum of light, rather than only for specific frequencies,\" states the press release. The cloak still is not quite Potter quality, however. \"This cloak bends light and sends it through the center of the device, so the on-axis region cannot be blocked or cloaked,\" Choi adds in the release. Although imperfect, the device is still useful. As explained in the release, it could help surgeons in the operating room see through their hands or allow truck drivers to see blind spots. The paper, submitted to Optics Express, is \"Paraxial ray optics cloaking.\" Materials gain ground on silicon in electronics Silicon is not too insulating and not too conducting-properties that have made it the almost exclusive force behind today\'s electronics. But silicon is not without its limits, especially with the ever-increasing speed and ever-decreasing size requirements in today\'s components-gadgets must be smaller, run faster, and do more. Researchers at the University of Cambridge, A*STAR Data-Storage Institute in Singapore, and the Singapore University of Technology and Design are looking to phase-change materials to potentially bump silicon from the semiconductor top spot. According to a Cambridge press release, these new devices could potentially fast-forward processing speeds by 500-1,000 times that of the average current laptop computer. \"Currently, the smallest logic and memory devices based on silicon are about 20 nanometers in size-approximately 4,000 times thinner than a human hair and are constructed in layers,\" the release continues. “As the devices are made ever smaller in order to increase their numbers on a chip, eventually the gaps between the layers will get so small that electrons which are stored in certain regions of flash nonvolatile memory devices will be able to tunnel out of the device, resulting in data loss. Phase-change material devices can overcome this size-scaling limit since they have been shown to function down to about two nanometers.\" The new research, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, uses chalcogenide glass to create novel devices. The new material can be melted and recrystallized very quickly-down to a nanosecond-which allows these phase change materials to switch rapidly between a conductive crystalline state and an insulating glassy state. Compared with silicon-based devices, where logic and memory applications are separate, phase-change materials allow these two functions to coexist in the same area, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 17 research briefsgreatly speeding up processing while also using less energy. \"Silicon is transient: The information is generated, passes through and has to be stored somewhere else,\" lead author Desmond Loke says in the release. \"But using phase-change material logic devices, the information stays in the place where it is generated.\" Does silicon\'s reign in the electronics world have an expiration date? The paper is \"Ultrafast phase-change logic device driven by melting processes\" (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1407633111). In addition to phase-change materials, researchers at Harvard say that correlated oxides can compete with the best of silicon transistors. The team, led by materials science professor and ACerS member Shriram Ramanathan, fabricated a correlated oxide transistor primarily of samarium nickelate that achieves an on/off ratio (a measure of how well the material can switch between conductive states) that exceeds previous performance of correlated oxides and is on par with silicon transistors. To achieve these characteristics, the researchers nudged the material\'s band gap. \"By a certain choice of dopantsin this case, hydrogen or lithium-we can widen or narrow the bandgap in this material, deterministically moving electrons in and out of their orbitals,\" Ramanathan says. The release continues: \"That\'s a fundamentally different approach than is used in other semiconductors. The traditional method changes level to meet the target; the the energy new method moves the target itself.\" The paper, published in Nature Communications, is \"Colossal resistance switching and band gap modulation in a perovskite nickelate by electron doping\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5860). Rare ceramic goes amorphous for strength Silica comes in many different crystalline varieties, or polymorphs. Stishovite is one of the densest-its formation requires high pressures and temperatures, such as when a meteorite strikes quartz on the Earth\'s surface or at conditions found deep within the earth. Natural stishovite is hard, but it also is brittle. Synthesize it with a nanocrystalline structure, however, and it becomes surprisingly tough—almost as tough as zirconia. To better understand how stishovite\'s nanocrystalline structure makes the material tough—knowledge that could ultimately help design ceramics that are super-hard and super-tough-scientists from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and their international colleagues took a close look inside stishovite. What they saw was recently published in Scientific Reports. Using electron microscopes and synchrotron X-rays, the team looked closely at Credit: Oliver Hammond; fracture sites in nanocrystalline bulk stishovite and saw that the surfaces contained thin wormlike strands of amorphous silica. More amorphous silica present corresponded with tougher fractures, leading the researchers to believe that the transition to amorphous silica itself accounted for the toughening, according to a DESY press release. \"Actually, the transformation from stishovite to amorphous silica resembles the melting of ice,\" lead researcher Nori Nishiyama says in the release. \"Both are crystal-to-amorphous transformations that occur outside the stability field.” That does not explain why the transition makes stishovite more tough, but Nishiyama has an answer for that, too. \"This transition instantaneously doubles the volume of the material, effectively pushing against the fracture and stopping it short,\" he says in the release. A similar process happens in zirconia to keep it tough, although that transition causes an expansion of only 4%. \"The transition now observed in stishovite expands the volume by 100%,\" Nishiyama says. \"It may be possible to create ceramics composites for industrial use that can exploit the toughening mechanism of stishovite.\" The paper is \"Fracture-induced amorphization of polycrystalline SiO2 stishovite: A potential platform for toughening in ceramics\" (DOI: 10.1038/srep06558). I Electron micrograph of wormlike structures of amorphous silica that form at fracture surfaces. Nori Nishiyama; DESY 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 Twitter takes time, but pays off, says study of scientists\' social media activity Although previous research has shown that scientists have not quite embraced social media, a recent study from the University of Wisconsin-Madison finds that researchers are more often turning to venues like Twitter to share their work-and their social media activity is paying big dividends. According to a UW-Madison news release, the study, published in Journalism & Mass Communications Quarterly, finds that researchers\' \"h-index” (“measure of quality of a researcher\'s work and influence\") is linked to their interaction online, specifically \"whether the scientists interact with reporters and get mentioned on Twitter.\" \"If you talk to reporters and you tweet about your research, your work is more likely to be cited than people who do one or the other,\" says Dominique Brossard, one of the paper\'s authors and a professor of life sciences communication at UW-Madison. But it is not just their own work that UW-Madison researchers are sharing. The university reports that close to a third of its faculty is using social media at least three times a week to also seek out the work of others and \"find news and insights about science.\" f Does social media activity help or hinder scientists? Credit: Tanja Scherm; Flickr \"What this shows us is that sharing your science with the public is not hurting the science by stealing time,\" says Brossard. \"If the goal is to encourage people ultimately to be productive scientists, and if directors of labs are discouraging people from engaging in this activity, they\'re actually hurting the science itself. Because people who do this are cited more often in scientific journals, they\'re making science accessible to broader audiences at the same time.\" Some could ask whether a bump in “h-index” is really a matter of chicken and egg. \"The counter argument is that it may be just the other way around-that it may just be the big names that get mentions,\" says coauthor and UW-Madison professor Dietram Scheufele. \"But then, the lesson should be that the most successful people in your field also are the ones that are good at getting outside the ivory tower. That should be something to emulate.\" The paper is \"(Scientists) Communicating science in new media environments\" (DOI: 10.1177/1077699014550092). ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY GASBARRE PRESS GROUP MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com Entire ACers Bulletin archive available online soon! aremia 0 Bulletin Ceramic Bulletin eramic Ceramic Bulletin Bulletin ACers is excited to announce that the entire Bulletin archive is being digitized-all the way back to Volume 1, Number 1, page 1 from May 1922. The collection of fully searchable PDFs will be available in early 2015 on ceramics.org. ACerS members will have FREE access to the archivea great member benefit! Institutions and nonmembers will be able to purchase a subscription to the collection or purchase individual article PDFs. For more information, contact: customerservice@ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 www.ceramics.org 19 oceramics in energy Industrial-scale generator brings thermoelectric energy to the masses Alphabet Energy\'s new thermoelectric generator uses \"proprietary advancements in silicon and tetrahedrite\" to make thermoelectric materials-often cost-prohibitive-viable in its El model, which connects to an exhaust stack and converts waste heat to electricity. \"People have been trying to make an industrial-scale thermoelectric generator for a long time,\" says CEO and founder Matthew L. Scullin in an Alphabet press release. \"Customers want waste-heat recovery solutions that are simple pieces of industrial equipment rather than complex power plants.\" Alphabet Energy, founded in 2009 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, says that its E1 thermoelectric generator can pump out 25 kWe per 1,000 kWe engine for an annual savings of 52,500 L of diesel fuel per engine. \"With the E1, waste heat is now valuable,\" Scullin says. “Saving fuel has the potential to be one of the biggest levers a company has in reducing operating expenses.\" There are other waste-heat recovery options available, but the “groundsphabe energy Alphabet Energy\'s industrial-scale generator converts waste heat to electricity. breaking\" materials science that fuels El\'s under-the-radar operations-i.e., two-hour connection time with no modifications to the engine, no moving parts, no working fluids, and minimal maintenance-make it “ideally suited\" for a host of industrial applications in the most remote of settings. E1 has undergone “extensive\" customer testing, and the company reports it has received multiple orders for the unit. Technique prints rounded, facetless crystals for LEDs, solar cells, and pills Researchers from the University of Michigan have crafted rounded crystals that resemble the bumpy surface of starfish shells. The scientists synthesized nanolobes-which they say resemble mini hot-air balloons-of boron subphthalocyanine chloride crystals quite by accident, according a UM press release. They were creat- Micrograph of the rounded crystals. ing thin films of the material using organic vapor jet printing, a technology akin to spray painting that replaces paint with gas, according to the release. But while adjusting the machine, they noticed that films thicker than 600 nm devel oped a peculiar structure. \"At first, we wondered if our apparatus was functioning properly,\" senior researcher Max Shtein says in the release. X-ray analyses revealed that the films were covered with nanolobes of boron subphthalocyanine chloride crystals, which normally do not form ordered structures. And it was not an anomaly-tinkering with the machine a bit more, the researchers found that films 2 μm thicker than 800 nm reliably had the structures. \"In my years of working with these kinds of materials, I\'ve never seen shapes that looked like these. They\'re reminiscent of what you get from biological processes,\" Shtein says. \"Nature can sometimes produce crystals that are smooth, but engineers haven\'t been able to do it reliably.\" The researchers hope the technology can be applied to fabrication techniques to print advanced LEDs, solar cells, functional surfaces, and even pharmaceuticals. The paper, published in Nature Communications, is \"Growth and modelling of spherical crystalline morphol ogies of molecular materials\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6204). Credit: Max Shtein; U. of Michigan 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 Mercedes-Benz\'s new concept car harvests sun with its paint Mercedes-Benz\'s newest concept car, the G-code, is quite the concept. The hybrid sport utility coupe strikes a creative balance between performance and efficiency. In addition to the G-code\'s combination of an electric motor and a turbocharged, hydrogen-powered combustion engine, the car is covered in \"multivoltaic silver\" paint that harvests sun and wind to provide extra electricity to the vehicle\'s methane and hydrogen synthesis systems. The system is envisioned to allow drivers to vary input of each power source depending on the driving mode, whether the goal is efficiency, comfort, or performance. And in addition to a powertrain that can toggle between front, rear-, and all-wheel drive modes, the car also harnesses movement from the suspension system\'s hydraulic springs and dampeners to harvest electricity. Mercedes\'s front display-inspired by the warp drive from \"Star Trek\"changes with driving mode, going from a \"softly pulsating\" blue while parked to a tunneling display that changes direction and color with driving mode. The car also has LED headlights that Mercedes-Benz\'s new concept car, the G-code. focus light like the \"lens of a digital camera\" and an LED taillight strip that sweeps across the entire rear of the car. Adding to its sleek exterior is the lack of side mirrors, which are replaced with retractable cameras that display in the car\'s equally space-age dashboard. That dashboard display emerges, along with the steering wheel, only when the car is powered up with a smartphone. The carbon fiber and leather-clad interior seats come equipped with heating/cooling systems to control each passenger\'s perfect climate and massag ers to ease stiff muscles during long car rides. Those systems are automatically activated based on data collected by 3D body scanners. The vehicle is designed to comfortably seat four passengers, although the rear seats tuck away for extra cargo space. And there is another bonus-two mini scooters are hidden under the floor of the rear cargo area for city travel. Although Mercedes-Benz makes it very clear that it has no intention to put the G-code into production in any foreseeable future, it is nonetheless a fun concept. Credit: Mercedes-Benz Graduating Soon and Wondering What to Do? The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Sign up for a FREE year of membership in The American Ceramic Society! ACers can help you succeed with a FREE Associate Membership for the first year after graduation. As an ACerS Associate Member, you\'ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and throughout your career. 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To join, contact Tricia Freshour, ACers Membership Services Staff, at tfreshour@ceramics.org. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/associate. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 www.ceramics.org 21 O bulletin cover story Figure 1. High-energy X-rays probe test specimens in an extreme high-temperature environment. Inside the engine environmentSynchrotrons reveal secrets of high-temperature ceramic coatings by Kevin Knipe, Albert Manero II, Sanna F. Siddiqui, Carla Meid, Janine Wischek, John Okasinski, Jonathan Almer, Anette M. Karlsson, Marion Bartsch, and Seetha Raghavan Inside this article Credit: UCF, DLR M Recreating the engine environment Service conditions for materials used in extreme environments associated with propulsion, energy conversion, and hypersonic and space transport include high temperature and heat flux, elevated stresses, and oxidative and corrosive settings. Combining high-temperature alloys and ceramics in a substrate-coating system ensures load-bearing capacity of metal allloys through thermal insulation by the protective coating. Simultaneously, the coating provides oxidation and corrosion resistance in extreme operating environments. Such systems have enabled successful applications, such as thermal protection systems on launch vehicles, leading edges of hypersonic vehicles, and thermal barrier coatings on internally cooled turbine engine blades. Further, advances in these areas must address current limitations in performance, efficiency, and durability of coating systems. Concurrent research in processing new ceramic compositions and coating deposition techniques provides an opportunity for methodical optimization of properties and parameters to push boundaries most efficiently. The question has been whether extensive modeling and simulation can substitute for materials inserted into demonstration engines.² But is it possible to strike middle ground by recreating the extreme environment and, in the process, achieve one that is amenable to in situ measurements? The results from such an experiment would capture and compare material responses with time, temperature, and loading conditions and would provide these critical data to improve simulation models. The extreme and dynamic operational environments ceramic materials are exposed to significantly influence their mechanical behavior and properties. These influences must be met head-on with high-resolution testing techniques to track all aspects of response under in situ conditions (Figure 1). But what critical and unique information could such tests reveal? Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)-backed by more than 30 years of research and development into their behavior and failure mechanisms—are excellent candidates for such an in situ investigation. Beyond the capabilities of high-temperature alloys, these coatings increase the operational temperature of turbine components by about 100°C with direct impact on engine efficiency improvements. Synchrotron X-rays-by probing atomic level displacements-help unravel the mysteries of material response under external stimuli. Combining synchrotron measurements with the recreated operational environment of a jet engine-which continuously challenges the performance boundaries of ceramic coatings-amplifies the ability to analyze material responses. This article highlights independent and combined efforts to develop advanced testing methods that bridge the gap between simulated and actual service environments. These results for thermal barrier coatings will also be significant for future high-temperature ceramics research. 22 222 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 High-temperature-coating candidate TBCs are multilayered systems consisting of a low-thermal-conductivity ceramic top layer, bond coat and an interfacial layer between the two. The protective coating system is deposited on the high-temperature alloy turbine blade substrate. The first layer, the bond coat, is an oxidation-resistant metallic layer with high aluminum content, such as NiCoCrAIY or PtAl. The ceramic, typically yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), is deposited over the bond coat. A thermally grown oxide (TGO), predominantly alumina, forms and grows at the interface between the YSZ and bond coat during engine operation. Bond coat and ceramic top coat can be applied by various coating techniques, most commonly electron beam vapor deposition (EB-PVD) and plasma spraying (PS). EB-PVD and PS yield significantly dif ferent coating microstructures, but both furnish the top coat with high porosity that imparts low thermal conductivity and high strain tolerance (Figure 2). The combination of bond coat and top coat layers protects the superalloy turbine blade substrates, allowing turbine inlet temperatures to reach about 1,600°C in aircraft engines. Over the long term, superalloy service temperatures are limited to 1,050°C. TBCs experience simultaneous thermal and externally applied mechanical strains, which induces degradation that controls TBC life (Figure 3). Under operational conditions, critical strains caused by several factors develop within the oxide and are linked to the degradation and eventual spallation of the coating. Some sources of strain include thermal mismatch between layers (which manifests as evolving strains), changes during oxide formation, and stresses that evolve as growth of the TGO is constrained. 3,4 Rumpling of the TGO manifests as undulations and is affected by growth/thickening rate, strain, and thermal expansion misfit with the substrate. In this sense, the mechanics of the oxide layer and its interfaces hold significant information with respect to failure mechanisms. All these factors are time- and temperature-dependent with indiAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 vidual influences. Characterization after failure reflects a mul titude of effects that cannot be separated easily.5 Therefore, a strong need exists to quantify these influences through in situ measurements under recreated and controlled environments. Recent literature shows growing efforts to raise test50μm Figure 2. Microstructure of YSZ coating applied by EB-PVD. ing capabilities to the next level. 6,7 Determining creep, thermal expansion, and other properties of the material system in its native operational environment will provide critically needed data for accurate material behavior modeling of TBC response. Test standards inspire technique The German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Cleveland State University (CSU) researchers Bartsch and Karlsson have made significant experimental contributions to establish failure modes in TBCs under thermal gradient and mechanical loading conditions. They used these results to establish analytical and simulation models, respectively. The DLR Institute of Materials Research in Cologne developed a special test facility to analyze, on laboratory specimens, the effects of complex operating conditions experienced by a turbine blade and its protective coating during flight (Figure 4). Therefore, the degradation, damage evolution, and failure produced in these laboratory tests are expected to be realistic. Precise genesis of the damage observed can be explained only after local stress and strain profiles of a load cycle are known. However, no direct measurement of local strains in the coating system at high temperatures of about 1,000°C has been available at DLR. Collaboration between Bartsch and the Karlsson team, prompted by a meeting during the 27th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC) in Cocoa Beach, Fla., has furthered progress. Using numerical simulations and correspond| www.ceramics.org ing validation experiments, the researchers found sound explanations for observed damage evolution\'. Although the results are plausible, they depend on reasonable assumptions of materials properties because reliable property data for thin coating layers are lacking, especially at high temperatures. Figure 3. Thermal barrier coating damage on a turbine blade. 23 Credit: DLR Credit: Uwe Schulz; DLR Inside the engine environment-Synchrotrons reveal secrets . . . Figure 4. Janine Wischek explains the DLR thermal gradient test rig (shown) to Albert Manero during summer research at DLR. Figure 5. The team works to integrate instrumentation at the 1-ID beamline at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. From left: Janine Wischek, Kevin Knipe, Carla Meid, and Albert Manero. The missing link The 35th ICACC in January 2011 in Daytona Beach, Fla., brought another scientist into the conversation. Seetha Raghavan from the University of Central Florida (UCF) suggested the potential of the synchrotron source at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for characterizing the TBC system. Raghavan collaborates with ANL scientists Jonathan Almer and John Okasinski. Raghavan proposed designing and integrating a modified test facility at ANL, similar to the one at DLR. The high-energy X-rays emitted by the 24 synchrotron would enable the team to penetrate the layers and observe interactions between radiation and material. The resulting X-ray diffraction patterns could be used to determine strain-and, further, stress-in individual layers. This was the missing link to validate calculations with direct measurements. The effort required to recreate the complex engine environment has immediate merit when it comes with the promise of achieving in situ, high spatial, strain resolution measurements using synchrotron X-rays. Challenges to integrating this recreated environment with the synchroCredit: UCF, DLR Credit: UCF, DLR tron include designing innovative measurement techniques for complex samples and advanced instrumentation with access, as well as capturing high-resolution data in a dynamic environment. Integrating synchrotron measurements Strain-dependent characteristics of ceramics under the effect of light sources, such as high-energy X-rays, hold key information, which can potentially delineate the strain behavior that makes these coated systems superior, yet limits their durability. These noninvasive techniques transcend length scales, providing highresolution measurements that target strain response of individual materials within the layered system. This is achievable only if highly brilliant X-rays-emitted from particles travelling close to the speed of the light in the 1,104-m circular storage ring-can be integrated somehow with loading and heating instrumentation that provides micrometer-scale motion of the sample with respect to the fixed beam, all while the sample is exposed to operational environments. Fortunately, ANL\'s Advanced Photon Source (APS) beamline 1-ID has the answer (Figure 5). With clear foresight for the immense potential of such an in situ capability, beamline scientists have been steadily developing instrumentation and optics to enable measurements and gain unparalleled material insights. The instrumentation on ANL\'s 1-ID beamline includes a mechanical loading frame with a customized base for complete 3D motion and rotation of the sample at high spatial resolution with respect to the beam. The system has been designed can include an in situ furnace along with high-temperature grips and a heat shield for elevated-temperature applications. Previously, beamline high-energy X-rays were used to characterize strain in various ex situ studies of cycled TBC samples, providing important validation of quantitative strains from theoretical models. 10 More unique in situ studies on mechanical loading of ceramics 11,12 or on phase changes during oxide formation contributed new information, such as significant tensile stresses in the www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 oxide accompanying an associated volume reduction. 13 Initial results by UCF and ANL researchers on in situ effects of thermomechanical cycling on TBCs were applied to EB-PVD-coated flat tensile specimens. 14 In these tests, an infrared heater provided a thermal cycle that exposed the entire sample to a maximum temperature of 1,121°C. The sample was loaded concurrently with beamline loading frame. The results showed that increasing applied tensile mechanical load induces relief of compressive residual strain in the TGO at the hightemperature point in the cycle. Beyond a critical thermomechanical loading condition, the TGO briefly exhibits inplane tensile strain at the ramp-up point. These findings were the first quantitative in situ experimental observations of these strains under thermomechanical conditions. These strains are thought to serve as catalysts for crack initiation. The effect of mechanical loads on observed in-cycle strain range provided insight into the long-term effects in terms of reduced coating life. These findings corresponded with results of numerical simulations from CSU-DLR researchers, 15,16 as well as damage evaluation observations from cyclic strain studies. The promising results provided motivation to take on the challenge of incorporating more realistic conditions of thermal gradients for of coated blades approximated as tubular specimens. There are two primary challengesachieving high-resolution XRD measurements on hollow cylinder sample geometry and creating a controlled thermal gradient. Slits and sample rotation and/ or translation to obtain depth-resolved strains in bulk cylindrical samples overcome the difficulty associated with obtaining XRD measurements on cylindrical samples.17 This effort required contending with the added complexity of a multilayered material system and thermal gradient instrumentation with a furnace surrounding the sample. The new test facility-based on concepts for cyclic thermal loading of tubular specimens and applying a controlled thermal gradient across the coated specimen wall by internal air cooling and external heating-was developed for the electromechanical test machine at APS. The specimens comprised a 160-mm-long substrate, including a 50-mm-long tubular measurement section with an inner diameter of 4 mm, outer diameter of 8 mm, and a coating system. The directionally solidified substrate of nickel-based superalloy IN 100 DS, consisted of elongated crystallites with crystallographic <100> direction nearly aligned to specimen length axis. This configuration mimicked anisotropic mechanical behavior of superalloy single crystals. The outer surface NiCoCrAlY bond coat with a thickness of 118 ± 4 μm and a 7-8 wt% YSZ ceramic top coat with a thickness of 211 ± 4 μm were applied by EB-PVD. An infrared radiation chamber heater was customized to provide realistic service temperature conditions of a turbine blade. Radiation of four quartz lamps focused to a center line with elliptical mirrors provided optimal heat flux for a cylindrical specimen. Forced air cooling of the inner substrate wall of the tubular sample set up a thermal gradient. The sample surface temperature was controlled and monitored using thermocouples with an exposed junction in hoop configuration pulled around the specimen. The thermal gradient was controlled by varying cooling air mass flow while maintaining an external sample temperature of 1,000°C. The precision positioning system at the beamline allows for exact microscale motion of the entire test machine and sample with respect to the focused X-ray beam, while the heater and sample are mounted in a configuration that allows relative movement between them. Circular inlet and exit windows through the center of the front and back heater walls provided access for beam diffraction. For a tubular sample configuration, axial and radial components of strain can be determined within TBC layers from measurements where the beam grazes the edge of the sample. The X-ray beam passing through the center of the sample additionally provides data for determining the circumferential strain component. Previous studies that vary measurement parameters established that phases in the multilayered TBC system are clearly distinguishable with the grazing approach throughout the depth of the coating. The presence of false doublet peaks from the two-wall transmission that accompanies the through-center measurement approach is an added complexity in determination of quantitative strain from these measurements. In general, however, both techniques are viable and can be used in combination to derive the full strain tensor in each internal layer. 7,9 At extreme temperatures, the unique capability to capture dynamic conditions of rapidly evolving strain through 2D diffraction is attributed greatly to small probed volumes from tangential grazing of coating layers with high X-ray energies. This reduces the time required to achieve quality images with microscale spatial resolution, down to five frames of onesecond exposure time each. Data analysis techniques The response of 2D diffraction rings to changes in lattice structure reflects, with resolution, strain in various phases, and provides a convenient means to distinguish individual constituent behavior within the multimaterial system. Deviation of these diffraction rings over the azimuth with respect to a strainfree radius provides strain for that lattice plane. Strain-free radius values are obtained from a method of measuring a strain-free azimuth angle, determined by measuring distortion of the diffraction ring while increasing applied tensile loading. Here again, high energies associ ated with synchrotron X-rays and subsequent low diffraction angles imply that measurements are aligned nearly with the axial-radial plane, so that circumferential strains are minimal. The outcome is significant data captured in a single image that, when extended to depthresolved measurements over time, yields an unmatched wealth of information to track evolution of multilayered material behavior under a dynamic environment. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 25 25 Inside the engine environment-Synchrotrons reveal secrets . . . (a) Top view Substrate YSZ TGO BC (c) Grazing surface; 30 μm. beam 10 25 deg C 200 deg C 400 deg C 800 deg C 800 deg C 1000 deg \"C NIAI (100) 20 30 NiAl e (b) 10 4.5 3.5 2.5 800 NAI (100) 2 1.5 0.5 O -0.5 NAI (110) Temperature 20 60 80 (d) 0x104 Time (min) (աայաա) **o (111) 2SA -10 -12 40 50 60 70 50 Applied axial load (MPa) 6% gradient -33% gradient -60% gradient 87% gradient 100% gradient 200 250 100 150 Radial position (um) 400 200 Outer surface temperature (C) Figure 6. (a) Grazing configuration with (b) resulting strain measurements capturing effects in various layers of a single cycle, (c) mechanical load, and (d) thermal gradients.15 Capturing a flight cycle Initial tests performed with varying thermal gradients and mechanical load schemata were intended to determine material behavior from the respective strain response for early cycled TBC specimens. A beam energy of 65 keV was used throughout all experiments. Scanning through coating layers with a window and step size of 30 μm allowed the team to collect XRD measurements across layers, taking advantage of short acquisition times that allowed in situ investigation of time-dependent deformation processes. These one-of-a-kind tests validated some independent effects of parameters and established new findings (Figure 6). Strain response in single cycle A typical test cycle exposed a specimen to a ramp-up for about 20 min, a high-temperature hold for about 40 min, and a ramp-down for 20 min. The cycle maintained load and constant mass flow of air through the sample as it collected depth-resolved readings. Measured strain variations in the bond coat validated anisotropy of the NiAl phase and captured the ductile-to-brittle transition with a quantitative measurement of strain rate change occurring at about 600°C. 18 This transition for a coating configuration depends on factors such as coating process, phase distribution, composition, heat treatment, and 26 microstructure. Understanding this behavior allows appropriate selection of coating parameters, including coating thickness. Top-coat strain profiles across the depth observed during a ramp-up to high temperature reveal that the largest variation of strain and highest strains occur at the interface where these EB-PVD coatings are less porous compared to the surface. The interface is critical for the defect and bond strength information it provides, both of which are affected by cyclic conditions and control the durability of the coatings. Relating the evolution of strains with degradation of the interface strength and initiation of defects facilitates the prediction of coating life and development of a failure model. Effects of mechanical load Varying mechanical load at fixed temperatures allowed assessment of individual effects of loading on strain response. Comparing strain slopes at various temperatures revealed reduced load-bearing capacity of the bond coat for temperatures above 800°C, where inelastic behavior is observed. The ability to monitor plasticity and creep relaxation in the bond coat is significant, because it has a direct influence on stress distribution within coating layers and eventual spallation. In addition, low yield strength and creep in the bond coat allow for evolution of TGO pegs and spikes penetrating into the bond coat as the TGO grows, creating defect sites that contribute to eventual failure. Effects of thermal gradient Controlling cooling airflow from 0% to 100% of the available airflow allowed variation of thermal gradients, corresponding to a maximum temperature drop across the YSZ layer of about 150°C, which also seen across YSZ coatings of gas-turbine blades in service. We approximated thermal gradient at a prescribed flow using change in spacing between the planes in the atomic lattice (d-spacing) across the layer, as well as measured relationship between applied temperature and d-spacing. We observed significant effects of thermal gradients mainly for the YSZ top coat, with impact most evident at the interface with the bond coat. The trend of increasing strains and strain gradients at the interface is consistent with the notion that the columnar EB-PVD structure presents higher density, lower porosity, 19 and, consequently, a higher macroscale elastic modulus closer to the interface. This supports analytical efforts to establish the link between thermal gradients and failure modes in YSZ.20 Future impact New tests on aged samples with complete depth-resolved profiles for bond coat, top coat, and thermally grown oxide thermal barrier coating systems have started to produce results for comparisons that will relate microstructural characteristics to parameters for life prediction. The results of these tests highlight only the beginning of what we can uncover when advanced measurement techniques and realistic operational conditions are applied to complex material systems. For TBCs, future measurements have potential to elucidate some of the actual mechanisms behind methods that present improvement in durability, such as addition of reactive elements to the bond coat. Measurements can be used to boost simulation approaches by provid ing measured material response models representing, for example, TGO growth and creep, as well as providing measured www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 material properties at high temperatures. The contribution toward optimizing design of material systems to meet harsh environments is significant. This approach can benefit areas of research where processing or operational environment dominates the material behavior with hidden mechanisms to be discerned. Damage tolerance behavior in ceramic-matrix composites and high-temperature coating interactions with additive manufactured materials are some of these future areas of focus. Conclusion We have devised novel and innovative strategies to probe material responses under realistic service conditions. Using synchrotron X-rays to analyze these materials during recreated settings has opened doors into new insights about how materials perform-and fail-during real-world use. In situ meaKey takeaways • • • • surements in recreated environments serve as the link between designing new material systems and performing full-scale engine tests to accelerate the search for revolutionary materials that will change the playing field in propulsion and energy generation. About the authors Kevin Knipe, Albert Manero, and Sanna Siddiqui are graduate students in mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of Central Florida. Carla Meid is a graduate student and Janine Wischek heads Materials Testing at the German Aerospace Center (DLR). John Okasinski is assistant physicist and Jonathan Almer leads the Materials Physics and Engineering Group at ANL\'s APS. Anette Karlsson is dean and professor of engineering at Cleveland State University. Marion Bartsch heads the Department of Experimental and Numerical Methods at DLR. Seetha Raghavan is associate professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering with joint appointments in CREOL and MSE and an affiliate of CATER at the University of Central Florida. Contact: Seetha.Raghavan@ucf.edu. Acknowledgements This work is supported by National Science Foundation Grant Nos. OISE 1157619 and CMMI 1125696 and by a German Science Foundation (DFG) Grant No. SFB-TRR103, Project A3. Additional support came from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. 1144246. Use of the APS, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the United States Department of Energy Office of Science by ANL, was supported by U.S. DOE Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. In situ characterization of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) on nickel-base superalloy in recreated turbine engine environment X-ray synchrotron measurements at high temperature with thermal cycling, thermal gradients, and mechanical loads simulate service environments XRD data collected will validate and improve models Technique isolates individual behavior of TBC constituents in service for optimizing system design • Stress and strain gradients increase at interface of top coat and bond coat References \'S. Bose, High-temperature coatings. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2007. 2Committee on Materials Needs and R&D Strategy for Future Military Aerospace Propulsion Systems, Materials needs and research and development strategy for future military aerospace propulsion systems. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011. 3A.M. Karlsson, J.W. Hutchinson, and A.G. Evans, \"The displacement of the thermally grown oxide in thermal barrier systems upon temperature cycling,\" Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 351 [1-2] 244-57 (2003). 4A.M. Karlsson, J.W. Hutchinson, and A.G. Evans, \"A fundamental model of cyclic instabilities in thermal barrier systems,\" J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 50 [8] 1565-89 (2002). 5K.A. Marino, B. Hinnemann, and E.A. Carter, \"Atomic-scale insight and design principles for turbine engine thermal barrier coatings from theory,\" PNAS, 108, 54805487 (2011). 6B.B. Oswald, J.C. Schuren, D.C. Pagan, and M.P. Miller, \"An experimental system for high-temperature X-ray diffraction studies with in situ mechanical loading,\' Rev. Sci. Instrum., 84, 033902 (2013). \'S.F. Siddiqui, K. Knipe, A. Manero, C. Meid, J. Wischek, J. Okasinski, J. Almer, A.M. Karlsson, M. Bartsch, and S. Raghavan \"Synchrotron X-ray measurement techniques for thermal barrier coated cylindrical samples under thermal gradients,\" Rev. Sci. Instrum., 84, 083904 (2013). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 8M.T. Hernandez, D. Cojocaru, M. Bartsch, and A.M. Karlsson \"On the opening of a class of fatigue cracks due to thermo-mechanical fatigue testing of thermal barrier coatings,\" Comput. Mater. Sci., 50, 2561-72 (2011). J. Shi, A.M. Karlsson, B. Baufeld, and M. Bartsch, \"Evolution of surface morphology in thermo-mechanically cycled NiCoCrAIY bondcoats,\" Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 434, 39-52 (2006). 10J. Thornton, S. Slater, and J. Almer, \"The measurement of residual strains within thermal barrier coatings using high-energy X-ray diffraction,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 88, 2817-25 (2005). 11S. Raghavan and P.K. Imbrie, \"Ex-situ stress measurements in polycrystalline ceramics using photo-stimulated luminescence spectroscopy and high-energy X-rays,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 92, 1567-73 (2009). 12S. Raghavan and P. Imbrie, “High-resolution stress mapping of polycrystalline alumina compression using synchrotron X-ray diffraction,\" J. Synchrotron Radiat., 18, 497-505 (2011). 13B.W. Veal, A.P. Paulikas, and P.Y. Hou, \"Tensile stress and creep in thermally grown oxide,\" Nature Mater., 5 [5] 349-51 (2006). 14R. Diaz, M. Jansz, M. Mossaddad, S. Raghavan, J. Okasinski, J. Almer, H. Pelaez-Perez, and P. Imbrie, \"Role of mechanical loads in inducing in-cycle tensile stress in thermally grown oxide,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 100, 111906 (2012). | www.ceramics.org 15M. Bartsch, B. Baufeld, S. Dalkilic, and M. Heinzelmann, \"The role of cyclic mechanical loading and thermal gradients in damage behavior of thermal barrier coating systems,\" Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 26, 103-10 (2005). 16M.T. Hernandez, A.M. Karlsson, and M. Bartsch,\" On TGO creep and the initiation of a class of fatigue cracks in thermal barrier coatings,\" Surf. Coat. Technol., 203, 35493558 (2009). 17U. Lienert, J. Almer, D. Haeffner, Y. Gao, and W. Carter, \"Nondestructive strain tensor scanning within samples of cylindrical symmetry\"; pp. 1074-77 in American Institute of Physics Conference Series, Vol. 705. Edited by T. Warwick, J. Arthur, H.A. Padmore, and J. Stöhr. American Institute of Physics, New York, 2004. 18K. Knipe, A. Manero II, S.F. Siddiqui, C. Meid, J. Wischek, J.Okasinski, J. Almer, A.M. Karlsson, M. Bartsch, and S. Raghavan, “Strain response of thermal barrier coatings captured under extreme engine environments through synchrotron X-ray diffraction,\" Nat. Commun., 5, 1-7 (2014). 19A.A. Kulkarni, H. Herman, J. Almer, U. Lienert, D. Haeffner, J. Ilavsky, S. Fang, and P. Lawton, “Depthresolved porosity investigation of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings using high-energy X-rays,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 87, 268-74 (2004). 20A.G. Evans and J.W. Hutchinson, \"The mechanics of coating delamination in thermal gradients,\" Surf. Coat. Technol., 201, 7905-16 (2007).■ 27 Fabrication of laboratory-scale planar oxygen separation membrane modules by Patrick Niehoff, Falk Schulze-Küppers, Stefan Baumann, Wilhelm A. Meulenberg, Olivier Guillon, and Robert Vaßen 28 Inside this article Growing oxygen demand is driven by major industrial applications as well as emerging clean coal technologies for electricity generation. This research describes fabrication of a proyotype planar, laboratoryscale, fully ceramic oxygen transport membrane for industrial oxygen separation techniques. Com ompared with traditional techniques, such as cryogenic air separation and pressure swing adsorption, new technologies using oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) have gained attention during the past 20 years. This is driven by low-efficiency losses associated with oxygen generation in the background of carbon capture and storage concepts, such as the oxy-fuel process, which burns fossil fuels with pure oxygen to enable simple sequestration of CO2. Although originally intended for novel power plant designs, OTMs are not limited to such applications—other potential applications include advanced metallurgy, syngas production, petrochemical products, and gas-to-liquid processes for natural gas.\" 0.8 0.2 1-y OTMs consist of gastight mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIEC) that allow simultaneous oxygen diffusion and electronic conductance through the crystal lattice. Thus, no external circuitry is required, and, in case of sufficient gas-tightness, perfect selectivity can be achieved. Perovskites with the formula ABO3, especially La, Sr. Co₁_FeO3-8 (LSCF) and BaSr05 CoFe2O38 (BSCF), are state-of-the-art materials that show the highest oxygen permeability reported so far.² Drawbacks are severe stability issues associated with flux degradation at temperatures below 840°C as well as chemical instability at very low oxygen partial pressures. Standard manufacturing routines, such as vacuum brazing, do not apply and, thus, make general fabrication challenging. Nevertheless, BSCF was chosen as a model material to develop suitable manufacturing processes and to investigate a promising modular design concept. Understanding the transport Credit: Jessica Wilson; Flickr CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 The conceptual basis of such a membrane system is general oxygen transport through a gastight ceramic membrane, in this case driven by an oxygen partial pressure gradient, across the membrane\'s cross section. For solid-state diffusion, this can be described by the Wagner equation (see sidebar, \"Mixed ionic electronic conductors\"). Decreased membrane thickness, besides tweaking the temperature, driving force, or conductivity, increases www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 II III IV VI oxygen flux through the membrane. Therefore, present development focuses on manufacturing supported thin-film membrane layers that are gastight while minimizing diffusion distance. However, reciprocal association of flux and thickness does not occur, because additional transport mechanisms, such as surface exchange kinetics, contribute to overall transport and are not accounted for in the Wagner equation. Overcoming such limitations involves maximizing the specific surface area and additional catalytic activation. Thin membranes require a gas-permeable support to provide necessary mechanical stability, which also constrains transport by reducing gas diffusion through pores. Furthermore, accumulation or depletion of species within gas phases close to the membrane surface can limit transport, which generally is referred to as concentration polarization. Thus, general oxygen transport through a thin, supported OTM is not governed by a single mechanism, but is, instead, governed by a complex set of mechanisms that each may be rate-limiting. The schematic cross-section of a supported membrane can be described by a series of resistances comprising bulk diffusion, surface exchange, and concentration polarization, all of which must be consid ered for a successful high-flux membrane module (Figure 1). Thus, in this study, fabrication of ceramic membrane modules is paralleled by the development of a complete transport model to lay the foundation for future tailoring of individual components to maximum performance.4 Fabricating a fully ceramic membrane module Supported thin-film membranes with thickness <200 µm are state-of-the-art for oxygen separation systems. Designs for a modular membrane structure vary, including tubular and planar designs, hollow fibers, and honeycomb structures, most of which remain in early proof-of-concept stages. 5 Also, various approaches for designing support structure are currently under development, with substrates mostly comprising various ceramic oxides or metals. We chose a planar multilayer membrane module consisting of thin American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 p\'o₂ Feed Sweep po membrane layers on top and bottom and interlayers with different microstructures, all of the same material, based on the industrially most advanced design developed by Air Products (Allentown, Pa.).6 This concept allows fabrication of various support interlayers (i.e., by fine or coarse porosity and creation of flow channels) according to the respective prevalent transport mechanism. The single modules are connected by a central tube, which also removes separated from the system, thus requiring only one connection per stack, but sufficient ceramic-to-ceramic joints and gastight sealing of the entire system. Membrane on sweep side Po 02 I V Support II n\'OF1 n\' OF2 III IV VI oxygen Figure 1. Concentration profiles across an asymmetric membrane and corresponding model resistances.4 tion of very thin, defect-free layers by primarily casting the membrane on smooth and defined carrier foils and subsequently casting the support on top. After the membranes dried, we placed a cavity (8 mm in diameter) in one tape for future removal of permeated oxygen before laminating both tapes along the support sides, using a pressure of 7 MPa and a temperature of 80°C. We then punched out samples with 28-mm-diameter punches concentric to the cavity and sintered them at 1,100°C for 3 h. This resulted in defectUsing sequential tape casting and lamination, we manufactured simple compounds consisting only of membrane layers and a uniformly porous interlayer. Cornstarch added to the slurry formed pores in the substrate, which was otherwise identical to the membrane slurry. This fabication sequence allowed preparaMixed ionic electronic conductors (MIECS) MIECs are complex oxides providing oxygen-ion diffusion via oxygen vacancies and electronic conductance by polaron hopping through the crystal lattice, with no need of electrical circuitry. At the feedside, molecular oxygen adsorbs at the surface and is reduced to oxygen ions in a multistep process by picking up electrons from surface electronic states. Such ions then can be incorporated into the crystal lattice and diffuse through the membrane. Two ions recombine again at the opposite side of the membrane (permeate side), and molecular oxygen is released. Accumulation of electrons at the oxygen release side is avoided because of electronic conductivity, which redistributes electrons again across the whole material. Selectivity is ideal because no other ions can diffuse through the oxygen vacancies, leading to generation of pure oxygen. This process consumes no energy. However, because of the diffusion process, a temperature of typically 700°C-900°C is necessary. Moreover, a gradient of oxygen partial pressure (Po.) must be provided across the Ho Po₂ H₁ poz 0x V\" Ox+2h* h e\' Dissociation Recombination Ox+2h→0₂+V Schematic of oxygen transport through a MIEC material. membrane to drive transport and direct oxygen diffusion from high p。, to low Poz The corresponding oxygen permeation flux mostly is described by the Wagner equation (Eq. 1).³ Poz RT joz S 16F2L PO₂ abm σdln(Po₂) (1) amb where jo, is the oxygen permeation flux, the temperature, L the membrane thickness, σ the ambipolar conductivity, Po, the oxygen partial pressure, R the gas constant, and F the Faraday constant. | www.ceramics.org 29 Fabrication of laboratory-scale planar oxygen separation membrane modules 10 mm 200 μm 1.6 mm 10 mm 20 mm Figure 2. Schematic description of manufactured membrane module depicting microstructure, lateral sealing, and the joint between tube and compound as crucial manufacturing steps. free membrane compounds (21 mm in diameter) with a one-sided cavity, support porosity of 41%, and layer thicknesses of 20 μm and 1.5 mm for the membrane and support layers, respectively. Membrane helium leakage rates were below 10-4 (mbar.(L/s))/cm², which is sufficient for oxygen permeation with a benchmark oxygen-gas purity of 99%. Thus, compounds of this structure serve as a basis for future improvement as well as for parallel modeling. Although individual approaches remain under development and are applicable only for limited microstructures, being able to estimate the limitation of single mechanisms on the entire oxygen transport system allows us to identify and fix transport bottlenecks by further adaption of corresponding microstructures. To seal the lateral surface of these planar compounds, we used a tentative coating process utilizing ceramic pastes. After we mounted and ground the samples to an even diameter, we used a paintbrush rotating at 90 rpm to evenly coat the circumference. We investigated several combinations for sealing pastes, also utilizing pure silver or copper in combination with BSCF for higher densification of layers. Most approaches showed either cracks, poor connection to the sample\'s surface, or high porosity, all leading to insufficient gastightness. An optimized fully ceramic BSCF paste, using dibasic-esther as solvent and shortchained ethylene-cellulose as binder, successfully sealed the samples. We also adjusted BSCF particle size (d50 = 2 μm) and solids content (34 vol%) to achieve a high green density and corresponding low porosity without crack formation. 30 SEM analysis confirmed absence of defects, detachments between sample and sealing-layer, and sufficient low porosities (6%). Repetitive coating and sintering allowed adequate sealing of <10-4 (mbar-(L/s))/ cm², although the development of an improved coating process, especially with regard to larger geometries, continues. Gastight joining of the tube to the compound\'s planar surface is another crucial manufacturing step for a simplified but complete module. The literature widely discusses various approaches for joining functional ceramics, such as reactive air brazing, doping-supported diffusive reactive sintering, or fully ceramic joints.9,10 All these techniques use copper as the reactive component for sintering or to improve wettability in the case of silver-soldering processes. This causes an inevitable trade-off that must be balanced carefully, because a sufficient quantity of copper is necessary, but an increase also influences base material microstructure because of copper\'s reactivity. In the case of thin, supported BSCF components, already minor amounts of copper show severe and widespread impacts, such as changes in microstructure, corrosion, and formation of secondary phases leading to microcracks, which render such joining techniques inapplicable. Tentative joints can be achieved using pure silver foil with no wetting agents, although heavily loaded with approximately 1.3 kg, through heat-treatment at 940°C. However, long-term stability of such bonds is questionable because of possible evaporation of silver at elevated temperatures. We achieved and refined a ceramic fully BSCF-based bond using tape-cast BSCF foils with a green thickness of 60 μm. For this purpose, we punched out rings according to the tube\'s dimensions (0/0 = 8/10 mm) and placed them ° between the sintered compound and tube, which were then loaded (700 g) and heat-treated at 1,100°C. Joints fabricated with this process had good mechanical stability, low porosity, and minor deformation of the compound\'s membrane layer caused by applied load (Figure 2). The clear advantages of this process, which uses only base material, are material compatibility, equal thermal expansion, and high-temperature stability. Combining these manufacturing techniques resulted in the first version of a planar, laboratory-scale, fully BSCF-based membrane module. We measured helium leakage of the entire module at well below 10-3 (mbar-(L/s))/cm², which is sufficient, especially for laboratory-scale permeation testing. Considering the size of such samples, the presented approach seems far-removed from actual applications. Nevertheless, all processes are developed with the thought of straightforward transition to manufacturing of large-scale components. As a first example, we analyzed scalability of compound fabrication beyond 20-mm disks by likewise manufacturing of 90 x 90 mm² samples. These larger samples demonstrated the suitability of sequential tape casting and lamination for industrial-scale production of planar compounds with various geometries. However, issues result because of cofiring of such large components under normal atmospheric conditions. Standard heating rates from 200°C to 400°C result in ignition of contained organics (binder and poreformer), whereas temperatures from 700°C to 1,100°C can lead to crack formation because of inhomogeneous shrinkage of membrane and support. Examination of sintering of such a multicomponent tape-cast green body under air led to an advanced heat treatment with finely adjusted heating rates. Thus, only a minor adaption of the initial process allows successful manufacturing of largescale compounds up to 110 × 110 cm² with varying geometries and membrane thicknesses (Figure 3). Outlook Compared with many other research strategies, this approach focuses on manufacturing of a planar design in combination with a high-flux material and parallel modeling of oxygen transport. Successful fabrication of laboratory-scale modules www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 constitutes one first step, with subsequent permeation tests, technical challenges for optimization, and a detailed CFD-based description of transport yet to be developed. Nevertheless, OTM-based systems are expected to be industrially operational within the next decade, especially with regard to significant progress in key manufacturing technologies and component development (e.g., Air Products proposes to have a 140 tons/day system in construction). Such economically motivated progress most likely will continue to precede detailed understanding of transport. Therefore, this topic will continue to require research beyond the commercially targeted time frame. Conclusion Ceramic MIEC membranes made of perovskites propose an advanced and promising alternative for scalable oxygen generation. In particular, thin-film membranes show high permeation rates but require a porous support for mechanical stability. Permeation testing shows that transport through such multilayer compounds is governed by a series of mechanisms, which requires analyses to achieve maximum performance of the entire system. About the authors All authors are members of the Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-1, of Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany. 10 mm Figure 3. Planar multilayer compounds with top and bottom membrane layers and a porous interlayer as well as a centered cavity for oxygen removal. On the left is an initial laboratory-scale sample, and on the right is one of the first large-scale compounds (110 × 110 cm²). Credit: P. Niehoff Industrial applications for oxygen transport membranes Membrane technology, as a rule, offers high efficiency in gas separation processes. For oxygen generation, OTMs are particularly interesting if the application process can provide high temperatures needed for diffusion. Therefore, implementations in power plants as well as cement or glass industries are promising. One major driving force for the development of oxy-fuel combustion for energy generation is carbon capture and storage or utilization concepts. Combustion of fossil fuels with pure oxygen instead of air leads, in simplified terms, to a flue gas highly concentrated (>85%) in CO. This would enable CO₂ sequestration and, thus, underground deposition or use in applications such as polymerization or enhanced oil recovery. Steel refining is another example of a high-temperature process requiring large quantities of pure oxygen. A more advanced application for OTMs is the so-called membrane reactor. This concept combines pure gas separation with direct conversion to a desired chemical product, which makes it energy efficient because of fewer processing steps (process intensification). Particularly in petrochemistry, such membrane reactors are thoroughly investigated. Methane can react directly with permeated oxygen to syngas (H2 + CO) for further conversion to higher hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Even more interesting, but also more challenging, is direct conversion of methane to precious higher hydrocarbons, such as ethylene or aromatics (oxidative dehydrogenation), which depends heavily on effective catalysts as well as distribution of oxygen to the feedstock. Key takeaways • Mixed ionic conductor membranes and ceramic pastes made of high oxygen permeability Bao Sr. Co. Fe0.203-8 (BSCF) 0.5 0.5 • Fabrication and joining of multilayer, planar, fully-BSCF oxygen transport membranes (OTMs) with high permeability for efficient oxygen separation • Industrially-scaled OTMs will be able to improve efficiency and decrease ecological impact of energy generation and several other industries, such as cement, glass, and steel References ¹C.F. Miller, J. Chen, M.F. Carolan, and E.P. Foster, \"Advances in ion transport membrane technology for syngas production,\" Catal. Today (2013), http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.cattod.2013.11.012. 2S. Baumann, J.M. Serra, M.P. Lobera, S. Escolástico, F. Schulze-Küppers, and W.A. Meulenberg, “Ultrahigh oxygen permeation flux through supported Bao SrCoFe2O3-6 membranes,” J. Membr. Sci., 377, 198-205 (2011). 3H.J.M. Bouwmeester and A.J. Burgraaf, “Dense ceramic membranes for oxygen separation\"; pp. 435-528 in Fundamentals of Inorganic Membrane Science and Technology. Edited by A.J. Burgraaf and L. Cot. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1996. *P. Niehoff, S. Baumann, F. Schulze-Küppers, R.S. Bradley, I. Shapiro, W.A. Meulenberg, P.J. Withers, and R. Vaẞen, \"Oxygen transport through supported BaSrCoFeO memAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 branes,\" Sep. Purif. Technol., 121, 60-67 (2014). 5S. Baumann, W.A. Meulenberg, and H.P. Buchkremer, \"Manufacturing strategies for asymmetric ceramic membranes for efficient separation of oxygen from air,\" J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 33, 1251-61 (2013) 6A.C. Bose, G.J. Stiegel, P.A. Armstrong, B.J. Halper, and E.P Foster, \"Progress in ion transport membranes for gas separation applications\"; in Inorganic Membranes for Energy and Environmental Applications. Edited by A.C. Bose. Springer Science+Business Media, Berlin, Germany, 2009. 7A. Kaletsch, A. Bezold, E.M. Pfaff, and C. Broeckmann, \"Effect of copper oxide content in AgCuO braze alloy on microstructure and mechanical properties of reactiveair-brazed Ba SrCoO8 Fe2O3-8 (BSCF),\" J. Ceram. Sci. Technol., 3, 95-104 (2012). 8R. Kriegel, R. Kircheisen, and K. Ritter, \"Method for the high-temperature-resistant bonding of oxygen-permeable | www.ceramics.org oxide ceramics based on substituted alkaline-earth cobaltates by means of doping-supported diffusive reactive sintering,\" Pat. Appl. No. WO2011044893 A1. M.F. Carolan, R.A. Cutler, K.N. Hutchinson, and B.P. Kleinlein, \"Method of forming a ceramic to ceramic joint,\" U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2007/0166,570. 10D.P. Butt, R.A. Cutler, S.W. Rynders, and M.F. Carolan, \"Method of joining ITM materials using a partially or fully transient piqued phase,\" U.S. Pat. Appl. No. 2006/7,011,898 B2. \"P.Niehoff, F. Schulze-Küppers, S. Baumann, R. Vaßen, H.P. Buchkremer, and W.A. Meulenberg, “Manufacturing and performance of supported BSCF membranes for oxygen separation\"; in Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, Vol. 35, Issue 3 (ICACC 14, Daytona Beach, Fla.). Edited by M. Kusnezoff, N.P. Bansal, A.L. Gyekenyesi, and M. Halbig. Wiley, New York, 2014. 31 C ceramicS expos Founding partner ACerS American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Ceramics Expo-Two buying groups for one advanced growing industry: • The latest in technical ceramic and glass materials for a wide range of applications • The most up to date materials, machinery and test equipment to keep ceramic and glass manufacturing cutting edge LAST CHANCE TO EXHIBIT Join the companies already exhibiting: 3D Ceram Akron Porcelain & Plastics Co Alfred University Almatis Inc Alteo Alumina AluChem Inc Alzchem LLC APC International Ltd Apogee Engineered Ceramics Inc Applied Ceramics Inc Associated Ceramics & Technology Inc Association of American Ceramic Component Manufacturers Astral Material Industrial Co Ltd Bakony Technical Ceramics Ltd BassTech International Blasch Precision Ceramics Inc Boca Bearing Company Sigma Advanced Materials California Nanotechnologies Centerline Technologies Ceramic Applications (CA) and Ceramic Forum International (CFI) and TASK Ceramic Industry Ceramco Inc Cleveland Vibrator Co COI Ceramics Inc Corning Incorporated Deltech Inc DiaCut Inc Du-Co Ceramics Co Edward Orton Jr Ceramic Foundation Eirich Machines Inc Elkem Materials Inc ESL ElectroScience Evans Analytical Group LLC Ferro-Ceramic Grinding Inc Fraunhofer-Institut für Keramische Technologien und Systeme IKTS Fritsch USA Inc GeoCorp Inc Goodfellow Corp Harper International Corp Harrop Industries Inc Hitachi High Technologies America Inc Hysitron Imerys North America Ceramics Industrial Minerals Innovative Fabrication Innovnano - Advanced Materials S.A INTA Technologies IPS Ceramics Kläger Spritzguß GmbH & Co KG Lithoz GmbH Metsch Refractories Inc Micromeritics Instrument Corp Momentive Performance Materials Inc Morgan Advanced Materials Mo-Sci Corp Nabaltec AG Netzsch Instruments NA LLC Northern Illinois University NSL Analytical Nu-Star Inc Nutec Bickley Nyacol Nano Technologies Inc Paul O. 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The tutorial discusses basic concepts, terminology, and results to orient those attending the symposium. Topics will include: • Thin-film growth, microstructure, and stress - Epitaxial and textured films • Thin-film stress relaxation - Dislocation mechanisms in thin films - Diffusion in thin films Thin-film properties -Size-dependent plasticity - Thermal stresses - Fracture of thin films Speakers Carl Thompson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Gerhard Dehm, Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Germany FAILURE THE GREATEST TEACHER The vast majority of scientific literature and conference talks report positive results, but there is a lot to be learned from negative results and missteps as well. Hear recognized leaders in the field discuss failure and perhaps recount some of their most spectacular learning experiences during a frank and friendly discussion in a relaxed atmosphere. Speakers and audience alike are encouraged to check their egos at the door for this event that has become an EMA highlight. HOTEL INFORMATION SpringHill Suites Orlando Lake Buena Vista in the Marriott Village 8601 Vineland Avenue, Orlando, FL 32821 1-407-938-9001 Reservations: 1-888-789-3090 MEETING APP Put the final program in the palm of your hand. Scan the QR code to download the ICACC\'15 app and gain access to your personal conference schedule, the technical program, and local restaurants. Bookmark the site or add a link to your home screen. Build or edit your schedule then sync it with your Google calendar. 34 PLENARY SPEAKERS Budd Kent Budd, senior staff scientist, Corporate Research Materials Laboratory, 3M, USA Title: EMA-related technologies and research at a diverse global manufacturer Abstract: Woven into a fabric made up of office supplies, tape, and abrasives are several 3M Company products and technologies involving electronic materials and applications. A career spent in 3M\'s Corporate Research Labs has involved project experiences nearly as diverse and wide ranging as 3M itself. Selected topics and experiences are explored by building on some early projects and tracing them forward to current products, research, and critical technology areas. Energy storage is discussed, with reference to high-permittivity dielectrics, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion battery components. A variety of electrical components are overviewed, including transparent conductors, high-voltage transmission products, and EMI / EMC materials. Finally, materials for optical products and displays are described, including quantum dot light emitters, ultra-high-barrier film, and light-management materials. Rohrer Greg Rohrer, W.W. Mullins Professor of Materials Science, Carnegie Mellon University, USA Title: High-throughput, data-rich experiments and their impact on ceramic science Abstract: The automated control of materials characterization instruments and the digital storage of data have created new opportunities for ceramic science. Automated control makes it possible to record volumes of data that were not possible in the past, and digital storage makes it possible to compare data in new and difficult to predict ways. This will be illustrated with two examples. First, I will describe combinatorial substrate epitaxy experiments to determine the orientation relationships between phases that result from thin-film growth. Second, I will discuss three-dimensional orientation mapping experiments that provide a rich source of data on microstructures and grain boundaries. Then, I will speculate on opportunities to advance ceramic science through the storage and curation of digital data. Funakubo Hiroshi Funakubo, professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Title: Domain motion under applied electric field in Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 films and their contribution to the piezoelectric properties Abstract: Piezoelectric films have been widely investigated for various applications. Because of the close correlation between the piezoelectric property and the crystal structure, crystal structure analyses have been conducted mainly for the as-deposited films. Therefore, various methods have been applied to investigate the crystal structure change under an applied electric field. I introduce the quantitative analysis of the crystal structure change under an applied electric field using in situ Raman spectroscopy and XRD under an applied electric field. I also evaluate how fast the crystal structure changes under an applied electric field using time-resolved XRD measurement using Spring-8 synchrotron setup. The results clearly indicate the impact of the evaluation, of crystal structure of as-deposited films, and crystal structure change under an applied electric field to understand the piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr, Ti)O₂ films. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 300 W Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division ceramics.org/icacc2015 SPONSORS SYSTEM UBE UBE INDUSTRIES.LTD. Process Equipment Pioneer B JIN MA KITECH MECHARONCS KFK J&L Tech Advanced Plasma Technology TR CORNING GE AMERICAN ELEMENTS THE MATERIALS SCIENCE COMPANY 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES January 25-30, 2015 Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center | Daytona Beach, Fla., USA ICACC\'15 showcases cutting-edge research and product developments in advanced ceramics, ceramic armor, SOFCS, 3D printing, bioceramics, and more. The technical program includes 13 symposia, six focused sessions, the 4th Global Young Investigators Forum, and the 2nd European Union-USA Engineering Ceramics Summit. Technical sessions provide an open forum for scientists, researchers, engineers, and manufacturers from around the world to present and exchange recent advances in ceramic science and technology. ICACC\'15 closes with the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass short course. Learn from George D. Quinn, NIST, and Richard C. Bradt, University of Alabama, about elastic properties, strength measurements, fracture parameters, indentation hardness, and standard test methods during their January 29-30 course. AWARD AND PLENARY SPEAKERS Monday, January 26 | 8:30 a.m. Noon 2015 James I. Mueller Award David R. Clarke, Extended Tarr Family Professor of Materials, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Title: Materials selection for the next generation thermal barrier coatings 2015 Bridge Building Award Sanjay Mathur, chair, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Germany Title: Chemically processed nanostructured ceramics: Opportunities for energy and health applications Global Young Investigator Award Plenary Speaker Cato T. Laurencin, professor, chemical, materials, and biomolecular engineering, University of Connecticut Title: Regenerative engineering: The theory and practice of a nextgeneration field Plenary Speaker Kazushige Ohno, executive officer, chief director of technology development, and director, IBIDEN Co. Ltd. Title: Next-generation diesel particulate filter (DPF) development and implementation strategy Ricardo H.R. Castro, associate professor, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, University of California, Davis Title: Nanocrystalline ceramics: A thermodynamic perspective to enable design and control MEETING APP Put the final program in the palm of your hand. Scan the QR code to download the ICACC\'15 app and gain access to your personal conference schedule, the technical program, exhibitors, and local restaurants. Bookmark the site or add a link to your home screen. Build or edit your schedule then sync it with your Google calendar. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 35 35 Exhibit dates: January 27-28, 2015 ICACC\'15 EXPO PREVIEW CACT Alfred University Booth No. 315 Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering/New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University: B.S. and M.S. degrees in ceramic engineering, glass, biomaterials, material science and engineering, electrical, and mechanical engineering. Ph.D. degrees in ceramics, glass, and material science. Short courses for ceramics and glass professionals. Research in glass, ceramics, and biomaterials. Analytical services. wightman@alfred.edu | www.engineering.alfred.edu Ph: 607-871-2425 | Fax: 607-871-2392 AVS Inc. ܀ ܀ Booth No. 107 ܀ ܀ Design, engineering, fabrication, and complete integration of custom furnaces. AVS also specializes in applications involving combinations of high temperatures to 2,400°C, vacuum to 10-6 torr, and gas pressures up to 3,000 psig (200 bar). Manufactures furnaces that include hydraulic hot pressing from 5 tons to more than 1,000 tons of force, complex gas controls, such as MIM and CVD, as well as combination debinding/sintering furnaces. Some applications involve induction heating, but most utilize either graphite or metal resistance heating. AVS fully integrated ACE Data Acquisition and Control System, provides graphical user interface screens with point-and-click selection and control of furnace components, run-time parameter displays, recipe screens, user-configurable recipes, status screens, statistics screen, and trend screens, including a split-screen feature, allowing direct trend screen comparisons. sales@avsinc.com | www.avsinc.com Ph: 978-772-0710 | Fax: 978-772-6462 BTU International Booth No. 307 ܀ BTU International is a global supplier of advanced thermal processing equipment and processes for alternative energy and electronics assembly applications. BTU\'s controlled-atmosphere furnaces are available with temperature ranges up to 1,150°C and with various process atmospheres, including hydrogen and nitrogen. Excellent atmosphere purity is achieved through the use of BTU\'s patented gas barrier technology with an end result of superior efficiency, superior performance, and superior thermal uniformity. sales@btu.com | www.btu.com Ph: 978-667-4111 | Fax: 978-667-9068 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. Booth No. 222 Simplifying thermophysical property testing of materials, C-Therm provides user-friendly solutions for thermal expansion and shrinkage analysis via dilatometry and nondestructive thermal conductivity testing for solids, liquids, powders, and pastes. To learn more about its products or to view application papers, webinars, videos, and more, visit the website. info@ctherm.com | www.ctherm.com Ph: 506-462-7201 ܀ Carbolite Inc. Booth No. 206 ܀ Established in 1938, Carbolite manufacturers elite laboratory heating equipment. Carbolite offers an extensive line of laboratory heat-processing furnaces and oven products for use in research, testing, and pilot-plant environments. Furnaces operate up to 1,800°C, ovens up to 600°C, and incubators to 80°C. Products include multiple sizes of box/ chamber, tube, and bottom- and top-loading furnaces, ovens, incubators, and sterilizers. Carbolite also provides modified or special furnace and oven products. Custom-engineered furnaces can be designed to meet specific customer requirements. sales@carbolite-usa.com | www.carbolite.us Ph: 920-262-0240 | Fax: 920-262-0255 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. Booth No. 200 Centorr Vacuum Industries manufacturers vacuum/ controlled-atmosphere furnaces for sintering, debinding, and heat-treatment of advanced ceramics (SIC, Si3N4, AIN, BN, and BC), refractory metals, and hard metals. Available in laboratory and production sizes to 3,000°C with graphite or refractory metal hot zones and optional Sweepgas binder-removal system. plennon@centorr.com | www.centorr.com Ph: 603-595-7233 | Fax: 603-595-9220 Ceramics Expo Booth No. 115 ܀ ܀ ܀ Ceramics Expo is a dedicated marketplace for all raw materials, equipment, machinery, and technology used within the ceramic and glass manufacturing supply chain. The free-attendance exhibit draws genuine decision-makers: technical leaders, production directors, engineers, project leaders, buyers, and senior executives within ceramic manufacturing as well as from a vast range of industries utilizing ceramic materials and components, including transportation, automotive, aerospace, oil and gas, medical, electronics, military, and environmental technology. Reserve a booth today. info@ceramicsexpousa.com | www.ceramicsexpousa.com Ph: 1-855-436-8683 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ CM Furnaces Inc. Booth No. 311 CM Furnaces builds standard design as well as specialized custom units. The company manufactures a complete line of laboratory furnaces in all configurations, including box and tube furnaces, ranging from 1,000°C to 2,000°C. These are available in air, inert, and reducing atmospheres. CM also offers production furnaces and 1,700°C batch, hydrogen, and box furnaces. info@cmfurnaces.com | www.cmfurnaces.com Ph: 973-338-6500 | Fax: 973-338-1625 Custom Process Service Booth No. 324 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Dorst America Booth No. 301 Dorst Technologies provides state-of-the-art solutions for ceramic forming needs, whether dry presss (mechanical, hydraulic, and electric presses), isostatic presses, pressure casts, or extruders. Technology-leading spray-drying solutions also are available. Dorst provides world-class support for customers in training and all areas of equipment support. gwallis@dorstamerica.com | www.dorst.de Ph: 610-317-2000 | Fax: 610-317-6416 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Eirich Machines Inc. Booth No. 203 Eirich Machines designs, manufactures, and supplies batch and continuous mixers and systems for the processing of raw materials, compounds, waste, and residues in a wide range of industries. The company\'s complete line of products for mixing, agglomerating, pelletizing, grinding, granulating, and plasticizing range from 1 to 12,000 liters and can be equipped with vacuum. A full line of test equipment allows for presale testing in Eirich\'s lab or the customer\'s own plant. sales@eirichusa.com | www.eirichusa.com Ph: 847-336-2444 | Fax: 847-336-0914 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 ESL ElectroScience Booth No. 223 ESL ElectroScience provides solutions that enable customers to take technologies from concept through high-volume production using thick-film pastes and ceramic tapes. ESL products can be found in hybrid microcircuits, multilayer microelectronics, transformers, thick-film heaters, sensors, and fuel cells. Itimko@electroscience.com | www.electroscience.com Ph: 610-272-8000 | Fax: 610-272-6759 Harrop Industries Inc. Booth No. 201 Harrop designs and manufactures a complete line of continuous and periodic tape casters, dryers, burnoff ovens, and kilns to produce ceramic products for laboratory, pilot plant, and industrial applications. Heat sources can be electric or gas-fired. Microwave-assisted heating is available. Provides thermal analysis lab services and toll firing. sales@harropusa.com | www.harropusa.com Ph: 614-231-3621 | Fax: 614-235-3699 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ KEITH THE KEN AND FURNACE SYSTEMS PEOPLE Florida Institute of Technology Booth No. 204 www.fit.edu ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Furuya Metal. Co. Ltd. Booth No. 105 www.furuyametals.co.jp/english/index.html ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ H.C. Starck North American Trading LLC Booth No. 305 The H.C. Starck Group is a global supplier of high-performance powders and components made of technology metals and advanced ceramics. The group operates 15 production facilities in Europe, America, and Asia and serves growing industries, such as electronics, chemicals, automotive, medical technology, aerospace, energy, and environmental technology, as well as engineering companies and tool manufacturers. The company consists of five divisions: Tungsten Powders, Tantalum/Niobium Powders, Surface Technology & Ceramic Powders, Fabricated Products, and Advanced Ceramic Components. info@hcstarck.com | www.hcstarck.com Ph: +49-5321-751-3144 Fax: +49-5321-751-4144 Heraeus Thick Film Division Booth No. 212 Heraeus Precious Metals, Thick Film Division supplies thick-film pastes, LTCC materials, and precious metal powders to the hybrid microelectronics industry. The Division has developed a series of pastes for manufacture of solid oxide fuel cells. Heraeus also offers paste optimization and toll manufacturing services for those companies that prefer proprietary control of their inorganic formulations. yin.yin@heraeus.com | www.thickfilm.net Ph: 610-825-6050 | Fax: 610-825-7061 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Imerys Fused Minerals Booth No. 220 Imerys Fused Minerals Murg offers a range of electrofused monoclinic and stabilized zirconia powders for engineering ceramics, including oxygen sensors, refractories, and plasma spraying. A wide range of chemistries is available from coarse mesh and millimeter sizes down to controlled submicrometer sizes. Available stabilizing powders include yttria, calcia, and magnesia. The company also is interested in developing bespoke powders for other applications. gordon.bennett@ucm-fm.com | www.imerys-fusedminerals.com Ph: +44-0-7836505958 Lithoz Booth No. 323 www.lithoz.com MEL Chemicals Booth No. 306 MEL Chemicals is a global manufacturer and supplier of high-quality zirconium-based chemicals. Products include doped and undoped zirconias, including ready-to-press yttria- and magnesia-doped materials for advanced ceramic applications in structural, dental, medical, sensor, SOFC, and catalysis applications. MEL also offers a range of tin oxides for ceramic and advanced applications. pjones@melchemicals.com | www.zrchem.com Ph: 908-782-5800 | Fax: 908-782-8378 Microtrac ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Booth No. 325 www.microtrac.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Haiku Tech Inc. Booth No. 313 ܀ Haiku Tech offers tape-casting and coating equipment as well as stackers, isostatic laminators, and materials for development and manufacture of multilayer ceramic products, including solid oxide fuel cells. Haiku also offers prototyping and consulting services to develop tape-casting formulations for standard or customized ceramic powders. mdemoya@haikutech.com | www.haikutech.com Ph: 305-463-9304 | Fax: 305-463-8751 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Harper International Booth No. 317 Harper International designs complete thermal processing solutions and technical services for production of advanced materials, including custom-designed rotary, pusher, and belt conveyor furnaces. Harper\'s experience spans a range of engineering ceramics, including designing for production of silicon nitride, tungsten carbide, boron nitride, and aluminas. Harper kilns are widely used to calcine powders and sinter components, such as thermistors, varistors, and monolithic and multilayer capacitors. Its furnace technologies incorporate improved flexibility, operating efficiencies, and equipment control to help scale up production rates successfully. info@harperintl.com | www.harperintl.com Ph: 716-276-9900 | Fax: 716-810-9460 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Keith Company Booth No. 205 Keith provides laboratory- and production-scale furnace systems for processing advanced ceramics and specialty metals. Batch, continuous, electric, or gas-heated furnaces for the most exacting heat-processing applications. The company is experienced in processing nanoscale, glass, and rechargeable battery materials for solar, SOFC, piezoelectric actuator, capacitor, thermistor, and oxide ceramic applications. For 55 years, Keith has served the aerospace, automotive, ceramics, electronics, energy, and medical industries with precision heating furnaces often integrated with automation and digital process control. r.fehr@keithcompany.com | www.keithcompany.com Ph: 1-800-545-4567 | Fax: 562-949-3696 ܀ ܀ ܀ Linseis Inc. Booth No. 202 ܀ Linseis manufactures thermal analysis instruments, including DTA, TGA, STA, DSC, dilatometry, xenon flash and laser flash thermal conductivity systems, and Seebeck coefficient/electrical resistivity instruments. r.ansel@linseis.com | www.linseis.com Ph: 609-223-2070 | Fax: 609-223-2074 Netzsch Instruments North America LLC Booth No. 300 Thermal analysis, thermal properties, calorimetry, and contract testing services: DSC, DTA, TGA, and STA (simultaneous DSC/DTA-TGA) from cryogenic to +2,400°C; evolved-gas analysis by coupled FTIR and MS and GC-MS; specific heat measurement; dilatometers for thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity by laser flash method from cryogenic to +2,800°C; DMA, TMA, and DEA for in situ thermoset cure monitoring; and adiabatic reaction calorimeters to measure thermal and pressure properties of chemical reactions. fumi.akimaru@netzsch.com | www.netzsch-thermal-analysis.com Ph: 781-418-1801 | Fax: 781-272-5225 New Lenox Machine Co. Inc. Booth No. 302 New Lenox Ordnance manufactures specialty projectiles for the Army and testing laboratories. The company develops and manufactures the NLMC Powder Breech System, ranging from 5.56 mm to 40 mm, and manufactures a 30-mm system capable of launching 20-mm FSPs at more than 5,000 ft/s. classic195@aol.com | www.newlenoxordnance.com Ph: 815-584-4866 | Fax: 815-584-4877 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 37 332 US NIST Booth No. 111 Exhibit dates: January 27-28, 2014 ICACC\'15 EXPO PREVIEW NIST Standard Reference Materials supports accurate/compatible measurements by certifying and providing more than 1,300 SRMS with wellcharacterized composition or properties, or both. SRMS are used to perform instrument calibrations as part of quality assurance, accuracy of specific measurements, and support of new measurement methods. Standard Reference Data provides well-documented numeric data to scientists and engineers for use in technical problem-solving, research, and development. diane.decker@nist.gov | www.nist.gov/srm Ph: 301-975-3774 | Fax: 301-926-0416 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics Booth No. 210 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics designs, engineers, machines, grinds, laps, and polishes basic and complex components made of advanced ceramics and other ultrahard materials. For more than 30 years, PremaTech has been an industry leader in ceramic machining and polishing, with special expertise in silicon carbide. The company is ISO 9001 certified. info@prematechac.com | www.prematechac.com Ph: 508-791-9549 | Fax: 508-793-9814 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Swindell Dressler International Booth No. 303 Established in 1912, Swindell Dressler engineers, designs, and constructs shuttle, bell, electric, roller hearth, and tunnel kilns for the ceramics and carbon industries. The company also offers car-moving equipment, such as transfer cars, haulages, and pusher systems. jhopkins@swindelldressler.com | www.swindelldressler.com Ph: 412-788-7100 | Fax: 412-788-7110 ܀ ܀ Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. Booth No. 320 Oxy-Gon manufactures standard and customdesign vacuum/controlled atmosphere furnaces for demanding research and manufacturing requirements. The company offers a full array of furnace configurations with emphasis on high-temperature and high-vacuum capability. Applications include ceramic studies, sintering, tensile testing, hot press, brazing, and gas purification. sales@oxy-gon.com | www.oxy-gon.com Ph: 603-736-8422 | Fax: 603-736-8734 PTX-Pentronix - Gasbarre Presses Booth No. 207 Manufacturer of powder-compacting presses, tooling, and industrial furnaces. Press product lines include Gasbarre mechanical and CNC hydraulic presses, Servo-Electric presses, PTX-Pentronix presses and loaders, and Simac dry-bag isostatic presses. Industrial heat-treating producers include Sinterite furnaces, C.I. Hayes furnaces, and J.L. Becker furnaces. Each equipment design is tailored to specific application for optimum performance. press-sales@gasbarre.com | www.gasbarre.com Ph: 814-371-3015 | Fax: 814-371-6387 TA Instruments Booth No. 322 Visit TA Instruments for innovative technology for thermal analysis, rheology, microcalorimetry, and thermophysical property measurements of polymers, ceramics, metals, and more. The company now offers a complete line of tools for measurements of thermal diffusivity by the flash method, thermal conductivity, and dilatometry for materials from -150°C to 2,800°C. info@tainstruments.com | www.tainstruments.com Ph: 302-427-4000 | Fax: 302-427-4001 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Powder Processing & Technology Booth No. 304 PPT performs custom contract manufacturing on a wide range of ceramic materials. The company has an extensive line of ready-to-press ferrite powders for inductive and EMI shielding applications and offers an extensive range of low-sintering-temperature powders for SMD applications. Typical processing services provided include batching, blending, calcining, wet and dry milling, spray drying, sintering, and screen classification. The company has a fully equipped pilot plant and multiple production areas. asukovich@pptechnology.com | www.pptechnology.com Ph: 219-462-4141 X224 | Fax: 219 462 0376 PremaTech Take a Closer Look Advanced Ceramics ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ R.D. Webb Company Inc. Booth No. 216 R.D. Webb produces air-cooled vacuum furnaces for use to 2,200°C. Simple, inexpensive, and reliable units are ideal for sintering, active metal brazing, annealing, and general research applications and can be set up for processing in high-vacuum and argon-gas atmospheres. rdwebb@alum.mit.edu | www.rdwebb.com Ph: 401-267-8802 | Fax: 401-262-4935 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Sonoscan Inc. Booth No. 221 Sonoscan manufactures and develops acoustic microscope (AM) systems to nondestructively inspect and analyze materials, subassemblies, and products. The company\'s leading edge C-SAM systems provide accurate and robust inspection of products for hidden internal defects, such as poor bonding, delaminations, cracks, and voids. In addition, Sonoscan offers analytical services through regional testing laboratories in the U.S., Asia, and Europe, plus educational workshops for all levels of users of AM technology. info@sonoscan.com | www.sonoscan.com Ph: 847-437-6400 | Fax: 847-437-1550 TevTech LLC Booth No. 214 TevTech designs and manufactures custom laboratory and production vacuum furnaces and components. Its systems are used in sintering, chemical vapor deposition, heat-treating, and purification applications. Celebrating 20 years in business. sales@tevtechllc.com | www.tevtechllc.com Ph: 978-667-4557 | Fax: 978-667-4554 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Thermal Wave Imaging Booth No. 321 Thermal Wave Imaging develops state-of-the-art thermographic nondestructive testing solutions ranging from low-cost portable systems for field applications to highly sophisticated automated inspection equipment for manufacturing and quality assurance. The company\'s off-the-shelf equipment, custom turnkey solutions, and testing and evaluation services meet critical needs of aerospace, power generation, and automotive OEMs and suppliers. alannusbaum@thermalwave.com | www.thermalwave.com Ph: 248-414-3730 | Fax: 248-414-3764 ܀ ܀ ܀ Zircar Ceramics Inc. Booth No. 224 ܀ ܀ Zircar Ceramics manufactures high-temperature fibrous ceramic materials and related products. The company\'s broad product range includes alumina, alumina-silica, and other refractory oxide fiber materials; heating elements; and furnace insulation custom assemblies and accessories. Zircar offers its products in a wide variety of forms, shapes, and sizes. Also, the company custom manufactures many one-of-a-kind products for unique needs. sales@zircarceramics.com | www.zircarceramics.com Ph: 845-651-6600 | Fax: 845-651-0441 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 register now to save may 17-21 Hilton Miami Downtown Miami, Florida, USA 2015 GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION and DEUTSCHE GLASTECHNISCHE GESELLSCHAFT ACerS GOMD-DGG Joint Annual Meeting The 20-session technical program explores emerging research and applications in: Energy and environment ⚫ Glasses in healthcare Fundamentals of the glassy state · Optical and electronic materials and devices .Glass technology and cross-cutting topics ceramics.org/gomd-dgg The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org &+ MS&T14 Highlights from MS&T14 and Materials Science & Technology 2014 ACerS 116th Annual Meeting (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) ittsburgh, Pa., once again welcomed MS&T to the Steel City and the D.L. than 3,200 materials scientists, engineers, vendors, and students attended. Almost 600 travelled from abroad for the conference, and nearly 900 were students. ACers held its 116th Annual Meeting and president David Green reported on the state of the Society and progress on its initiatives over the year (see full report on p. 14). Incoming president Kathleen Richardson assisted Green at the awards banquet to elevate three members to Distinguished Life Member status, honor 17 members in the 2014 Class of Fellows, and present other Society awards to distinguished members. As this conference and Annual Meeting fade into memory, organizers already have their sights set on MS&T15 and the 117th Annual Meeting, Oct. 4-8, 2015, in Columbus, Ohio. We look forward to seeing you then! ACers award lectures ACerS Annual Meeting and awards banquet 40 Wolgang Rossner-Rustum Roy Frontiers of Science and Society lecturer. Robert Cook Sosman lecturer. David Green (left) presents certificate to Adrian Wright, Orton Memorial Award lecturer. 2014 Distinguished Life Members (left-right): George Wicks, Kathryn Logan, and Arun Varshneya. David Green passes the ACerS President\'s Gaveland the office to Kathleen Richardson at the conclusion of the 116th Annual Meeting. John Ballato ACerS NICE Friedberg Lecture. 2014 Class of Fellows. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 Aces Award Lectur MUG DROP HATER Pit Beautiful and tough mugs. Samantha Swayne (left) brought the most aesthetic mug, while Joshua Marrett (right) took a \"more is better\" approach to designing his winning mug at the Material Advantage Mug Drop contest organized by Keramos. and scenes at MS&T Student activities The Material Advantage Student Speaking Crowd drew a large audience. Middle school students at Materials Camp learn about refractories from Refractory Ceramics Division members Bill Headrick (left) and Mike Alexander (right). One of many \"ACers selfies\" taken in the ACers lounge. Exchanging ideas makes the technical sessions valuable. ROBOCASTING 30 priting of ceramics LATTICE FILTRATION Robocasting\'s Joe Cesarano explains his company\'s technology during the Expo. Members and visitors stopped by the ACers lounge and the alwayspopular ACerS prize wheel. See you in Columbus, Ohio - October 4-8 MS&T15 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org See you next year! 41 MS&T Conference highlights Materials Science & Technology 2014 ce & Technology Credit: Always Shooting; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 President\'s Council of Student Advisors get the ball rolling toward success at first meeting By Jessica Rimsza uring the weekend before MS&T14, 30 ceramic and glass students traveled to Pittsburgh, Pa., from all across the United States and Europe to partake in the annual meeting of the President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). PCSA is responsible for engaging students from around the world as leaders in the ceramics community and encouraging participation in ACers at the national level and at students\' home institutions. During the meeting, students learned about ACerS, discussed previous accomplishments of PCSA, planned activities for 2015, and networked with other delegates. PCSA selected me as the new chair for 2015 to succeed Bradley Shultz from Clemson University. The five PCSA committees elected committee chairs, planned exciting events, and organized strategies to optimize the role of students in ACerS. The Outreach Committee, chaired by Brian Donovan, a graduate student from the University of Virginia, is continuing development of a ceramic and glass-based science kit, accompanied by videos of the kits in action, so that students all over the world can learn about ceramics and glass. The Programming Committee, led by Megan Wilson, a graduate student from the University of Virginia, is planning the Schott Glass Competition at ICACC\'15, the 3rd Annual Ceramicsin-Writing Contest, and organizing a Regional Activities Pamphlet to help students maximize their visits to ACerS conferences. The Finance Committee, led by Austin Fox, a graduate student from Oregon State University, is raising funds for next year\'s delegates to attend the 2015 annual business meeting in Columbus, Ohio, to plan activities and outreach events for PCSA. The annual meeting is critical to allow PCSA to operate effectively. All current and former PCSA members are extremely grateful to the financial contributors 42 who allowed the delegates to come together to organize this year\'s activities. The Communications Committee, chaired by Lisa Rueschhoff, a graduate student from Purdue University, makes sure that all PCSA events and delegate accomplishments are represented in ACerS publications, including the June/July ACers Bulletin. Be sure to check out the PCSA Facebook page for bimonthly Student Spotlight articles that highlight the scientific adventures of PCSA delegates. The Recruitment Committee is on the lookout for 35 new ceramic and glass student leaders to be part of the 2015-2016 PCSA. Undergraduate, graduate, domestic, and international students are welcome to apply. Students interested in becoming leaders in the ceramics and glass community or helping with PCSA\'s goals should visit www.ceramics.org/pcsa. Please direct questions to this year\'s recruitment committee chair, Amy Bolon, a graduate student at Texas A&M University, at ambolon@sbcglobal. net. PCSA will begin accepting applications for new delegates in mid-January 2015. All delegates are grateful to last year\'s committee chairs: Sapna Gupta (Finance), Peter Robinson (Outreach), and Bradley Richards (Communications) from the University of Connecticut, Pennsylvania State University, and University of Virginia, respectively, for all of their hard work. Finally, PCSA would be lost without the help and mentorship of these ACerS advisors and liaisons: Geoff Brennecka, Kristen Brosnan, Kevin Fox, Shen Dillon, Jessica Krogstad, Andrea Muller-Hoff, Greg Hilmas, Chris Dosch, Eric Patterson, Valerie Wiesner, David Shahin, and Tricia Freshour. ACers Student Tour - Pittsburgh Glass Works On the first full day of MS&T14, graduate and undergraduate students from universities around the U.S. visited the Pittsburgh Glass Works (PGW) Windshield Manufacturing Plant in Creighton, Pa. After a 30-minute bus ride from the David L. Lawrence Convention Center, students arrived at the plant to discover that there had been a water main break just outside the property and that all water to the facility was shut off. Since there was no water, all production had stopped, and the plant was in the process of shutting down for the remainder of the day. Nonetheless, PGW hosts graciously allowed students to tour the plant to understand the size and scope of production facilities. Students were separated into groups to \"walk the process,\" following the path of a piece of glass as it is transformed into a windshield. Students walked through \"hot\" and \"cold\" zones of the production facilities, including a section that felt like a refrigerator for storing laminate. Visiting the PGW Windshield Manufacturing Plant was a wonderful opportunity to meet scientists and engineers actively involved in glass manufacturing, especially for such an identifiable commercial product. Many students commented that they had not thought about the amount of work that went into forming glass into windshields. Introducing students to the practical details of manufacturing is critical to increase student interest in ceramics and glass as career options, and it is the work of PCSA and ACerS to bring the ceramics and glass community together to encourage collaboration and enthusiasm among upcoming students. The tour was organized by members of ACerS\'s PCSA, who thank Gary Cannon and everyone at PGW for a very enjoyable tour. Jessica Rimsza is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of North Texas. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 resources Calendar of events February 2015 24-27 MCARE 2015: Materials Challenge in Alternative and Renewable Energy - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org March 2015 21-23 Deco \'15: New Discoveries in Decorating-Columbus, Ohio; www.sgcd.org 25-26 ACers St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division Joint Meeting - St. Louis, Mo.; www.ceramics.org April 2015 12-17 UHTCIII: Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics - Materials for Extreme Environment Applications III - Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia; www.engconf.org 16 2015 Toledo Glass and Ceramic Award Dinner and Presentation - Toledo Club, Toledo, Ohio 20-24 42nd Int\'l Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films San Diego, Calif.; www2.avs.org/conferences/icmctf 28-30 Ceramics Expo 2015 - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www. ceramicsexpousa.com May 2015 11-14 Microstrucutral Characterization of Aerospace Materials and Coatings Long Beach Convention Center, Long Beach, Calif.; www.asminternational. org/web/ims-2015/home 23-26 ITSC 2015: Int\'l Thermal Spray Conference and Exposition - Long Beach Convention Center, Long Beach, Calif.; www.asminternational. org/web/itsc-2015/home 17-21 ACerS GOMD-DGG Joint Annual Meeting - Miami, Fla.; www. ceramics.org June 2015 14-19 CMCEE: 11th Int\'l Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications - Hyatt Regency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; www.ceramics.org 21-25 ECerS 2015: 14th Int\'l Conference of the European Ceramic Society - Toledo, Spain; www. ecers2015.org 30-July 3 5th European PEFC & H₂ Forum 2015 - Culture and Convention Centre, Lucerne, Switzerland; www. EFCF.com Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. We teach. You learn. Increase your materials know-how with ACerS. Use our exclusive learning series to expand your knowledge base, brush up on a favorite topic, or increase your expertise. DVD courses Bioceramics: Advances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare Sintering of Ceramics . Surface Chemistry and Characterization of Bioactive Glasses • Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety · ACerS-GMIC\'s Glass Melting Furnaces and Glass Melting Furnace Air Emissions Onsite short courses · Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass • Nucleation, Growth and Crystallization in Glasses Online tools · ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams database American Ceramic Society Bulletin archive ceramics.org/learning The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 | www.ceramics.org 43 ADVANCED SCHOOL ON GLASSES AND GLASS-CERAMICS 100 positions available for top-quality Masters and PhD students The Advanced School on Glasses and Glass-Ceramics (G&GC São Carlos) will take place in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, in August 1-9, 2015. The School is organized by the CERTEV (Center for Research, Technology and Education in Vitreous Materials and will be funded by FAPESP (The São Paulo Research Foundation) and the Department of Materials Engineering of the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). We are aiming at selecting 100 top-quality Masters and PhD students (50 Brazilians, and 50 foreigners from all over the world), with excellent CVs, who are currently doing research in the area of glasses and glass-ceramics. We will cover the international travel expenses to and from Brazil, as well as the hotel expenses, including breakfast, and lunch while in São Carlos, for nine nights. Internal travel expenses (for instance, to reach the international airports in other countries compulsory health insurance, VISA application and dinners will not be covered. The travel expenses of Brazilian students coming to São Carlos will also be covered. The theoretical and experimental lectures will be taught by the most senior faculty of the CERTEV as well as by several well-known, highly experienced international invited instructors. The classes will cover the fundamentals of structure, relaxation processes, crystal nucleation, growth, overall crystallization, and properties (mechanical, electrical, optical and bio) of glasses and glass-ceramics. Interested candidates are cordially invited to upload the following documents in the School\'s website*: 1.Letter of intent; 2.CV (2-3 page biosketch). Only students working on glass and glass-ceramic research will be considered; 3.Official (signed) declaration from your university proving that you are enrolled in a Masters or PhD program at the time of registration. A signed recommendation letter should be sent directly from the thesis advisor to dedz@ufscar.br and ligia. diniz91@gmail.com and o.lucas.lima@gmail.com Depending on the number of high-quality applications received the number of students per research group may be restricted. Submissions with incomplete documentation will not be considered. Questions should be addressed to Professors Edgar D. Zanotto (dedz@ufscar.br), Marcello Andreeta (andreeta@ufscar.br) or Hellmut Eckert (eckert@ifsc. usp.br). Registration will be open from December 2014 to January 31, 2015. The selected candidates will hear from us by February-March 2015. *School Website: CERTEV www.certev.ufscar.br FAPESP http://www.certev.ufscar.br/g-cc-brasil matscitech.org Greater Columbus Convention Center Columbus, Ohio USA MS&T15 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY October 4 - 8, 2015 call for papers Submit your abstract by March 16 in: Biomaterials • • O Ceramic and Glass Materials • Electronic and Magnetic Materials Energy Issues • • Fundamentals and Characterization • Iron and Steel • Materials - Environment Interactions • Materials Performance • Nanomaterials • Processing and Product Manufacturing Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY ASM TMS INTERNATIONAL Sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 classified advertising Career Opportunities CERAMIC RECRUITERS, INC. 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Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-891-8960 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 91, No. 1 www.ceramics.org www.pptechnology.com www.qualityexec.com www.rauschert.com www.sem-com.com www.sonicmill.com www.sgiglass.com www.westpenntesting.com www.zircarzirconia.com Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Marianna Bracht mbracht@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 46 46 45 45 46 45 45 46 45 47 O deciphering the discipline David Kok Guest columnist From combat to ceramics: A unique camp was sans the yelling, throwing things, and overall intensity, but the culture shock was still present. I phase transformation went from operating in a Not long ago, the equipment I used on a daily basis included an M16-A4 service rifle, machine guns, and other weapons systems. I also trained constantly, in everything from engaging enemies in close-quarter battles to consistently hitting a target at 500 meters with my rifle. Things have changed a bit—now, the equipment that I operate daily are electron microscopes and furnaces, and my marksmanship evaluations consist of electron beam alignments. Although my path to graduate school is nontraditional, it shows that we are never too old to learn something new. I enlisted in the Marine Corp as an infantryman when I was still in high school. Two days after my 2004 high school graduation-as most of my friends were relaxing before the start of their college lives-I boarded a bus to the Marine Corp Recruiting Depot (a.k.a., boot camp) in San Diego. It was less than a month after my 18th birthday, but I was about to mature very quickly. Fast forwarding about a year and a half, I was assigned to my permanent duty station as an infantry assaultman with the 2nd Battalion 3rd Marines, Weapons company. During active duty, I deployed to the Kandahar province of Afghanistan (2005-2006) and the Al-Anbar province of Iraq (2006-2007). I left active duty service in 2008 and received my honorable discharge from the Marines in 2011. I started my academic career in community college soon after my active duty discharge. The transition from Marine Corp infantryman to college student was hardin some ways, it was like another form of boot camp. This more pleasant boot highly disciplined, closeknit, cohesive unit to having the freedom to dictate what classes to take. Besides being older than my college freshmen peers, I also started classes behind most students. The only math skill I gained from the military was being able to subtract from 30-to know how many rounds I had left in the magazine of my rifle. Needless to say, I did not score well on placement tests and had to start in pre-algebra math. At times, this transition was almost overwhelming. David Kok in Haditha, Iraq, in 2007. There were more then a few nights when I questioned myself and wondered whether being a student was the right decision for me. The realization that I was no longer part of a team was one of the hardest issues to deal with. In the Marines, we had \"battle buddies\" for everything. Not because we could not do things on our own, but because it is part of the ethos to always watch out for each other. As a Marine, I knew that-regardless of the situation I was in-my buddies would always be there. It took me awhile to figure out, but I eventually realized that this sense of esprit de corps did not have to end with my military service. So I sought out fellow veteran students. I initially had a hard time finding them, but slowly I built up a network of friends that I could trust and talk to. Although most of them did not have the same experiences as I did in the military, we still shared the same issues and struggles of being veteran students. With a strong support system from family, friends, and fellow student veterans, I graduated with a B.S. in chemistry and went on to graduate school to study material science and engineering. The most important advice I have for anyone, whether in a similar situation or not, is to find your support system. No matter what you are going though, there is at least one other person who is going though it, too. David Kok is a first-year Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of California, Irvine. He holds a B.S. in chemistry from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. In his spare time, he likes to build absurdly long \"poking sticks\" out of coffee stirrers to annoy his lab mates. The current record is 12 feet. 48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 1 REGISTER NOW TO SAVE $150! 11th International Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications Ceramic technologies for sustainable development ceramics.org/11cmcee The American Hyatt Regency June 14-19, 2015 Vancouver, BC Canada Track I: Ceramics for Energy Conversion, Storage, and Distribution Systems Track 2: Ceramics for Energy Conservation and Efficiency Track 3: Ceramics for Environmental Systems Track 4: Cross-cutting Materials Technologies Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Mrityunjay Singh Chair Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA Tatsuki Ohji Co-chair AIST, Japan Alex Michaelis Co-chair Fraunhofer IKTS, Germany CMCee bismuth telluride lutetium granules metamaterials strontium doped lanthanum III-IV nitride materials organo-metallics regenerative medicine electrochemistry solid crystal growth nanoribbons cerium polishing powder yttrium thin film dysprosium pellets atomic layer deposition scandium-aluminum nar H spersions aerospace ultra-light alloys CI Ar Al Si P S palladium shot iridium crucibles van Im He Li Be refrac green technology battery lithium gallium arsenide high tals surface functionalized nanoparticles ty silic B 0 N 0 F Ne tanta ite Na Mg semiconductors termet anode Xe iron iquids Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Co Ni Cu Zn catho K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co nuck Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn FI Uup Lv Uus Uuo neodymium foil ionic Tm Yb Lu ar energy con Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os galli Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut photovoltaics europium phosphors quantum dots dielectrics Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er spintronics Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md super alloys nanofabrics rare earth metals nickel foam rod platinum ink laser crystals titanium robotic parts CIGS stable isotopes carbon nanotubes gold nanoparticles optoelectronic es No Lr nano gels LED lighting tungsten carbide optoelectron mischmetal Now Invent. anti-ballistic ceramics fuel cell materials hafnium tubing Nd:YAG biosynthetics germanium windows superconductors ultra high purity mate macromolecules 99.999% ruthenium spheres erbium doped fiber optics gadolinium wire advanced polymers buckey balls sputtering targets metalloids te 田 rhodium sponge AMERICAN ELEMENTS THE MATERIALS SCIENCE COMPANY® zirconium single crystal silicon shape memory alloys alternative energy electrochemistry nanomedicine tellurium osmium catalog: americanelements.com ©2001-2014. 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