AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology JUNE/JULY 2015 Driving to a clean energy future 1290 THE LIVED 112 Double issue: - Microchannel heat exchangers - Student perspectives ACers announces new leaders • Meeting previews: Cements, 11th CMCEE, MS&T15 Infographic: Student diversity • NW CALL FOR PAPERS Jubilee Abstracts due July 15, 2015 ration! 40 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS N AND COMPOSITES January 24-29, 2016 Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center Daytona Beach, Florida, USA ceramics.org/icacc2016 Organized by The American Ceramic Society and ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division The Mercan team: Sexy contents June/July 2015 • Vol. 95 No. 4 feature articles High-efficiency, ceramic microchannel heat exchangers 26 Charles Lewinsohn Microchannel structures in ceramic heat exchangers effectively improve efficiency of energy-intensive processes. Student perspectives 34 The annual student-contributed section showcases student activities and research and demonstrates the wide-and creative-range of student interests. Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue ..... -Jessica Rimsza 34 Congressional Visits Day 2015 recap -Tricia L. Freshour 35 Ceramic-based oxygen transport membranes for clean and efficient energy generation ... 37 -Sapna Gupta Pyroelectrics for future sustainability -Gabe Velarde A better-and more balanced-tomorrow -Amy Bolon Focusing on the environment-and my career -Austin Fox Ceramics hold the key to the future of nuclear energy -Kara Phillips ±wo w co co 40 41 cover story High-efficiency, ceramic microchannel heat exchangers Credit: Ceramatec 38 - page 26 39 TE OFFICE BOL meetings 11th CMCEE: International Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications. . 42 6th Advances in Cement-based Materials 44 feature MS&T15: Materials Science & Technology 2015 45 Student perspectives Ceramic and glass manufacturers flex muscles at Ceramics Expo 2015 Highlights Credit: ACerS 48 - page 34 columns PCSA Writing Competition Haley Barnes One resources New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 56 56 departments News & Trends 3 ACers Spotlight. 6 Ceramics in the Environment 14 50 51 Ceramics in Biomedicine. 17 52 55 Ceramics in Energy 18 Research Briefs.. 20 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Associate Editor Stephanie Liverani, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Finn Giuliani, Chair, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated John McCloy, Washington State University C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Fei Peng, Clemson University Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher contents June/July 2015 Vol. 94 No. 5 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss In your hand and on the go! There are now three great ways to read all of the good stuff inside this month\'s issue of the Bulletin! On-the-go option #1: Download the app from the Google Play store (Android tablet and smartphones) or the App Store (iOS tablets only). DF copy of Equally mobile option #2: Download a PDF copy of this month\'s issue at ceramics.org and save it to your smartphone, tablet, laptop, or desktop. Optimized for laptop/desktop option #3: From your laptop or desktop, flip through the pages of this month\'s electronic edition at ceramics.org. cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers Kathleen Richardson, President Mrityunjay Singh, President-Elect David Green, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2015 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Credit: Smoking Apples; Flickr; CC BY-SA 2.0 Get it on GOOGLE PLAY O Available for iPad on the App Store Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and receive the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news in your inbox each Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday. Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some recent top posts: Get glowing Nissan Leaf\'s glow-in-the-dark paint collects UV light for all-night fun bit.ly/1KpVXm1 Surface matters Huge reduction of heat conduction observed in flat silicon channels bit.ly/1OeGgEo That\'s sharp Shark teeth-isolated bioceramics show promise as future bone filler bit.ly/1GYOGNV American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 94, No. 5, pp 1-56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 news & trends DOE reinforces commitment to lighter, more efficient automobiles with $259M Alcoa loan The Obama administration wants to provide Americans with cars that are more affordable and efficient. It also wants to strengthen manufacturing in the United States and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The administration hopes to achieve this and more through a conditional commitment to Alcoa for a $259-million loan-the first issued under the Department of Energy\'s Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing (ATVM) loan program. It is expected that, if finalized, the loan will support increased production of aluminum-a key material in attempts to lightweight vehicles-at the company\'s Alcoa, Tenn., plant. \"The Department\'s ATVM loan program can play an important role in helping to finance expanded domestic manufacturing of fuel-efficient technologies that will support the next generation of advanced vehicles and protect the environment by reducing greenhouse gas emissions,\" says Secretary Ernest Moniz in a Department of Energy news release. \"To date, the program has supported the production of millions of American-made cars that are more fuel efficient and technologically advanced than previous models.\" In addition to boosting manufacturing capacity at the U.S. aluminum plant, the Credit: Josh Hallett; Flickr CC BY 2.0 funds will help create 200 permanent jobs lightweighting revolution now happenand 400 construction positions. ing in the automotive industry,\" says Klaus Kleinfeld, Alcoa chair and CEO. \"Alcoa is pleased to be part of the \"Alcoa\'s innovative, high-strength aluminum solutions are leading the Experts ALCOA If finalized, a $259-million loan from the Department of Energy could boost Alcoa\'s aluminum capacity at the company\'s Tennessee plant. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Customized Sankey diagrams visually highlight heat inputs and losses in dryers and kilns. SANKEY DIAGRAM RENT A USEABLE HEAT Technical consulting on product quality and process energy conservation is a priority service at Harrop. Each year, dozens of clients engage us for in-plant training, technical analysis and unbiased advice on best practices for their kiln and dryer operations. Here\'s what we offer: • Diagnosis and solutions to product quality problems Complete process energy audits to measure thermal efficiency and recommend both operational and capital improvements • The most experienced and qualified Tech Services staff of any kiln supplier in the U.S.\'\" •In-house 10,000 sq. ft. testing lab and pilot plant to characterize raw materials and develop optimized drying and firing cycles. For expert help, look no further than Harrop. Call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com 3 4 news & trends Credit: TMS government\'s program to encourage a greater shift to aluminum-intensive vehicles that are safer, lighter, and more fuel efficient.\" According to the DOE, the ATVM program has issued more than $8 billion in loans, which translates to nine million cars and the creation of close to 35,000 jobs in eight U.S. states. Final report from ACerSendorsed Diversity Summit now available online A final report and toolkit from the 2014 Diversity in the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Professions (DMMM1) summit are now available. The ACerS-endorsed meeting, hosted by TMS, focused on advancing diversity and inclusion in the science and engineering workplace-specifically in the areas of mentorship, work-life balance, community, awareness, and violence. More than 120 members of the greater materials community attended the sumBusiness news JPL licenses heat-converting material patents to Evident Technologies (evidenttech. com)...AGC to increase production capacity of solar control Low-E glass in Thailand (asahi-glass.jp)... Corning named 2015 Energy Star Partner of the Year (corning. com)...Meller offers alumina powders for finishing precision optics (melleroptics. com)...Carroll Thomas named director of Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (nist.gov)... Sacmi to host TEAM Day 2015 symposium and platform for advanced ceramics technology (sacmi. com)...New York Ceramics Corridor to receive $500,000 in federal funding (reed. house.gov)...US ceramic proppants review on IMFORMED (imformed.com)... US takes possible first step toward regulating nanochemicals (epa.gov)…….Morgan Advanced Materials announces lightweight, mechanically strong and thermally stable kiln furniture (morganadvancedmaterials.com)... Rosario Gerhardt, professor at Georgia Institute of Technology, at the 2014 Diversity in the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Professions meeting hosted by TMS. mit, held last July in Washington, D.C. The resulting report-\"DMMM1 Final Report: Thinking Globally\"-explores those five themes and documents actionable strategies that address some of the field\'s greatest diversity challenges. \"We started the conversation by Corning Inc. acquires iBwave Solutions Inc. (corning.com)...Blasch Precision Ceramics feeling pressure of a stronger dollar (blaschceramics.com)... Fuyao Glass raises $953M with Hong Kong offer (fuyaogroup. com)...Harper International technical presentation details benefits of natural gas in carbon-fiber manufacturing plant (harperintl.com)...Smart-glass maker View is raising $100M (viewglass.com)...Philips sells majority stake in LED components, automotive lighting division to consortium (philips.com)...Alcoa to curtail smelting capacity in Brazil (alcoa.com)...Rath introduces Prioform non-RCF vacuum-formed shapes (rath-usa.com)...Dates added for in-depth viscosity measurement training from Brookfield (brookfieldengineering .com)...TevTech delivers furnace to Youngstown State University Center for Innovation in Additive Manufacturing (tevtechllc.com) defining the issues, but that is only one part of the equation,\" says Elizabeth Holm, organizing chair of the summit and ACerS member. \"We have to keep watching, keep measuring, keep improving. This summit was a vibrant exchange of ideas on how to do those things.\" \"TMS\'s and ACerS\'s leadership in advancing diversity and inclusion is key to raising awareness and fostering our capacity to develop a stronger and more effective materials science and engineering workforce,\" says Keith Bowman, a DMMM1 panelist and chair of mechanical, materials, and aerospace engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology (who will join San Francisco State University in July as dean of the College of Science and Engineering). “Going forward, we all need to continue engaging our colleagues on how they might contribute toward making what is already a vibrant materials science and engineering community even better.\" ACerS member and Fellow Jennifer Lewis from Harvard University served as a panelist on leadership issues, and Georgia Institute of Technology\'s Rosario Gerhardt, also an ACerS Fellow, helped pull together the content of the final report and toolkit. To download the report and toolkit, go to www.tms.org/DiversityReport. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Every Nanometer counts MIT celebrates contributions of ceramics, glass, and W. David Kingery with lab reopening Massachusetts Institute of Technology\'s Materials Science and Engineering Department recently celebrated the reopening of the W. David Kingery Ceramics and Glass Laboratory (née MIT Glass Lab). According to an MIT news release, the renovation adds more space as well as new equipment, increased safety features, and improved ventilation systems. MIT reports that an anonymous donor gifted the university with funds to rename the lab in honor of Kingery, who MIT calls \"a pioneer in the study of ceramics.\" Take a sneak peek at the lab-as well as MIT\'s Merton C. Flemings Materials Processing Laboratory, which houses the forge and foundry-at https://youtu.be/ zlmqyIRUGXU. Massachusetts Institute of Technology\'s Department of Materials Science and Engineering recently completed a multimillion-dollar renovation of its glass lab, forge, and foundry. ACerS, too, has honored Kingery through the annual presentation of an award in his name. The W. David Kingery award recognizes distinguished lifelong achievements involving multidisciplinary and global contributions to ceramic technology, science, education, and art. Congratulations to the 2015 recipient Gary Messing and all of the Society award winners. LED jacket offers cyclists turn-signaling safety swag Bicycle rides could be made safer by reflective clothing, or, thanks to new \"wearable\" technology, an LED jacket that helps cyclists signal when making a turn. Visijax\'s LED-laden and water-resistant nylon jackets offer increased visibility with lights that flash for five seconds after the rider signals a right or left turn. A second set of LEDs near the bottom of the back of the jacket flashes continuously, alerting motorists to the rider. Both are powered by a rechargeable battery pack that provides roughly 30 hours of road time and is controlled by the icon on the front of the Visijax jacket. A new LED-lit jacket helps cyclists be seen. The Teflon-coated jackets have garnered top marks, and were recognized at this year\'s Consumer Electronics Show with a 2015 Innovation Award. The Highlight Jacket, which bears 11 LEDs but does not have the turn-signaling swag, comes in highlighter yellow or red and retails for $130. The all-black but \"brighter\" Commuter Jacket with turn signals boasts 23 LEDs and retails for $160. Both are available for purchase at Amazon. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Lillie Paquette; MIT School of Engineering Credit: Visijax The new Dilatometer DIL 402 Expedis with revolutionary NanoEye measuring cell Find out more about the new NanoEye technology: www.netzsch.com/n22856 DIL. 402 Expedis Supreme NETZSCH Leading Thermal Analysis. 5 acers spotlight Society and Division news Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Megan Bricker at mbricker@ceramics.org, or visit www.ceramics.org/corporate. ARLINGTON International Arlington International Fort Collins, Colo. arlingtonintl.com BOCA BEARING Miniature Bearings For Rabetics, Industry & Recreation Boca Bearing Company Boynton Beach, Fla. www.bocabearings.com FRITSCH Fritsch Milling and Sizing USA Inc. Cranberry, Pa. www.fritsch-milling.com INNOVNANO Innovnano Coimbra, Portugal www.innovnano-materials.com IPS CERAMICS IPS Ceramics LTD Stoke-On-Trent, U.K. www.ipsceramics.com WORLDWIDE SERVICE Mohr CORPORATION Mohr Corporation Brighton, Mich. www.mohrcorp.com TERIO TERIO Corporation Qindao Terio Corporation Qindao, China www.terio.cn SIGMA ADVANCED MATERIALS Sigma Advanced Materials Elma, N.Y. sigmaadvancedmaterials.com TT TevTech Merries Processing Som Tev Tech LLC North Billerica, Mass. www.tevtechllc.com XIETA INTERNATIONAL, S.L. Xieta International S.L. Barcelona, Spain www.xieta.com Names in the news Tomozawa Tomozawa presents annual spring Samuel R. Scholes Memorial Lecture Minoru Tomozawa, professor of materials science and engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, presented Alfred University\'s annual Samuel R. Scholes Memorial Lecture. Tomozawa\'s talk \"Glass and water: A new glass-strengthening method,” covered newly discovered beneficial effects of structurally integrated water on glass. \"Effects of water on glass properties are usually negative: optical transmission decreases, chemical durability deteriorates, and mechanical strength decreases,\" he says in an AU news release. \"We found that a small quantity of water in the glass surface can make the glass mechanically stronger through the surface stress relaxation.” Former chair of ACerS Glass and Optical Materials Division, recipient of the Outstanding Educator Award from the Ceramic Education Council, and George W. Morey Award winner, Tomozawa has been teaching materials science and conducting research on glasses for 45 years. Hench to be honored by Cade Museum of Creativity and Invention Hench The Cade Museum of Creativity and Invention (Gainesville, Fla.) will honor Larry Hench with a permanent display once the museum is built. Hench, professor of biomedical engineering at Florida Institute of Technology, also has donated the rights to his \"Boing-Boing the Bionic Cat\" children\'s books to the museum, which will be using BoingBoing in future programming. For 10 years, Hench served as codirector of the Imperial College London Tissue Engineering and Regenerative www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Medicine Centre. He previously was graduate research professor, director of the Bioglass Research Center, and codirector of the Advanced Materials Research Center during his 32 years at the University of Florida. Hench has received many prestigious awards in ceramics, materials science, and biomaterials, including membership in the National Academy of Engineering and the ACerS W.D. Kingery Award. He also is a Fellow and Distinguished Life Member of ACerS. McGee recognized by Iowa State University Foundation The Iowa State University Foundation recognized the contributions of Thomas McGee, professor emeritus, Iowa State University, during the Foundation\'s annual Distinguished Awards Celebration. McGee is a 2015 recipient of the Order of the Knoll Faculty and Staff Award. The award recognizes McGee\'s substantial commitment to promoting and expanding philanthropy at Iowa State through personal philanthropy and significant professional and volunteer service. McGee McGee, who taught for decades at the University\'s College of Engineering, is internationally recognized as an expert in temperature measurement, refractories, glass science and technology, biomaterials, and design with brittle materials. An ACerS and National Institute of Ceramic Engineers Fellow, McGee also has received the Outstanding Professor in Ceramics Engineering Council Award and the GreavesWalker Award. Join the new Manufacturing Division for free On March 25, 2015, ACerS Board of Directors approved the new Manufacturing Division, which will focus on meeting the broad needs of today\'s manufacturers who produce or use ceramic and glass materials, including the entire supply chain. All members are invited to join for free for one year to get involved and help set the direction of the Division. Contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org or 614-794-5821 to join. Visit ceramics.org/divisions for more information. Engineering Ceramics Division secretary nominations due August 15 The ECD Nominating Committee invites nominations for the incoming Division secretary candidate for 2015-2016. Nominations as well as candidate qualifications should be submitted by August 15, 2015, to Yanchun Zhou, Chair, at yczhou714@gmail.com, or Tatsuki Ohji at t-ohji@aist.go.jp, or Jonathan Salem at jonathan.a.salem@nasa.gov. For more information, visit ceramics.org/divisions. MS&T15 registration for ACerS Distinguished Life and Senior, Emeritus members ACerS offers complimentary MS&T15 registration for Distinguished Life members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are available only through ACerS, and are not offered on the MS&T website. Registration forms are available at ceramics.org/ meetings/117th-annual-meeting-combined-with-mst15 and should be submitted by August 15, 2015 to Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. You also may purchase banquet tickets at the same time as you register for MS&T. ■ Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition entry open Start working on those entries for the 2015 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by ACerS Basic Science Division, to be held at MS&T15 in October. This annual poster exhibit promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis as tools to investigate ceramic materials. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/acers-community. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR-- 50 years of service and reliability 50 1964-2014 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) Meet the officers President-elect statement Lee William Edward Lee Professor of ceramic engineering and director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering, Imperial College London, U.K. If elected to serve as president-elect, I will bring to the role: • A broad ceramics background cov ering structural (ultra-high-temperature ceramics, nuclear ceramics, refractories, whitewares, and glass-ceramics) and functional ceramics as well as thin films, nanotechnology, theory, and simulation appropriate to ceramics. The key areas for mankind and the planet during the next 50 years are in climate change, energy, the environment, and aging and health. Ceramics will be at the forefront of all of these, and the Society needs to place itself to take advantage of future developments in carbon capture, materials needs in extreme environments, water desalination and filtration, solar power, solid oxide fuel cells, nanotechnology, and biomaterials. • A global outlook (as well as an understanding of the role of the Society in the United States from my six years in Ohio). I have been head of materials, Imperial College London, an institution with a high world profile with approximately 50% of its students from outside the United Kingdom. I believe the Society\'s future is in developing its already high international profile. Now that more than one third of its members are from outside the U.S., the Society must continue to support and develop its global membership and to bring a global perspective to its U.S. members. • Experience of the workings of government at the highest level, from being deputy chair of the U.K. Government Advisory Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) and member of the Nuclear Innovation and Research Advisory Board (NIRAB) as well 8 as special advisor to the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee. Biography: B.Sc., physical metallurgy, University of Aston D.Phil., radiation damage in ceramics, University of Oxford/AEA Technology Lee is professor of ceramic engineering and director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering at Imperial College London. He earned degrees at the University of Aston and University of Oxford/AEA Technology before joining the faculties of several U.S. institutions, including Case Western Reserve University and The Ohio State University. Lee has made wide-ranging contributions in the field of nuclear ceramics; ultra-high-temperature ceramics; silicates, clays, and clay-based ceramics; crystallization and glass-ceramics; electron microscopy and microstructures; structural ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites; high-temperature refractory composites; and ceramics in environmental cleanup. The author of four books, seven book chapters, and more than 350 peer-reviewed papers, Lee has successfully supervised 54 students to completion of their Ph.D.s, is an associate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, and former associate editor of the International Journal of Applied Glass Science. An ACerS Fellow and former secretary and treasurer of ACerS Central Ohio section, Lee also has served on the Society\'s International Globalization task force, Member Services and W. David Kingery Award committees, and is a member of the Basic Science Division. He served on the ACerS Board of Directors 2010-2013. Director statements Manoj K. Choudhary Senior technical staff, Owens-Corning Science and Technology Center, Granville, Ohio, USA I will bring to the ACerS Board a 30-plus-year record of dedicated service Choudhary to our Society. Over this period, I have served the Society in diverse capacities-through committees, programming, leadership positions, scholarly contributions, and as editor or reviewer; as a member of the ACerS-Chinese Ceramic Society Liaison team; and as U.S. representative to the International Commission on Glass (ICG). In every role, I have strived to fulfill the Society\'s mission of \"advancing the study, understanding, and use of ceramic and glass materials, for the benefit of our members and society.\" I have led many professional organizations, including ACerS Glass and Optical Materials Division, the Center for Glass Research at Alfred University, and the Glass Manufacturing Industry Council (of which I also was a founding member), and I am the incoming president of the ICG (only the fifth American to hold the presidency of this 80-plus-year-old organization). My professional experience includes engineering, manufacturing, R&D, visiting professorship, and industry-university-national laboratory research. I will bring to the Board a strong industrial perspective, extensive knowledge of the global glass and ceramic community, and proven leadership capabilities in fulfilling ACerS core purpose. I will work with all our constituents in the diverse and global ceramic community to: (a) promote university-industry cooperation; (b) advance opportunities for students through co-op and employment networks; (c) increase corporate membership; and (d) foster and strengthen international partnership with related professional organizations. Biography: B. Tech. (Honors), chemical engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur M.S., chemical engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 TA Instruments Sc.D., materials science and engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology As Senior Technical Staff at Owens-Corning, Choudhary\'s primary fields of research include transport phenomena in materials processing, computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer, thermodynamics and kinetics of materials, thermal and mechanical properties of fibrous assemblies, glassmelting and fiber-forming technologies, and nanotechnology. He joined Owens-Corning in 1982 and is one of the founding fathers of computational fluid dynamics based on simulation of glassmelting and glass forming, and polymeric foam extrusion processes at the company. The author of more than 100 internal and external publications and holder of 10 current and pending patents, Choudhary is president-elect of ICG, founding member of GMIC, and Fellow of the Society of Glass Technology. An ACerS Fellow, member of ACerS Glass and Optical Materials Division and National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, and associate editor of the International Journal of Applied Glass Science, Choudhary is the 2012 recipient of the Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture Award. He has served on various Society committees, including Corporate Relations and the George W. Morey, Stookey, and Arthur L. Friedberg Award Committees. Harmer Martin P. Harmer Alcoa Foundation Professor, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., USA If elected, I will be truly honored to serve a term on the Board of Directors of The American Ceramic Society. I accept this responsibility earnestly and out of a deep sense of loyalty and gratitude to give back to our special Society and its tight-knit community, which has been my professional home for more than three decades. I am proud to say that I have never missed a single annual meeting since I joined the Society in 1980. The Society has been an extended family to me, and I welcome the opportunity to be a Board member of ACerS to be more directly engaged in charting its future and in working with its leadership to ensure that it remains a healthy, vibrant, and strong community. I look forward to ensuring that the next generation of ceramists will have the same opportunities that I have benefited greatly from in belonging to what I consider to be the best society on the planet! I bring a lifetime of experiences and a broad knowledge of the field of ceramics, its constituencies, and its heritage, which I hope will position me well to be effective in carrying out the American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization ⚫ DSC/TGA • Dilatometry ⚫ Rheology • Calorimetry ⚫High Temp Viscometry Thermal Conductivity & Thermal Diffusivity Featuring unique new high temperature optical dilatometry and microscopy www.tainstruments.com ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY GASBARRE PRESS GROUP MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com 9 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) important set of responsibilities entrusted to each member of the Board. Finally, I look forward to meeting many more of the members and prospective members of the Society to listen and learn from them about their special interests and needs. Biography: B.Sc., ceramic science, Leeds University, U.K. Ph.D., ceramic science, Leeds University, U.K. and University of California, Berkeley D.Sc., Leeds University, U.K. Harmer is the Alcoa Foundation Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and the senior faculty advisor for research initiatives for the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pa. He joined the faculty in 1980 and was promoted to full professor in 1988 before assuming his current position as senior faculty advisor. His research has focused on advanc ing the fundamental understanding of microstructure control, sintering, grain growth, and transport behavior of ceramics for tailoring material properties. Harmer has published more than 250 papers in refereed journals, holds three patents, and has supervised 60 Ph.D. students and 25 postdoctoral researchers. An ACerS Fellow, Harmer also is a member of the World Academy of Ceramics and the European Academy of Sciences. He has received numerous awards, including the W. David Kingery, Robert B. Sosman, Richard M. Fulrath, Ross Coffin Purdy, and Roland B. Snow Awards, and has served the Society as chair of the Basic Science Division, member of several award and nominating committees, and as a former associ ate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Gregory S. Rohrer W.W. Mullins Professor and department head of materials science and engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA 10 In the time that I have been associ Rohrer ated with The American Ceramic Society, it has become clear to me that scientific progress in the international community of ceramic science cannot be maintained without the leadership of the Society. By providing technical venues for meetings, discussions, and publications, it plays a role that is essential for the vitality of the discipline. In my own career, I have benefited from the Society and the scientific community it promotes. Therefore, I would like to be considered for board service as a way of contributing my knowledge to the ongoing activities and future directions of the Society and as a way of contributing to a society that has helped my academic career. My principal contributions to the board will derive from my 25 years of experience as an educator, researcher, and meeting participant. First, many of our new members will derive much from the larger materials science and engineering community, and I would like to add my perspective on how the Society can engage these individuals first as students and later as members. Second, I place an extremely high value on the Journal of the American Ceramic Society and would like to contribute my knowledge of scientific publishing to ensure that this and other society publications remain at the forefront. Third, I am a constant attendee at ACerS meetings as well as competitive meetings. I hope to contribute my knowledge of technical meetings so that the Society\'s meetings serve the membership community better than rival societies. Biography: B.S., physics, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa., USA Ph.D., materials science and engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA Rohrer is the W.W. Mullins Professor of materials science and engineering and the head of the Materials Science and Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon University. He joined the University in 1990 as associate professor, was promoted to full professor in 2009, and appointed head of the department in 2005. The author of more than 230 publications, Rohrer has been an associate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society since 1999, a member of the Publications Committee, and is a former chair of ACerS Basic Science Division. He has received awards recognizing his research, including the Roland B. Snow Award, the Ross Coffin Purdy Award, the Richard M. Fulrath Award, the Robert B. Sosman Award, and the W. David Kingery Award. In memoriam Fred R. Huettig Edward A. Maguire William W. Henderson Donald M. Smyth Henry P. Beerman Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. ACerS members save more. For members-only discounts, including savings of up to 34% on shipping, join now at ceramics.org. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Students and outreach 11th CMCEE special student activities Student and young professional networking mixer Attend this networking mixer, sponsored by Saint-Gobain and the ACers Global Graduate Researcher Network, during the 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications (11th CMCEE). Join peers for food and conversation on Monday, June 15, from 6–9 p.m. GGRN student poster awards ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network (GGRN) is sponsoring the first GGRN Student Poster Awards at the 11th CMCEE. Awards of $200 will be given to the top five presenters. For more information on the mixer or student poster awards, visit www.ceramics.org/11cmcee. 2015-2016 ACerS officers named The new slate of ACerS officers has been determined. There were no contested offices and no write-in candidates, automatically making all nominees \"elected.\" Because of a change to the ACerS constitution in October 2013, there is no need to prepare a ballot or hold an election when only one name is put forward for each office. The new term will begin October 8, 2015, at the conclusion of MS&T. ACerS President-elect To serve a one-year term from October 8, 2015 to October 27, 2016 William E. Lee ACers Board of Directors To serve three-year terms from October 8, 2015 to October 2018 Manoj Choudhary Martin P. Harmer Gregory S. Rohrer Division and Class Officers To serve a one-year term October 8, 2015 to October 27, 2016, unless otherwise noted Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Chair: Pamela Vandiver Vice chair: Darryl Butt Secretary: John McCloy Treasurer: Blyte McCarthy Trustee: Ed Fuller Basic Science Division MS&T15 student contests Students, be sure to take note of the Material Advantage Student contests at MS&T this year in Columbus, Ohio, including: • Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest • Graduate Student Poster Contest • Ceramic Mug Drop Contest • Ceramic Disc Golf Contest For more information on any of the contests or student activities at MS&T, visit matscitech.org/students, or contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Chair: Shen Dillon Chair-elect: Xingbo Liu Vice chair: Dunbar Birnie Secretary: Paul Salvador Cements Division Chair: Tyler Ley Chair-elect: Aleksandra Radlińska Secretary: Matthew D\'Ambrosia Trustee: Maria Juenger Ceramic Education Council President: Shen Dillon President-elect: Yiquan Wu Vice president: Ashley Hampton Secretary: Ed Gorzkowski Electronics Division Chair: Haiyan Wang Chair-elect: Geoff Brennecka Vice chair: Brady Gibbons Secretary: Rick Ubic Secretary-elect: Jon Ihlefeld Trustee: Winnie Wong-Ng Engineering Ceramics Division Chair: Soshu Kirihara Chair-elect: Andrew L. Gyekenyesi Vice chair/Treasurer: Jingyang Wang Secretary: Manabu Fukushima Trustee: Tatsuki Ohji Glass & Optical Materials Division Chair: Randy Youngman Chair-elect: Edgar Zanotto Vice chair: Pierre Lucas Secretary: Liping Huang American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Manufacturing Division (term begins April 2015) Chair: Bill Carty Chair-elect: Nik Ninos Vice chair: Ed Reeves Secretary: Keith DeCarlo National Institute of Ceramic Engineers President: Ricardo Castro President-elect/Treasurer: Chris Dosch Vice president: Josef Matyas Secretary: James Wollmershauser Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division Division chair: Raghunath Kanakala Vice-chair: Yutai Katoh Secretary: Jake Amoroso Trustee: Kevin Fox Refractory Ceramics Division (term begins March 2016) Chair: Josh Pelletier Vice chair: Matt Lambert Secretary: Simon Leiderman Trustee: Louis J. Trostel, Jr. Structural Clay Products Division (term begins March 2015) Chair: Bill Daidone Chair-elect: John Hewitt Secretary: John Dowdle 11 ● acers spotlight Day Chair Ted Day President and CEO, Mo-Sci Corp. Richard Brow Curators\' Professor of ceramic engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION Board of Trustees The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation installed its first Board of Trustees during its inaugural meeting April 27 in Cleveland, Ohio. An initiative of The American Ceramic Society, the CGIF\'s mission is to ensure that the global ceramic and glass industry is able to attract, inspire, and train the highest-quality talent available to work with this unique class of engineered materials. The Foundation\'s international Board of Trustees represents a cross section of the world\'s top materials organizations and academic institutions. Alexander Michaelis Director, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS Shreekant Somany Chair and managing director, Somany Ceramics Ltd. Brow Badrinarayan Madapusi Badrinarayan Vice president and research director-inorganic materials, process, and modeling, Corning Inc. Richard Feeser President, Superior Technical Ceramics Corp. Feeser Shin-ichi Hirano Zhiyuan Chair Professor, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Hirano Houseman 12 Lease James Houseman СЕО, Harrop Industries Daniel Lease Chief financial officer, WT Holdings LLC Michaelis Mike Murray Chief technical Murray Pye Richardson officer, Morgan Crucible Co. Somany Charlie Spahr Spahr L. David Pye Dean emeritus, Alfred University, and CEO, Empire State Glassworks LLC Kathleen Richardson Professor of optics and materials science and engineering, University of Central Florida Lora Cooper Rothen CEO, Du-Co Ceramics Co. Stevenson Tabor Rothen Varela Charles Semler President, Semler Materials Services Semler Executive director, The American Ceramic Society Mary Stevenson President, Deltech Inc. Jonathan Tabor President and CEO, Allied Mineral Products José Varela CEO, São Paulo State Research Foundation Shunpei Yamazaki President, Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Yamazaki www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Awards and deadlines It was a dark and stormy night-literally―on April 9 when Arun K. Varshneya received the Toledo Glass and Ceramic Award from the Michigan/Northwest Ohio Section meeting in Toledo, Ohio. Severe thunderstorms and tornado sirens interrupted, but did not distract, Varshneya from presenting an interesting overview of his life\'s work on glass strength and strengthening. Varshneya, pictured above with his wife Darshana, is professor emeritus at Alfred University and founder and CEO of Saxon Glass Technologies (Alfred, N.Y.) ACers 2015 Society award winners announced Most of the 2015 Society award winners have been determined and the list of awardees is available at ceramics.org/awards. Biographies and photos of the 2015 winners will be posted over the next few months and featured in the September 2015 issue of the ACers Bulletin. The awards will be presented October 5 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at MS&T15 in Columbus, Ohio. UPCOMING AWARD DEADLINES July 1, 2015 Engineering Ceramics Division\'s James I. Mueller Award This award recognizes the accomplishments of individuals with longterm service to the Division or work in engineering ceramics that has resulted in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The awardee receives a memorial plaque, certificate, and honorarium of $1,000. Contact Michael Halbig at michael.c.halbig@nasa.gov. Engineering Ceramics Division\'s Bridge Building Award This award recognizes individuals outside of the United States who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics, including expansion of the knowledge base and commercial use thereof, contributions to visibility of the field, or international advocacy. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and an honorarium of $1,000. Contact Soshu Kirihara at kirihara@jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp. Engineering Ceramics Division\'s Global Young Investigator Award This award recognizes an outstanding scientist based on contributions to scientific content and to visibility of the field, and advocacy of the global young investigator and professional scientific forums. Candidates must be ACerS members, 35 years of age or younger, and conducting research in academia, industry, or at a governmentfunded laboratory. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and an honorarium of $1,000. Contact Andrew Gyekenyesi at Andrew.L.Gyekenyesi@nasa.gov. September 1, 2015 ACerS 2016 Class of Fellows Nominees need to be at least 35 years old and have been members of the Society for at least the past five years continuously. The nominee must be sponsored by seven ACerS members. Be sure to adhere to nomination and support letter length guidelines-nominations that do not conform will be returned. Scanned and faxed signature forms are permitted in lieu of original mailed signature forms. Previously submitted nominations may be updated, as long as they do not exceed length limitations. Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at ceramics.org/awards, or by contacting Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. I Choose among the MoSi, Heating element!! 1,700°C, 1,800°C, and 1,900°C from Korean-made. Paste Product Formulation for Screen Printing & Photolithography. Products: Ag, Ag/Pd, Cu, W, Mo/Mn paste 10/20 CR ICR 20/20 WINNER TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD, TEL: +82-31-683-1867-9 FAX:+82+31-683+1870 Email: info@winnertechnology.co.kr Homepage: www.winnertechnology. co. kr Address: #581-17, Geumgok-ri, Anjung-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 13 ceramics in the environment Sponges anchor glass houses with precisely engineered glass hairs Nature provides inspiration for engineering smarter, stronger, and better materials. New research from Brown University shows that the glass sea sponge is engineered for maximal strength. The Venus flower basket, also called the glass sponge, resembles glass. The sponge extracts silicic acid from seawater and converts it into silica, which the creature secretes to form a glass-cage structure to call home. The glass sponge has hairlike appendages called spicules that anchor it tight to the deep sea floor, an important feature for a filter feeder. The spicules are only 50 μm à in diameter, yet are strong enough to keep the sponges anchored tight. When Brown researchers examined cross sections of these thin and fragilelooking fibers, they found that they have a solid silica core surrounded by concentric rings of silica, each layer separated by a very thin organic layer. Each silica fiber contains 10-50 concentric layers that decrease in thickness as they move outward from the core. \"It was not at all clear to me what this pattern was for, but it looked like a figure from a math book,\" senior author Haneesh Kesari says in the press release. \"It had such mathematical regularity to it that I thought it had to be for something useful and important to the animal.” The Brown researchers used simulations to show that this particular configuration of layers is key to the fibers\' strength. \"We prepared a mechanical model of this system and asked the question: Of all possible ways the thicknesses of the layers can vary, how should they vary so that the spicule\'s anchoring ability is maximized?\" Kesari says in the press release. Assuming that the organic material between the silica layers allowed them to slide against one another, the model showed that the sponge\'s spicule structure was optimized for load capacity. Researchers confirmed that measurements aligned with those in more than a hundred spicule samples. \"It appears that the arrangement and thicknesses of these layers does indeed contribute to the spicules\' strength, which helps make them better anchors,\" Kesari says in the release. The knowledge could help develop stronger structures of any material by showing which internal structures optimize strength of the structure overall. Lead author Michael Monn adds in the release, \"In the engineered world, you see all kinds of instances where the external geometry of a structure is modified to enhance its specific strength-I-beams are one example. But you don\'t see a huge effort focused toward the internal A mathematical model, right, predicts that the thickness of nested glass cylinders will decrease from the core to the exterior to optimize strength. Studies of hundreds of glass sponge spicules, left, showed that was exactly the case in nature. Credit: Brown University \" mechanical design of these structures.\" The paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is \"New functional insights into the internal architecture of the laminated anchor spicules of Euplectella aspergillum\" (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415502112). First and largest 3-D printed cement structure blooms at UC Berkeley campus University of California, Berkeley assistant professor Ronald Rael is turning heads with Bloom-the \"first and largest powder-based 3-D-printed cement structure to date.\" Rael also helped design Emerging Object\'s Cool Brick concept, a 3-D-printed ceramic brick that combats heat through evaporative cooling. According to a UC Berkeley news release, Rael, head of the research team who brought Bloom to bloom, developed a new portland cement polymer formulation free of iron oxide to create the 840 custom cement blocks that make up the 9-foot-high, 12-foot by 12-foot, freestanding 3-D-printed structure. Unlike other 3-D-printed architectural ventures that have been limited by cost, aesthetics, and practical application, Bloom \"overcomes\" such limitations, say researchers. It also is more environmentally friendly, say Rael and his Emerging Objects and Bloom collaborator Virginia San Fratello. According to Rael\'s website, \"Each block is printed using a farm of 11 powder 3-D printers with a special cement composite formulation comprised chiefly of iron oxide-free portland cement. Iron oxide imparts a gray color to cement, and its removal makes this print much lighter. Also, 3-D printed cement requires no formwork and produces no waste and the support material can be reused to produce more blocks.\" The cement also is mixed with an UV-resistant plant-derived polymer. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Bloom-a powder-based, 3-D-printed cement structure-goes up at the University of California, Berkeley campus. According to the designers, the plantbased polymer reduces greenhouse gas emissions to less than 50% of that of conventional petroleum-based epoxies. The structure\'s unique undulating structure lends more than aesthetics. \"Each block has a printed structural grid that defines the interior of the tempietto and requires no additional structural support, functioning as a load-bearing, 3-D-printed enclosure.\" Rael adds in the press release, \"While there are a handful of people currently experimenting with printing 3-D architecture, only a few are looking at 3-D printing with cement-based materials, and all are extruding wet cement through a nozzle to produce rough panels. We are mixing polymers with cement and fibers to produce very strong, lightweight, high-resolution parts on readily available equipment. It\'s a very precise, yet frugal technique. This project is the genesis of a realistic, marketable process with the potential to transform the way we think about building a structure.\" Bloom, unveiled at UC Berkeley, will be shipped to Thailand\'s Siam Research and Innovation Co. Ltd. (the R&D arm of Siam Cement Group), which helped fund the research project, where it will be displayed before making its way around the world. Modular ceramic structures give coral reefs a place to call home Designer Alex Goad has fabricated ceramic Modular Artificial Reef Structures (MARS) that can help damaged coral reefs rebuild, repair, and rebound. Credit: Tom Levy According to a NASA Earth Observatory article from 2001, human activities during the past 50 years have decimated an estimated 27% of monitored coral reefs, with another 32% at risk during the next few decades. To add insult to injury, corals take a long time to grow. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, it can take up to 10,000 years to form a coral reef from larvae, and 100,000-30,000,000 years to fully form larger coral reef structures, such as barrier reefs and atolls. So coral repair is slow-but artificial structures, which the invertebrates can infiltrate and grow on, can help corals bounce back quicker. \"What may I have taken 100 years to restore naturally can be reduced to an estimated 8-15 years using the MARS system,\" Goad says in a Dezeen article. The project, originally designed during Goad\'s industrial design studies at Monash University (Melbourne, Australia), is now being developed at Reef Design Lab, where Goad is a cofounder with marine biologist David Lennon. To provide corals with an appropriate and safe substrate material, Goad turned to ceramics to provide ample surface area and texture for corals and other marine life to inhabit and find refuge. \"The ceramic used is simply foodgrade earthenware ceramic fired at 1,100°C, and we also use food-grade stoneware ceramic fired at 1,200°C,\" Goad writes in an email. “Ceramic is known for its excellent ability to encourage sensitive marine organism colonization and provides a porous surface for microorganisms to flourish.\" A Modular Artificial Reef Structure unit installed underwater. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 15 Credit: Alex Goad ceramics in the environment Goad constructs individual units from eight slip-cast organic-looking ceramic arms. The ceramic shells then are filled with marine-grade concrete and composite rebar for added strength. Because the system is modular, individual configurations can be tailored easily for specific projects and unique locations by snapping units together like Legos. The team already has tested several of its structures in marine habitats. According to Goad\'s website, MARS systems are colonized by shellfish, shrimp, and small fish after just three months underwater. See more about the structures in the video at https://vimeo. com/102722408. Unearthing rare earths reveals heavy environmental impact of today\'s tech Despite their name, rare earths are not necessarily rare. Rather, most rareearth elements are not concentrated enough in deposits to be mineable. And even in higher-concentration deposits, the valuable elements are mixed with many others, so complex processing and extraction steps are required to isolate rare earths. It is well-known that China leads the world in production of rare earths, but what is less well-known is the staggering environmental impact of rare-earth production there. Processing rare earths often involves several rounds of solvent extraction in toxic, caustic chemicals, generating a staggering amount of hazardous waste. But, it is easy to ignore what is hidden from view. A group of architects, designers, writers, reporters, and thinkers called the Unknown Fields Division have traveled the world and are now pulling back the curtain to show the toxic story lurking behind rare-earth production. Unknown Fields Division is a selfdescribed \"nomadic design research studio that ventures out on expeditions to the ends of the earth to bear witness are to alternative worlds, alien landscapes, industrial ecologies, and precarious wilderness. These distant landscapes embedded in global systems that connect them in surprising and complicated ways to our everyday lives.\" The Division traced and documented the birth of modern tech components back to the source of rare-earth elements. This journey took them to a city in Inner Mongolia called Baotou, which generates 70% of the world\'s rare-earth metals. Writer Tim Maughan traveled with the Division for part of the journey, which he described in a BBC article. \"Everywhere you look, between the half-completed tower blocks and hastily thrown up multistory parking lots, is a forest of flame-tipped refinery towers and endless electricity pylons. The air is filled with a constant, ambient, smell of sulfur.\" Beyond the industrial landscape, the centerpiece of the environmental distress caused by the industry is a 10-km² tailings pond in Baotou where the refineries dump waste and processing byproducts. Large pipes at the edges of this pond spew black sludge, spiking the soil there with three times the background radiation level present in the environment. According to the Unknown Fields Division, producing 1 ton of rare-earth elements also generates 75 tons of acidic wastewater containing acids, heavy met als, carcinogens, and radioactive materials. Considering that annual rare-earth production reaches 100,000 tons, the industry generates 7.5 million tons of acidic wastewater every year. \"It could be argued that China\'s dominance of the rare-earth market is less about geology and far more about the country\'s willingness to take an environmental hit that other nations shy away from,\" Maughan writes for BBC. While visiting the tailings pond, the Unknown Fields Division crew collected clay soil samples and brought them back home to the United Kingdom, where they fashioned the radioactive clay-carefully-into a set of traditional Ming vases. Each vessel is created from the amount of waste generated in the production of a smartphone, laptop, and electric car battery, Unknown Fields Division says. A smartphone, which uses eight rare-earth elements, creates 380 g of toxic waste; a laptop produces 1.22 kg of waste; and an electric car battery cell produces 2.66 kg of waste. The project, including the vases and film, will be on display at the London Victoria & Albert Museum in the \"What is Luxury?\" exhibit, April 25September 27. Watch the full Unknown Fields Division film, \"Rare Earthenware,\" at https://vimeo.com/124621603. | A scene from the film “Rare Earthenware\" showing a toxic tailings pond at Baotou in Inner Mongolia. 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Credit: Toby Smith; YouTube ceramics in biomedicine Are glass dental fillings stronger, safer alternative to metals and composites? According to the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted by the National Institutes of Health from 1999-2004, 92% of American adults (20-64 years old) have had cavities in their permanent teeth. And each of those individuals has an average of 4.61 filled teeth. According to back-of-the-envelope calculations, those figures equal somewhere in the neighborhood of one billion dental fillings in America alone. Better materials continue to be needed. One option is glass ionomer cement, which adheres to teeth better than other materials and, therefore, does not require bonding agents. But, it also is not as strong and durable and usually is not recommended for higher-loadbearing teeth, such as molars. Researchers at the University of Copenhagen, along with colleagues at various other European institutions, are researching ways to make glass ionomer cement better for dental work. \"Glass ionomer cement has the advantage that it does not need an intermediate layer of adhesive to bond to the tooth, and it has the interesting property in that it releases fluoride, which, of course, helps to prevent cavities. The material also has good biological properties, while it is almost as strong. Our research, therefore, focuses on understanding the connection between the microstructure of the material and its strength in order to improve its properties,\" says Ana Benetti, dentist and researcher at the University of Copenhagen, in a university press release. Part of the beauty of the glass ionomer cement, in comparison to metal or composite fillings, is pulverized glass can be mixed with water by hand to create the cement, bypassing the need for special mixing equipment. It also does not require UV illumination to harden, as do composites, making it an easier and cheaper option, especially in remote or ill-supplied areas. Glass ionomer cement is a promising material for dental fillings, because it can be mixed easily by hand, sparing the need for special mixing equipment. Researchers investigated the effect of adding acid to the water to hydrate the cement, to see if that small change could improve the fillings\' strength. To see how the acid-water mix fared against water alone, the team studied properties of the cement by itself and in mock fillings in extracted teeth. \"First, we took X-rays of the teeth with the cement fillings. They show the structure of the material. Glass ionomer cement is porous and you can get an accurate image in 3-D, which shows the microstructure,\" explains Heloisa Bordallo, associate professor and materials researcher at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen, in the release. The researchers also used neutron scattering to assess whether there was liquid in the pores of the material, which would negatively impact its strength and ability to prevent breaking. The team repeated the analysis over several days as the material hardened to see how liquid was moving around within the materials\' pores, an important parameter to determine how well it would hold up over time in an actual patient\'s mouth. The results revealed an unexpected importance to the order of operation for combining ingredients. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org \"Experiments showed that the combination where the acid is mixed up in the cement, so you only have to add water to the cement powder, is the weakest material. You get the strongest material by having cement powder mixed with water that has had acid added to it. So it is better to have the acid in the water—it helps to bind the liquid faster and stronger to the cement and there is less water in the pores,\" Bordallo says in the release. Although the results advance understanding of the material, it is not quite ready to replace standard composite or metal fillings. But, according to the release, the team is now working on new glass ionomer mixtures with additional natural minerals in the cement to try to get even less liquid in the pores. Those changes could further improve the strength and durability of glass ionomer cement to make it a material of choice for the future of billions of dental procedures. The paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"How mobile are protons in the structure of dental glass ionomer cements?\" (DOI: 10.1038/srep08972). 17 Credit: University of Copenhagen 18 ceramics in energy Clay captures carbon dioxide \'just as effectively\' as more costly materials According to research from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, clay stands poised to save the world from environmental evils (aka greenhouse gases). The team, led by NTNU\'s Leander Michels and Jon Otto Fossum, investigated clay\'s carbon dioxide capture capabilities and found that run-of-themill clay can get the job done \"just as effectively as other materials.\" \"It is quite remarkable that clay can capture as much carbon dioxide as other materials that are being investigated,\" says Fossum, professor at NTNU\'s Department of Physics, in an NTNU news release. The findings, published in Scientific Reports, show that certain types of clay, including the synthetic smectite used in the team\'s experiments, have surfaces that prove particularly effective in binding carbon dioxide. The surfaces, although super, play more of a supporting role in capturing carbon dioxide. Ions in the surfaces are the true heroes and \"active capturers.\" The optimal material for capturing carbon dioxide has several requirements, the team says. In addition to having a large surface area with good adsorption capability, the material must show selectivity for carbon dioxide, regeneration capacity with minimum energy input, and be low cost and environmentally friendly. According to the paper\'s abstract, Leander Michels (left) and Jon Otto Fossum from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology examine a small chamber used to study the ability of clays to capture CO2. \"The rate of intercalation as well as the retention ability of CO2 was found to be strongly dependent on the type of the interlayer cation, which in the present case is Li+, Na+, or Ni²+. Interestingly, we observe that the smectite Li-fluorohectorite is able to retain CO₂ up to a temperature of 35°C at ambient pressure and that the captured CO2 can be released by heating above this temperature. Our estimates indicate that smectite clays, even with the standard cations analyzed here, can capture an amount of CO2 comparable to other materials studied in this context.\" \" Clay is cheaper, easier to produce, nontoxic, and more environmentally friendly than other materials used for carbon dioxide capture. It possibly could filter carbon dioxide and reduce emissions on the industrial scale, say researchers. Although the findings are promising, there is still work to be done. \"What we are doing is basic research,\" Fossum says in the release. \"It will take more research to develop the technology, so we don\'t expect clay-based carbon dioxide capture to be readily available anytime soon.\" \" The research team also included scientists from the Institute for Energy Technology (Norway), Slovak University of Technology (Slovakia), the MaxIVLab at Lund University (Sweden), and the Universidade de Brasilia (Brazil). The paper is \"Intercalation and retention of carbon dioxide in a smectite clay promoted by interlayer cations\" (DOI: 10.1038/srep08775). Credit: Per Harald Olsen; NTNU Batteries undergoing testing. Magnesium two-steps lithium ions for better batteries Sometimes, two is just better than one. Research from the University of Illinois at Chicago shows that magnesium ions-with two positive chargescan replace single-charged lithium ions in future batteries. \"Because magnesium is an ion that carries two positive charges, every time we introduce a magnesium ion in the structure of the battery material we can move twice as many electrons,” says Jordi Cabana, UIC chemistry professor and principal investigator of the research, in a university press release. \"We hope that this work will open a credible design path for a new class of high-voltage, high-energy batteries.\" Twice as many electrons mean twice as much battery juice with the same amount of material, which is important, because batteries are not perfect. \"In our case, we want to maximize the number of electrons moved per ion, because ions distort the structure of the www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Credit: UCL Mathematical an Physical Sciences; Flickr CC BY 2.0 electrode material when they go in or leave. The more the structure is distorted, the greater the energy cost of moving the ions back, the harder it becomes to recharge the battery.\" The work shows that Mg2+ ions reversibly intercalate into a spinel-type manganese oxide, with ions occupying tetrahedral sites of the structure. Although they have not yet built a fully functional battery, the UIC scientists proved the principle that will make future batteries possible. \"Like a parking garage, there are only so many spaces for the cars,\" Cabana said. \"But you can put a car in each space with more people inside without distorting the structure.\" More charge means more power from a battery with the same amount of material, opening the door to batteries that can last longer or are lighter and smaller. Both are important considerations for longer-lasting electric cars, devices, and tech. The paper, published in Advanced Materials, is \"Direct observation of reversible magnesium ion intercalation into a spinel oxide host\" (DOI: 10.1002/adma.201500083). The UIC team is not the only one working toward better batteries-scientists at Kansas State University have not yet given up on lithium ions. Their work shows that thin sandwiches of molybdenum disulfide sheets wrapped in silicon carbonitride show promise as battery electrodes. The sheets store twice the amount of lithium (akin to the double charge of magnesium) than previously reported bulk molybdenum disulfide. And, the electrodes do not have the problem of capacity fading. The paper, published in Scientific Reports, is “Polymer-derived ceramic functionalized MoS, composite paper as a stable lithium-ion battery electrode\" (DOI: 10.1038/srep09792). And just like electrodes coated in ceramic, glass coatings can improve batteries, too, according to research from scientists at the University of California, Riverside. To realize the potential of lithium-sulfur batteries-which can potentially produce 10 times as much energy as conventional batteries but also have stability problems-the team fabricated nanosized sulfur particles and coated them in glass, which traps problematic polysulfide compounds that form in these batteries. The paper, published in Nanoscale, is \"SiO2-coated sulfur particles with mildly reduced graphene oxide as a cathode material for lithium-sulfur batteries\" (DOI: 10.1039/C4NR07663J). The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Are You Graduating Soon and Wondering What to Do? Sign up for a FREE year of membership in The American Ceramic Society! ACers can help you succeed by offering you a FREE Associate Membership for the first year following graduation. By becoming an ACerS Associate Member, you\'ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and throughout your career. With your complimentary membership, you will receive: • Young Professionals Network: includes resources for early career professionals, plus the chance to rub elbows with some of the most accomplished people in the field • Employment Services • Online Membership Directory • Networking Opportunities • Free Online Access to the Journal of the American Ceramic Society (searchable back to 1918), the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology and the International Journal of Applied Glass Science • ACers Bulletin, the monthly membership publication ⚫ ceramicSOURCE, Company Directory and Buyers\' Guide • Discounted registration at all ACers meetings and discounts on all publications Ceramic Tech Today: ACerS ceramic materials, applications and business blog • Ceramic Knowledge Center: includes a growing video gallery covering ceramic materials, applications, emerging technologies and people Become an ACers Associate Member After Graduation! To join, contact Tricia Freshour, ACerS Membership Services Staff, at tfreshour@ceramics.org. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/associate. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 19 Oresearch briefs Cool roofs reign in warm-weather climates, but which roof performs best in the cold? Research has shown which types of roofs (green, white, and otherwise) perform best in warm climates and are most cost-effective, but which roof performs best in cold climates? Until now, not many have even asked. It seems a natural fit, then, that America\'s northern neighbors would be the first to compare the lifecycles of rooftop technologies to determine which would perform best in cool-weather climates, such as Canada\'s. According to a news release from the University of Calgary, a team of scientists led by Joule Bergerson analyzed three types of roofs. The university reports that its study of white (or cool, which reflect light), green (covered with vegetation), and photovoltaic (covered with solar panels) roofs \"from cradle to end use\" is the first of its kind to \"make a consistent comparison of rooftop technologies on a life cycle basis.\" The Research by Joule Bergerson and Eduard Cubi in the Schulich School of Engineering found that roof-mounted solar panels are the best-performing sustainable technology in Calgary\'s cold climate. Credit: Riley Brandt; University of Calgary study assesses and reports on building energy performance through simulation software and a lifecycle database. Their findings, initiated by an undergraduate engineering class and published in the Journal of Industrial Ecology, show that the photovoltaic roof performed best in all phases of impact from manufacturing to transportation and construction. \"Considering energy and greenhouse gas emissions, adding photovoltaics on the roof of a standard office building saves the equivalent greenhouse gas emissions as taking 15 cars off the road,\" says Bergerson in the release. \"Green roofs also result in greenhouse gas savings, although only the equivalent of taking 0.2 cars off the road. In cold climates, such as Canada, buildings with white roofs use more energy for heating and add more greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than buildings with conventional roofs.\" \"The results are surprising, even in a city like Vancouver-with relatively low solar radiation and a relatively clean electricity generation system. Photovoltaic was not only better on energy and greenhouse gas emissions savings, but also on other impact categories, such as aquatic ecotoxicity, where we expected green roofs to perform better,” she explains. Research News A glass fiber that brings light to a standstill Light has one major disadvantage: It usually travels at the speed of light and cannot be kept in place. A team of scientists at the Vienna University of Technology now has demonstrated that this problem can be solved-in unusual which quantum information can be teleported over great distances. For more information, see www.tuwien.ac.at/en. Nickel oxide films prevent rust in artificial photosynthesis systems Caltech scientists, inspired by a chemical process found in leaves, have developed an quantum systems and in the glass-fiber electrically conductive film that could help networks used today. By coupling cesium atoms to ultrathin glass fibers, the team slowed light to a speed of 180 km/h. The team even managed to bring light to a complete stop and retrieve it later. The team used an additional control laser, which couples the high-energy state of laser-excited atoms to a third atomic state, turning the photon into a collective excitation of atoms. The control laser was used to prompt the atoms to emit the light back into the glass fiber while retaining properties of the photon. The technology is an important prerequisite for a future glass-fiber-based quantum-internet, in 20 20 arsenide, develop an oxide layer (rust) when exposed to water. The Caltech team has shown that its nickel oxide film is compatible with Imany types of semiconductor materials and works well in artificial leaf devices. For more information, see www.caltech.edu. Nanoporous graphene membranes are just right for desalination pave the way for devices capable of harnessing A team led by the DOE\'s Oak Ridge National sunlight to split water into hydrogen fuel. When Laboratory has demonstrated an energyapplied to semiconducting materials, such as efficient desalination technology that uses a silicon, the nickel oxide film prevents rust buildup porous membrane made of graphene-a carbon and facilitates an important chemical process honeycomb one atom thick. Making pores in in the production of fuels, such as methane the graphene is key. Without these holes, water or hydrogen. The development could help cannot travel from one side of the membrane to lead to safe, efficient artificial photosynthetic the other. But poke holes in the mesh that are systems also called solar-fuel generators or just the right size, and only water molecules can artificial leaves. An artificial leaf consists of penetrate. To make graphene for the membrane, three main components: two electrodes―a the researchers chemically vapor deposited photoanode and a photocathode-and a carbon atoms, transferred the graphene membrane. Electrodes made of common membrane to silicon nitride, and exposed the semiconductors, such as silicon or gallium graphene to an oxygen plasma to create pores. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 \"We were also surprised to see that white roofs have a net negative impact in most categories, including greenhouse gas emissions. Our results were consistent across the Canadian geography.\" But even though photovoltaic roofs get major props for performance, it does not mean that their counterparts are not without their own advantages, adds Bergerson. \"Green roofs provide benefits we could not quantify, for example sound insulation, and there is a large variety of ways in which green roofs could be deployed. The contribution of this study lies in the fact that we have a potential resource (the rooftop) that can be used in many ways. I hope people can use this information to make informed choices considering regionally specific details and depending on the environmental outcomes they are hoping to achieve when constructing houses or buildings. How much people are willing to pay for the different technologies is an important next question.\" The paper is \"Which type of sustainable rooftop technology is best in cold climates?\" (DOI: 10.1111/jiec. 12269). Graphene pairs with alumina for strong, wear-resistant ceramic composite New research suggests a simple solution to improve wear resistance, fracture tolerance, and conductivity of aluminathe addition of graphene. As ceramics go, alumina already is rather strong and resistant to corrosion and wear. For those very reasons, and because of its biocompatibility, alumina often is used in biomedical applications, such as hip prostheses and dental implants. However, new research from an international team of scientists-including researchers from Graphenea, a tech company that sells graphene products and performs graphene R&D and commercialization-suggests that these useful properties of alumina can be improved even further. To create the durable graphene-alumina composite, the team mixed alumina powder with graphene oxide and used spark plasma sintering to create a homogenous material. Adding a small amount of graphenejust 0.22% by weight-to alumina could significantly reduce the composite\'s wear rate and friction coefficient, despite larger grain size in the composite compared to alumina alone. Experiments measured a 50% reduction in wear rate and 10% reduction in Research suggests that graphene can boost alumina\'s wear, fracture, and conductivity properties. The prepared membrane separated two water solutions-salty water on one side, fresh on the other. The membrane allowed rapid transport of water through the membrane and rejected nearly 100% of salt ions. The team determined the optimum pore size for effective desalination was 0.5 to 1 nm and the optimal density of pores for desalination was one pore for every 100 nm². For more information, see www.ornl.gov. New type of tandem solar cell developed Researchers at MIT and Stanford University have developed a new type of solar cell that combines two layers of sunlight-absorbing material to harvest a broader range of the sun\'s energy. The new cell uses a layer of silicon but adds a semitransparent layer of perovskite, which can absorb higher-energy particles of light. Unlike earlier \"tandem\" solar cells, the new version has both layers connected together as a single device that needs only one control circuit. One tradeoff is that the current produced is limited by the capacity of the lesser of the two layers. To address that limitation, the team matches the current output of the two layers as precisely as possible. In this proof-of-concept solar cell, this means the total power output is about the Isame as that of conventional solar cells. In this initial version, the efficiency is 13.7%, but the researchers say they have identified low-cost ways of improving this to about 30% and say this technology could ultimately achieve a power efficiency of more than 35%. For more information, see www.mit.edu. Printable luminous particles enable costeffective, large, curved luminous surfaces Researchers at the INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials have developed a new method that enables electroluminescence on large, curved surfaces in a cost-effective way by producing all components with wetchemical, printable methods. The luminous unit consists of two electrically conductive layers, between which the light-emitting particles— functionalized zinc sulfide nanoparticles-are American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org sandwiched in a dielectric binder layer. At least one of the conductive layers also is transparent. Because of the insulating layer, the absorbed energy is efficiently converted to light and appreciable heating is avoided. On application of an alternating current, light is emitted from the electroluminescent layer. The particles are doped with copper or manganese, generating green and blue-green light. The researchers are currently working on further functionalization of the phosphor nanoparticles, with a goal of eventually generating white light, too. For more information, see www.inm-gmbh.de/en. High-performance, lightweight supercapacitor electrodes of the future Although supercapacitors have the potential to charge faster and last longer than conventional batteries, they also need to be much larger in size and mass to hold the same electric energy as batteries. Now researchers from the S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, India, have developed a novel supercapacitor elec21 Credit: CORE-Materials; Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0 research briefs friction coefficient of the graphene-alumina composite compared to monolithic alumina, according to a Graphenea blog post. The composite material was tested via sliding over a simulated distance of 10 km with a tribometer, which measures friction and wear as an alumina ball slides over the material. Taking a closer look at the material revealed that graphene laminates from the composite are sheared off with friction on the ceramic-matrix surface. These loose laminates form a lubricating film between the composite and the wear surface, reducing friction on the material, at least during the initial stages of wear. Graphenea previously reported that adding graphene to alumina also makes the composite 50% less breakable under strain, because graphene nanosheets bridge cracks that form in the alumina, making the composite more resilient to failure. That research also reported that graphene makes the composite a hundred million times more conductive. The paper, published in Ceramics International, is \"Wear behavior of graphene/alumina composite” (DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.02.061). trode based on a hybrid nickel oxide-iron oxide nanostructure. Using standard electrodeposition, the researchers grew arrays of iron-nickel nanowires inside pores of anodized aluminum oxide templates, then dissolved the templates to obtain bare hybrid nanowires. Nanowires exposed to an oxygen environment at high temperature developed a highly porous iron oxidenickel oxide hybrid shell around the iron-nickel core. Compared with nonhybrid electrodes, such as nickel/nickel oxide and iron/iron oxide core/shell nanostructure electrodes, the hybrid material electrodes demonstrated higher capacitance, higher energy density, and higher charging/discharging time. For more information, see www.aip.org. Small electric voltage alters conductivity in key materials Modern research has found no simple, inexpensive way to alter a material\'s thermal conductivity at room temperature. That lack of control has made it hard to create new classes of devices that use phonons-the 2-D silicon telluride nanostructures hold promise for future optic devices Researchers at Brown University have pioneered a new technique that allows them to produce multilayered and multistructured 2-D semiconductor materials, which are particularly promising for the future of electronics, optical devices, and more. \"What makes silicon telluride very attractive as a 2-D material is that it can be exfoliated or reduced to a monolayer material-just like graphene-but that it mixes the best of all the 2-D worlds: silicon, graphenelike layers, and chalcogenide-like molybdenum disulfide, which has garnered much interest lately,\" lead researcher and Brown chemistry professor Kristie Koski writes in an email. Koski and a team of Brown researchers produced nanoribbons and nanoplatelets of silicon telluride through vapor deposition in a tube furnace. \"When heated in the tube, silicon and tellurium vaporize and react to make a precursor compound that is deposited on a substrate by an argon carrier gas. 2μm Optical and SEM images of very thin (<50 nm) silicon telluride nanoplates. agents of thermal conductivity-rather than electrons or photons to harvest energy or transmit information. Now, using a nine-volt battery at room temperature, a team led by Sandia National Laboratories researchers has altered the thermal conductivity of widely used material lead zirconate titanate (PZT)—which as a ceramic or thin film is used in a wide range of devices by as much as 11% at subsecond time scales. The work was performed on materials with closely spaced internal interfaces or domain walls unavailable in earlier decades. The close spacing allows better control of phonon passage. The researchers observed how the domain walls of subsections of the material changed in length and shape under the influence of an applied voltage. It is this voltage that controllably altered the transport of phonons within the material. For more information, see www.sandia.gov. Giant magnetic effects induced in hybrid materials Proximity effects in hybrid heterostructures, which contain distinct layers of different materials, allow one material species to reveal or control properties of a dissimilar species. Researchers at the University of California, San Diego investigating a hybrid material consisting of a thin nickel film on a vanadium oxide substrate revealed that the material exhibits unique magnetic properties. In this case, the magnetic coercivity of the nickel reveals insights concerning transition of the vanadium oxide from an electrical conductor to an insulator, called the metal-insulator transition. At the thermal midpoint of the transition, crystallites of both phases coexist in equal portions, resulting in maximal structural entropy. The resulting inhomogeneity of the oxide structure causes stresses in the magnetic film deposited on top. The magnetic properties of nickel, therefore, provide a window into the metal-insulator transition process. For more information, see www.science.energy.gov. Credit: Koski lab; Brown University 22 22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 The silicon telluride then grows from the precursor compound,\" states a Brown University press release. Varying furnace temperature and surface treatment generated various-shaped structures, each with various crystalline orientations. The team generated nanoribbons (50-1,000 nm wide by 10 μm long) and nanoplatelets that stood straight up on end. \"We see the standing plates a lot,\" Koski says in the release. “They\'re halfhexagons sitting upright on the substrate. They look a little like a graveyard.\" Further, growing the structures on various substrates allowed researchers to dope the materials, allowing for an even wider variety of potential materials and applications. When grown on sapphire substrates, for example, the silicon telluride was doped with aluminum. Koski says that optoelectronic devices, such as photodetectors and LEDs, are promising applications of the new technology. \"Silicon telluride is completely transparent but brilliant red. It\'s a native p-type semiconductor-in the world of 2-D materials, very few are natively p-type,\" Koski says in the Photolithographic technology enables 3-D microstructures Researchers at KAIST (Daejeon, South Korea) have developed a novel photolithographic technology enabling control over the functional shapes of micropatterns using oxygen diffusion. Conventional photolithography relies on photomasks, which limits the technology to 2-D designs. The KAIST team developed a new photolithographic technology that enables production of micropatterns with 3-D structures in various shapes and sizes. Oxygen is considered an inhibitor during photopolymerization, because oxygen eliminates chemical-reaction-inducing radicals produced during the process. The researchers, however, exploited the presence of oxygen by using differences in oxygen concentration around the photomask to control oxygen diffusion. By injecting an external oxygen source, the team was able to manipulate diffusion strength and direction and, thus, control the shape and size of the polymer. For more information, see www. kaist.ac.kr/html/en. email. “Phosphorene (2-D phosphorus) is the only other example that comes to mind. Silicon telluride has a photoluminescence peak in the red, which is potentially attractive for LEDs or for use as a photodetector.\" Another potential application is batteries. Koski writes, \"Silicon right now—especially silicon nanowires—is a key material for lithium-ion batteries. We found that silicon telluride also uptakes fairly sizable amounts of lithium and magnesium and could potentially be used for energy storage.\" Although the nanostructures are not stable, Koski says the team has various processing methods to make them stable. \"We can add a silicon oxide layer that caps the silicon telluride just by dropping the layers into water, followed by a bake-off of the excess tellurium. Silicon telluride with a silicon oxide capping layer remains stable in air for long periods of time.\" The paper, published in Nano Letters, is \"A silicon-based two-dimensional chalcogenide: Growth of Si₂Te, nanoribbons and nanoplates\" (DOI: 10.1021/ n1504330g). Low-reflection butterfly wings inspire low-reflection glass Transparent materials, such as glass, always reflect part of incident light. However, researchers of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany) have found that irregular nanostructures on the surface of glasswing butterfly wings cause low reflection. Scientists found nanopillars on the butterfly wings that are arranged irregularly and feature a random height. Typical height of the pillars varies between 400 and 600 nm, and the distance of the pillars ranges between 100 and 140 nm. In simulations, the researchers mathematically modeled this irregularity in height and arrangement and found that the calculated reflected amount of light exactly corresponds to the observed amount at variable view angles. The findings open up a range of applications wherever low-reflection surfaces are needed, for instance, for lenses or displays of mobile phones. For more information, see www.kit. edu. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Self-cleaning paint stands up to abuse-including 40 abrasion cycles with sandpaper Scientists at University College London have developed a paint made from coated titanium dioxide nanoparticles to create self-cleaning surfaces that can be abused by and withstand even the most abrasive and damaging treatment. According to a UCL news release, the team, which also included researchers from Imperial College London and Dalian University of Technology (China), developed a paint that “creates a more resilient surface that is resistant to everyday wear and tear [and] so could be used for a wide range of real-world applications, from clothing to cars.\" The findings are published in Science. Standard self-cleaning surfaces repel water but recoil in the face of damage or exposure to oil. The superhydrophobic coating can be applied to clothes, paper, glass, and steel, and it can stand up to conditions that would normally force other selfcleaning coatings into submission-wiping, scratching, and a whopping 40 abrasion cycles with sandpaper. \"Being waterproof allows materials to self-clean as water forms marble-shaped droplets that roll over the surface, acting like miniature vacuum cleaners picking up dirt, viruses, and bacteria along the way,\" says first author Yao Lu of UCL in the release. \"For this to happen, the surface must be rough and waxy, so we set out to create these conditions on hard and soft surfaces by designing our own paint and combining it with different adhesives to help the surfaces withstand damage.\" The team used various methods to coat various surface materials, including an artist\'s spray-gun to apply the coating to glass and steel, a dip-coater to apply to cotton wool, and a syringe to apply to paper. No matter the method, however, the titanium dioxide coating made each surface waterproof, allowing water droplets to bead up and wipe away dirt particles as the droplets rolled away. And even after taking the researchers\' abuse, the 23 research briefs Self-cleaning paint developed by researchers at University College London allows droplets to pick up dirt as they roll across treated surfaces. surface coatings continued to self-clean. \"Our paint worked extremely well for a variety of surfaces in tough conditions, which were designed to simulate the wear and tear of materials in the real world,\" adds Lu. \"For example, car paint frequently gets scuffed and scratched, and we wanted to make sure our paint would survive that. As well as practical uses, the paint could also be used creatively to make art with water, which is something I have been exploring in my own time.\" What does their work mean for the continued development of selfcleaning surfaces? \"The biggest challenge for the widespread application of self-cleaning surfaces is finding a way to make them tough enough to withstand everyday damage,\" says UCL professor and coauthor Claire Carmalt. \"The surfaces tend to be mechanically weak and so rub off easily, but by pairing our paint with different adhesives, we\'ve shown it is possible to make a robust self-cleaning surface. We used materials that are readily available so our methods can be scaled-up for industrial applications.\" The researchers say they are hopeful that the work will help advance widespread adoption of self-cleaning surfaces. In the meantime, they continue to work on advancing a \"broader portfolio of surfaces.\" The paper is “Robust self-cleaning surfaces that function when exposed to either air or oil” (DOI: 10.1126/ science.aaa0946). 24 Credit: Yao Lu; UCL Dislocations create traffic jams not express lanes-for ionic transport in metal oxides New research from Massachusetts Institute of Technology shows that the effects of dislocations on ionic transport within metal oxides are not what they seem. The MIT researchers are finding that dislocations in cerium dioxide and a perovskite oxide-materials with applications in solid oxide fuel cells, water splitters, solar cells, and other high-tech clean technologies-have an opposite effect on ionic transport than was previously expected. The difference comes down to strain. In addition to tinkering with a material\'s composition and structure to alter its properties, tinkering with a material\'s strain also can alter its properties. Elastic strain creates distortions in a material, but not dislocations. Plastic strain, however, induces structural defects in the material-dislocations. Elastic strain is better understood as far as how it affects ionic transport within a material. Plastic strain-induced dislocations are well-known to speed up ionic transport in metals. \"But in oxides, which are important in energy-conversion devices, such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and batteries, the dislocation effects remain largely understudied,\" Bilge Yildiz-a materials science and engineering and a nuclear science and engineering professor and senior author of a new paper describing the work-says in an MIT press release. \"It\'s never been studied at the atomic level to reveal what an individual dislocation does to oxide-ion transport, and that\'s why we turned our attention to it.\" And because faster transport means moreefficient and higher-performance devices, the work illuminates some critical information that may be able to substantially improve the performance of batteries, fuel cells, water splitters, and much more. Yildiz\'s team built simulations based on detailed analyses of the structures of cerium dioxide and strontium titanate. Those models show that \"edge dislocations slow down oxide-ion diffusion, contrary to the well-known fast diffusion of atoms along dislocations in metals,\" Yildiz says in the release. The slowdown is caused by too many oxygen vacancies and dopant-metal cations accumulating in the dislocations. These accumulations act \"like too many cars clogging a highway,\" lead author Lixin Sun says in the release. The authors speculate that the results translate beyond these two metal oxides, too, and may be applicable to additional oxides that also have high concentrations of defects. The results could eventually help guide material design to improve device efficiency and capabilities. Materials with improved ionic transport also may be able to address remaining technological challenges of solid oxide fuel cells and could address efforts to replace metal electrodes with conductive oxides in ceramic-based electronics. Understanding how strain-induced dislocations Simulations show the effects of dislocations in cerium affect ionic transport is dioxide on the redistribution of different-sized dopant crucial to understanding atoms, replacing a cerium atom in the crystal lattice. The sizes of the other atoms are compared to a cesium atom how to speed up the rate of (left, in black). The white dashed line shows the plane of transport within a material. the dislocation caused by strain. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Credit: Yildiz Group; MIT The papers are \"Edge dislocation slows down oxide ion diffusion in doped CeO2 by segregation of charged defects\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7294), published in Nature Communications; and \"Dislocations in SrTiO3: Easy to reduce but not so fast for oxygen transport\" (DOI: 10.1021/ ja513176u), published in Journal of the American Chemical Society. Silica\'s secret—newly identified phases show amorphous states absent at high pressure Silica-aka silicon dioxide-is one of the most abundant natural compounds here on Earth. yet And scientists are just learning some secrets of this common yet complex material. A team from the Carnegie Institute for Science recently discovered new rare forms of the compound that appear under extreme pressures at room temperature. Silica has some interesting crystalline phases beyond the familiar and wellunderstood forms of quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite. It forms coesite-in which a silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygens-under high pressure and at high temperatures. At greater pressures, silica takes the even denser form of stishovite, in which a silicon atom is surrounded by six oxygens. And, at still higher pressures, experiments show that silica forms even denser post-stishovite. In the absence of high pressure, silica forms many others polymorphs as temperatures increase. Until now, scientists thought an intermediate, amorphous phase existed between these distinct phases. Using single-crystal synchrotron X-ray analysis, however, the Carnegie scientists identified five new crystalline phases of silica that form after the material transitions from coesite. According to a Carnegie press release, \"The team, including Carnegie\'s Qingyang Hu, Jinfu Shu, Yue Meng, Wenge Yang, Ho-Kwang, and \'Dave\' Mao, demonstrated that under a range from 257,000 to 523,000 times normal atmospheric pressure (26 to 53 gigapascals), a single crystal of coesite transforms into four new, coexisting crystalline phases before finally recombining into a single phase that is denser than stishovite, sometimes called post-stishovite, which is the team\'s fifth newly discovered phase. This transition takes place at room temperature, rather than the extreme temperatures found deep in the earth.\" In addition to identifying the phases, scientists built computational models that allowed them to calculate transition paths from one phase to the next, precisely tracking how silica rearranges and reinvents itself at each step. \"Scientists have long debated whether a phase exists between the four- and six-oxygen phases,\" Mao says in the press release. \"These newly discovered four transition phases and the new phase of post-stishovite we discovered show the missing link for which we\'ve been searching.\" Credit: Ho-Kwang Mao pathway from coesite (blue) to high-pressure Free-energy landscape showing the transition post-stishovite (green), with the new phases indicated by arrows. Because the new silica phases form at high pressures, the results provide insight into transitions and states of matter within the Earth\'s interior. Silica\'s transition could provide insight into phase transitions in other crystalline materials, too. The paper, published in Nature Communications, is \"Polymorphic phase transition mechanism of compressed coesite\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7630). We teach. You learn. Increase your materials know-how with ACerS. Use our exclusive learning series to expand your knowledge base, brush up on a favorite topic, or increase your expertise. DVD courses Bioceramics: Advances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare Sintering of Ceramics . Surface Chemistry and Characterization of Bioactive Glasses • Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety ·ACerS-GMIC\'s Glass Melting Furnaces and Glass Melting Furnace Air Emissions Onsite short courses . Mechanical Properties of Ceramics and Glass Nucleation, Growth and Crystallization in Glasses Online tools · ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams database American Ceramic Society Bulletin archive ceramics.org/learning American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 25 O bulletin cover story. High-efficiency, ceramic microchannel heat exchangers Microchannel structures in ceramic heat exchangers effectively improve efficiency of energy-intensive processes. By Charles Lewinsohn Stack input manifolds Stack output manifolds T his article explains how ceramic, microchannel heat exchangers can improve the efficiency, lower the cost, and reduce emissions of a large number of energy-intensive applications. It also discusses the need to use ceramics to obtain higher efficiencies than that of existing heat exchangers; how microchannel designs enable the use of ceramics in reliable and highly efficient heat exchangers; and how ceramic microchannel heat exchangers can be fabricated for use on an industrial scale at economical costs. There are many technologies for harvesting thermal energy, and heat exchangers are one of the most efficient and economical. Because much of the primary energy used to power modern lifestyles is lost as waste heat,\' significant improvements in thermal efficiency will provide significant reductions to cost and carbon dioxide emissions associated with using energy. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the earth\'s atmosphere is increasing at rates higher than any previously known timeframe.² Therefore, prudence would seem to dictate reducing and capturing carbon dioxide emissions as well as mitigating their potential impact. Low-cost, high-efficiency heat exchangers are a key to improving efficiency and reducing emissions in a variety of industrial applications in a highly economical manner. Heat exchangers transfer heat from a hot medium to a cooler one, typically through a solid wall. They are widely used in chemical engineering practice to transfer heat energy from one process stream to another. The heat transferred may be latent heat accompanying a phase change (vaporization or condensation) or sensible heat from increasing or decreasing the temperature of a fluid without phase change-or both. The Carnot cycle describes the idealized efficiency of these processes. By recovering thermal energy rejected during a process, a heat exchanger reduces energy that must be added to the system to achieve the same net change in entropy, thereby increasing efficiency. Heat exchangers also can be used for cooling, in which case they improve efficiency in the same manner. Early Wafer header Heat transfer fluid Figure 1. Schematic design of a microchannel plate for a ceramic heat exchanger. Credit: Ceramatec trials of ceramic recuperators installed on industrial furnaces for metals and ceramic materials processing and component production measured fuel savings ranging from 12% to 61%, depending on operating conditions.³ Heat exchangers also convey heat to or from materials that may react with the source of the heat or the heat transport medium. For example, heat exchangers can be used for indirect heating to prevent unwanted combustion products from reacting with fuel cell materials or materials in melt furnaces. Therefore, heat exchangers are useful over a broad range of temperatures, for an equally broad range of applications. High-temperature heat exchangers that increase efficiency across a broad spectrum of applications and economic sectors can be obtained by combining ceramic materials with intrinsically reliable, low-cost microchannel designs. Ceramic microchannel heat exchangers can increase efficiency for recuperators in existing turbines powered by fossil fuels; allow heat from high-temperature nuclear reactors to provide a transitional, low-carbon energy source; and, ultimately, ensure viability of renewable energy, such as thermal solar systems, to reduce energy-related and greenhouse gas emissions and eliminate imports of energy. In the immediate future, compact ceramic heat exchangers can be used to recover waste heat from gas-fired furnace flue gases, recirculating air in kilns, glassmelting and metalmelting furnaces, and numerous industrial processes in the chemical and petrochemical industry. Durable, low-cost ceramic heat exchangers also have application in automotive intercooling, point-of-use water heaters, and power electronics cooling. Microchannel 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Capsule summary IMPROVEMENT OPPORTUNITY Waste heat is a result of inefficient processes, which also cause higher unwanted emissions. HEAT RECOVERY Low thermal conductivity ceramics with microchannel structures recover and transfer waste heat in high-temperature and corrosive environments. APPLICATIONS Heat exchangers reduce energy needed to raise temperatures of process liquids and gases and thereby improve efficiency of energy-intensive applications, such as electricity generation and gas-to-liquid conversion. heat exchangers provide the foundation for numerous applications in process intensification, especially when combined with functional membranes and catalysts, which is an additional pathway to reduced energy consumption. Ceramic materials offer many benefits for use in heat exchangers, including high-temperature capabilities and corrosion resistance. Although pioneering work was done in the 1980s on ceramic heat exchangers, 4 manufacturing costs and reliability proved barriers to widescale commercial use. More recently Ceramatec (Salt Lake City, Utah), in collaboration with its parent company, Coors Tek (Golden, Colo.), and others, 6-9 has developed designs and fabrication methods capable of producing highly efficient microchannel reactors and heat exchangers at low cost. Furthermore, the fabrication cost of these high-efficiency, ceramic microchannel heat exchangers with complex designs is likely competitive with those of metal components made by stamping, brazing, and welding of select, and often expensive, alloys. Figure 1 shows a typical microchannel design for a ceramic heat exchanger. Table 1 compares the performance and cost of compact, ceramic heat exchangers with other designs and materials. These unique ceramic microchannel heat exchangers offer high effectiveness at temperatures far above existing technology, offering step changes in system efficiencies and concomitant reductions in emissions. Microchannel designs couple multiscale physical behavior of enhanced transport at the microscale with macroscale heat and mass flows. Advanced ceramic materials allow operation at temperatures currently unobtainable by conventional materials. Ceramatec has developed an innovative approach to fabricate microchannel components using advanced ceramic materials to produce systems capable of high efficiency under conditions Figure 2. Examples of ceramic microchannel designs fabricated by Ceramatec showing a green layer (far left) and sintered layers (middle and right). Plate side fluid in Shell side fluid out Insulated shell Plate side fluid out Shell side fluid in Planar modules Figure 3. A stack of silicon carbide heat exchanger plates (left) and a conceptual design of modular, microchannel plate heat exchanger for a macroscale process (right). beyond the regime of existing technology. Ceramatec\'s modular design allows industrial scale systems to be built from identical, engineered microchannel components (Figure 2) assembled in arrays of modules (Figure 3) for numerous applications. Design and reliability Designs and fabrication methods for heat exchangers have been relatively constant for almost 100 years. Incremental advances in performance have occurred through improved alloys or superalloys. More significant advances were made with the introduction of microchannel heat exchangers, now beginning to enter commercial use. These remain costly and limited to a small set of materials for construction. In conventional heat exchangers, thermal conductivity of the transfer layer governs resistance to heat transfer and, hence, efficiency. In microchannel heat exchangers, on the other hand, convective transport terms related to the flow rates and geometries govern resistance, not thermal conductivity of Table I. Comparison of calculated performance and cost targets for heat exchanger designs and materials ($/kW) Technology Status Superalloy, conventional designs Existing Upper use temperature (°C) 700 Effectiveness+ Lifetime (years) Cost 0.6-0.9 5 20-50 (Ref 12) Existing/emerging Target* 700 0.8-0.9 5 800-1300 >0.9 5 to >10 100 Metallic microchannel Ceramic microchannel *Effectiveness is the ratio of actual heat transfer rate to maximum possible heat transfer rate. *Values have yet to be verified. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 175-300 (Ref 12) Credit: Ceramatec 27 Credit: Ceramatec High-efficiency, ceramic microchannel heat exchangers DP (kPa) 7 Channel sensitivity 0.160 0.140 0.120 0.100 0.080 0.060 0.040 Channel length (m) --0.05 0.1 VIQ 0.020 ° 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Channel depth (p) 0.000 Figure 4. Competing effect of channel depth and device performance, V/Q, on pressure drop. the heat transfer layer. Materials with high thermal conductivity promote axial conduction along microchannel walls, which reduces the temperature gradient and driving force for heat transfer. Therefore, high effectiveness is obtained using materials with moderate thermal conductivities, such as ceramics. Another benefit of using ceramics with high melting temperatures is that heat exchangers are capable of operating at temperatures well above the limits of existing designs. V/Q (MYMW) As described above, increasing the operating temperature increases system efficiency, resulting in reduced operating costs and emissions. The high effectiveness of microchannel and other compact heat exchanger designs results from extremely high surface-area-tovolume ratios. Ratio of the volume, V, of a compact heat exchanger to the heat flux through it, Q, can be a figure of merit for performance. A low value is desired, because this represents a large amount of heat transfer in a small volume. To maximize performance, one would minimize microchannel depth, d. However, to reduce pressure drop, which requires external work and reduces the efficiency of the overall system, one would Pressure (P) Microchannel pressures maximize hydraulic diameter (D ≈ 2d), as shown in Figure 4. The small heat and mass transport distances associated with compact designs ensure adequate heat transfer, even under laminar flow conditions. Therefore, pressure drop is reduced by maintaining laminar flow inside microchannels. Typically, channel dimensions are selected such that Reynold\'s numbers are less than 1,000 and, ideally, in the range of 500-600. (Reynold\'s number, Re, is the dimensionless ratio of inertial forces and viscous forces. It helps describe fluid flow in a tube or around an object.) Ceramatec\'s designs often have greater than 300 m² of heat transfer surface per cubic meter of total heat exchanger volume. Pressure measurements at various locations along exposed channels of microchannel plates have been used to confirm computational fluid dynamics methods used to design the plates (Figure 5). Calculated reliability of these designs is significantly greater than shell and tube designs for the same thermal duty, because microchannel structure mechanically reinforces the heat transfer layer. 10 Weibull analyses performed during the design stage of Ceramatec\'s components help guide iterations and aid comparison with conventional shell and tube heat exchangers. Laboratory testing, such as four-point flexural strength tests, provides Weibull parameters for the materials of construction. Stress states over the microchannels, or other areas of interest, are calculated using finite-element methods. 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 ° 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 Distance (m) 0.04 0.05 0.06 Credit: Ceramatec Figure 5. Apparatus for measuring pressure in microchannel components (left), and comparison between measured (points) and computed (lines) pressure in a microchannel heat exchanger plate as a function of position (right). Global thermal Global mechanical Figure 6. Finite-element modeling of local stress state over microchannels. 28 Local mechanical Component and system analysis often is simplified using local models that use input from global analysis (Figure 6). As an approximation, the probability of failure, P, for a single heat transfer layer spanning a microchannel (Figure 7) can be calculated using closed-form solutions for a simply supwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Hot flow ported plate under uniform pressure. Effective pressure can be determined from a local finite-element analysis. For design, P, is calculated as a function of the dimensions of microchannel components. Figure 8 shows how calculated reliability of a single microchannel of a gas-to-gas heat exchanger depends on its dimensions and Weibull properties of the microchannel material. Figure 8 also shows that the design is more than an order of magnitude more reliable than design requirements. Required P determines the allowable stack size for a single module in a given application. The results shown in Figure 8 imply that heat exchanger stacks could have thousands of microchannels and continue to maintain P, below one in a million. Fabrication Ceramatec uses a laminated-object-manufacturing (LOM) approach based on laminating tape-cast material to produce plates that function as the basic repeat unit for modular designs. A wide range of channel sizes and orientations is possible (Figure 2). This method of producing plates is similar to that used for making multilayer capaci tors, which is capable of producing high volumes of material at low cost. Using these methods, Ceramatec has made components from silicon carbide, mullite, alumina, zirconia, and several specialty oxide compositions. Ceramatec has produced thousands of parts per year on its pilot line facility and demonstrated transfer of the process to a full-sized manufacturing facility. CoorsTek (Golden, Colo.), in conjunc tion with the Colorado School of Mines (Golden, Colo.), also has developed methods for dry-pressing channels into green parts that are subsequently cosintered to make microchannel plates (Figure 9). This approach is low cost and suitable for designs where slightly lower surface-area-tovolume ratios are acceptable. Other fabrication approaches exist, including several additive manufacturing methods. These approaches have yet to prove competitive for production of ceramic microchannel components at high volume. Sommers⁹ reviewed a number of ways to fabricate ceramic microchannel heat exchangers. Each processing method has unique costs and capabilities. Therefore, users need to Cold flow P-1-exp(x,y,z) dv Figure 7. Simple model demonstrating reliability of microchannel heat exchangers. be aware of the role of key design features on performance. Ceramatec makes its microchannel plates by blending powders of desired compositions with binders, plasticizers, and solvent to make a suspension. Tape casting produces tapes of varying thickness from 10 μm to 1,000 μm, depending on design requirements. Features are added to resulting tapes using methods, such as mechanical punching, laser cutting, water-jet cutting, or embossing. The \"featured\" tapes are laminated together to form microchannel components and then sintered. Figure 10 shows examples of processing equipment used at Ceramatec\'s processing facility. Heat exchanger devices are fabricated American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Probability of failure 1843 1804 Design point 18-46 Thickness 18.06 1847 18.00 18.09 13-10 Width Design limit Temperature Characteristic strength Weibull modulus 1842 8.79 139 \" 171 Normalized parameter 1841 Credit: Ceramatec Figure 8. Sensitivity of microchannel reliability to design parameters. Figure 9. Alumina microchannel component made by dry-pressing and green-joining. Figure 10. Processing equipment used at Ceramatec. Clockwise, from top left, tape caster, laser cutters, mechanical punch, sintering furnace, and lamination press. Credit: Ceramatec 29 Credit: CoorsTek High-efficiency, ceramic microchannel heat exchangers Strength (MPa) 150.00 120.00 90.00 60.00 30.00 OPCS Diffusion Bond Ceramatec Proprietary Braze Monolithic SIC 0.00 22°C 1200°C Figure 11. Shear strength of joints as a function of test temperature for three bonding approaches. Figure 12. Design of a microchannel recuperator for a microturbine showing the microchannel architecture (left), a modular segment (middle), and the complete assembly. Figure 13. Segment of mullite microturbine recuperator fabricated at Ceramatec. by joining individual microchannel plates. A variety of methods-such as diffusion bonding, brazing, glass bonding, ceramic cements, and polymerderived ceramic adhesives-can join plates. Joints must have sufficient mechanical properties to withstand service conditions reliably; they must have sufficiently low leak rates to prevent undesired mixing of fluids; and they must be able to be manufactured in a manner that does not reduce performance of the completed assembly. Therefore, Ceramatec has developed methods for joining heat exchanger plates at temperatures far below those at which individual plates exhibit creep. For example, preceramic precursors, such as polycarbosilane (PCS), 30 30 convert to covalently bonded ceramic material after pyrolysis and thermal treatment at temperatures around 1,000°C to form polymer-derived ceramic joints. Ceramatec also has developed a proprietary braze that enables bonding silicon carbide below 1,200°C. Details of these materials and their evaluation are given elsewhere.\"1 Figure 11 compares the shear strength, at room temperature and 1,200°C, of joints made by these methods between silicon carbide substrates compared with that of a diffusion bond. Application-High-temperature microturbines Microturbines, referring to combustion-driven turbomachinery producing Research aboratory Credit: Ceramatec power in the 50-250 kW range, are attractive for highly efficient distributed power applications and in primary or load-levelling capacities. Although centralized power stations can take advantage of economies of scale in controlling emissions, it is likely that distributed power systems with efficiencies of 35%40% or greater will have similar emissions profiles and facilitate the transition to cleaner fuels. Obtaining efficiencies of 35%-40%, however, requires higher turbine inlet temperatures and recuperation of heat from exhaust gas. 12 In fact, the major contributor to improved efficiency is not increased turbine inlet temperature, but reduced heat required to raise turbine inlet temperature, thanks to heat exchange from the exhaust gas.\" 13 In conjunction with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (Washington, D.C.), Ceramatec fabricated sections of a prototype radial recuperator for a highefficiency, 3-kW engine. The design, shown in Figure 12, consisted of modular segments surrounding the combustion chamber and turbine sections of an engine, with one inlet port and two outlet ports for exhaust gas, flowing through microchannels. Gaps between heat exchanger plates allow inlet air to flow. To meet design requirements, plates were made from mullite. Individual plates were fabricated using methods described above and bonded after sintering to make leak-tight segments (Figure 13). Additionally, several sections were made successfully in a one-step firing that sintered plates and bonded them together. Testing at the Naval Research Laboratory confirmed that the design provided 87% effectiveness with low very pressure drop: < 1% for air flow, and about 9% for exhaust gas. Application-Gas-to-liquids conversion Ceramatec is developing advanced technologies for gas-to-liquid fuel conversion. A Fischer-Tropsch synthesis system-demonstrated at lab scale-utilizes plasma reforming and catalysts developed at Ceramatec to convert natural gas to liquid fuel. An engineering prototype reactor system under construction at Ceramatec will produce roughly 0.1 bbl/ day of liquid fuel. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 A prototype microchannel heat exchanger incorporated into the apparatus to recover heat from reformed gas will evaluate performance of ceramic microchannel heat exchangers in a chemical reactor environment. Heat will transfer to incoming gas to reduce energy required to heat it to reforming temperatures. Tests will run for several hundred hours to demonstrate long-term performance in combination with gas compositions and conditions relevant to industrial processes. Pressure, flow, and temperature will be monitored continually, and the heat exchanger will be subject to any planned or unplanned transients that occur. Further, testing will provide verification of ceramic-to-ceramic and ceramic-to-metal joining methods. Application-Integrated heat exchange microreactors for process intensification As microchannel heat exchangers gain acceptance and the benefits of ceramics are utilized in more and more applications, additional benefits of incorporating catalysts, membrane layers, and more complex microchannel designs to control multiple flow paths simultaneously are likely to be realized. Figure 14 shows catalytic membrane reactor components with porous catalyst support layers and a membrane to control reactions. Ceramatec, in collaboration with Air Products and Chemicals Inc. (Allentown, Pa.), and the U.S. Department of Energy, has developed a novel microreactor system incorporating an oxygen-ion-conducting membrane and catalysts that converts methane to synthesis gas (H₁₂ and CO2) that can reduce CO2 emissions when using natural gas to produce hydrogen, or as a precursor for chemical or fuels processing. ane, Likewise, others have demonstrated use of ceramic microreactors combined with catalysts coated on internal microchannel walls for autothermal reforming of methwhich requires deliberate thermal management to prevent runaway exothermic reactions. 14 Numerous applications for catalytic membrane reactors using dense, ceramic membranes have been reviewed by Dong et al.15 and include methods for CO2 recycling, water splitting Porous Support Thin Active Membrane Inemal Flow Channels (side view) High Pressure Syngas (external Low Pressure Air (internal) High Pressure Syngas (extemal) Figure 14. Clockwise from bottom right: Conceptual design for ceramic catalytic membrane reactor for process intensification; cosintered microchannel structure detail; and a modular component for prototype testing. to generate hydrogen, and NO control. These examples illustrate the enormous potential that ceramic microchannel devices have for process intensification, 16 with subsequent reduced capital and energy costs, in numerous applications in energy production and chemical processing. Summary Significant amounts of energy are lost to waste heat, especially in electricity generation and transportation. Heat exchangers can improve significantly the efficiency of thermal processes. Ceramic materials enable heat exchangers to be used at higher temperatures, or in extreme environments where other materials degrade. Microchannel designs enable ceramic materials, with low thermal conductivities, to be used in heat exchangers with high effectiveness. Additional benefits of microchannel heat exchanger designs using ceramic materials are their compactness, enhanced reliability relative to other designs, and comparatively low manufacturing cost based on established, ceramic-processing methods. Ceramatec has demonstrated these benefits in the laboratory scale and is rapidly building prototype systems to facilitate commercial production. Acknowledgments The author is grateful to Merrill Wilson and Joseph Fellows for their extensive contributions to this work, and to Dale Taylor for establishing microchannel fabrication capabilities at Ceramatec. About the author Charles Lewinsohn is program manag er, Ceramatec Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org and adjunct graduate faculty, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho. References \"Estimated U.S. energy use in 2013,\" Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and The United States Department of Energy, https:// flowcharts.llnl.gov. Intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report, 2007. ³J.M. Gonzalez, J.L. Ferri, and W.J. Rebello, \"Industrial operating experience of the GTE ceramic recuperator,\" DOE Office of Industrial Technologies, ORNL/Sub-86-22044, 1990. 4B.D. Foster and J.B. Patton (editors), Ceramics in Heat Exchangers, Advances in Ceramics, Vol. 14. American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1985. 5C.A. Lewinsohn, M.A. Wilson, J.R. Fellows, and H.S. Anderson, \"Fabrication and joining of ceramic compact heat exchangers for process integration,\" Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 9 [4] 700-11 (2012). \'F. Meschke and A. Kayser, \"Plate heat exchanger, method for its production, and its use,\" Pat. Appl. No. DE 20090151917. B. Alm, R. Knitter, and J. Haußelt, \"Development of a ceramic micro heat exchanger design, construction, and testing,\" Chem. Eng. Technol., 28, 1554-60 (2005). 8R.J. Kee, B.B. Almand, J.M. Blasi, B.L. Rosen, M. Hartmann, N.P. Sullivan, H. Zhu, A.R. Manerbino, S. Menzer, W.G. Coors, and J.L. Martin, \"The design, fabrication, and evaluation of a ceramic counter-flow microchannel heat exchanger,\" Appl. Therm. Eng., 31, 2004-12 (2011). \'A. Sommers, Q. Wang, X. Han, C. T\'Joen, Y. Park, and A. Jacobi, \"Ceramics and ceramic matrix composites for heat exchangers in advanced thermal systems-A review,\" Appl. Therm. Eng., (2010), doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.02.018. 10M.A. Wilson, C.A. Lewinsohn, J. Cutts, E.N. Wright, and V. Ponyavin, \"Optimization of micro-channel features in a ceramic heat exchanger for sulfuric acid decomposition,\" NED(14)-275f, Proceedings of AIChE Annual Meeting (San Francisco, Calif., November 12-17, 2006). AIChE, New York. \"C.A. Lewinsohn, M.A. Wilson, J.R. Fellows, and H.S. Anderson, \"Fabrication and joining of ceramic compact heat exchangers for process integration,\" Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 9 [4] 700-11 (2012). 12C.F. McDonald, \"Recuperator considerations for future higherefficiency microturbines,\" Appl. Therm. Eng., 23, 1463-87 (2003). 13M. Sahm and T. Rosfjord, \"Microturbine generators for FC/MTG hybrid power systems,\" DOE/UN International Conference and Workshop on Hybrid Power Systems, April, 2002, http://www.netl. doe.gov/publications/proceedings/02/hybrid/hybrids2sahm.pdf. 14D.M. Murphy, A. Manerbino, M. Parker, J. Blasi, R.J. Kee, and N.P. Sullivan, \"Methane steam reforming in a novel ceramic microchannel reactor,\" Int. J. Hydrogen Energ., 38, 8471-50 (2013). 15X. Dong, W. Jin, N. Xu, and K. Li, “Dense ceramic catalytic membranes and membrane reactors for energy and environmental applications,\" Chem. Commun., 47, 10886-902 (2011). 16A.I. Stankiewicz and J.A. Moulijin, \"Process intensification: Transforming chemical engineering,\" Chem. Eng. Prog., [Jan] 22-34 (2000).■ 31 Credit: Ceramatec KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Graduate Engineering Alfred University is dedicated to student centered education, where our students\' personal and professional development is our #1 priority. Our research groups are small, meaning that you\'ll be part of a close-knit, supportive community where your ideas and aspirations are valued. We have outstanding, state-of-the art facilities and strong, world-wide connections to enhance your educational experience. MS PROGRAMS Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Electrical Engineering Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering PHD PROGRAMS Ceramics Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering ALFRED UNIVERSITY Office of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 Email: gradinquiry@alfred.edu Website: www.engineering.alfred.edu Alfred University Alfred Unity 10 individuals inspired KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Ceramics, Glass & Biomaterials For Energy, Environment & Health Care CACT • Energy • Environment - Health Care ⚫ Center for Advanced Ceramic Technology (CACT) At Alfred University\'s Center for Advanced Ceramic Technology (CACT), the primary mission is to help NYS companies retain and create jobs, increase their productivity, and boost their profitability through research in advanced ceramic materials and processing. The CACT offers a wide range of research options to help businesses grow and thrive. Center for High Temperature Characterization (CHTC) Partnerships help to transfer technology from the lab to the marketplace. Our focus is to enable ceramic materials and processing advances that are both practicable and scalable using comprehensive facilities for characterizing the behavior of materials and devices exposed to high temperature environments. Alfred University Office of Graduate Admissions, Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive, Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 Email: agradinquiry@alfred.edu www.engineering alfred.edu O bulletin annual student section PCSA delegation members at their 2014 annual meeting in Pittsburgh, Pa., with 2013-2014 ACerS president David Green. Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue By Jessica Rimsza PCSA chair Rimsza T he June/July issue of the ACerS Bulletin is a ly increased during the past three years, with the 2014-2015 class of delegates containing seven international delegates from England, Italy, and India. The accompanying infographic wonderful opportunity to show- depicts the diversity of countries and specific institutions repcase a handful of the accomplishments of the President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). PCSA is an avenue to engage students as long-term Society leaders and to encourage diversity in the ceramic and glass community. This issue focuses on the topic of clean energy and includes articles written by PCSA delegates on their work on cutting-edge ceramics research—including ceramics for nuclear applications, lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, ceramic oxygen transport membranes, solid oxide fuel cells, and semiconductor materials. PCSA students and other students across the nation also are engaged in world-changing efforts outside of the lab, including K-12 STEM outreach and community volunteer work to promote ceramic science and engineering. Since the introduction of PCSA in 2008, 149 delegates from 47 universities have worked to improve ACerS student involvement and expand student outreach events. PCSA has strived to represent as diverse a student group as possible by encouraging all students to apply, including international, domestic, graduate, undergraduate, female, and male students. The percentage of international PCSA delegates has steadiresented by PCSA delegates. Graduate students represent 55% of PCSA delegates, because undergraduate students tend to have broader interests than a particular subset of materials. Thirty-four percent of PCSA delegates are women-6% higher than the concentration of women working in science and engineering jobs overall. Perhaps more importantly, women have held 51% of the PCSA leadership positions that have been available, demonstrating that PCSA has provided ample opportunity and support for women to gain leadership experience in ACerS. Among PCSA alumni, 78% now work in the ceramic and glass industries, holding positions with companies such as GE, Corning, IBM, and Intel. Other PCSA alumni work at national labs, in academia, or have pursued additional training opportunities. Explore the infographic for more about PCSA\'s diverse group of leaders. Overall, PCSA provides an avenue for ceramic and glass student leaders to gain leadership experience and invaluable skills while supporting ceramic students worldwide. If you have any questions or comments on how the PCSA can encourage diversity in ceramic and glass science, please feel free to contact me at jessicarimsza@my.unt.edu. Jessica Rimsza is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of North Texas. She is the current chair of PCSA. 34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 203 ACerS PCSA delegate positions held by 149 people over 8 years 78% in industry for 40 companies 44 committee chairs in total 64 ex-delegates have graduated and are working 9% in 4 national laboratories 24 20 13% in academia in 7 universities 4 in 10 by women 4.5 in 10 by undergraduates 3 in 10 return for more than one year UK Imperial College London Loughborough University Canada Sheffield Hallam University University of Bmingham McMaster University Aled Liversity Mains State University Cage Melon Liversity Clemson University Coras Snool of Me Comell Unversity Fonde emational Uversity Ganga Inaise of T of Tachedogy USA University of Calf, Dave Unity of Cana, Irve University of Casa Los Angees University of Cel Fords Uiversity of Colorado B University of Connect University of Florida wa State University Unesty of Champagn Mo Uity of Science and New Mexico rute of Mining and Technergy North Ca Oregon Eta Uersity Purdue University Tas A&M University The Chi State Univers The University of Unity of Akron Uiversity of Alan Bingham Unity of Catonia, Bona University of Meneeots Usity of North Tex University of Vermont Medical School University of Virgini Uiversity University of Wisconsin Matson Vanderbilt University Vigna Tech Washington State University Wasaster Polyth sma Colombia Uiversidad de Antioque Puerto Rico UPW-Mays were female were male Germany Karu of Tichogy Italy University of Bogne India Credit: PCSA Congressional Visits Day 2015 recap By Tricia L. Freshour ACers Liaison to the Material Advantage Student Program Congressional Visits Day (CVD), an annual event organized by the Material Advantage Student Program, brings United States-based students to Washington, D.C., to raise visibility and advocate support for science, engineering, and technology. CVD is a unique opportunity for materials science and engineering students to advocate for long-term funding for science, engineering, and technology by meet\"CVD was a great experience for me. The speakers on Tuesday afternoon were informative and personable, and I feel like I learned a lot. I personally went on seven visits, and my group (Purdue) did nine total. Overall, a cool experience!\" -Isabella Ramirez Undergraduate student, Purdue University ing with Congressional decision makers. Thirty students and faculty from 10 universities attended the 2015 CVD event, held April 14-15. The CVD experience began with an opening reception on Tuesday, featuring talks by: Kei Koizumi, assistant director for Federal R&D in the Office of Science and Technology Policy; Megan Brewster, Fellow in the Department of Energy\'s Advanced Manufacturing Office; and Adria Wilson, TMS/MRS Congressional Science & Engineering Fellow in the office of U.S. Senator Bernard Sanders. Students met with legislators on April 15. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org RUSSELL TE OFFICE BUILDING A Purdue University group-front row (L to R), John Howarter, Isabella Ramirez, Jerome Nash, and Faseel Ahmed; back row (L to R), Lisa Rueschhoff and Willy Costakis-pauses between visits in front of the Russell Senate Office Building. 35 Student perspectives An Iowa State group poses for a photo in front of the U.S. Capitol Building. Front row (L to R), Megan Olson and Iver Anderson; back row (L to R), Jacob Weber, Andrew Kitahara, and Jordan Ritland. A group of mostly Ohio-based students after meeting with a staffer for Senator Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio). Front row (L to R), Julia Deitz and Kelly Kranjc; back row (L to R), Mark Hornak, Derek Miller, and David Riegner. \"I\'m so glad that I came back to do a second Material Advantage CVD. I had a great time meeting with the congressional offices to explain why research is so important. It was interesting to learn a little more about a part of science that students don\'t often think about-where the funding for our research comes from and the government\'s part in it. I will definitely continue to recommend this experience to any student who would like to have a fun time, advocate for science, and learn more about the intersection of science and government.\" -Kelly Kranjc; Graduate student, Washington University in St. Louis Elise Poerschke, an undergraduate student at University of Virginia, meets with Representative Robert Hurt (R-Va.). Colorado School of Mines students—(L to R) Michelle Hoffmann, Emily Mitchell, and Tyrel Jacobsen-meet with Representative Ken Buck, far left (R-Colo.). \"I had a wonderful time at CVD. At this visit, we discussed the importance of basic research funding that would give the U.S. a competitive edge in developing materials that will better healthcare and energy resources. We mentioned the importance that federal funding would have for jobs and the economy.\" -Brittnee A. Mound Graduate student, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Students from Iowa State University and University of Tennessee, Knoxville meet with a staff member in the office of Senator Marco Rubio (R-Fla.). (L to R) Andrew Kitahara, Iowa State; Brittnee Mound, University of Tennessee; Ted Sacasa, staffer; and Iver Anderson, Iowa State. 36 Ma Rubin SR.284 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Ceramic-based oxygen transport membranes for clean and efficient energy generation By Sapna Gupta Gupta Worldwide energy use is growing tremendously as developing economies progress, yet coal and natural gas remain important in the required energy demand and production. Gasification and oxy-combustion are two processes that can allow higherefficiency power production with a carbon dioxide-enriched byproduct stream convenient for carbon capture. However, both processes use large amounts of oxygen, which predominantly comes from cryogenic air separation plants. Cryogenic air separation is a reliable technique, but its parasitic power requirement poses a significant energy penalty, especially when combined with integrated gasification combined cycle power. Further, the cryogenic process is mature and, therefore, unlikely to offer further cost reductions, which usually come from step-out improvements in technology. A new air separation technique is required to challenge the role of coal and natural gas in future clean power production. High-temperature ceramic oxide oxygen transport membrane (OTM) technology offers potential for clean and efficient energy generation via oxy-combustion of hydrocarbon fuels with carbon dioxide capture and minimal greenhouse gas emissions. Use of this technology promises decreased fuel consumption and heat loss and increased overall combustion process efficiency. OTM systems also are beneficial for tonnage oxygen production as well as syngas production, which further can be processed via the Fischer-Tropsch process and converted to liquid fuels for transportation. Use of dense ceramic membranes for high-purity oxygen (>99.9%) separation from air is an advanced technology that is currently being developed for clean power generation and syngas production. The technique involves separation Coal/Natural gas Air CH4+ 202 → CO2 + 2H2O 202 → 0₂+4e 10 のの 02+4e-20²CO2, H2O 02 depleted air tion and power cycles. Further, unlike conventional cryogenic techniques, the oxygen gas stream from OTM does not necessarily require high temperatures and pressures to integrate into gasification and fuel cell combined cycles. Schematic of the oxygen transport membrane process. of oxygen ions from air through ion and mixed ion-electron conducting ceramic materials using chemical potential or oxygen partial pressure gradients. Based on thermodynamic and process economic investigations, OTM technology generates oxygen at relatively lower cost than conventional cryogenic oxygen production techniques. When compared with conventional cryogenic and pressure swing technologies, oxygen production by dense ceramic membrane systems has distinct advantages, includ ing -40% lower cost, higher efficiency, lower power use, and heat recovery on integration with coal gasification combined cycle and fuel cell systems. Conventional cryogenic technology incorporation into power generation plants for oxy-combustion and syngas production would require large volume space and high cost for installment ($310-$500 per kWe) as well as energy consumption (245-670 kWh per ton of oxygen). This will decrease overall efficiency of the power plant by as much as 8-10%. On the other hand, ceramicbased membranes would require less cost for installment ($260-$295 per kWe) and power consumption (100–655 kWh per ton of oxygen) and less volume space when incorporated into gasificaFabrication and optimization of materials\' composition to provide high performance and long-term stability under OTM operating conditions (T≈ 1000°C and Po ≈0.21-10-22 atm) are two major challenges for technology development. Lanthanum chromite-based ceramics are currently being investigated for the membrane system. A recent review article provides an overview of OTM technology, fabrication methods, and materials optimization techniques required for the development of OTM devices.\" Sapna Gupta is a fourth-year Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of Connecticut, Storrs. She was recently recognized with the 2015 Woman of Innovation Award in Collegian Innovation and Leadership by the Connecticut Technology Council and received an honorable mention for the 2014 Baker Student Researcher Award. Gupta is former finance committee chair of PCSA and currently serves as PCSA delegate and president of the University of Connecticut chapter of Keramos. \'S. Gupta, M.K. Mahapatra, and P. Singh, “Lanthanum chromite-based perovskites for oxygen transport membrane,” Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 90, 1-36 (2015). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 337 37 Student perspectives Pyroelectrics for future sustainability By Gabe Velarde Velarde As a bright and peach-fuzzed undergraduate student at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, I dove headfirst into materials science by joining Lane W. Martin\'s Prometheus research group. Fresh out of high school, I could barely define materials science and engineering. I was not prepared, but I was determined to absorb as much as I could. Because of the Prometheus group\'s high performance level, I was immediately given my own desk, project, and graduate-level accountability—I was expected to get things done efficiently and professionally. So, just like learning another language, I immersed myself in the field by constantly speaking with the natives. Dawn or dusk, I was in the lab bugging every graduate student with apparently trivial concepts. Having the lead on an energy sustainability project was immensely rewarding. Working with thin-film ceramic oxides, I fabricated multiferroic PbZrTiO3 materials via pulsed laser deposition (PLD). PLD fires a high-energy laser on a puck of material, and the resulting impact plume deposits a desired heterostructure. Multiferroics are an increasingly versatile class of materials capable of more than one order parameter. Specifically, I investigated these materials for pyroelectric properties in waste heat energy conversion and solid-state-cooling applications. Because of thermal-electric coupling of pyroelectric materials, the films can generate a voltage when they are exposed to temperature changes-perfect for systems with oscillating heat environments. Making these thin films at thicknesses of 100 nm or Gabe Velarde using pulsed laser deposition to fabricate PZT thin films with advisor Josh C. Agar. less minimizes fabrication costs and allows application on almost electronic device. any Because there are many knobs to turn when optimizing these films, I performed countless growth procedures and extensive material characterizations, including X-ray diffraction and varying atomic force microscopy. Each heterostructure had to have extremely clean surface morphology and crystallographic structure (strain, orientation, etc.), so I gained a phenomenal amount of experience from a single summer in the lab. Depending on heating frequency, the films I helped fabricate displayed currents up to the nanoamp range. Although there remains room for improvement, the initial findings were promising enough to continue the work. Since then, the Prometheus group has moved back to the University of California, Berkeley and is continuing research on this project and numerous other projects on advanced energy applications. Credit: G. Velarde I encourage everyone-students and advisors alike-to value the contributions and efforts of undergraduate research. These experiences set the stage for budding careers, because young students never forget their first experiences. Our youth will continue to drive future energy sustainability development, so getting students involved early is an incredibly valuable experience. Gabe Velarde is an undergraduate student in materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. As vice president for the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers and a member of several other on-campus societies, including engineering council, Keramos Honor Society, and Material Advantage, Velarde is involved in the development of the engineering student body. Velarde enjoys traveling abroad, especially to Brazil and Peru, for delicious cuisine. 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 A better and more balancedtomorrow By Amy Bolon I started my undergraduate career as a mechanical engineer with no clear vision of what I wanted to work on. However, I quickly realized that my favorite courses were those in materials science-from an introduction to materials class all the way to materials in design during my senior year. I loved learning about the behavior of materials, how to characterize them, and how they could be used in design. My favorite lab was a materials and manufacturing lab, where students performed various mechanical tests to understand deformation and fracture behavior. I later taught the lab for two semesters and enjoyed every minute-even if I did jump every time a sample broke. One thing that bothered me was that my classes almost exclusively taught metals and polymers. Students learned some basic crystal structure, defects, and brittle fracture of ceramics, but they were always the odd man out when it came to learning material types. This omission made me want to learn more about ceramics, and I fell in love with the materials in my first class. My piqued interest in ceramics prompted me to continue researching these interesting materials—for me, it was an easy leap into graduate school to further study materials science and engineering. I have merged my research interests with my desire to make the world a better place by studying materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Alternative energy generation devices are becoming increasingly important as we move away from fossil fuels and use more clean and renewable energy sources. My research focuses on improving the materials of electrochemical devices, with the ultimate goal of making materials more usable in various applications. I test mechanical properties of SOFC materials at high temperatures, under electric fields, and at low oxygen partial pressures to improve their mechanical reliability and durability during operation. These materials are subjected to large mechanical stresses resulting from Amy Bolon next to the lab\'s high-temperature resonant ultrasound spectroscopy instrument the geometry of the fuel cell, temperature distribution across the fuel cell, and external mechanical loads, so it is extremely important to understand how the materials behave in these environments to identify what to focus on in the next generation of fuel cell materials. As a woman in engineering—or more generically, a STEM field—I am concerned with how few women are in the field. I actively volunteer in organizations to encourage young women to get involved and learn. My favorite program is Expanding Your Horizons, a program that allows sixth-grade girls to participate in science-focused workshops. I volunteer in the EggStruction workshop, where girls design devices that will protect eggs from a one-story drop. To help students figure out what will work to protect their egg, I discuss with them the structure and material of the egg and the best ways to use materials to break the egg\'s fall. Considering how many students want to protect their egg by putting it in a balloon, it is not surprising American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org that many of their designs do not work. Nonetheless, it is extremely encouraging to see how invested the girls are in this program and how excited they get about science and engineering. Programs like this are extremely important for engaging young women and encouraging STEM careers. My search for a niche led me to a promising career in an area where I feel I can initiate change. Through research and outreach activities, I am making a difference in the world and improving the lives of others. I look forward to seeing SOFCs and other green energy devices become more common, and I especially look forward to the day when half my colleagues are women. The only way to make that happen is through people working to change the world. Amy Bolon is a fourth-year Ph.D. student in materials science and engineering at Texas A&M University. She has served as PCSA recruitment chair for the past two years and is president of the Texas A&M University chapter of Materials Advantage. 39 Student perspectives Focusing on the environment-and my career By Austin Fox Fox When deciding where I wanted to attend graduate school, community was an important consideration. Alfred University, where I completed my undergraduate studies, was a small village of forward-thinking people. Much of the research there was focused on finding ways to make the world greener and more sustainable. The Environmental Engineering program was fairly new at the time, and it was working on everything from wind turbines to up-cycling shower water. I was in the ceramics and glass engineering program, where scientists were developing glass that is highly fracture resistant and ceramic water purifiers that can be made by locals in impoverished communities. I had friends that were doing a wide variety of green engineering projects, and I was lucky to be involved in a few. I hoped to find a similar community to join in graduate school. Deciding who to work for and what type of research to do was an equally or more important consideration for graduate school, too. Through summer research experiences at Pennsylvania State University, I became interested in thin-film electronic ceramics, specifically piezoelectrics. My research advisor and my uncle connected me to professors at various schools, but Brady J. Gibbons at Oregon State University in Corvallis stood out from the rest. In conversations with Gibbons, I learned that Corvallis was an environmentally-focused community and that the Multifunctional Thin Films Group, which Gibbons leads, was researching new lead-free piezoelectric materials. I was fairly certain I had found a good place to start my graduate career. The manageable size of the materials science program at OSU also meant that I would have the chance to work closely with my advisor and the equipment, which sealed the deal. my I am now three years into research on lead-free piezoelectric thin films, and I have had the opportunity to volunteer with some fantastic sustainability-focused organizations. I have become a part of a great community of people who are attempting to make the planet a better place. I feel lucky to be a part of the numerous programs and student groups at OSU involved in this work. Piezoelectric materials are important for a range of electronic devices-actuators, accelerometers, filters, motors, resonators, and transducers-because the materials can convert mechanical stress into an electric field and vice versa. The problem is that the highest-performing materials are lead-based, primarily Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) and Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb2/3) O, (PMN). Because lead is toxic, its presence poses an issue as society becomes more environmentally conscious. Lead can contribute to many environmental issues, especially if water becomes contaminated, so the compound already has been removed from paint and solders. Countries worldwide are enacting laws restricting the use of toxic elements in everyday devices. For example, Europe oxide, also have issues with volatility. To deposit thin films, Austin Fox mounts a substrate heater on a pulsed laser deposition system. any, has enacted Restriction of Hazardous Substances regulations. Although materials like PZT and PMN are currently exempt, that status will not last forever. For these reasons, scientists are actively searching for new lead-free piezoelectric materials with similar performance to existing lead-based materials. Scientists have explored many leadfree substitutes, but few, if have proved truly suitable, especially when it comes to thin-film embodiments. In bulk ceramics, David Cann\'s group, located just across the hall from my group, is exploring some of the best-suited materials-perovskites (ABO2), such as BiNaTiO3 (BNT) and its solid solutions. My research has focused primarily on depositing thin-film versions of the bulk materials Cann\'s group synthesizes. In particular, I have focused on depositing Bio (NaK0.20)0.5TiO3 (BNT-BKT) via pulsed laser deposition. 0.5 Creating thin films of this material with physical vapor deposition methods is quite challenging for many reasons, but the greatest is cation volatility. Lead-based materials, such as lead Alternative materials fail to offer much improvement-bismuth is equally volatile, and sodium and potassium are, at minimum, an order of magnitude more volatile then lead. Despite the challenges, however, the development and incorporation of high-quality films in devices will lower our impact on the planet and develop devices for new applications, such as in vivo sensing. When it comes to electroceramic materials, finding suitable substitutes for toxic or rare materials will remain a challenging and interesting—yet incredibly important-pursuit. I hope that wherever my future career path may lead, it will allow me to continue to contribute to the health of our planet and society. Austin Fox received his B.S. in ceramic engineering with a minor in glass science from Alfred University, N.Y. He has been a Ph.D. candidate in materials science in the Multifunctional Thin Films Group at Oregon State University since 2012. Fox studies texture morphology relationships for ferroelectric materials and the development of leadfree ferroelectric thin films and ceramics. 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Credit: A. Fox Ceramics hold the key to the future of nuclear energy By Kara Phillips What does a clean world look like? Is it a place where every road has only electric vehicles or cyclists? Or a place where there is no such thing as waste? And, regardless of the vision, how do we get there? Ceramics are at the core of many clean technologies-zeolites for carbon sequestration, coatings for higher efficiency turbines, battery materials, nuclear fuels, and more. For this very reason, I chose to pursue my Ph.D. at the University of California, Irvine in materials science and engineering with a focus on ceramic materials for energy applications. In particular, I work on the development of ceramic composites to improve nuclear fuel. The goal is to use composites to meet unique design criteria of the nuclear field to explore improvements that can be made to current uranium dioxide fuels, which have low thermal conductivity and poor mechanical properties. These poor properties combined with the release of fission byproducts and thermal gradients induced upon burn up of the fuel result in cracking, which decreases lifetime and accident tolerance of nuclear fuel. I remember the day I told my advisor, Martha Mecartney, that I wanted to join her lab. She had just received a grant from the Department of Energy to work on inert matrix nuclear fuel, so she set me on the project. I was in shock-I had absolutely no experience in nuclear research, so completing a dissertation on a nuclearbased project seemed like a daunting task. Nonetheless, I accepted the challenge. Before I knew it, I was helping establish an American Nuclear Society (ANS) student section at UCI, cochairing the student program at the fall ANS conference, and was already a year into my research project. I guess sometimes you just have to jump in headfirst. Since starting my project, I am constantly reminded of how important nuclear energy is to reach the goal of creating a clean world. It is not the only solution, but it will play a major role. Unlike other clean energy sources-like wind or solar, which have variable power output-nuclear energy is a constant, base load power source. Kara Phillips at the University of California, Irvine TRIGA research nuclear reactor. Although nuclear energy has been around for decades, it has not yet solved Kara Phillips and advisor Martha Mecartney examine samples on a scanning electron microscope American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org world problems because of safety, political, and economical issues. Changing the current fuel type or material is a severalmillion-dollar change, and radioactive waste storage is an issue. But what is the cost of a clean world—or, rather, what is the cost of an unclean world? There remain several aspects of nuclear energy that are imperfect, but that is where we, as scientists and engineers, come into the picture. From the development of longer-living, highly accident-tolerant fuels to reprocessing of used fuel and everything in between, there are opportunities for advancement of nuclear technology. More specifically, there are opportunities for ceramic innovation in the advancement of nuclear technology and beyond. Kara Phillips is a materials science and engineering Ph.D. student at the University of California, Irvine. She is current president of the American Nuclear Society student chapter at UCI and is excited to spend some time at Los Alamos National Lab this summer. 41 June 14-19, 2015 Hyatt Regency Vancouver, BC, Canada 11th International Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications Ceramic technologies for sustainable development PLENARY SPEAKERS Dan Arvizu Director and chief executive, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; president, Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC Title: Maximizing the potential of renewable energy Anthony Leo Vice president, Applications and Advanced Technology Development, FuelCell Energy Title: High-temperature fuel cells delivering clean, affordable power today ORGANIZERS Mrityunjay Singh Chair Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA Tatsuki Ohji Cochair AIST, Japan 42 Sanjay M. Correa Vice president, CMC Program, GE Aviation Title: CMC applications in turbine engines: Science at scale Richard Metzler Managing director, Rauschert GmbH Title: Energy-efficient manufacturing: What can be done in the technical ceramics industry and which technical ceramic products can help other industries The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org CMCee Alexander Michaelis Cochair Fraunhofer IKTS, Germany HYATT REGENCY VANCOUVER 655 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6C 2R7 604-683-1234 Single/Double: CA$220 Triple: CA$255 Quad: CA$290 If you need assistance with travel planning or have questions about the destination, contact Greg Phelps at gphelps@ceramics.org. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 SPONSORS Fraunhofer A Deltech Furnaces TECHNICAL PROGRAM AMERICAN ELEMENTS IKTS ceramics.org/11cmcee UBC UBE INDUSTRIES.LTD. mm SAINT-GOBAIN ONES THE MATERIALS SCIENCE COMPANY® 아이원스(주) HYSITRON® TRA AdValue Technology materialstoday Connecting the materials community Plenary session: Technological innovations and sustainable development Track 1: Ceramics for energy conversion, storage, and distribution systems Track 2: Ceramics for energy conservation and efficiency Track 3: Ceramics for environmental systems Track 4: Crosscutting materials technologies Honorary Symposiums REGISTRATION INFORMATION ceramics.org/11cmcee Registrations, except Spouse/Companion, include welcome reception, poster reception, lunch on Monday, coffee breaks, and conference dinner. Spouse/Companion includes only evening receptions and conference dinner. CM Cee SCHEDULE Sunday, June 14, 2015 Registration Welcome reception Monday, June 15, 2015 Registration Plenary session Lunch Concurrent sessions Student and young professional networking mixer (brought to you by Saint-Gobain) Tuesday, June 16, 2015 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Poster session Wednesday, June 17, 2015 Registration Concurrent sessions Free afternoon and evening Thursday, June 18, 2015 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Conference dinner Friday, June 19, 2015 Registration Concurrent sessions 4 – 7 p.m. 5-7 p.m. 7:30 a.m. - 5 p.m. 8:30 a.m. - 12:10 p.m. 12:10 - 1:30 p.m. 1:30 – 6 p.m. 6 - 9 p.m. 8 a.m. - 7:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. - 6 p.m. Noon - 1:30 p.m. 6 p.m. - 8 p.m. 8 a.m. - Noon 8:30 a.m. - Noon 8 a.m. - Noon 8:30 a.m. - 5:20 p.m. Noon-1:30 p.m. 7 – 9:30 p.m. 8 a.m. - Noon 8:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 43 33 register now! TH 6 ADVANCES IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS July 20 - 22, 2015 Kansas State University | Manhattan, Kansas, USA Cement scientists solve some of the world\'s biggest problems. Join colleagues for technical presentations and networking—and to continue advancing the field of cement science. ORGANIZERS Program cochair: Kyle Riding, Kansas State University Program cochair: Matthew D\'Ambrosia, CTL Group Cements Division Leadership Chair: Jeff Chen, Lafarge Centre de Recherche Chair-elect: Tyler Ley, Oklahoma State University Secretary: Aleksandra Radlinska, Pennsylvania State University Trustee: Joe Biernacki, Tennessee Technological University ACBM Leadership Director: Jason Weiss HOTEL INFORMATION ACerS has secured reduced conference rates at Bluemont Hotel and Holiday Inn at Campus. Review the options below to secure your hotel. Bluemont Hotel 1212 Bluemont Ave, Manhattan, KS Phone: 785-473-7091 Rate: $100/night | Cutoff date: June 30, 2015 To reserve a room online, visit Reservations. Under Group Reservations, enter Group ID AMER0715 and password ksu to secure the discounted rate. Holiday Inn at Campus 1641 Anderson Ave, Manhattan, KS Phone: 785-539-7531 Rate: $99.95/night | Cutoff date: June 20, 2015 To reserve a room online, visit Reservations. Remember to include the Group Rate Code ACA to secure the discounted rate. TECHNICAL PROGRAM Authors will present oral and poster presentations in - Cement chemistry and nano/microstructure - Advances in material characterization techniques - Alternative cementitious materials – Durability and life-cycle modeling - Advances in computational materials science and chemo/mechanical modeling of cementbased materials - Smart materials and sensors - Rheology and advances in SCC REGISTRATION RATES On or before June 19 After June 19 ACerS Member $200 $350 ACers Member with membership renewal $320 $470 Nonmember $320 $470 ACerS Emeritus/Senior/Associate Member $160 $310 Material Advantage Student Member (Grad or Undergrad) $60 $135 Nonmember Student (Grad or Undergrad) $100 $175 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org ceramics.org/cements2015 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 117TH ANNUAL MEETING! Technical Meeting and Exposition MS&T15 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY October 4 - 8, 2015 | Greater Columbus Convention Center | Columbus, Ohio, USA lectures and special events Monday, October 5 9:00 10:00 a.m. ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture - Arun K. Varshneya, Alfred University and Saxon Glass Technologies 2:00 5:00 p.m. ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session Cooper Distinguished Lecture Martin Wilding, Aberystwyth University, Wales Cooper Scholar Lecture - TBD 2:00 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Symposium - Hiroaki Takeda, Tokyo Institute of Technology - Tadashi Matsunaga, UBE Industries Ltd. - John C. Mauro, Corning Incorporated - Kenji Shibata, SCIOCS Company Ltd. - Jon-Paul Maria, North Carolina State University 2:30-4:00 p.m. (tentative) ASM Alpha Sigma Mu Lecture - TBD MS&T Plenary Session Tuesday, October 6 8:00 10:35 a.m. ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture - Sylvia M. Johnson, NASA Ames Research Center ASM/AIST Joint Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society - TBD AIST Adolf Martens Memorial Steel Lecture - TBD 12:45 - 1:45 p.m (tentative) ASM Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture - TBD 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture - Delbert E. Day, Missouri University of Science and Tchnology Wednesday, October 7 1:00 2:00 p.m. ACers Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Yuichi Ikuhara, University of Tokyo, Japan Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY Short courses Location: Hilton Columbus Downtown October 3 Introduction to two- and three-component phase diagrams Instructor: Jeffrey D. Smith, Missouri Institute of Science and Technology 9:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. October 4 Understanding why ceramics fail and designing for safety Instructors: Steve Freiman, Freiman Consulting Inc.; John J. (Jack) Mecholsky Jr., University of Florida 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Microstructures 101 and beyond Instructor: Frauke Hogue, Hogue Metallography 8:30 a.m. -4:30 p.m. Advanced high-strength steels Instructor: Mahmoud Y. Demeri 8:30 a.m. -4:30 p.m. Additive manufacturing materials and processes workshop Instructors: David L. Bourell, University of Texas at Austin; Sudarsanam Suresh Babu, University of TennesseeKnoxville; Jack Beuth, Carnegie Mellon University; James W. Sears, GE Global Research Center 1:00-4:30 p.m. Introduction to materials informatics with open source tools Instructors: Surya R. Kalidindi, Georgia Institute of Technology; David Brough, Georgia Institute of Technology; additional instructors to be determined 1:00 4:30 p.m. October 8-9 Sintering of ceramics Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology 9:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m.; 9:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. MATSCITECH.ORG TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Co-sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY ASM INTERNATIONAL American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 45 JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 117TH ANNUAL MEETING! Olentangy River Rd Technical Meeting and Exposition MS&T15 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY October 4 - 8, 2015 | Greater Columbus Convention Center | Columbus, Ohio, USA Buttles Ave Goodale Park Goodale Blvd SHORT NORTH ARTS DISTRICT (315) 670 3 Spruce North Market Convent (33) Scioto River 33\' McKinley Ave Lifestyle Huntington Park The Cap at Union Station Greater Columbus Convention Center Communities Nationwide Pavilion O Arena McFerson AENA Commons DISTRICT office Park Battelle Riverfront Park DISCOVERY DISTRICT Port Columbus International Airport Mt Vernon Ave Columbus State Naghten St Community College Museum of Art Chestnut St W Spring St P North Bank W Long St EGAY STREET City DISTRIC E Long Columbus C OThurber House E Gay St of Art & D Columbus Hall Palace Theatre E Broad St Ohio Statehouse Riffe Ohio Judicial Center, b E Oak Center S OP P Columbus COSI W State St E State St ° Ohio H ° W Town St Theatre E Town St Topiary Kelton House W Broad St 40 H 70 (315) W Rich St Sullivant Ave cioto River Sc Bicentennial Park Cultural W Rich St Southern Theatre E Rich St E Main St Arts Center Franklin County Government O Center E Mound St P E Fulton St 71 Scioto Audubon Shadowbox W Livingston Ave P Liberty W Beck St Metro BREWERY DISTRICT W Kossuth St – Park Greenlawn Ave Approximately 10-Minute Walk OGerman Village W Sycamore St Meeting Haus WWhittier St 40 Libropolitan E Livingston Ave E Beck St E Sycamore St GERMAN VILLAGE Schiller Park Reinhard Ave H The Mt Vernon Ave The King Arts Complex Lincoln Theatre Franklin Park Conservatory and Botanical Gardens E Main St COTA CBus Route Visitor Center Parking Garage Hospital Entrance/Exit Ramp Hotel information ● Crowne Plaza/The Lofts | 33 E. Nationwide Blvd. Rates: $177 single or double occupancy One block from the Columbus Convention Center Student activities Information subject to change. For more information on student events, please visit matscitech.org/ students. Student Chapter Travel Grants The Material Advantage Student Program offers $500 travel grants to student chapters to attend MS&T. The grants are restricted to one grant per chapter per academic year. Travel grants will be awarded on a first come, first served basis, so act early! Chapters must be active and in good standing to be eligible. For more information and to apply, visit matscitech.org/students. Student Monitors Want to save money while attending MS&T? Students may partially defray expenses by serving as session monitors. Monitors assist session chairs, record session attendance statistics, assist with audio/ visual equipment, etc. Visit matscitech.org/students for more details. Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion Visit booths, talk to company reps, and view job postings in the Career Pavilion while you explore the exhibit hall! This is your chance to make valuable contacts with potential employers. Admission to the Career Pavilion is included in your conference registration fee. Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display Stop by the Convention Center exhibit hall to view submissions to the 2015 undergraduate poster contest. Posters will be displayed Tuesday, October 6, and Wednesday, October 7, during regular expo hall hours. For more information about the poster contest, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Deadline for poster abstracts is September 25, 2015. Sunday, October 4, 2015 Chapter Leadership Workshop FOR CHAPTER OFFICERS ONLY > Drury Inn & Suites Convention Center | 88 E. Nationwide Blvd. Meet fellow chapter officers, share best practices, and learn about Rates: $156 single or double occupancy One block from the Columbus Convention Center > Hampton Inn & Suites | 501 N. High St. Rates: $172 single or double occupancy Across from the Columbus Convention Center 4 Hilton Columbus Downtown | 401 N. High St. Rates: $189 single or double occupancy Connected to the Columbus Convention Center > Hyatt Regency Columbus | 350 N. High St. Rates: $184 single or double occupancy Connected to the Columbus Convention Center → Red Roof Inn Plus | 111 E. Nationwide Blvd. Rates: $149 single or double occupancy Two blocks from the Columbus Convention Center 46 46 Material Advantage! This workshop is for chapter officers only (Chair, Vice-chair, Secretary, and Treasurer). Registration is required for this workshop as well as for MS&T. Visit matscitech.org/students for more details. Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest MS&T hosts the national semifinal and final rounds of the Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest. The purpose of the contest is to encourage undergraduate students to present technical papers and to improve their presentation skills. The presentation subject must be technical but can relate to any aspect of materials science and engineering. One contestant from a university is able to compete in this contest, and each entrant must be the winner of a local speaking contest. Participants receive a travel grant awarded at the end of the semifinal/final rounds. Winners of the finals receive cash prizes. For contest rules, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. MS&T speaking contestants must be reported to Tricia by September 25, 2015. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 Student Networking Mixer Join in this relaxed, casual, and fun atmosphere designed for students, Material Advantage Faculty Advisors, and society volunteer leaders. Students are encouraged to wear their school colors. Monday, October 5, 2015 Welcome Reception Join the festivities from 4:30 to 6:00 PM in the expo hall to help kick off MS&T! Look for more details coming soon. ACers Student Tour Students have the opportunity to attend a tour organized by ACers\' President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) during MS&T15. Contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org with any questions. AIST Student Plant Tour AIST will be offering students the opportunity to tour a steel plant while at MS&T15. ArcelorMittal - Columbus will be hosting the tour. Watch for details! Tuesday, October 6, 2015 Ceramic Mug Drop Contest Mugs fabricated by students from ceramic raw materials are judged on aesthetics and breaking thresholds. The mug with the highest successful drop distance wins! Ceramic Disc Golf Contest This student-initiated contest is sure to draw a crowd! Students create discs from ceramic or glass materials to meet certain specifications, and the discs are thrown into a regulation disc golf basket. Each disc will be judged in the categories of farthest distance achieved and artistic merit (aesthetics). ASM Geodesic Dome Design Competition \"DomesDay\" Can these domes take the weight? Join us in the Exhibit Hall for the display, judging, and selection of winners at the second ASM Geodesic Dome Design Competition! To register as a contestant and for more information, visit asminternational.org/domesday. Student Awards Ceremony Congratulate the winners of this year\'s contests: Material Advantage Chapters of Excellence, Student Speaking Contest, Graduate and Undergraduate Poster Contests, Ceramic Mug Drop Contest, Ceramic Disc Golf Contest, TMS Superalloys Awards, AIST/AISI Scholarships, and Keramos National Awards. MATSCITECH.ORG Ceramic and glass manufacturers flex muscles at ceramics expo 2015 Eng for a mo.sci CRAPORATION fe Harper Spark th (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Your Complete Thermal for Advanced HARROP As seen in the. bulletin mic ety 3 C 2 eramics Expo 2015—the new trade show marketplace for the ceramic and glass industry-took place April 26-28 in Cleveland, Ohio. Attendees came out in full force right out of the gate, with questions and curiosity prepared to wander the aisles. After tallying the final head count, more than 2,100 people walked the aisles. \"Ceramics Expo this year could not have been a better launch event,\" says Adam Moore, event director with Smarter Shows, a U.K.-based company that organized the event along with ACers as a founding partner. “As a show organizer who\'s launched events in a number of different industries, from aerospace to energy to automotive, and as a company, in our history we\'ve never had a success like this.\" \"The way industry has supported this event has enabled us to achieve this success. It all comes down to the strength of the industry and the way industry is going—all we\'ve done is facilitate it,\" Moore says. Turnout of attendees and exhibitors was the key to Ceramic Expo\'s success. More than ceramics.org working WO develop technical resources TOUM degin conference & expos 190 vendors displayed everything needed to make ceramic and glass materials—from raw materials to forming/shaping to furnaces/kilns to characterization and all the materials and equipment needed for those functions. Manufacturers of ceramic components were there in good numbers, too. \"The experience has been fantastic. It\'s been a great show. It\'s really exciting to see all the energy in the ceramic industry. We met some great customers and had a chance to make some new business as well,\" says Bob Fidler, vice president of marketing at Netzsch (Burlington, Mass.). Moore says the show gained a lot of momentum, and he expects there will be 300 vendors and 4,000 attendees in 2016. Save the date in your calendar now: April 26-28, 2016. In addition to the tradeshow, Ceramics Expo offered a free, concurrent conference focused on ceramic and glass manufacturing and applications. The conference showcased talks by 50-plus experts from major commercial, industrial, and academic players in the ceramic and glass worlds. Ceramics Expo also marked a watershed event for The American Ceramic Society, according 4 ACTURE RITTLE ERIALS 5 CERA PSC www.ceramcoceran P 7 AMOYILA provide long service life and high perfo il and plastic parts with a quality ceram CO 6 8 Ask Zircar Zirca Zirca 9 to Charlie Spahr, ACerS executive director, speaking at a breakfast for ACerS Corporate Members during Ceramics Expo. \"Five or so years ago when manufacturers would ask what the Society had to offer them, I had to admit the portfolio was thin,\" he says. \"Society leaders embraced the challenge, and that portfolio has since grown significantly.” The Society used the Expo to launch the Manufacturing Division. The Division, which evolved from the former Whitewares and Raw Materials Division, held its first executive committee meeting and business meeting during Ceramics Expo. Booths are currently being booked for the 2016 show-go to www.ceramicsexpousa. com for more information. 1 The Mo-Sci (Rolla, Mo.) team poses for a group photo in its booth. From left: Steven Jung, Ted Day, Joe Bales, and Krista Gann. 2 The Harper International delegation to Ceramics Expo (from left): Prasad Apte, Courteney Scribner, Hazel Wicks, and Justin McInerney. Located in Buffalo, N.Y., Harper staff members report last winter\'s record snowfall has finally melted-and they are ready to ship new furnaces! 3 Smiles all around for the Harrop team from Columbus, Ohio. 4 Greg Geiger, ACers, and Greg Morscher, University of Akron, Ohio, pose in the ACerS booth. 5 Like many exhibitors at Ceramics Expo, Morgan Advanced Materials (Windsor, U.K.) displayed some of its ceramic products for attendees to examine. 6 Bill Rice tends the Ceramco (Center Conway, N.H.) booth. 7 Saint Gobain (Courbevoie, France) showcased a collection of its engineered ceramics to interested attendees. 8 Technicians set up iMachining for ceramics for its debut in the SolidCAM (Newtown, Pa.) booth. 9 Zircar Ceramics (Florida, N.Y.) highlighted a variety of its high-temperature fibrous ceramic materials in its booth. 10 Rows of exhibitors-displaying products and services from all across the ceramic and glass supply chain-geared up to welcome attendees. View more photos on our Flickr page! Innova ve U American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 10 new products High-speed disperser oss\'s new HSM100LH-3 vacuum high-speed Ross\'s disperser is designed for laboratoryand pilot-scale mixing of batches up to 5 gallons. The dispersers are useful for wetting out solids and creating a uniform, air-free suspension or solution under vacuum. The classic open-style saw-tooth disk blade generates a vortex on the liquid surface into which powders and other minor components are added for quick incorporation. Instruments can be supplied with a vacuum-rated mix vessel. Other accessories include a heating and cooling jacket and mixer cover with sight and charge ports. Charles Ross & Son Co. (Hauppauge, N.Y.) www.mixers.com 800-243-7677 Ceramic flat washer СЕРЛИСО eramco\'s A998 alumina flat washers Cer ♦are now available in seven larger U.S. inch sizes and five larger metric sizes. Ceramco\'s stock ceramic-fastener inventory is 100% molded using near-net shaping and then is fired to full density. Fasteners are never machined or fatigued from harsh grinding. Ceramic washers, bolts, and hex nuts are heat-resistant, corrosion-resistant, nonconductive, and do not out-gas. New sizes include: 7/16 in., ½ in., % in., 5 in., ¾ in., 7 in., 1 in., M10, M12, M14, M16, and M20. Other new sizes are planned. 16 8 4 Ceramco Inc. (Center Conway, N.H.) www.ceramcoceramics.com 603-447-2090 Ductless fume hood A ir Science\'s new Purair five ductless fume hoods feature high operator protection during routine work. The ductless design eliminates installation costs and allows the unit to be positioned over a sink or benchtop apparatus. Three models are available in 24 in., 36 in., or 48 in. widths. Fume hoods operate at low noise levels and have a face velocity of 100 fpm. Hoods also feature airflow alarms, spillage trays, lighting, and main filters available in 14 types of carbon. Units exceed OSHA, ANSI, and all relevant international standards. Air Science USA (Fort Meyers, Fla.) www.airscience.com 239-489-0024 Laser scan micrometer itutoyo\'s new laser scan micrommodels for diverse applications. The LSM-500S can measure ultrafine wires as thin as 0.005 mm in diameter to a resolution of 0.00001 mm. The LSM-512S can measure cylindrical workpieces with a diameter as large as 120 mm. Options for measuring larger diameters are available. Micrometers measure at ultrahigh speeds of 3,200 scans/s and are capable of handling high-speed applications or workpieces that vibrate. Paul N. Gardner Co. Inc. (Pompano Beach, Fla.) www.gardco.com 954-946-9454 Laser glass cutter ofin-Sinar\'s SmartCleave FI laser enables high-speed and precise cleaving and drilling of glass up to 10 mm-thick. The process eliminates drawbacks of mechanical methods, including low scribing quality, microcracks, chipping, accuracy limitations, and time-consuming and labor-intensive processing steps, and results in fast processing and higher yields. The process uses less than 100 W of laser power. Most transparent, hard, and brittle materials, including sapphire, quartz, or heat- and chemicalstrengthened glass, can be cut at speeds of up to 1 m/s. The process is silent, noncontact, produces minimal debris, and has low consumable costs. Stack glass sheets can be cut without damage to individual layers. Rofin-Sinar Inc. (Plymouth, Mich.) www.rofin.com 847-483-6300 50 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 resources Calendar of events June 2015 14-19 CMCEE: 11th Int\'l Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications - Hyatt Regency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; www.ceramics.org 21-25 ECerS 2015: 14th Int\'l Conference of the European Ceramic Society - Toledo, Spain; www. ecers2015.org 30-July 3 5th European PEFC & H₂ Forum 2015 - Culture and Convention Centre, Lucerne, Switzerland; www. EFCF.com July 2015 7-10 ICCCI2015: 5th Int\'l HighQuality Advanced Materials Conference - Fujiyoshida City, Japan; ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/iccci2015/ 20-22 Cements 2015: 6th Advances in Cement-based Materials - Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan.; www.ceramics.org 26-31 SOFC-XIV: 14th Int\'l Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells - Glasgow, Scotland; www.electrochem.org/meetings/satellite/glasgow/ August 2015 23-26 COM 2015: 54th Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Toronto, Canada; www.metsoc.org 30-September 4 ➡ PACRIM 11: 11th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Jeju Island, Korea; www.ceramics.org September 2015 15-18 UNITECR 2015 - Hofburg Congress Center, Vienna, Austria; www.unitecr2015.org 20-23 Int\'l Commission on Glass Annual Meeting - Centara Grand at CentralWorld, Bangkok, Thailand; www.icglass.org 19-25 The XIV Int\'l Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids Niagara Falls, N.Y.; www.pncs-xiv.com October 2015 4-8 MS&T15, combined with ACerS 117th Annual Meeting - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org 20-23 CERAMITEC 2015 - Messe Munich, Munich, Germany; www.ceramitec.de November 2015 2-5 76th GPC: 76th Glass Problems Conference - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org January 2016 20-22 EMA 2016: ACerS Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 24-29 ICACC16: 40th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www. ceramics.org April 2016 7-11 ICG XXIV Int\'l Congress Shanghai, China; www.icglass.org 17-21 MCARE 2016: Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy - Hilton Clearwater Beach Resort, Clearwater, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 26-28 2nd Ceramics Expo Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa. com 26-28 5th Ceramic Leadership Summit Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramics.org May 2016 18-22 ➡ WBC2016: 10th World Biomaterials Congress - Montreal, Canada; www.wbc2016.org June 2016 26-30 HTCMC 9: 9th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada; www.ceramics.org August 2016 21-23 ICC6: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics-Dresden, Germany; www. icc-6.com October 2016 23-27 MS&T16, combined with ACerS 118th Annual Meeting - Salt Lake City, Utah; www.ceramics.org January 2017 18-20 EMA 2017: ACerS Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 22-27 ICACC17: 41st International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www. ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 51 classified advertising Career Opportunities U.S.ARNY U.S. ARMY RDECOM ARL Postdoctoral Fellow in Energy Coupled to Matter The Materials and Manufacturing Technology Branch at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has an opening for a postdoctoral research fellow in the area of Energy Coupled to Matter (ECM), which is focused on the interaction between applied physics-based fields (i.e.magnetic, electric, acoustic, microwave, etc.) and materials, systems, or devices, resulting in dynamic changes in microstructure, phase, or composition, and leading to either a significant enhancement in physical/mechanical properties, or the realization of behaviors that cannot be achieved through conventional means. This position will require interdisciplinary problem-solving for identifying the fundamental mechanisms of material behavior under high energy applied fields, and, therefore, candidates with strong physics and materials backgrounds are desired. Computational modeling skills are also of interest for predicting effects of high energy fields on materials. The candidate who is selected for this position will have responsibilities that include but are not limited to innovation of new and emerging ECM technologies, utilization of ECM for discovery of new materials, novel equipment procurement for the development and management of a state-of-the-art ECM Laboratory, conception of ECM ideas to support enhancement of lethality and protection systems, and transition of groundbreaking ECM technologies to directly support the Warfighter. The candidate should be a self-starter, able to work independently and as part of multi-disciplinary teams, and able to participate creatively in refining program directions. Presentations at national/international meetings and publication of scientific results in peer-reviewed journals are expected. This position is open to U.S. citizens only, and interested applicants can direct inquiries for this opportunity along with a CV to Dr. Raymond Brennan (raymond.e.brennan. civ@mail.mil). custom finishing/machining Custom Machined Insulation Zircar Zirconia, Inc. Alumina & Zirconia Fiber Insulation · • Lab Furnace Reline Kits ⋅ Custom Setters and Trays •Crystal Growth Stations • Fuel Cells and Reformers • Heat Exchangers . • Applications up to 2200°C Call (845) 651-3040 Web: www.zircarzirconia.com Email: sales@zircarzirconia.com Machining of Advanced Ceramics Since 1959 BMS QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. 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ISO 9001 & 17025 Certified Put our years of experience to work on your specimens! 426 Boston St. Topsfield, MA 01983 Tel: 978-887-7000 Fax: 978-887-6671 www.gellermicro.com Email: sales@gellermicro.com reach your audience with ceramicSOURCE Advanced ceramic testing Superior quality and performance in: Thermal Analysis Calorimetry ■ Determination of thermophysical properties Contract Testing Services NETZSCH NETZSCH Instruments North America, LLC 129 Middlesex Turnpike Burlington, MA 01803 Email: nib-sales@netzsch.com Ph: 781-272-5353 www.netzsch.com WEST PENN Spectrochemical Laboratories Complete Elemental Analysis ISO 17025 and AS 9100 Accredited Ceramics & Glass - Refractories & Slag Metals & Alloys XRF-ICP-GFAA - CI&F - C&S OES, SEM, CVAA, TGA Visit: westpenntesting.com | 724-334-4140 liquidations/used equipment BUYING & SELLING Compacting Presses Isostatic Presses Piston Extruders • Mixers & Blenders ⚫ Crushers & Pulverizers • Attritors • Spray Dryers THE BEST USED CERAMIC MACHINERY BROKERS/LIQUIDATORS Mohi CORPORATION • A Professional Organization • Buying or Selling one machine or entire factories • Connected & Experienced globally Contact us TODAY! 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Kilns & Furnaces Lab Equipment update your listing ceramicsource.org • Stokes Press Parts Huge Inventory in our Detroit Michigan warehouse Contact Tom Suhy 248-858-8380 sales@detroitprocessmachinery.com www.detroitprocessmachinery.com DPM DETROIT PROCESS MACHINERY ADVERTISE YOUR SERVICES HERE Contact Mona Thiel 614-794-5834 mthiel@ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 ADINDEX *Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2015 Buyer\'s Guide DISPLAY ADVERTISER Alfred University American Ceramic Society, The American Elements* Harrop Industries Inc.* I Squared R Element Co. Inc Netzsch Instruments North America LLC+ TA Instruments* www.engineering.alfred.edu www.ceramics.org www.americanelements.com www.gasbarre.com www.harropusa.com www.isquaredrelement.com JUNE-JULY 2015 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin 32-33 Inside front cover, Inside back cover, 19, 25, 55 Outside back cover Gasbarre Products (PTX Pentronix) 9 3 7 www.netzsch.com 5 Winner Technology Co. Ltd. www.tainstruments.com www.winnertechnology.co.kr 9 13 CLASSIFIED & BUSINESS SERVICES ADVERTISER Advanced Ceramic Technology www.advancedceramictech.com 53 Army Research Laboratory www.arl.army.mil 52 Bomas Machine Specialties Inc. www.bomas.com 52 Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc.* www.centorr.com/cb 54 Ceradyne, a 3M Company* www.3m.com/ceradyne 53 904-285-0200 52 www.detroitprocessmachinery.com 54 54 53 53, 54 53 54 54 Geller Microanalytical Laboratory Inc. www.gellermicro.com www.harperintl.com Delkic & Associates Detroit Process Machinery Harper International Corp.* Harrop Industries Inc.* JTF Microscopy Services Inc. www.mohrcorp.com www.harropusa.com www.jtfmicroscopy.com CALL FOR CONTRIBUTING EDITORS FOR ACERS-NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS PROGRAM Professors, Researchers, Retirees, Post-Docs, and Graduate Students ... The General Editors of the reference series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics community to critically evaluate published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. Additional contributing editors are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commentaries to accompany each phase diagram being added to the reference series. Especially needed are persons knowledgeable in foreign languages including German, French, Russian, Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. RECOGNITION: The Contributing Editor\'s initials will accompany each commentary written for the publication. In addition, your name and affiliation also will be included on the Title Pages under Contributing Editors. QUALIFICATIONS: General understanding of the Gibbs phase rule and experimental procedures for determination of phase equilibria diagrams, and/or knowledge of theoretical methods to calculate phase diagrams. COMPENSATION PER ARTICLE: $80 for commentary & first diagram, plus $20 each second & third diagrams, plus $10 for each additional diagram Mohr Corp.* Netzsch Instruments North America, LLC* PPT - Powder Processing & Technology, LLC Quality Executive Search Inc.* Rauschert Technical Ceramics Inc. Sem-Com Company Sonic Mill Specialty Glass Inc. West Penn Testing Group Zircar Zirconia Inc. www.netzsch.com www.qualityexec.com www.rauschert.com www.sem-com.com www.sonicmill.com www.sgiglass.com www.westpenntesting.com www.zircarzirconia.com www.pptechnology.com 53 FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: 52 22 52 53 53 53 54 52 Mrs. Kimberly Hill National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8520 Building 223, Room A107 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8524, USA 301-975-6009 phase2@nist.gov Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-891-8960 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Marianna Bracht mbracht@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST 59 55 Haley Barnes Guest columnist O pcsa writing competition Third writing contest inspires scientific creativity The annual PCSA Ceramics-in-Writing contest, now in its third year, offers ceramic science students the opportunity to display their creative side by submitting original works of creative writing or poetry inspired by a ceramic micrograph. The PCSA Programming Committee evaluated entries based on their originality, type, creativity, and execution. The goal of the contest is to engage students from around the world in the ceramics community, increase awareness of PCSA, and recognize students for their creativity. This year\'s winner is Haley Barnes from University of North Texas. Barnes\'s poem, titled “One,” was inspired by the optical micrograph of spin-coated crystals shown below. In her poem, Barnes reflects on loneliness and powerlessness in the self-subconscious when swallowed in shadow. The runner-up entry is from Manzila Islam Tuheen, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology. Congratulations to our winners! ཏི Credit: Derek Miller; Ohio State University One By Haley Barnes My world drowns me in shades of black, white, and grey. There is no light here to bring color to my existence. I am only one. I only exist because I know I do, but it is getting all washed away now. My mind is fuzzy. I cannot see clearly, my eyes trail behind as my head turns. I am slow, I am silent, I am stagnant. This world demands tradition. Change is smothered by society, god forbid I pierce my suffocating veil. I dream of indigo innovation, red revival, pink persistence, but none of those fantasies are remotely possible in my world. I am only one. I have tried to pierce my veil, I really have. I was sewn back in to my veil thread by thread, part by part, molecule by molecule. I am one with my veil, I would be a fool to attempt escape yet again. I see my weapons of color so close and near, but dare I reach? I am only one. No one will rescue me. I am concrete in the filth and folly I did not know I had. My body slackens; I can barely make action to break the ceiling that crushes me. I am only one. I see again my weapons of color sitting in the dust of dreams. It breaks my heart. I fight. I grab the most beautiful sword, sharp as lyrics. I bring it to my chest. I stab. The colors are so beautiful. I am the one. Optical micrograph of crystals from a solution of tin tetrachloride pentahydrate and ammonium fluoride in ethanol spin-coated onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide transparent slide. Haley Barnes, a sophomore in materials engineering at University of North Texas, is interested in biomedical applications of materials science. She is an officer in the UNT Society of Women Engineers chapter and enjoys dancing in her spare time. 56 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 94, No. 5 call for papers Abstracts due by September 9, 2015 January 20-22 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World® | Orlando, Florida USA LECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2016 Electronic Materials and Applications 2016 addresses emerging needs, opportunities and key challenges in the field of electronic materials and applications. Technical presentations highlight advancements in materials and devices for electronics, sensors, energy generation and storage, photovoltaics, and LEDs. www.ceramics.org/ema2016 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org bismuth telluride lutetium granules metamaterials strontium doped lanthanum III-IV nitride materials organo-metallics regenerative medicine thin film dysprosium pellets atomic layer deposition nar H spersions aerospace ultra-light alloys electrochemistry solid crystal growth nanoribbons cerium polishing powder yttrium scandium-aluminum iridium crucibles van m He Li Be efrac green technology battery lithium gallium arsenide high ty sil tals surface functionalized nanoparticles B C N FL Ne tant Na Mg ite semiconductors palladium shot ΑΙ S Si P CI Ar term catho K Ca Sc Ti > Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr anod nuck Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Con Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn galli Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut photovoltaics europium phosphors quantum dots iron iquia FI Uup Lv Uus Uuo neodymium foil ion dielectrics Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu ar energy spintronics Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr nano gels nanofabrics rare earth metals nickel foam LED lighting rod platinum ink laser crystals titanium robotic parts super alloys CIGS stable isotopes optoelectronic es tungsten carbide optoelectro carbon nanotubes gold nanoparticles Now Invent. TM mischmetal anti-ballistic ceramics fuel cell materials hafnium tubing Nd:YAG biosynthetics germanium windows superconductors ultra high purity mat macromolecules 99.999% ruthenium spheres erbium doped fiber optics gadolinium wire advanced polymers buckey balls sputtering targets metalloids rhodium sponge AMERICAN ELEMENTS 田 te THE MATERIALS SCIENCE COMPANY irconium single crystal silicon shape memory alloys alternative energy electrochemistry nanomedicine tellurium osmium catalog: americanelements.com ©2001-2015. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. diamond micropowder gadolinium wire advanced polymers neodymium foil single crystal silicon macromolecules
