AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology JUNE/JULY 2016 Ceramic-matrix composites enable revolutionary gains in turbine engine efficiency Ceramic coatings optimize LEDs Annual student issue-focus on CMCS Ceramics Expo and CLS 2016 recap⚫ CALL FOR PAPERS Abstracts due July 29, 2016 41ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES January 22-27, 2017 S1 Mechanical behavior and performance of ceramics and composites S2 Advanced ceramic coatings for structural, environmental, and functional applications S3 14th International symposium on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC): Materials, science, and technology S4 Armor ceramics-challenges and new developments S5 Next-generation bioceramics and biocomposites S6 Advanced materials and technologies for direct thermal energy conversion and rechargeable energy storage S7 11th International symposium on functional nanomaterials and thin films for sustainable energy harvesting, environmental, and health applications S8 11th International symposium on advanced processing and manufacturing technologies for structural and multifunctional materials and systems (APMT11) S9 Porous ceramics: novel developments and applications S10 Virtual materials (computational) design and ceramic genome S11 Advanced materials and innovative processing ideas for the production root technology S12 Materials for extreme environments: ultrahigh temperature ceramics (UHTCs) and nano-laminated ternary carbides and nitrides (MAX Phases) S13 Advanced materials for sustainable nuclear fission and fusion energy S14 Crystalline materials for electrical, optical, and medical applications S15 Additive manufacturing and 3-D printing technologies FS1 Geopolymers, chemically bonded ceramics, eco-friendly, and sustainable materials FS2 Advanced ceramic materials and processing for photonics and energy FS3 Carbon nanostructures and 2-D materials and composites 6th Global Young Investigator Forum 3rd Pacific Rim Engineering Ceramics Summit W Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center | Daytona Beach, Fla., USA Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society The American Ceramic Society Engineering Ceramics Division www.ceramics.org ceramics.org/icacc2017 NW contents June/July 2016 • Vol. 95 No. 5 feature articles Cover story 22 Ceramic-matrix composites enable revolutionary gains in turbine engine efficiency Renewed focus on ceramic-matrix composites opens prospects for expanded insertion in gas turbines. by Frank W. Zok meetings CLS, Ceramics Expo recap .. 2016 Structural Clay recap 42 44 MCARE 2016 recap. . 45 MS&T16. 46 32 Acers Bulletin annual student section Student-written articles showcase the diversity and impact of research from students around the world. Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACers Bulletin by Lisa Rueschhoff Congressional Visits Day 2016 recap by Tricia L. Freshour Developing ceramic-matrix composities for more efficient gas turbine engines by Natalie Larson Characterizing ceramic-matrix composites to improve durability by Amjad Almansour Cleaning up hazardous wastes with ceramic-matrix composites by Alexandra Loaiza From foreigner to successful scientist― My journey around the world and into materials science by Randy Ngelale 38 Aluminum nitride coatings optimize thermal performance of light-emitting diode arrays Ceramic coatings deposited via electrostatic spraying may improve thermal performance of LEDs. by Shou-jin Zeng, Zhi-feng Liu, Ji-bin Jiang, Ming-der Jean, and Su Yang Cover image credit: Rudy Burbant; CAPA Pictures; Snecma; Safran American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Cements Division Meeting 48 HTCMC 9, GFMAT 2016... 49 departments News and Trends Spotlight 3 6 Ceramics in Energy Ceramics in the Enviornment. Research... 12 15 19 resources 52 53 2226 Calendar New Products Classified Advertising 54 Display Ad Index 56 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Stephanie Liverani, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board G. Scott Glaesemann, Chair, Corning Incorporated John McCloy, Washington State University C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Fei Peng, Clemson University Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline, Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Kansas State University Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Mrityunjay Singh, President William Lee, President-Elect Kathleen Richardson, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian contents June/July 2016 • Vol. 95 No. 5 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Ceramic TechToday FROM THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Ceramic Tech Today delivers the most relevant ceramic and glass materials, applications, and business news directly to your inbox, saving you time and keeping you informed. Subscribe today! bit.ly/acersctt Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and recieve the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news straight to your inbox every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday! Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some recent top posts: Small and powerful Pushing the boundaries of nanomagnets bit.ly/1TETA1G Paper beats rock, glass beats metal? Apple iPhone 8 rumored to go all-glass next year bit.ly/1TzY8Xr \'Killer\' silicon nitride Bioceramic slaughters bacteria, could now help fight gum disease bit.ly/1rDuEKY American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 95, No. 5, pp 1-56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 news & trends Occupational silica exposure guidelines reduced for first time in more than 40 years The Department of Labor\'s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recently issued a ruling that lowers worksite exposure limits of respirable silica by half or more of current limits. The new ruling sets the new exposure limit for inhalable crystalline silica at 50 μg/m³ of air, averaged over an eighthour shift. OSHA separated the ruling into two separate standards, one for the construction industry—which previously had an exposure limit of 250 µg/m³ and one for general and maritime industries-which previously had an exposure limit of 100 µg/m³. In addition to lowering exposure limits, the ruling also requires employers to provide respirators to workers when exposure cannot be adequately reduced; develop a written exposure control plan; offer medical exams to exposed workers; and, among other things, train workers on silica exposure risks and procedures. According to OSHA, \"about 2.3 million workers are exposed to respirable crystalline silica in their workplaces, including 2 million construction workers who drill, cut, crush, or grind silicacontaining materials, such as concrete and stone, and 300,000 workers in general industry operations, such as brick manufacturing, foundries, and hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracking.\" Airborne particles of silica have welldocumented negative consequences on human health. Exposure to silica dust can damage the eyes and lungs, causing diseases, such as silicosis, lung cancer, kidney malfunction, and chronic bronchitis. Although the various negative health consequences of breathing silica dust are well documented, setting precise exposure limits is no simple process. One reason is that the health hazards of inhaling silica dust often develop over long time frames-often in scales of years, even decades. That type of environmental exposure risk is difficult to measure, partially because such longterm controlled experiments are difficult to perform. And exposure to countless Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide of both range traditional and advanced ceramic markets. our Hundreds of our clients will tell you that three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. • . Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\"kiln for your specific needs Robust, industrial design and construction After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com 3 Onews & trends Workers exposed to silica dust may get additional protection from new reduced exposure limit guidelines. other factors, agents, and confounders during those long timeframes easily cloud the overall picture, confusing which outcome can be attributed to which variable. Nonetheless, OSHA officials believe that reducing the limits will ultimately help protect workers. 4 Business news Alcoa signs bauxite supply contracts worth more than $350M (alcoa.com)...GE\'s $39M 3-D printing facility opens outside Pittsburgh (ge.com)...Fantom Materials acquires Trex Advanced Materials (fantommaterials.com)... Increase in demand will drive refractory products until 2019 (businesswire.com)...AGC Europe to refurbish Cuneo float-glass plant (agc-glass.eu)...Westmoreland Mechanical Testing & Research partners with America Makes (wmtr.com)... Press Glass expands largest glass plant in Poland (pressglass.eu)...DOE announces funding to train engineers for smallmedium manufacturers (energy.gov)... Guardian introduces UltraClear low-iron glass (guardian.com)...Faraday Future to break ground on $1B Nevada factory (ff.com)...Air Products awarded contract to supply leading semiconductor pack\"We\'re estimating that once it\'s fully in effect it will save about 600 lives a year,\" says OSHA director David Michaels in an NPR article about the new ruling. \"The rule is also expected to prevent more than 900 cases of silicosis each year.\" Find more information at osha.gov. aging (airproducts.com)...Sacmi USA opens new branch in Tennessee (sacmi. com)...Owens-Illinois provides update on arbitration against Venezuela (o-i. com)...CeraMaterials signs partner to help expand into Canada (ceramaterials. com)……GT Advanced Tech completes financial restructuring, emerges from Chapter 11 (gtat.com)...Kyocera to acquire 100% ownership of US-based solid tool manufacturer (global.kyocera. com)...AGC to expand supply system of cover glass for car-mounted displays (asahi-glass.com)...3M honors legacy of research and discovery, names 3M Carlton Science Center (3M.com)...CT inspection from NVision helps bottler eliminate sealing flaws (nvision3d.com)...PPG plant in Fresno resumes glass production following furnace reline (ppg.com) | Credit: Pat Pilon; Flickr CC BY 2.0 1,600-year-old kilns discovered in Israel shed new light on ancient glass industry A recent excavation uncovered remains of the oldest kilns in Israel, where archaeologists believe commercial quantities of raw glass were produced 1,600 years ago—a discovery that proves Israel was one of the largest glass producers in the ancient world, the Israel Antiquities Authority reports. The discovery occurred during the Jezreel Valley Railway Project, a long-term, multidisciplinary survey and excavation project investigating the history of human activity in the Jezreel Valley from the Paleolithic through the Ottoman period. The structure of the ancient kilns contained two compartments-a firebox used to burn kindling to create very high temperatures, and a melting chamber where the raw materials for the glass (such as clean beach sand and salt) were melted together at 1,200°C. \"This is a very important discovery with implications regarding the history of the glass industry both in Israel and in the entire ancient world,\" Yael Gorin-Rosen, head curator of the Israel Antiquities Authority Glass Department, says in the report. \"We know from historical sources dating to the Roman period that the Valley of \'Akko was renowned for the excellent quality sand located there, which was highly suitable for the manufacture of glass,\" she adds. \"Chemical analyses conducted on glass vessels from this period, which were An archaeologist holds pieces of ancient raw glass uncovered during an excavation in Israel that uncovered 1,600-year-old kilns capable of producing commercial quantities of glass for the ancient world. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Credit: Sh Yoli; YouTube discovered until now at sites in Europe and in shipwrecks in the Mediterranean basin, have shown that the source of the glass is from our region. Now, for the first time, the kilns have been found where the raw material was manufactured that was used to produce this glassware.\" A video at youtu.be/63J3glqFkg8 shows more about the discovery. GE\'s new LED light bulb is designed to sync with your circadian rhythms Lighting giant GE recently bid farewell to compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs, announcing that the company would, sometime this year, cease manufacture and sales of CFL bulbs. \"Now is the right time to transition from CFL to LED,\" John Strainic, chief operating officer of consumer and conventional lighting at GE Lighting, says in a New York Times article about the switch. \"There are so many choices that a consumer has for one socket in their home that it\'s overwhelming. This will help simplify that.\" The efficiency of LED and CFL bulbs is comparable, but LED lights last much longer and solve some consumer pet peeves with CFL bulbs, such as harsh light, slow bulb warm-up, and difficult dimming. However, the initial drawback was that LED lights were much more expensive bulb choices. But that is no longer true, thanks to advances in technology and policy. \"Prices dropped steadily, falling well below $5 for a basic bulb last year, in part because of government regulations making it easier for them to qualify for generous discounts,\" according to the New York Times article. Because GE announced its shift toward LED lights, it is perhaps no surprise that the company is now rolling out spiffy new LED products. One of the latest is an LED light set that is better in sync with humans\' circadian rhythms. The new bulbs come in a special multipack of various bubs tailored to improve your natural sleep-wake cycles. Called CbyGE, the LED bulbs are \"designed to help users wake up in the morning and fall asleep at night,” according to an article on GE Reports. Circadian rhythms govern human life, so conforming the environment to adapt to these cycles, rather than fight them, actually holds promise for a more in-tune lifecycle. \"We\'ve built an LED light that changes colors and helps the body conform better to its circadian rhythm,\" Carmen Pastore, marketing leader for GE Lighting, says in the article. The big difference with these lights is the hue of color they subtly emit. The lights contain a chip that can change the emitted light\'s hue, allowing the light to adjust to humans\' natural rhythms, rather than the other way around. So why all the hype with hues? Blue hues stimulate receptors in your eye that reduce melatonin levels, which induce sleep-so a bright blue morning sky is the signal for your body to wake up and get to work. Yellow and orange GE recently announced the company no longer will produce and sell CFL bulbs, but will instead focus on LED lighting. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org hues have an opposite effect-they simulate sunset, stimulating melatonin production and making you sleepy. \"This is three billion years of evolution we are dealing with,\" Pastore says in the GE Reports article. \"Our LED is helping the body adjust, rather than waiting for the body to catch up to technological progress. Every Nanometer counts The new Dilatometer DIL 402 Expedis with revolutionary NanoEye measuring cell Find out more about the new NanoEye technology: www.netzsch.com/n22856 DIL 402 Expedis Supreme NETZSCH Leading Thermal Analysis. 5 acers spotlight Society and Division news Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Kevin Thompson at kthompson@ ceramics.org, or visit ceramics.org/ corporate. RAYMOND BARTLETT SNOW ARVOS Raymond Bartlett Snow Warrenville, III. arvos-group.com/divisions/ raymond-bartlett-snow GROU RoMan Manufacturing Inc. RoMan Manufacturing Inc. Grand Rapids, Mich. romanmfg.com TOTO TOTO ltd. Chigasakai-City, Japan toto.co.jp Zircar ICERAMICS Zircar Ceramics Inc. Florida, N.Y. zircarceramics.com In memoriam John W. Cahn Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACers website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Meet the officers President-elect Alexander Michael L. Alexander, vice president of research at Riverside Refractories Inc. (Pell City, Ala.). Alexander is a member of the ACerS Refractory Ceramic division and served as division chair from October 2007 to March 2009. He served on the Meetings Committee with ACers, the Jeppson Award committee, and the Ceramic Leadership Summit Advisory Group, and currently serves on the international executive board for UNITECR (Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories). Directors Edwards Doreen Edwards, dean of the Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering at Alfred University (Alfred, N.Y.) and vice president for statutory affairs at Alfred since 2014. Effective July 1, 2016, Edwards will become dean of the Kate Gleason College of Engineering at Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester, N.Y.). She is an ACerS Fellow and serves on ACerS Strategic Planning and Emerging Opportunity Committee. Goski Dana G. Goski, director of research at Allied Mineral Products Inc. (Columbus, Ohio). Goski served as 2014-2015 chairperson for ACerS Meetings Committee and is a member of the Refractory Ceramics Division. She serves on the North American executive committee for the Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR), was technical programming chair for the highly successful UNITECR 2013, and co-edited ACerS-Wiley meetings publication. Madsen Lynnette D. Madsen, program director of ceramics at the National Science Foundation (Arlington, Va.). Madsen chaired ACerS Presidential Committee on Diversity from 2013-2014 and served on several other ACerS committees, including the Strategic Planning for Emerging Opportunities (2012-2015) and Legislative and Public Affairs (2004). She helped revitalize ACerS Art, Archeology, and Conservation Science Division and served as its inaugural chair. Her recent book, Successful Women Ceramic and Glass Scientists and Engineers: 100 Inspirational Profiles, was copublished by Wiley and ACerS. 2016-2017 ACerS officers named The new slate of ACerS officers has been determined. There were no contested offices and no write-in candidates, automatically making all nominees \"elected.\" A change to the ACerS constitution in October 2013 eliminates the need to prepare a ballot or hold an election when only one name is put forward for each office. The new term will begin October 27, 2016, at the conclusion of MS&T. ACerS President-elect To serve a one-year term from October 27, 2016 to October 12, 2017 Michael Alexander ACers Board of Directors To serve three-year terms from October 27, 2016 to October 2019 Doreen Edwards Dana Goski Lynnette Madsen www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Division and Class Officers To serve a one-year term October 27, 2016 to October 12, 2017, unless otherwise noted Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division Chair: Darryl Butt Vice chair: John McCloy Secretary: Blythe McCarthy Treasurer: Carol Handwerker Trustee: Ed Fuller Basic Science Division Chair: Xingbo Liu Chair-elect: Dunbar Birnie Vice chair: Paul Salvador Secretary: John Blendell Cements Division Chair: Aleksandra Radlińska Chair-elect: Matthew D\'Ambrosia Secretary: David Corr Trustee: Maria Juenger Ceramic Education Council President: Yiquan Wu President-elect: Ashley Hampton Vice president: Ed Gorzkowski Secretary: HaiTao Zhang Electronics Division Chair: Geoff Brennecka Chair-elect: Brady Gibbons Vice chair: Rick Ubic Secretary: Jon Ihlefeld Secretary-elect: Alp Sehirlioglu Trustee: Steven Tidrow Engineering Ceramics Division Chair: Andrew L. Gyekenyesi Chair-elect: Jingyang Wang Vice chair/Treasurer: Manabu Fukushima Secretary: Surojit Gupta Trustee: Tatsuki Ohji Glass & Optical Materials Division Chair: Edgar Zanotto Chair-elect: Pierre Lucas Vice chair: Liping Huang Manufacturing Division Chair: Nik Ninos Chair-elect: Ed Reeves Vice chair: Keith DeCarlo Secretary: Matthew Creedon National Institute of Ceramic Engineers President: Ricardo Castro President-elect/Treasurer: Josef Matyas Vice president: James Wollmershauser Secretary: Kyle Brinkman Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division Division chair: Yutai Katoh Vice chair: Jake Amoroso Secretary: Kumar Sridharan Advisor: Kevin Fox Refractory Ceramics Division (term begins March 2017) Chair: Matt Lambert Vice chair: Simon Leiderman Secretary: Ashley Hampton Trustee: Louis J. Trostel, Jr. Structural Clay Products Division (term begins March 2016) Chair: John Hewitt Chair-elect: John Dowdle Secretary: Mike Walker Treasurer: Luke Odenthal ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY GASBARRE MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING PRESS GROUP 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com Secretary: Jincheng Du American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) World Academy of Ceramics honors 13 ACerS members The World Academy of Ceramics honored 13 ACerS members for internationally renowned, significant contributions to the advancement of ceramic science and technology. Academicians are \"individuals who have made an international noteworthy contribution to the advancement of ceramics.\" The following ACerS members will be inducted at the opening ceremony of FORUM 2016 in Italy June 14-17. Jun Akedo AIST, Japan Kikkawa | Shinichi Kikkawa Hokkaido University, Japan Jacques L. Lamon CNRS, France ACers Manufacturing Division holds meeting during Ceramics Expo 2016 8 Lamon William E. Lee Imperial College London, U.K. Akedo John M. Ballato Clemson University Lee Ballato Aldo R. Boccaccini University of ErlangenNuremberg, Germany Richardson The American Ceramic Society wwwwg Kathleen A. Richardson University of Central Florida ACers Manufacturing Division chair William Carty (Alfred University) hosted a lunch meeting for current, new, and prospective Division members on April 28 during Ceramics Expo 2016, in Cleveland, Ohio. The Division also held several business meetings during Ceramics Expo. Boccaccini Wai-Yim Ching University of Missouri Ching Halloran John W. Halloran University of Michigan Shimamura Troczynski Kiyoshi Shimamura NIMS, Japan Tom Troczynski University of British Columbia, Canada Additionally, the Academy awarded two ACerS members with the International Ceramics Prize 2016: Peter Greil, University of ErlangenNuernberg, Germany; and Kenji Uchino, Pennsylvania State University. Names in the news Randall L. Johnson named president of Vanderbilt Holding Company Inc. Randall L. Johnson, ACerS Fellow, past vice president of ACerS, and current vice chairman of the Industrial Minerals Association-North America in Washington, D.C., was promoted to president of R.T. Vanderbilt Holding Company Inc. The company, headquartered in Norwalk, Conn., manufactures and distributes industrial minerals and chemicals with five operating subsidiaries. Carol Jantzen receives honor for excellence in scientific research ACerS past president Carol Jantzen received the 2016 South Carolina Governor\'s Award for Excellence in Scientific Research on April 29 in www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Columbia, S.C., presented by South Carolina Lieutenant Governor Henry McMaster. Jantzen is a member of the American Standards & Testing Materials organization, contributing to standards used around the world for the nuclear industry and high-level waste geologic repositories. ACerS Coporate Members: Join ACers Divisions for free ACerS Corporate Members may join unlimited ACerS divisions at no extra charge. Divisions include Art, Archaeology, and Conservation Science; Basic Science; Cements; Electronics; Engineering Ceramics; Glass and Optical Materials; Manufacturing; Nuclear and Environmental Technology; Refractory Ceramics; and Structural Clay Products. To learn more, visit ceramics.org/divisions or contact Kevin Thompson, ACerS director of membership, at kthompson@ ceramics.org. ACers Michigan/NW Ohio Section honors David Pye The Michigan/NW Ohio Section awarded its Toledo Glass and Ceramics Award to David Pye (left), dean emeritus of Alfred University College of Ceramics at a dinner at the Heather Downs Country Club in Toledo, Ohio, on April 14. Bill Walker (right), section president, performs the honor. ACers Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition Start working on those entries for the 2016 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by the ACerS Basic Science Division, to be held at MS&T16 in MS&T16 registration for ACerS Distinguished Life, October in Salt Lake City, Utah. This annual poster exhibit Senior, and Emeritus members ACerS offers complimentary MS&T16 registration for Distinguished Life Members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are only available through ACerS and not offered on the MS&T registration site. Registration forms are available at ceramics.org/meetings/118thannual-meeting-combined-with-mst16 and should be submitted by August 1 to Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. Banquet tickets may be purchased at time of registration. Students and outreach Graduation gift from ACerS! ACerS offers one year of Associate Membership at no charge to recent graduates. To receive the benefits of membership in the world\'s premier membership organization for ceramics and glass professionals, visit ceramics.org/associate. Survive and thrive in science: Learn how at lunch and lecture at HTCMC 9, GFMAT 2016 Attention students, post-docs, and young professionals: You are invited to register for the 9th International Conference on High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites and Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development, June 26-July 1, in Toronto, Canada. A lecture titled \"Survival skills for scientists” will be presented by Federico Rosei, June 28, from noon-1:15 p.m. The lecture is targeted to students and young professionals and is sponsored by SaintGobain and the ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network. For more information, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ ceramics.org. promotes use of microscopy and microanalysis tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. For more information, visit ceramics.org/?awards=ceramographic-competition-and-roland-b-snow-award. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR-- 50 years of service and reliability 50 1964-2014 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight Students and outreach (continued) Student contests at MS&T16 The following Material Advantage student contests will be held at MS&T this year in Salt Lake City, Utah: • Undergraduate Student Poster Contest • Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest • Graduate Student Poster Contest • Ceramic Mug Drop Contest • Ceramic Disc Golf Contest For more information on any of the contests or student activities at MS&T, visit matscitech.org/students, or contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. ACerS members save more. For members-only discounts, including savings of up to 34% on shipping, join now at ceramics.org. CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION CGIF participates in largest celebration of science and engineering in US The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) staff participated in the 2016 USA Science and Engineering Festival in Washington, D.C., April 15-17. The festival was an exciting opportunity for STEM teachers, students, and families to visit the CGIF exhibit to learn about ceramic and glass science through fun, interactive demonstrations. Approximately 365,000 people participated in the event. The festival takes place every two years and is a collaboration of more than 1,000 of the nation\'s leading science and engineering organizations. The CGIF was in good company at the event. Participating organizations, including Allied Festival attendees got up close and personal with hands-on science experiments at The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation booth. Mineral Products, Savannah River National Laboratory, and Superior Technical Ceramics, agreed that the experience was worthwhile. ceramics are ever ceramics mprove lives Pictured left to right: David Shahin and Michael Van Order, University of Maryland-College Park; Victoria Blair, Army Research Laboratory. Marissa Reigel from Savannah River says that collaboration with the CGIF at the festival \"was an excellent avenue to engage people about STEM and the possibilities of materials science and engineering.\" Those same sentiments were shared by Matthew J. Lambert, senior research and development engineer at Allied Mineral Products. \"The festival, as whole, was a huge success in promoting STEM as a field of study and career choice for those young people who will someday be the new generation,\" Lambert says. Several ACerS student member volunteers assisted with the exhibit\'s science demonstrations. David Shahin, a graduate research assistant in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of MarylandCollege Park, says that \"being able to see the excitement and use it to share the knowledge and joy of what we do as ceramists was really awesome. Who knows, our demonstrations may have inspired someone to become a future materials engineer-that\'s a really exciting prospect that makes volunteering totally worth it.\' Cindy Bernier, senior project manager, engineering and innovation at Superior Technical Ceramics, sums up the thoughts of many at the event. \"In our growing world of enhanced technologies, sparking the interest of children at an early age to promote their quest for STEMbased careers is not only crucial, but necessary to ensure that our great nation continues to thrive and excel,\" Bernier says. For more information about how you can get involved with the CGIF, contact Marcus Fish, CGIF development director, at 614-794-5863. 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Awards and deadlines ACerS 2016 Society awards winners announced The 2016 Society award winners have been determined and the list of awardees is available at ceramics.org/awards. Biographies and photos of the 2016 winners will be posted over the next few months and featured in the September 2016 issue of the ACerS Bulletin. The awards will be presented October 24 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at MS&T16 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Upcoming Award Deadlines July 1, 2016 Engineering Ceramics Division\'s James I. Mueller Award This award recognizes individuals who have given long-term service to ECD and whose work in the area of engineering ceramics has resulted in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The awardee receives a memorial plaque, certificate, and honorarium of $1,000. Contact Soshu Kirihara at kirihara@jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp with questions. Engineering Ceramics Division\'s Bridge Building Award This award recognizes individuals outside of the United States who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and honorarium of $1,000. Contact Andrew Gyekenyesi at Andrew.L.Gyekenyesi@nasa.gov with questions. Engineering Ceramics Division\'s Global Young Investigator Award This award recognizes an outstanding scientist who is conducting research in academia, in industry, or at a governmentfunded laboratory. Candidates must be ACerS members and must be 35 years of age or younger. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and honorarium of $1,000. Contact Jingyang Wang at jywang@imr.ac.cn with questions. Nominations for these ECD awards are due July 1. Additional information can be found at ceramics.org/awards. September 1, 2016 old ACerS 2017 Class of Fellows Nominees must be at least 35 years and have been members of the Society for at least the past five years continuously. The nominee must be sponsored by seven ACerS members. Scanned and faxed signature forms are permitted in lieu of original mailed signature forms. Previously submitted nominations may be updated, as long as they do not exceed length limitations. Nominations are due by September 1. Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at ceramics.org/awards, or by contacting Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. We teach. You learn. Increase your materials know-how with ACers. Use our exclusive learning series to expand your knowledge base, brush up on a favorite topic, or increase your practical skills. DVD courses Bioceramics: Advances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare Sintering of Ceramics Surface Chemistry and Characterization of Bioactive Glasses Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety ACerS-GMIC\'s Glass Melting Furnaces and Air Emissions Issues in Glass Melting Furnaces American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division secretary nominations due August 15 The ECD Nominating Committee invites nominations for the incoming division secretary candidate for 2016-2017, to be presented for approval at the ECD Annual Business meeting at MS&T16 and to go on the ACerS annual division officer ballot in spring 2017. Nominations and a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications should be submitted by August 15 to Junichi Tatami, Yokohama National University, Japan, Chair-ECD Nominating Committee, (tatami@ynu.ac.jp); HuaTay Lin, Guangdong University of Technology, China (huataylin@comcast. net); or Vojislav V. Mitic, University of NIS, Serbia (vmitic.d2480@gmail.com). For more information, visit ceramics. org/divisions. Onsite short courses Instabilities in Glass Nucleation, Growth and Crystallization in Glasses-Fundamentals and Applications ceramics.org/learning Online tools ⚫ ACerS-NIST Phase Equili Diagrams database ACerS Bulletin archive Technical Publications fro ACers - Wiley The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 11 12 bulletin fir ceramics in energy This article first appears exclusively in the Bulletin, and can later be found online on Ceramic Tech Today. Researchers flip a \'chemical switch\' to improve regard to scalability-perovskites are known for lacking thermal stability. As the Brown University release perovskite\'s thermal stability explains, most of the perovskite solar A team led by Brown University (Providence, R.I.) researchers was awarded $4 million last summer by the National Science Foundation to study the potential of perovskite solar cells. \"Perovskites have great promise for use in a variety of highly efficient, low-cost solar cells,\" ACerS member Nitin Padture, professor in the School of Engineering and director of Brown\'s Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, said last year about the research. \"We want to understand better the basic science behind these solar cells, look for ways to develop new technologies based on that understanding, and investigate scalable production methods that could one day bring perovskite solar cells to market.\" Almost eight months later, Padture and his team-in collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Chinese Academy of Sciences\' Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology—are getting closer to making perovskite solar cells a mass-market reality. \"We\'ve demonstrated a new procedure for making solar cells that can be more stable at moderate temperatures than the perovskite solar cells that most people are making currently,\" Padture says in a Brown University news release about his team\'s latest research. \"The technique is simple and has the potential to be scaled up, which overcomes a real bottleneck in perovskite research at the moment.\' \" Perovskites have the advantage because they are potentially much cheaper to produce than their silicon rivals and can be made partially transparent for use in windows and skylights for power generation. However, the materials face a major hurdle in cells produced today are made with of a type of perovskite called methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3). But MAPbI, tends to degrade, even at moderate temperatures. \"Solar cells need to operate at temperatures up to 85°C,\" Yuanyuan Zhou, a graduate student at Brown who led the new research, says in the release. \"MAPbI3 degrades quite easily at those temperatures.\" As an alternative, there has been growing interest in solar cells that use a type of perovskite called formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3), because it is more thermally stable than MAPbI3, the release explains. But FAPbI, perovskites present their own challenges. They are harder to make than MAPbI3, even at laboratory scale, Padture says, let alone making them large enough for commercial applications. Part of the problem is that formamidinium has a molecular shape different from methylammonium. Therefore, as FAPbI, crystals grow, they often lose the perovskite structure that is critical to absorbing light efficiently, the release explains. With this in mind, the team made high-quality MAPbI3 thin films using gas-based techniques it had developed over the past year to make perovskites. Then the team exposed those MAPbI, thin films to formamidine gas at 150°C. The result? The material instantly converted from MAPbI3 to FAPbI¸ while maintaining the crucial microstructure and morphology of the original thin film needed for efficient light absorption. \"It\'s like flipping a switch,\" Padture says. \"The gas pulls out the methylammonium from the crystal structure and stuffs in the formamidinium, and it does so without BROWN Credit: Padture Lab; Brown University An international team of researchers has shown a way of flipping a chemical switch that converts one type of perovskite into another: a type that has better thermal stability and is a better light absorber. changing the morphology. We\'re taking advantage of a lot of experience in making excellent quality MAPbI₂ thin films and simply converting them to FAPbI, thin films while maintaining that excellent quality.\" Laboratory-scale perovskite solar cells made using this new method showed efficiency of around 18%-rather close to the 20%-25% achieved by silicon solar cells, the researchers found. This ability to switch from MAPbI₂ to FAPbI, marks another potentially useful step toward scaling up perovskite solar cell technology, the researchers say. \"The simplicity and the potential scalability of this method was inspired by our previous work on gas-based processing of MAPbI, thin films, and now we can make high-efficiency FAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells that can be thermally more stable,\" Zhou adds. \"That\'s important for bringing perovskite solar cells to the market.\" The research, published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, is \"Exceptional morphologypreserving evolution of formamidinium lead triiodide perovskite thin films via organic-cation displacement\" (DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02787). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Credit: Gurpreet Singh Glassy ceramic material makes paperlike electrodes for better lithium-ion batteries Battery research is rich. Every day it seems a new material emerges that promises to extend battery life and performance. Many of these studies focus on graphene or silicon as the material of choice to make high-capacity electrodes for rechargeable batteries. But so many of these advances never make it beyond the lab-why? \"A large majority of these results come from experiments performed on small geometry or thin electrodes prepared under special conditions with low mass loading of silicon,\" explains Gurpreet Singh, associate professor of mechanical and nuclear engineering at Kansas State University (Manhattan, Kan.). “Not surprisingly, efforts to incorporate these materials into practical batteries that require large-area electrodes have been unsuccessful because Si CO Li SiOC Particles CMG Structure of the composite paper electrode, with silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) embedded in chemically modified graphene (CMG) sheets. Zoomed-in schematic (left) shows amorphous nanodomain structure of SiOC. Microvoids, silicon and carbon dangling bonds, and disordered carbon phase are preferred sites for reversible lithium-ion adsorption. of challenges that arise at high mass loadings—namely, low capacity per volume, poor cycling efficiency, and chemicalmechanical instability.\" Singh and his research team are exploring new material combinations and electrode designs that will afford batteries with high capacity, efficiency, and stability as well as high mass loading. The researchers report their latest findings in a new article in Nature Communications. \"We have manufactured a \'self-supporting\' and \'ready-togo\' electrode that consists of a glassy ceramic-silicon oxycarbide-sandwiched between large platelets of chemically modified graphene,\" Singh says. \"The electrode has high capacity-about 600 mA·h/g or 400 mA.h/cm³. Silicon oxycarbide particles give the electrode its capacity, and ~20% chemically modified graphene platelet content gives the electrode a paperlike design.\" Because most battery electrodes presently incorporate a metal foil support and polymeric glue-which do not contribute to battery capacity-eliminating those components with the new paperlike electrode saves ~10% of the battery cell\'s weight, Singh says. \"The result is a lightweight electrode capable of storing lithium ions and electrons with near-100% cycling efficiency for more than 1,000 charge-discharge cycles. But the most important aspect is that the material is able to demonstrate such performance at practical mass loadings.\" An added bonus to the new paperlike battery electrode is that it affords batteries with superior performance even at low temperatures. According to Singh, the team\'s cell has a capacity of 200 mAh/g even after storage at -15°C for more than a month, \"which is quite remarkable considering that most batteries fail to perform at such low temperatures,\" he says. The material the researchers used for these novel electrodes is quite special itself. Silicon oxycarbide is prepared from a liquid resin byproduct of the silicone industry, so the raw materials are low cost. Plus, silicon oxycarbide is a some本 Deltech Furnaces We Build The Furnace To Fit Your Need A Standard or Custom www.deltechfurnaces.com 303-433-5939 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 13 ceramics in energy what known material—it previously has been studied for its high-temperature oxidation resistance and applications in thermal and environmental barrier coatings and ceramic-matrix composites. To make the silicon oxycarbide electrodes, researchers heat liquid resin until it decomposes and transforms into sharp glasslike particles. \"The constituent silicon, carbon, and oxygen atoms get rearranged into a random 3-D structure, and any excess carbon precipitates out into cellular regions,\" Singh says. \"Such an open 3-D structure renders large sites for reversible lithium storage and smooth channels for lithium-ion transportation.\" The paper, published in Nature Communications, is \"Silicon oxycarbide glass-graphene composite paper electrode for long-cycle lithium-ion batteries\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms 10998). Will transparent wood replace glass in solar cells and windows? Researchers at Stockholm\'s KTH Royal Institute of Technology have developed a new transparent wood material that can be used for large-scale solar cell production, according to a KTH news release. Lars Berglund, professor at Wallenberg Wood Science Center at KTH, explains in the release that although optically transparent wood has been developed for microscopic samples in the study of wood anatomy, the KTH project introduces a way to scale up the material for use in solar cells. \"Transparent wood is a good material for solar cells, because it\'s a lowcost, readily available, and renewable resource,\" Berglund says in the release. \"This becomes particularly important in covering large surfaces with solar cells.\" The optically transparent wood is a type of wood veneer in which the lignin, a component of the cell walls, is removed chemically, the release explains. KTH VETENSKAP OCH KONST The transparent wood is made by removing lignin in the wood veneer. \"When the lignin is removed, the wood becomes beautifully white. But, because wood isn\'t naturally transparent, we achieve that effect with some nanoscale tailoring,\" Berglund says. \"The white porous veneer substrate is impregnated with a transparent polymer, and the optical properties of the two are then matched.\" Berglund and his team are focusing on enhancing the transparency of the material and scaling up the manufacturing process. As far as bio-based, renewable materials go, wood is by far the most-used material in construction, Berglund explains. But it offers more than renewability. Wood has \"excellent mechanical properties, including strength, toughness, low density, and low thermal conductivity,\" he adds. Because of wood\'s strength, toughness, and renewability, other scientists already have made biodegradable computer chips almost entirely out of wood. To help reduce the environmental burden of electronic devices in landfills, a team of University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers colCredit: Peter Larsson; KTH Royal Institute of Technology laborated with researchers in the Madison-based U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) to create a semiconductor chip made of a woodlike material called cellulose nanofibril (CNF)-a flexible, biodegradable material made from wood. \"Now the chips are so safe you can put them in the forest and fungus will degrade them. They become as safe as fertilizer,\" says lead researcher and UW-Madison electrical and computer engineering professor Zhenqiang \"Jack\" Ma in a university news release. The KTH Royal Institute of Technology research, published in Biomacromolecules, is “Optically transparent wood from a nanoporous cellulosic template: Combining functional and structural performance” (DOI: 10.1021/ acs.biomac.6b00145). The UW-Madison research, published in Nature Communications, is \"High-performance green flexible electronics based on biodegradable cellulose nanofibril paper\" (DOI: 10.1038/ ncomms8170). 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 ceramics in the environment Defects key to \'greener\' concrete manufacturing practices Researchers at Rice University in Houston, Texas, are bringing the concept of \'greener\' concrete production down to earth with the goal of reducing the impact that concrete manufacturing has on our blue planet. Rouzbeh Shahsavari, theoretical physicist at Rice, and his team are taking an atomic-level look at the details of how concrete is produced. The lab recently published the results of computer modeling studies that reveal how dislocations-or screwlike defects-in raw crystals used for concrete affect manufacturing efficiency, according to a Rice news release. Shahsavari and his team found that tricalcium silicates (C3Ss) that consist of pure rhombohedral crystals are better than others for producing \"clinkers\"-round lumps of C3S that, when ground into a powder, mix with water to make cement, the glue that holds gravelly concrete together. When a clinker is easy to grind, manufacturers do not need to work as hard, the release explains. And when it comes to clinkers, hotter is better. Last year, the Shahsavari lab reported that hot clinkers are easier to grind. At the time, the team also looked at the detrimental effects of screw dislocations on how well the resulting powder mixes with water. \"This time, the lab built computer models of the molecular structures that make up several commonly used types of C3S to see which were prone to be more brittle, despite the inevitable dislocations that twist the crystals into unpredictable formations,\" the release explains. The scientists found that the more brittle the C3S, the better it was for more efficient grinding. But the team also wanted to better understand how defects in the microscopic crystals influence the powder\'s ability to react with water. Through the study, the scientists found that rhombohedralscrystals with edges that are all the same length-are more reactive to water than the two monoclinic clinkers they studied, which do not have edges that are consistent in length. \"Understanding and quantifying the structure, energetics, and effect of defects on mechanics and reactivity of cement crystals is a fundamental and engineering challenge,” Shahsavari says in the release. \"This work is the first study that puts an atomistic lens on the key characteristics of screw dislocations, a common line defect in C3S, which is the main ingredient of Portland cement.\" Energy-efficient methods for producing concrete are important, says Shahsavari, because annual worldwide production of more than 20 billion tons of concrete contributes 5%-10% of carbon dioxide to global emissions-third in line behind transportation and energy generation. Shahsavari says this study also could lead to further investigation of other defects, such as edge dislocations, brittle-to-ductile transitions, and twinning deformations in cement, which could help lower the energy consumption currently needed for global concrete production. The research, published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, is \"Structure, energetics, and impact of screw dislocations in tricalcium silicates\" (DOI: 10.1111/jace.14255). ŵ WINNER TECHNOLOGY in KOREA Choose among the MoS 2 Heating Elements!! 1700°C, 1800°C, and 1900°C from Korean-made. Credit: Lei Tao/Rice University Winner-Super 1900 For R&D High Temperature Sintering For Dental Sintering Furnace For Stable and Longer Life A computer model shows tricalcium silicate with a defect known as a screw dislocation, which influences the brittle properties of the crystal structure. The atoms on the periphery are faded because they are little affected by the dislocation core at the center of the disk. CR KR WINNER TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD TE L: +82-31-683-1867-9 FA X +82-31-683-1870 Email: info@winnertechnology.co.kr Homepage: www.winnertechnology.co.kr Address: # 581-17, Geumgok-ri, Anjung-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 15 ceramics in the environment New method for large-scale silica production gives agricultural waste a purpose Silica is a hot commodity-hundreds of thousands of tons of silica are produced every year, and it is used in everything from paint to electronics to toothpaste to tires. But current silica production methods are not the most energy efficient or cost effective. A team of researchers at the University of Michigan has pioneered a new approach to mass produce silica. Earlier this year, ACerS member Richard Laine, a professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich.), published research that pioneers a new approach to silica mass production-one that uses much less energy and can be generated from otherwise wasted agricultural materials. \"I\'ll be honest, the answer\'s been staring us in the face for 15 years and we missed it. I\'m really excited that it finally occurred to us and not somebody else,\" Laine says in a recent video produced by University of Michigan\'s engineering department. The current method to mass produce silica is built on the process of silicon metal, Laine explains in the video, which is done by taking silica and carbon and treating them in an electric arc furnace at 3,000°F-a very expensive process that also produces a lot of carbon dioxide. The new technique developed by Laine and his team involves dissolving silica in antifreeze with a bit of recyclable base and then replacing the antifreeze with ethanol to distill the silica down to 99.99999% purity. And with this method, silica can be purified from agricultural waste-like silica-rich rice ash-which would otherwise just be dumped in landfills, says Laine. Laine and his team say the new process could eliminate millions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions every year, and it\'s 90% less expensive than the current method. Check out the video for more of the interview with Laine and the clean, green, cost-effective road to silica production at bit.ly/1Okon2n. From waste to resource-3-D printing carbon emissions into alternative concrete An interdisciplinary team of researchers at the University of California Los Angeles has devised a proof-of-concept that shows it is possible to capture carbon dioxide emissions and convert them into a concrete alternative that can be 3-D printed-a material the researchers are calling CO2NCRETE. Although other researchers also have devised innovative ways to capture carbon emissions, the UCLA team wants to go one Credit: Michigan Engineering; YouTube step further. The blue-sky idea encompasses an entire process for dealing with carbon emissions-a solution that goes from smokestack to usable alternative building material. \"We hope to not only capture more gas, but we\'re going to take that gas and, instead of storing it, which is the current approach, we\'re going to try to use it to create a new kind of building material that will replace cement,\" professor of public policy J.R. DeShazo says in a UCLA press release. In addition to the benefit of upcycling carbon dioxide into a new material, the process also could reduce the need for concrete-which in itself is a large contributor to carbon emissions. The team has developed the idea in the lab, so the next step is perhaps the most challenging one-scale-up toward commercial viability. \"We have proof of concept that we can do this,\" DeShazo says in the release. \"But we need to begin the process of increasing the volume of material and then think about how to pilot it commercially. It\'s one thing to prove these technologies in the laboratory. It\'s another to take them out into the field and see how they work under real-world conditions.\" Watch the video at vimeo.com/ uclaluskin/carbon to hear more about this blue-sky project from the UCLA researchers themselves. J.R. DeShazo, left, director of the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation, and Gaurav Sant, associate professor in civil and environmental engineering, hold a sample of the new building material they have created to replace concrete. 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Credit: Roberto Gudino; UCLA Study uncovers potential hidden impact of oxide nanoparticles on Earth microbiome Our desire for all the latest devices creates an incredible mound of electronic waste. Estimates suggest that mound will weigh as much as 200 Empire State Buildings by 2017. But the problem is more than the obvious environmental impact of this pollution or the waste of material resources. According to a new study by researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Minnesota (Minneapolis), discarded batteries may have severe untold consequences. Their study of lithium battery catalyst nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) shows that nanoparticles of the material can harm important bacteria that reside in the soil. Nanoparticles of the catalyst are emerging as a prominent component of the next generation of lithium batteries, partially because the material is so economical. According to a University of Wisconsin-Madison news release about the research, NMC has two key points going for it. Nickel and cobalt are very inexpensive materials, and yet the nanoparticles work more efficiently in battery cathodes than conventional battery materials—the combination of which puts NMC in a strong position to win over other possible battery materials. And similarly, the bacteria the researchers studied are not just any soil bacteria-they play a critical role in breaking down metal ions into nutrients. In other words, they are the very microbes that could remediate the mounding e-waste situation. Those bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis, are hardy and ubiquitous in the environment worldwide. Impressively, the bacteria are able to extract energy from the breakdown of metal ions, converting those substances into nutrients that other organisms can consume. But when exposed to NMC nanoparticles, S. oneidensis lose their metal-breakdown ability. The oxide inhibits the bacteria\'s growth and respiration, an indicator that the material is not friendly to the remediating microbes, according to the University of Wisconsin-Madison news release. However, this research is preliminary-meaning that this is the first indication of a potential problem. More research and further characterization of precisely how the nanoparticles affect S. oneidensis is needed, but it could be an early indication of a huge untold impact of these materials. Until we understand more about how these and other materials impact the world around us, the safest course of action is to attempt to make sure these materials do not end up in landfills, the researchers say. \"There is a really good national infrastructure for recycling lead batteries,\" lead researcher Robert Hamers says in the release. \"However, as we move toward these cheaper materials there is no longer a strong economic force for recycling. But even if the economic drivers are such that you can use these new engineered materials, the idea is to keep them out of the landShewanella oneidensis converts metal ions to metals, such as iron, that serve as nutrients for other microbes. fills. There is going to be 75 to 80 pounds of these mixed metal oxides in the cathodes of an electric vehicle.\" The research, published in Chemistry of Materials, is \"Impact of nanoscale lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) on the bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1\" (DOI: 10.1021/acs. chemmater.5b04505). TA Instruments Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization • . DSC/TGA • Dilatometry • Rheology Calorimetry High Temp •Thermal Conductivity & Viscometry Thermal Diffusivity Featuring our new line of vertical dilatometers with furnace options up to 2300°C www.tainstruments.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 17 VERSION 4.1 PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMIC SYSTEMS 1,656 NEW diagrams! 778 NEW Reduce research time and avoid costly experimentation with ACerS-NIST criticallyevaluated phase diagrams for ceramic systems. ORDER NOW Single User License: $950 Multi User Licence: $1,625 ORDER TODAY ceramics.org/phase | 866-721-3322 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org entries! NIST 240-646-7054 Oresearch briefs Credit: North Carolina State University Could composite metal foams give ceramic materials a run for their money? North Carolina State University (Raleigh, N.C.) professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering Afsaneh Rabiei has spent several years studying composite metal foams to better understand their properties and potential applications. Composite metal foams consist of hollow spheres encased within a metallic matrix. So, the materials contain lots of little air pockets. Rabiei\'s work shows that this structure makes the metal foams \"very effective at shielding X-rays, gamma-rays, and neutron radiation” and able to “handle fire and heat twice as well as the plain metals they are made of,” according to a NC State news story. But the most visual demonstration of the awe of composite metal foams may come from a video available at youtu.be/ IWmFu-_54fl. The foam completely and utterly destroyed a bullet, even though the test was conducted using an armor-piercing bullet. To be specific, it was a 7.62-mm × 63-mm M2 armor-piercing projectile fired per standard testing protocol by the National Institute of Justice. Read: the real deal. When it comes to stopping bullets, ceramic materials are usually the gold standard for armor applications. But, the visual demonstration in the video shows pretty clearly that other materials can be just as effective. \"We could stop the bullet at a total thickness of less than an inch, while the indentation on the back was less than 8 millimeters,\" Rabiei says in the NC State story. \"To put that in context, the NIJ standard allows up to 44 millimeters indentation in the back of an armor.\" The team published its ballistics research in Composite Structures in 2015. But, according to the paper, the researchers tested composite metal foams in addition to-rather than as a replacement for-ceramics. They developed an armor system with a boron carbide ceramic strike face with a composite metal foam energy absorber interlayer, all backed by a Kevlar or aluminum 7075 backplate. Afsaneh Rabiei examines a sample of composite metal foam. Ballistics tests with those composite armor systems showed that the metal foams can absorb 60%-70% of the armor-piercing bullet\'s total kinetic energy. That means that these air-filled metallic materials have the potential to offer significant weight savings and increased protection ability to existing ballistic armor systems. And beyond armor, the foams also have potential applications that extend into space exploration, nuclear waste shielding, and much more. MIX THE IMPOSSIBLE TURBULAⓇ SHAKER-MIXER Research News Oxide interface increases life of solar-powered electrons Scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Richland, Wash.), Argonne National Laboratory (Lemont, III.), SuperSTEM (Warrington, U.K.), and the University of Oxford (Oxford, U.K.) have demonstrated a material that combines two oxides on the atomic scale. The interface between the oxide materials, one containing strontium and titanium and one containing lanthanum and chromium, absorbs visible light, producing electrons and holes. By synthesizing this material as a series of alternating layers, the team created a built-in electric field that could help separate the excited electrons and holes and improve the material\'s performance as a catalyst. For homogeneous mixing of powdered materials of varying densities, particle sizes & concentrations. Km Glen Mills® Call: 973-777-0777 220 Delawanna Ave, Clifton, NJ 07014 Fax: 973-777-0070 www.glenmills.com staff@glenmills.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 19 research briefs Lasers control single-crystal formation in chalcogenide glasses A Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.) team-led by ACerS member Himanshu Jain and including ACerS member Volkmar Dierolf, along with coauthors Dmytro Savytskii and Brian Knorr-has devised a new fabrication method that could extend the reach of single crystals by eliminating the need for melting. \"Many promising materials could unleash their full potential if they were available in a single-crystal form,” the authors write in their new Scientific Reports paper. And they want to unleash the full potential of an interesting class of promising materials— chalcogenide glasses. In particular, the team grew antimony trisulfide (Sb,S,) single crystals in antimony-sulfur-iodine (Sb-S-I) glasses. Antimony trisulfide has ferroelectric properties and a full range of potential applications in solar cells, microwave devices, switching sensors, and thermoelectric and optoelectronic devices, the authors write in the paper. So how did they do it? Instead of melting the entire material, the scientists instead used a laser to heat up a small, controlled area of the chalcogenide glass to its crystallization temperature. The method keeps the material below its melting temperature, causing it to transform directly from the solid state to a crystal structure, with no Research News intermediate gas or liquid stage. By heating instead of cooling toward crystal formation, the team is able to more closely control crystallizationapplying just enough heat organizes a single crystal instead of multiple crystals. \"Once we make the single-crystal line, we backtrack to get additional parallel single-crystal lines and eventually a singlecrystal-layer surface on LEHIGH b Scanning electron micrograph (top) and corresponding image quality map (bottom) demonstrate the ability to fabricate patterned single-crystal architecture on a glass surface. In the image below, green represents a single crystal embedded in the blue glass background. Line width is ~5 µm. top of the glass,\" Jain says in a Lehigh press release. \"We can stitch these lines to convert the entire glass surface into a single crystal.\" The trick is to grow the crystals small and fast-using the laser to heat only a small portion of the material, and quickly grow the crystallization nucleus into a single crystal by moving the laser just fast enough to stay ahead of the crystal-forming front. That rate prevents formation of additional crystals, resulting in growth of a single crystal within the glass. But getting the process rate just right was not as simple as it sounds-Jain says the scientists found that there was an optimal speed for the laser to form a single crystal. Although normally going slower affords more control, the Lehigh scienPerovskite materials can recycle light to boost solar efficiency Scientists at St. John\'s College at the University of Cambridge (Cambridge, U.K.) have discovered that a highly promising group of materials known as hybrid lead halide perovskites can recycle light-a finding that they believe could lead to large gains in the efficiency of solar cells. The research shows that perovskite cells have the extra ability to re-absorb these regenerated photons-a process known as \"photon recycling.\" This creates a concentration effect inside the cell, as if a lens has been used to focus lots of light in a single spot. According to the researchers, this ability to recycle photons could be exploited with relative ease to create cells capable of pushing the limits of energy efficiency in solar panels. tists found that going too slow had a surprising result. \"Below a critical scanning rate, multiple grains grew simultaneously,” Jain says. “Speeding up the scanning rate prevented this unwanted situation, but at very high scanning rate, of course, no crystals formed.\" In addition to the large potential this new single-crystal fabrication method affords to a variety of materials, it is scalable. \"There is really no significant barrier for large-scale fabrication,” Jain says. \"The important consideration is to maintain good control of the laser system and glass translation stage.\" The open-access paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"Demonstration of single-crystal growth via solid-solid transformation of a glass\" (DOI: 10.1038/ srep23324). Pumping up energy storage with metal oxides Material scientists at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, Calif.) have found certain metal oxides increase capacity and improve cycling performance in lithium-ion batteries. The team synthesized and compared electrochemical performance of three graphene-metal oxide nanocomposites and found that two of them greatly improved reversible lithium storage capacity. The team dipped prefabricated graphene aerogel electrodes in metal-ion solutions. The method can deposit most types of metal oxides onto the same prefabricated 3-D graphene structure, allowing for direct comparison of electrochemical performance of a wide range of graphene-metal oxide nanocomposites. Credit: Dmytro Savytskii 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 2-D materials inch closer to unseating silicon\'s semiconductor reign Are silicon\'s days on top of the semiconductor world numbered? expeOther materials certainly are vying for their place in the spotlight. Although the global semiconductor market is riencing a slight decline of late, overall market annual spending remains in the $60 billion range. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, Tenn.) scientists now report on a new processing technique that could help bring 2-D electronic devices to the forefront, establishing a \"path to replace silicon as the choice for semiconductors in some applications,\" according to an ORNL press release. \"Everyone is looking for the next material-the thing that will replace silicon for transistors,\" Alex Belianinov, lead author of the new research, says in the release. \"2-D devices stand out as having low power consumption and being easier and less expensive to fabricate without requiring harsh chemicals that are potentially harmful to the environment.\" 2-D devices are so attractive because they offer promise of low power, high efficiency, and mechanical flexibility, all of which could mean better devices that use less power. So what is the new secret to 2-D? Using an atomic sandblaster, the ORNL scientists tailored the properties of the bulk ferroelectric material copper indium thiophosphate. \"Our method opens pathways to direct-write and edit circuitry on 2-D material without the complicated current state-ofthe-art multistep lithographic processes,\" lead researcher Olga Ovchinnikova says in the release. The so-called sandblaster is a helium-ion microscope, which usually is 2-D materials hold a lot of promise for the next generation of electronic devices. used to cut and shape materials. Instead, the researchers used it to \"control ferroelectric domain distribution, enhance conductivity, and grow nanostructures,\" according to the release. The paper, published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, is \"Polarization control via He-ion beam induced nanofabrication in layered ferroelectric semiconductors\" (DOI: 10.1021/ acsami.5b12056). Rice University (Houston, Texas) researchers also believe in 2-D materials, although they are betting on the theoretical potential of flat boron. Their work shows that 2-D boron is a natural low-temperature superconductor and may be the sole 2-D material that can claim such fame. \"It\'s well-known that the material is pretty light because the atomic mass is small,\" research scientists and first author Evgeni Penev say in a Rice press release. \"If it\'s metallic, too, these are two major prerequisites for superconductivity. That means, at low temperatures, electrons can pair up in a kind of dance in the crystal.\" That paper, published in Nano Letters, is \"Can two-dimensional boron superconduct?\" (DOI: 10.1021/acs. nanolett.6b00070). Self-aligning method traps tapered glass inside optical fiber Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (Erlangen, Germany) have demonstrated that laser light can be used to manipulate a glass optical fiber tapered to a small sharp point, in the middle of an optical fiber with a hollow core. Optical forces cause the sharp point, or \"nanospike,\" to self-align at the center of the hollow core, trapping it more and more strongly at the core center as the laser power increases. The researchers report that almost 90% of the laser light was transferred from the nanospike to the hollow-core fiber. The work could increase applications for hollowcore fibers, which are especially good at handling high-power lasers. In addition, the new system offers an entirely new way to study optomechanics. For more information, visit osa.org. Making electronics safer with perovskites Scientists from Hokkaido University (Sapporo, Japan) and the multinational electronics company TDK Corp. (Tokyo, Japan) have developed a method to improve the insulating properties of the oxynitride perovskite SrTaON for potential use as a ceramic capacitor. The researchers sintered the perovskite powder at 1,450°C for 3 h, then annealed the material by heating it under flowing ammonia at 950°C for 12 h and allowing it to slowly cool. They found that the surface of the material-but not its interior-after this process displayed ferroelectricity. This is the first time that a ferroelectric response has been observed in an oxynitride perovskite ceramic. For more information, visit oia.hokudai.ac.jp. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 21 Nance; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 bulletin | cover story Ceramic-matrix composites enable revolutionary gains in turbine engine efficiency Because of renewed focus on ceramic-matrix composite research and development, prospects for successful and expanded insertion of these materials in gas turbines appear promising. By Frank W. Zok new epoch in high-temperature ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) is upon us. Following three decades of research and billions of dollars of investment, CMCs are slated to appear in hot components in gas turbine engines for civilian aircraft. 1,2 Their use is motivated by their low density, high strength and toughness, and, in some cases, higher-temperature capability relative to nickel-based superalloys. As one example, all-oxide CMCs-typically alumina fibers in porous alumina/aluminosilicate matrices-will be used in engine exhaust structures. Composites Horizons (Covina, Calif.) has begun manufacturing mixer and center body assemblies from an oxide CMC for use in engines for long-range business jets that will be going into service later this year.² Elsewhere, working with COI Ceramics (San Diego, Calif.), Boeing (Chicago, Ill.) has flight-tested an engine equipped with an oxide CMC exhaust center-body and nozzle on a 787 aircraft.³ At 2.3 m in height and 1.1 m in diameter, the center-body is the largest oxide CMC component ever made. The drivers for replacing metallic alloys with oxide CMCs in these applications include reduced weight, enhanced acoustic attenuation, and increased component lifetime.+ Much greater payoffs will come from insertion of SiC/SiC composites into the hottest parts of the engine-the combustor 22 224 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Capsule summary PAST The superior properties of ceramic-matrix composites including low density, high strength and toughness, and high-temperature capabilities— have put these materials in a position to replace superalloys in gas turbine engines in aircraft. and turbine. In comparison with corresponding properties of superalloys, SiC/SiC composites have about onethird the mass density and 100K-200K higher upper use temperatures. This enables elevated operating temperatures-and, hence, improvements in thermal efficiency-and reductions in cooling air, thereby increasing bypass air and propulsive efficiency as well as reducing NO emissions. The first large-scale use of SiC/SiC will be in high-pressure turbine shrouds of CFM LEAP engines, which will enter service in June 2016.² Similar materials will be used for inner and outer combustor liners as well as high-pressure turbine nozzles and shrouds in the GE9X engine, projected to enter service in 2020. SiC/SiC turbine blades may be introduced soon thereafter. SiC/SiC blades would produce much lower centrifugal forces and enable lighter turbine disks and bearings. Despite the optimistic outlook, significant technical challenges remain for CMCs. Challenges fall into two broad categories: • Design and optimization of composite microstructures to improve performance and durability; and • Predictive tools that realistically capture the material performance envelope. A primer on SiC/SiC processing routes Prior to introduction of a matrix, SiC fibers are coated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with BN and a protective layer of either SiC or Si3N4. The matrix then is created by one or more of four processing routes (Figure 1). The first route involves chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). Although the porosity around fibers remains open and gases can access fiber surfaces, the process yields fully dense, crystalline SiC PRESENT Although ceramic-matrix composites are beginning to appear in service in gas turbine engines this year, even greater payoffs will come from insertion of composites into the hottest parts of the engine. with high thermal conductivity and high creep resistance. Sealing of the external surfaces can be delayed through the use of low deposition rates and pressure and temperature gradients.5 However, even under the best circumstances, residual porosity is 10%-15%. Because of this porosity, the composites exhibit low through-thickness conductivity and low interlaminar strength. The second route provides infiltration of particle slurries into dry fiber preforms via immersion or pressure-assisted routes that produce green preforms with particle packing densities of 30%-60%. However, because of physical constraints imposed by the (already dense) fibers, matrix densification cannot be achieved by sintering alone. For practical implementation, this route is combined with one involving precursor-derived ceramics or melt infiltration (described below). In the third route, SiC-based matrices commonly are formed through repeated precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP). Because of the mass loss and changes in mass density that accompany pyrolysis, volumetric yields are typically 20%-30%. In one variant, fine (submicrometer) SiC particles are added to a precursor on the first cycle to increase effective yield. In practice, terminal porosity is ≥10%. Additionally, + \"PMC-like\" processing - High residual porosity - Many cycles required - Amorphous SiC + Fast FUTURE Materials challenges lie ahead, but continued improvements in SiC/SiC composites and improved understanding of the material performance envelope will help realize the full potential of ceramic-matrix composites. the heterogeneous nature of precursor decomposition leads to microstructures with coarse (~100 μm) pores in the matrix-rich inter-tow regions, drying \"mud cracks,\" and fine-scale porosity. Although open pores and cracks can be partially filled during subsequent PIP cycles, the resulting material remains friable and contributes little to matrix strength. An additional deficiency of PIP processes is that the matrices usually remain partially amorphous. Complete crystallization generally requires heat treatment at temperatures that exceed those at which most fibers are processed (e.g., 1,400°C-1,600°C). Such temperature excursions would cause significant loss in fiber strength. With amorphous matrices, composites exhibit very low through-thickness thermal conductivity. The fourth route, reactive melt infiltration (RMI), has emerged as the preferred processing route for SiC/SiC composites. In its most successful implementation, the process begins with CVD of BN/SiC coatings onto tows of SiC fibers (not woven fabric), incorporation of SiC and carbon particles and a polymer binder via wet drum winding to produce unidirectional prepreg tapes, lay-up and autoclave consolidation of the tapes in the desired geometric configuration, binder burnout, and, finally, infiltration Coated fibers Precursor impregnation & pyrolysis (PIP) Slurry infiltration (SI) + Low residual porosity Low-melting-point residuals (e.g. $) Reactive melt infiltration (RMI) Chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) + Inexpensive -Cannot densify by sintering alone + Stoichiometric crystalline SIC - Slow, expensive High residual porosity Figure 1. Pros and cons of various routes for producing SiC/SiC composites. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 23 Credit: Frank Zok Ceramic-matrix composites enable revolutionary gains in turbine engine efficiency Uniform microstructures and mesostructures • Fiber distribution ⚫ Fiber coating • Matrix composition PROPERTY GOALS High σ mc High interlaminar strength High thermal conductivity Thermochemical stability EBCs (low SiO2 activity,) CMAS-resistant) Higher temperature capability Thermochemical protection Straight, aligned fibers Low matrix porosity Crystalline matrix Stoichiometric SiC fibers Oxidation-resistant matrix mc Figure 2. Microstructural goals for achieving property improvements. Here σm is matrix crack stress, σ is ultimate tensile strength, and ε is tensile failure strain. of molten silicon. Silicon reacts with carbon to form SiC. Although in principle the mixture of matrix particles can be designed to consume all silicon in the formation of SiC, some free silicon invariably remains. Because infiltration temperatures are high (1,400°C-1,500°C), the RMI process, too, can be used only with fibers that have been processed at comparable or higher temperatures. The process is rapid and yields matrices with minimal porosity. In turn, composites exhibit high thermal conductivity in-plane and through-thickness, high interlaminar strength, and high in-plane matrix cracking stress. However, their upper use temperature is limited by the low melting point (1,400°C) and low creep resistance of silicon. The RMI process is used presently to manufacture SiC/SiC turbine shrouds. Similar processes will be used to produce other hot-engine components, including combustor liners, turbine vanes, and turbine blades. Materials challenges that lie ahead Current state-of-the-art SiC/SiC composites likely will satisfy the requirements for engine components at temperatures up to ~1,250°C. Their forthcoming use in moderately loaded components, such as shrouds, will undoubtedly yield valuable experience for engine OEMs (original equipment manufacturers). Even with this experience, the most ambitious goals-including use of CMCs in rotating components at temperatures up to 1,500°C-will require improvements in fibers, matrices, and fiber coatings. Properties that require attention and broad microstructural design goals are illustrated in Figure 2. Credit: Frank Zok The targeted microstructural changes are based on established physical and mechanical principles. For instance, matrices should have minimal porosity and consist of high-conductivity (crystalline) phases for the through-thickness composite conductivity to be high. Low porosity also leads to high in-plane and interlaminar strengths as well as improved protection of fibers from the environment. Straight fibers (such as those within laminates) are preferred over wavy fibers (those within weaves), because waviness leads to stress elevations that exacerbate matrix cracking. Fibers should be stoichiometric to achieve high-temperature stability and retain high strength after exposure at elevated temperatures. Matrices should comprise refractory phases with temperature capabilities comparable to those of the fibers. Quest for microstructural uniformity CMC performance is dictated by intrinsic properties of the constituent phases and by the degree of microstructural uniformity. For example, laminates with uniformly separated fibers invariably outperform composites with 2-D fiber weaves. Differences derive from several sources, all based fundamentally on the degree of microstructural uniformity. First, producing uniform coatings on fiber surfaces within woven fabrics is virtually impossible because of fiber-fiber contacts. Contacts prevent deposition of fiber coatings and allow fibers to sinter to one another locally during processing or in service. Even when total fiber surface area bonded to neighboring fibers appears small, the contiguity of bonded fibers can lead to highly correlated fiber fractures. Strength then is controlled largely by the very weakest fibers in the population. Second, tight packing of fibers within a woven fabric coupled with inherently poor meshing of tows between adjacent fabric layers leads to matrix pockets with widely differing sizes. Within the tows, available spaces are about 5-10 μm in size, and access to those spaces is restricted by narrow (submicrometer) gaps between neighboring fibers. In contrast, matrix pockets between adjacent layers may measure hundreds of micrometers. When the size distribution is wide and access to some spaces is restricted, uniform and complete infiltration of matrix material by any of the aforementioned routes becomes problematic. Even when access to available pockets is not severely restricted-as may be the case when a polymer precursor is infiltrated with pressure-nonuniformity of the flow front can lead to entrapment of pores. Further, anecdotal evidence suggests that precursor migration during depressurization (after infiltration) and outgassing and pyrolysis during subsequent heat treatment lead to nonuniform distributions in the resulting matrix product, including development of large pores. Microstructural nonuniformities also exacerbate challenges in RMI processing. For complete filling and conversion of molten silicon into SiC, channels for melt ingress should be of uniform size, and the sources of active species (carbon) should be uniformly distributed and readily accessible by the melt. Otherwise, if molten silicon cannot gain access to carbon, free silicon will remain upon completion of the process. Channel size also must be large enough to allow ingress of the melt without reaction products \"choking\" the flow paths, yet small enough to ensure that the desired reactions proceed to completion within a reasonable time period. Expanding the temperature envelope Strategies for elevating composite use temperature focus on improved matrices. In one strategy, researchers 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Oxidant ingress pathways Outer debond Matrix BN Si3N4 Pore-mediated solid-state diffusion 02/H₂O Fiber Molecular/Knudsen diffusion Matrix BN Si3N4 02/H₂O Inner debond Fiber Oxidation/embrittlement processes BN Si3N4 Silica H,B,O, (g) Borosilicate/ silica glass --Silica-ric glass Silica formation BN/B2O3 volatilization Continued SiC oxidation Constrained oxidation BN Si3N4 Borosilicate/ silica glass SIC Free carbon Oxidation Borosilicate/silica formation Removal of free carbon Internal oxidation subcritical cracking Figure 3. Pathways of oxidant ingress and internal reactions that lead to strength degradation and embrittlement of SiC/SiC composites with BN-fiber coatings. are pursing alternatives to pure silicon for RMI. These involve alloys of silicon and refractory elements that have low eutectic points (to enable infiltration at lower temperatures) and that form highmelting-point silicides. On another front, researchers also are pursing approaches for accelerating crystallization of precursor-derived SiC matrices. Although crystallization can be initiated at temperatures as low as 1,300°C, oxygen and excess carbon (both commonly present in precursorderived SiC) hinder completion. Full crystallization requires removal of the latter elements by suitable heat treatment. Following crystallization, further processing via RMI or CVI could be used to further densify the matrix and enhance resistance to gas ingress. The scourge of steam Steam-an inevitable byproduct of hydrocarbon combustion—is particularly problematic for SiC/SiC composites. The problem involves reaction of water vapor with silicon-containing compounds to form gaseous hydroxide species. If left unimpeded, the reaction leads to global recession of SiC/SiC components. Steam also can lead to internal oxidation, which can be highly localized and difficult to detect externally. 8 Global SiC recession rates are sensitive to temperature, pressure, and velocity of the gas stream. For representative operating conditions-1,300°C, 10 atm water vapor, and 100 m/s gas velocity-the recession rate of SiC is about 0.5 mm/1,000 h. This rate of material loss is unacceptably high for engine components with expected lifetimes of many thousands of hours. The problem can be mitigated using environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) on CMC components. EBCs typically comprise rare-earth silicates that have thermal expansion coefficients comparable to that of SiC and that have an intrinsically low silica activity compared with the native silica scale formed on SiC.8 One of the most critical unresolved issues in the durability of SiC/SiC composites pertains to internal oxidation and embrittlement in steam-laden environments.\" 9,10 Numerous thermochemical processes have been observed (Figure 3), including consumption of BN through formation of low-melting-point borosilicate glasses and subsequent formation of borohydroxide gases; replacement of BN by silica, which bonds well to fibers and the matrix and prevents crack deflecAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org tion in interfacial regions; and reactions with free carbon (when present) within the fibers that lead to strength degradation and subcritical crack growth. These mechanisms appear to be most deleterious at intermediate temperatures (700°C-900°C). An example of the manifestation of these mechanisms on fracture surfaces of a precursor-derived SiC/SiC composite is shown in Figure 4. Under monotonic tensile loading at ambient or elevated temperatures, surfaces exhibit extensive fiber pullout (reflecting the stochastic nature of fiber fracture) and small fracture mirrors (reflecting high fiber strength). In contrast, under stress rupture conditions in water vapor at 800°C, surfaces are mostly flat and fracture mirrors frequently encompass almost the entire fiber cross section. Localized removal of BN and formation of a glassy phase at the interface also are evident. Robust materials solutions to these phenomena have yet to be devised. Dust, ash, and sand Siliceous debris commonly ingested into turbine engines can produce molten deposits of calcium magnesium aluminosilicate (CMAS) glass on components in the flow path. CMAS reacts with candi25 Credit: Frank Ceramic-matrix composites enable revolutionary gains in turbine engine efficiency 20 μm 20 μm Figure 4. Fracture surfaces of a SiC/SiC composite tested under monotonic tensile loading (top) and under static loading at about one-half of the ultimate tensile strength at 800°C in water vapor (bottom). date EBC materials to form nonprotective phases. CMAS and reaction products readily crack upon cooling because of mismatch in thermal expansion coeffi cients. This can lead to spallation under cyclic loading conditions. . Proposed strategies for mitigating CMAS attack while maintaining resistance to recession from water vapor are based on multilayered coating designs. In one concept, the system comprises: 12 A silicon bond coat on the CMC, for adhesion of subsequent layers and for formation of a thermally grown oxide that inhibits inward oxygen diffusion and, therefore, minimizes oxidation of the SiC and attendant formation of CO gas; • A coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)-matched rare-earth disilicate layer (e.g., Y₂Si₂O, or Yb₂Si₂O₂) with low silica activity to serve as the primary barrier to water-vapor ingress; 26 • A layer of monosilicate of the same rare earth (YSi₂O, or YbSi,O), sufficiently thin to limit thermal stresses, to further reduce silica volatility and serve as a diffusion barrier; and • A CMAS-barrier layer, selected to promote rapid reaction and crystallization of the melt, thereby producing a barrier to further reaction or penetration of the melt (candidate materials include rare-earth zirconates, hafnates, titanates, and aluminates, each with attendant tradeoffs between performance and durability in a multilayer configuration). The collection of layers must be designed to ensure thermochemical compatibility between layers and to mitigate stresses resulting from thermal expansion mismatch. In cases where a large thermal expansion mismatch exists relative to SiC/SiC (as is the case with all materials except disilicates of smaller rare earths), a low-compliance (segmented or porous) microstructure may be required to Credit: M.N. Rossol impart strain tolerance. Additionally, for CMCs that are expected to operate at the highest target temperatures (1,500°C), alternatives to silicon as a bond coat material will have to be devised. In principle, if new paradigms in matrix and coating architectures that strictly control oxidation of SiC were to be devised, the bond coat could be eliminated altogether. Solution pathways remain the subject of active research. Realizing the potential of the material performance envelope In practice, benefits derived from insertion of a new material are inextricably linked to level of understanding and degree of confidence in the material performance envelope. When the performance envelope is poorly understood, large safety factors on design stresses, allowable temperatures, and component lifetimes must be used. Reductions in safety factors translate directly into realizable performance improvements. These developments are predicated on predictive models of the performance envelope. One of the principal damage mechanisms operating in SiC/SiC composites involves matrix microcracking, accompanied by interfacial debonding and fibermatrix sliding. In addition to producing inelastic strain and degrading composite stiffness and thermal conductivity, microcracks compromise the efficacy of the matrix in protecting fibers and fiber coatings from the gaseous environment. Prediction of the degree of cracking and its effect on properties and durability is, therefore, crucial. Established approaches to modeling inelastic and fracture properties of CMCs can be distinguished on the basis of length scales associated with the phenomena of interest and complexity of fiber architectures, structural geometries, and loading states (Figure 5, top row). For example, micromechanicsbased models of matrix cracking and fiber fragmentation in laminates under simple loadings-e.g., uniaxial tension parallel to one of the fiber directionsare mature. Recently, these approaches have been extended to predict matrix cracking under multiaxial stress states www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 and have been used to construct damage initiation surfaces (Figure 5, bottom left).13 Models of this type provide insights into the roles of constituent properties in composite response. In the present example, the model reveals a strong sensitivity of shear matrix cracking stress to the matrix modulus-a potentially tailorable property. For more complex structural geometries and stress states, models that encompass all of the pertinent physics are usually intractable or require extensive computational resources. In such cases, insights can be gleaned from models that capture the increased complexity in geometry and loading but concurrently increase the degree of approximation of constituent response. For example, if the goal is to predict macroscopic stress-strain response of a CMC under multiaxial loading over length scales that exceed the unit-cell dimensions, stress-strain relations of the homog enized medium can be described using phenomenological plasticity-like models, calibrated by a few standard mechanical tests. Models of this type have proved useful in predicting inelastic strain fields in open-hole tensile coupons (Figure 5, bottom right).14 When strain fields in woven CMCS are mapped at higher magnification, periodic strain patterns that reflect the underlying weave become evident. In CMCs with satin weave architectures, strains are greatest at the locations of tow crossovers on surface plies. More importantly, because of stress elevations in the axial tows between these strain concentration sites, fiber bundle rupture preferentially initiates in these regions. Once one tow ruptures, attendant stress elevations lead to a cascade of additional tow ruptures (Figure 5, bottom center). Finite-element (FE) simulations in which the tows are explicitly represented have been used to identify locations and magnitudes of stress elevations caused by the fiber weave and the ensuing strength debit. 15 Such simulations also highlight the importance of matrix stiffness and strength in suppressing these stress elevations. At intermediate length scalesbetween those defining a tow or a Microscale Matrix cracking Fiber Crack fragmentation tunneling Shear stress, T/σ 0.80.6 0.8 0.40.2 0.5 VE/E=0.2 ° 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 L 10 μm Mesoscale 3-D weaves T-sections Fyy (%) 0.5 2-D weaves Tensile stress, a/σ。 x=0.60% -5 mm =0.65% 100 μη 1 mm Macroscale Theoretical framework Structural analysis Calibration tests Eyy (%) FEA DIC 0.5 ° Tuy (6) DIC FEA 10 mm 100 mm Figure 5. (top row) Approaches to modeling mechanical properties of CMCs. (bottom row) Examples of models and experimental measurements used for calibrating or assessing models and simulations. (left to right) Effects of matrix modulus E on the combination of shear and normal stresses, t and σ, for cracking (V, Ę, and σ represent matrix volume fraction, axial composite modulus, and tensile steady-state cracking stress, respectively);¹³ influence of fiber weave on distribution of axial strain & and on correlated tow rupture (indicated by arrows); 15 and comparisons between local shear and normal strain fields in an open-hole tensile coupon, from digital image correlation (DIC) measurements and FE simulations.14 The latter demonstrate capability of the model in predicting magnitude and spatial extent of inelastic deformation under multiaxial stress states and in the presence of stress gradients. ply and those of the unit cell of the weave-and when structural dimensions approach the scale of the material microstructure, different modeling approaches are required. At the simplest level, each tow is represented by a contiguous set of 1-D line elements that are assigned properties that reflect axial tow properties. In turn, line elements are embedded within 3-D effective medium elements that embody all properties not assigned to the line elements. Greater fidelity can be obtained through higher-order representation of the constituents. In one formulation, surface elements containing rebar layers are embedded within those 3-D elements that reside inside the tows. Effective medium properties are calibrated iteratively through comparisons of FE results American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org with corresponding experimental measurements. Even-higher-fidelity results for damage prediction are obtained by tracking initiation and growth of individual matrix cracks using cohesive zone models. This approach is computationally most intensive and requires a high degree of computational expertise to generate and extract meaningful results. 16 Determining the realizable performance envelope of a CMC component also requires explicit account of the efficacy and durability of EBCs. EBCs can develop a multitude of damage modes, including channeling cracks (normal to the coating surface), cracks that kink or bifurcate at or near layer interfaces, delamination cracks, and, in extreme cases, wholesale spallation. These damage modes can result from Credit: Frank Zok 27 Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Program Professors, researchers, retirees, post-docs, and graduate students ... The general editors of the reference series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics community to critically evaluate published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. Additional contributing editors are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commentaries to accompany each phase diagram being added to the reference series. Especially needed are persons knowledgeable in foreign languages including German, French, Russian, Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. RECOGNITION: The contributing editor\'s initials will accompany each commentary written for the publication. In addition, your name and affiliation also will be included on the title pages under “contributing editors.\" QUALIFICATIONS: General understanding of the Gibbs phase rule and experimental procedures for determination of phase equilibria diagrams and/or knowledge of theoretical methods to calculate phase diagrams. COMPENSATION for papers covering one chemical system: $150 for the commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. COMPENSATION for papers covering multiple chemical systems: $150 for the first commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. $50 for each additional commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: Mrs. Kimberly Hill NIST Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-8524, USA 301-975-6009 | phase2@nist.gov The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST Ceramic-matrix composites enable revolutionary gains ... thermal transients (including thermal shock, gradients, and cycling) and can be exacerbated by stochastic events (e.g., ballistic impact) or concurrent environmental degradation (e.g., steam reactions or CMAS interactions). The phenomena are further complicated by fine-scale microstructural features that reflect the processing history of coatings. Such features can include oddly shaped pores, splat boundaries, multiphase constituents, and columnar grains. Prediction of cracking in these systems remains a significant challenge. One approach is to use experimental observations of crack patterns to guide FE simulations of energy release rates and mode mixities and to use these results to identify conditions under which a specific cracking mode might develop. Alternatively, a more fundamental approach that incorporates cohesive traction between elements and allows explicit tracking of cracks could be used. In principle, the coating system could be modified accordingly-through selection of materials with different elastic moduli, CTEs, and toughnesses-to avoid a particular cracking mode. But this approach is heavily constrained by the few materials that satisfy thermochemical requirements. Alternative approaches in which coating architecture is used in conjunction with a small set of constituent materials may prove to be more effective. This, too, is an area of active research. Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges financial support for research on ceramic composites from the U.S. Office of Naval Research (Grant No. N00014-131-0860), Pratt & Whitney, and United Technologies Research Center as well as helpful comments on the manuscript from N.M. Larson, D.L. Poerschke, T.E. Steyer, and D.M. Lipkin. About the author Frank W. Zok is a professor in the Materials Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Zok can be contacted at zok@engineering.ucsb.edu. References ¹G. Norris, \"GE unveils CMC production rampup plan,\" Aviation Daily, Oct. 27, 2015. 2G. Gardiner, \"Aeroengine composites, Part I: The CMC invasion,\" Composites World, July 31, 2015. 3\"Boeing flight tests CMC engine nozzle,\" HighPerformance Composites, 22 [6] 21-22 (2014). *T.E. Steyer, \"Shaping the future of ceramics for aerospace applications,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 10 [3] 389-94 (2013). 5R. Naslain, \"Design, preparation, and properties of non-oxide CMCs for application in engines and nuclear reactors: An overview,\" Comp. Sci. Technol., 64, 155-70 (2004). 6P. Greil, \"Polymer-derived engineering ceramics,\" Adv. Eng. Mater., 2 [6] 339-48 (2000). G.S. Corman and K.L. Luthra, \"Silicon melt infiltrated ceramic composites (HiPerComp™)\"; pp. 99-115 in Handbook of Ceramic Composites. Edited by N.P. Bansal. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2005. 8P.C. Meschter, E.J. Opila, and N.S. Jacobson, \"Water-vapor-mediated volatilization of hightemperature materials,\" Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 43, 559-88 (2013). ⁹K.J. Larochelle and G.N. Morscher, \"Tensile stress rupture behavior of a woven ceramicmatrix composite in humid environments at intermediate temperature: Part I,\" Appl. Comp. Mater., 13, 147-72 (2006). 10D. Poerschke, M.N. Rossol, and F.W. Zok, \"Intermediate-temperature internal oxidation of a SiC/SiCN composite with a polymer-derived matrix,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., (2016) in press. \"C.G. Levi, J.W. Hutchinson, M.H. Vidal-Setif, and C.A. Johnson, “Environmental degradation of thermal barrier coatings by molten deposits,\" MRS Bull., 37, 932-41 (2012). 12D.L. Poerschke, D.D. Hass, S. Eustis, G.G.E. Seward, J.S. Van Sluytman, and C.G. Levi, \"Stability and CMAS resistance of ytterbium-silicate/hafnate EBCs/TBC for SiC composites,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 98 [1] 278-286 (2015). 13V.P. Rajan and F.W. Zok, \"Matrix cracking of fiber-reinforced ceramic composites in shear\", J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 73, 3-21 (2014). 14V.P. Rajan, J.H. Shaw, M.N. Rossol, and F.W. Zok, \"An elastic-plastic constitutive model for ceramic composite laminates,\" Composites: Part A, 66, 44-57 (2014). 15M.N. Rossol, V.P. Rajan, and F.W. Zok, \"Effects of weave architecture on mechanical response of 2-D ceramic composites,\" Composites: Part A, 74, 141-52 (2015). 16B.N. Cox, H. Bale, et al., “Stochastic virtual tests for high-temperature ceramic matrix composites\", Annual Rev. Mater. Res., 44, 479-529 (2014). 28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Are you a Young Professional who has never been an ACerS member, or are you graduating soon and wondering what to do? Sign up for a FREE year of membership with The American Ceramic Society! Acers can help you succeed by offering you a FREE Associate Membership for the first year as a young professional or after graduation. By becoming an ACerS Associate Member, you\'ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and throughout your career. With your complimentary membership, you will receive: • Free online access to the Journal of the American Ceramic Society (searchable back to 1918), the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, and the International Journal of Applied Glass Science • Discounted registration at all ACers meetings and discounts on all publications • Young Professionals Network: includes resources for early career professionals, plus the chance to rub elbows with some of the most accomplished people in the field Employment services • Online membership directory • Networking opportunities • Bulletin, the monthly membership publication ⚫ ceramicSOURCE, company directory and buyers\' guide • Ceramic Tech Today, ACerS ceramic materials, applications, and business blog Become an ACers Associate Member as a young professional or after graduation! To join, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. For more information, visit ceramics.org/associate. KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Graduate Engineering Alfred University is dedicated to student centered education, where our students\' personal and professional development is our #1 priority. Our research groups are small, meaning that you\'ll be part of a close-knit, supportive community where your ideas and aspirations are valued. We have outstanding, state-of-the art facilities and strong, world-wide connections to enhance your educational experience. MS PROGRAMS Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Electrical Engineering Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering PHD PROGRAMS Ceramics Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering ALFRED UNIVERSITY Office of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 Email: gradinquiry@alfred.edu Website: www.engineering.alfred.edu Alfred University individuals inspired KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Ceramics, Glass & Biomaterials For Energy, Environment & Health Care My research group works in three multidisciplinary areas, Fluid dynamics, Autonomous system, and Thermal effect analysis. Fluid dynamics research is focus on the drag reduction of ground, air and water vehicle with simple attachable device such as vortex generator, air duct, and air flow guiding panel. Autonomous and semi-autonomous system with a special emphasis on robotics and aerospace applications is include design and modeling, control, mapping and planning by sensor fusion. This research is using a drone, aircraft from Design/Build/Fly project, and Segway rover. Thermal effect analysis is a research cooperated with Ceramic Engineering and Ceramic industries to provide a mechanical perspective on the commercial products. The analysis is based on FEA analysis by Ansys Fluent and Ansys Mechanical. Dr. Seong-Jin Lee, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering My research group is developing the optimization models on multi-objective engineering problems. Theoretically, we are developing game theory models and numerical algorithms to solve multi-objective optimization problems. In particular, the engineering problems and energy issues including, retail electricity market, design optimization, energy policy, renewable energy and energy management are considered as problems with multi-objective functions and the optimum solution will be developed. Dr. Ehsan Ghotbi, Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering My research group interests are in the areas of Power Systems, Renewable Energy (RE), Power Electronics and Motor Drives, Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Power Outputs of Smart Grids, Optimal Planning and Operation of Hybrid Energy Systems (HES). A major part of our researches encompass the statistical planning and analysis of RE and main grid integration as well as its real-time controls. More specifically our focuses span the areas of Bayesian predictive modeling of wind speed/solar radiation and statistical analysis of the outputs of renewable-penetrated hybrid energy systems like a microgrid with such models inputs. In our group we also have developed tremendous interest and passion for research in the area of Power Electronics especially Switched-Mode Power Supply (SMPS) design for AC Drives. Dr. Amir Shahirinia, Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Renewable Energy Electro-ceramics can enable key technologies of communications, energy conversion and storage, electronics, automation, etc. Due to their mechanical, thermal and chemical stability as well as their unique electrical, optical and magnetic properties, which may include cross-coupled multifunctionality, electro-ceramics can be used for specialized devices including those for extreme environments. Through temperature dependent integration of material and device models with fabrication, processing and characterization of materials and devices, enhanced discovery, development and implementation of affordable materials and devices can be accomplished to more effectively address the myriad of challenges that society faces with regard to energy, water, environment, etc. As an interdisciplinary group of scientists and engineers, we primarily concentrate our efforts on Perovskite material and devices because Perovskites, through crystal chemistry, provide one of the largest if not the largest range of electro-ceramic material property opportunities of any known classification of materials. Dr. Steven C. Tidrow, Inamori Professor of Material Science and Engineering Alfred University Office of Graduate Admissions, Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive, Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 Email: agradinquiry@alfred.edu www.engineering . alfred.edu O bulletin annual student section Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue By Lisa Rueschhoff, PCSA Chair PCSA students with then-ACerS president Kathleen Richardson at the PCSA annual meeting at MS&T15 in Columbus, Ohio. he June/July issue of the ACerS The Bulletin offers the opportunity to showcase the diversity and impact of research from ceramic students around the world. The following student-written articles, featuring some delegates of the ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA), focus on the technical theme of ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), one of the fastest growing fields in ceramics. The student authors address why they decided to pursue Ph.D.s, how they adapted to life as an international student, and how they were shaped by international research experiences along the way. These students work on cutting-edge ceramics research and are involved outside of the laboratory in efforts to increase diversity within their field through community outreach. The diversity of backgrounds of this group of students highlights growing diversity within ACerS and, especially, within PCSA. ACerS itself has 37% international members, and 10% of technical Division chairs are international. PCSA also strives to encourage international diversity in the ceramics community while engaging students as long-term ACerS leaders. To this end, PCSA organized the first-ever Winter Workshop this past January in Florida. The workshop aimed to advance ceramics students from around the world through technical and professional development seminars. Forty-two students from 27 institutions in 17 countries attended the workshop, allowing for a unique opportunity to discuss differences in ceramics research and education around the world. Since the inauguration of PCSA in 2008, 174 students from across the world—from 66 universities to be exact-have served as delegates and worked to increase the student-specific representation and programming within ACerS. Of all the delegates, 40% have been women, and 55% of committee chair positions have been held by women. The percentage of international delegates has increased each year, with the 2015-2016 class of delegates containing nine student delegates (making up 30% of the total class) from countries including Colombia, Poland, Austria, Italy, Bangladesh, and England. PCSA strives to continue to increase diversity to more fully represent the ceramics community as a whole and to enhance connections between future ceramists from around the world. Lisa Rueschhoff is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Materials Engineering at Purdue University (West Lafayette, Ind.). She is chair of the 2015-2016 PCSA class. 32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Congressional Visits Day 2016 recap By Tricia L. Freshour ACers Liaison to the Material Advantage Student Program The Material Advantage Congressional Visits Day (CVD) is an annual event that brings students to Washington, D.C., to educate Congressional decision makers about the importance of funding for basic science, engineering, and technology. This year, CVD brought 37 students and faculty to the nation\'s capital on April 18-19, 2016. CVD 2016 included participants from: Case Western Reserve University; Colorado School of Mines; Drexel University; Iowa State University; Michigan Technological University; Missouri University of Science and Technology; The Ohio State University; Purdue University; University of California, Santa Barbara; University of Tennessee, Knoxville; \"CVD was a blast! All the staffers were really receptive, and I felt like I made a difference.\" Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; and Washington University in St. Louis. -John Watson IV, Drexel University 1131 (Left to right) Ryan Ginder, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Guinevere Shaw, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Representative Diane Black (R-TN); Samantha Medina, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; and Dylan Dozier, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Credit: Kelly Kranjc (Left to right) Megan Malara, Ohio State University; David Riegner, Ohio State University; and Kelly Kranjc, Washington University in St. Louis, in front of the Capitol building. \"It\'s so great to meet other students who are also interested in science policy. When we met with the Congressional offices, I was really proud of how excited everyone sounded about their research. We all had personal stories about how federal funding for scientific research has benefited us, our schools, and our communities, which really helped drive the point home about how important this funding is. I hope that more Material Advantage students take advantage of this fun, out-of-the-box experience.\" -Kelly Kranjc, Washington University in St. Louis \"I had a great time in D.C. participating in CVD. I really think it was planned out very thoroughly. I truly look forward to going again next year.\" -Jonathan Healy, Case Western Reserve University CVD 2016 participants at the event\'s opening reception on April 18 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 33 33 Credit: ACerS Credit: Kelly Kranjc Student perspectives Developing ceramic-matrix composites for more efficient gas turbine engines By Natalie Larson For as long as I can remember, I have loved working with structural composite materials. In my youth, I built wooden forts and crafted furniture and art through years of woodworking classes. Following my passion for working with structural materials, I studied materials science during my undergraduate degree to harness that passion for the development of cleaner and more efficient energy technologies. Larson During my undergraduate research at the University of Washington, I helped develop carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer composites for lightweight and energy-efficient cars and aircraft. Now, as a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow in the Materials Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara, I am developing SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) for more efficient energy production. The International Energy Agency predicts that, during the next 25 years, fossil fuels will continue to supply more than 50% of global electricity. Further, increasing worldwide energy consumption will drive a 35% increase in fossil fuel use, with commensurate increases in greenhouse gas emissions. One strategy for reducing emissions is to increase the efficiency of systems that consume large amounts of fossil fuels. Gas tur bine engines represent one class of such systems. They are used in propulsion systems for planes and ships and for landbased electricity generation. Gas turbine engines can be made more efficient by increasing their firing temperature. Thus, there is a demand for tough oxidation-resistant materials that can withstand even higher engine temperatures than current nickel-based superalloys. SiC/SiC CMCs have the potential to operate at temperatures up to 1,500°C, offering up to a 150°C increase in firing temperature and up to a 5% increase in thermal efficiency. SiC/SiC CMCs are composed of SiC fibers held together by a SiC matrix. 34 These composites can achieve high toughness relative to their monolithic counterparts by proper design of a weak fibermatrix interface. Weak interfaces promote crack deflection at the interface and yield a high in-situ fiber bundle strength. Fiber pullout that occurs subsequent to fiber fracture also imparts high toughness. The weak interface is most commonly created by depositing a thin layer of hexagonal boron nitride on the fibers prior to processing the matrix phase. Current matrix processing methods, however, have proved ineffective in producing tough SiC/SiC CMCs that can operate for extended periods at 1,500°C. They usually leave behind various defects, such as porosity and impurities that limit durability and oxidation resistance. The current understanding is that, to be cost-effective, the matrices likely will be produced through a multistep process: SiC particle slurry infiltration, repeated polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) cycles, and chemical vapor infiltration or reactive melt infiltration to fill remaining open pores. My research in the Zok group at UCSB focuses on studying defect evolution during multistage CMC processing using X-ray computed microtomography (XCT). I have conducted a large part of this research as a doctoral fellow at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. There I have worked with beamline scientists A.A. MacDowell, D.Y. Parkinson, and H.S. Barnard, who are developing environmental cells for in-situ XCT imaging during material processing and testing. At ALS, I have conducted in-situ XCT imaging during critical high-temperature processing stages. These experiments have revealed for the first time the spatial and temporal evolution of voids and cracks during the first PIP cycle. Future experiments will investigate the use of repeated PIP cycles to further densify the CMC. I am fortunate to have had numerous opportunities during my graduate studies to interact with members of the global CMC community. The international conferences I have attended in South Korea, Japan, and the United States provided me with invaluable opportuniNatalie Larson sets up a specimen for X-ray computed tomography at the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. ties to develop relationships with international researchers and exchange ideas within the CMC and broader ceramics communities. I have fond memories getting to know conference organizers and fellow graduate students as we climbed thousands of steps up Mount Hallasan after the 2015 PACRIM conference in South Korea. These international experiences and my involvement in diversity initiatives in my community fuel my passion for creating and sustaining diversity in STEM. As an undergraduate at UW, I participated in the Promoting Equity in Engineering Relationships program. At UCSB, I help organize outreach events through the Graduate Students for Diversity in Science organization. Most recently, I helped organize a symposium at TMS 2016 entitled \"Transforming the Diversity Landscape,\" which fostered open discussion about current challenges and opportunities in increasing diversity in the materials community. As I continue my materials research career, I am excited to be a part of the increasingly diverse and collaborative community bringing materials science solutions to global energy challenges. Natalie Larson is a third-year Ph.D. candidate in the Materials Department at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She is currently an Advanced Light Source Doctoral Fellow at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Larson also currently serves as an ACerS PCSA delegate on the programming committee. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Natalie Larson Characterizing ceramic-matrix composites to improve durability By Amjad Almansour 9 During my study for a bachelor of science degree in mechanical engineering at Mutah University in Al-Karak, Jordan, my senior design project examined casting and Almansour characterizing aluminum alloy walls of various thicknesses. I found this work very interesting, because it combined real world experiments with theory. Consequently, I decided to pursue a graduate education in mechanical engineering in the United States. I continued my education with a master\'s degree from the University of Dayton in Ohio and am working on a Ph.D. at the University of Akron, also in Ohio. Because my master\'s degree focused on a mix of materials mechanics and engineering management, I decided to further my education with a challenging and unique specialty within mechanical engineering that is materials-related and currently being used to solve some of the world\'s engineering problems. of Therefore, during my first year Ph.D. study, I explored mechanical engineering graduate courses in various specialties, such as systems, thermo-fluids, structural mechanics, and materials engineering. For me, one class stood out-materials for extreme environments. I found this class a challenge and an opportunity, because it explored engineered ceramic materials for high-temperature and extreme environment applications. We often view ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) as replacements for metallic materials in jet engine components in aerospace and hypersonic vehicles. In these applications, we use CMCs because of their hightemperature capabilities and light weight-70% lighter than metallic materials. Also, CMC ability to form multiple matrix cracks when overloaded prior to failure make them attractive for safety, durability, and repair concerns. Therefore, using CMCs in certain parts of jet engines increases safety and engine efficiency, thus reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Additionally, we use CMCs for nuclear fuel cladding because of their high resistance to neutron flux. It is more difficult to design structures and components using ceramic materials than metallic alloys. To use CMCs safely and efficiently, we need to understand well the damage evolution and life cycle in applicationspecific components. Therefore, we must establish certain procedures that depend on the required application\'s loading and lifting needs. This will determine the various constituents\' type, architecture, and content. Moreover, we must accurately simulate the mechanical loading and environments of jet engines or component applications in laboratory experiments. We can use nondestructive evaluation techniques to measure in-situ sensitivity to damage. In addition, we can predict component behavior, durability, and lifting while in operation using modeling of application-imposed mechanical, thermal, and chemical loading conditions. Fortunately, I was able to join one of the best CMC research and development groups, led by Gregory Morscher, at the University of Akron. This group tests, characterizes, and models CMC creep, high-speed impact, fatigue, and interlaminer fracture toughness at room and high temperatures. The group also is wellknown for its use of high-fidelity nondestruction evaluation, such as acoustic emission and electrical resistance inspection and monitoring techniques. In this group, I work on a unidirectional fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix minicomposites project sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. We have used minicomposites for more than two decades to screen CMC constituents and to generate micromechanical data for modeling mechanical, thermal, and chemical behavior. Further, it is an inexpensive component of processing-characterization iterative loops for CMCs and protection systems, such as environment barrier coatings (EBCs). During my work on this project, I have tested and characterized damage onset and evolution in various reinforced silicon carbide fibers, including chemicalvapor-infiltrated matrix minicomposite fibers with and without EBCs at room and high temperatures. Currently at NASA, I am testing and characterizing CMC constituent behavior in creep and oxidation conditions. Others will use these characterizations in newly developed unidirectional CMC creep-oxidation models to validate, verify, and improve model prediction outcomes. Amjad Almansour is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Akron in Ohio. He recently was selected to participate in the Pathways Intern Employment Program in The Ceramic and Polymer Composites Branch/LMC at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. Almansour enjoys travel and outdoor activities, including hiking, fishing, and hunting. Amjad Almansour mounts a hightemperature extensometer on an MTS creep rig. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 35 Credit: Amjad Almansour Student perspectives Cleaning up hazardous wastes with ceramic-matrix composites By Alexandra Loaiza Loaiza After I finished my bachelor\'s degree in materials science and engineering at the University of Antioquia in Medellín, Colombia, I secured a job in the metallurgical industry. I worked there one and a half years, but then I decided to change course-I wanted to research ceramic materials. In addition to the many issues to study in the ceramics field, I thought that I could help my country by contrib uting to ceramics research. I contacted my current adviser, Henry Colorado, director of the Ceramics, Cements, and Composites Materials Research Group at the University of Antioquia, which has led interesting research in ceramic materials around the world. I then began a master\'s degree in materials engineering. I became interested in waste treatment, recycling, stabilization, and hazardous materials for several reasons: to work for a better environment; to solve challenging Order Your Alexandra Loaiza and her advisor Henry Colorado conducting compression tests on ceramic materials. materials problems; to design high-impact solutions for humanity; to engineer new opportunities, and to help develop clean energy strategies. Ceramic-matrix composites offer an interesting solution to deal with hazardous wastes. I now work to apply inorganic hazardous wastes to construction materials with two goals: to improve mechanical properties of the ceramic matrix; and to transform wastes to nonhazardous and easy-to-handle forms. Particularly, my research investigates hazardous waste of the metallurgical ceramics.org/pcsasciencekits Materials Science Kits Today! ACerS\' PCSA presents 600T The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org materials science teaching kits President\'s Council of Student Advisors Materials science demonstration and laboratory kits give 7th to 12th grade students an introduction to the basic classes of materials. Order your kits today! Credit: Alexandra Loaiza industry, which is considered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a hazardous waste because of its high content of zinc oxide and other heavy metals. Around the world, 16-32 million tons of this byproduct hazardous waste, which has a small particle size of 0.55 μm, are produced annually. Metallurgical industry waste may pose a significant danger to human health if not disposed of correctly. Therefore, my research group made material composites using the waste as filler reinforcement by mixing it into several matrices, such as asphalt, cement, and phosphate cement. These composites can decrease world pollution and can decrease the cost of construction and building materials. The success of a material composite depends on many factors, including bulk chemistry and surface chemistry of the reinforcement and the matrix, surface interaction, density, and hardness. We use extensive characterization and performance tests, including scanning electron microscopy, compression tests, and X-ray diffraction, in our research. These tests allow us to determine if a material has altered performance when waste is added, which indicates that the waste has an interaction with the matrix and is suitable for use in construction materials. It also is important that we assess environmental impact of the materials. My research group collaborates with many international universities, including the University of California, Los Angeles and Missouri University of Science and Technology (Rolla, Mo.). Through our work and interactions, I hope that our research contributes to making the world a better place to live. But I also hope that this research helps my country and my university emerge as reference points for materials research. Alexandra Loaiza is a master\'s candidate in materials engineering at the University of Antioquia at Medellín, Colombia. Loazia enjoys being part of athletic teams at the university, because she says they make her a more disciplined person. Loazia is an ACerS student chapter member at her university and is a PCSA member. 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 From foreigner to successful scientist-My journey around the world and into materials science By Randy Ngelale I sometimes like to wonder if I could travel back in time and meet my 16-yearold self-would he be proud of the person he would one day become? At a young age, science was something that intrigued me but seemed far beyond my options. I was born and raised in Nigeria, a developing nation crippled by lack of stable electricity despite the fact that the country\'s major export is crude oil. Ngelale When I was 11 years old, my family moved to South Africa, where I attended Saint Charles College, a boys-only boarding school. With a foreign Nigerian accent and no understanding of South African culture, I quickly had to adapt. However, it was there that I first began to develop a passion for science. In my ninth-grade year, I enrolled in a chemistry course taught by Russell Viljoen, who gave a series of lectures about distillation of chemicals based on volatility. This subject marked the first time I had ever attained a perfect score on a science exam-I was left wanting to learn more about applied chemical engineering and its role in the world. Then, when I was 16 years old, I moved to the United States for a year of high school before beginning university. The stark contrast between the strict South African boarding school system and the American high school system was extremely jarring. But again I had to deal with being the “foreign kid” in a new country. I went from waking up knowing I would wear a uniform to school that day to second guessing every outfit choice, because I did not want an odd clothing combination-in addition to my now South African accent and lack of understanding of American culture-to draw unwanted attention. Ultimately, with the help of newfound friends, I managed to navigate my way through the final year of high school and into freshman year of college. With my parents on the other side of the planet, I managed to see them only once every year or two. So the choice to pursue new academic opportunities often felt like a sacrifice. Being apart from my family for so long and catching only glimpses of my younger siblings\' growth at infrequent intervals was quite challenging. Because of this, I knew I had no choice but to devote myself to my studies to make the sacrifice worthwhile. My passion as an aspiring chemical engineer blossomed into desire to explore the role of chemical engineering in global fuel production. I was fortunate enough to work in the laboratory of Susan StaggWilliams at the University of Kansas on creating biodiesel from various biomass sources. When it came time to apply to graduate schools, I prioritized laboratories that focused on alternative energy and ultimately decided to study at the University of California, Irvine. Among the many bright and cuttingedge research laboratories I investigated at UC Irvine, the Mikael Nilsson nuclear group stood out most. The opportunity to study nuclear energy is something many African youth can only dream of, because there are not many African countries with nuclear programs. I had no prior knowledge about nuclear and radiochemistry, but now my research consists of studying the effects of radiation on fuel reprocessing solvents. Almost three years later, I have helped teach classes, become a licensed nuclear reactor operator, received the UC Irvine Chemical Engineering and Material Science Graduate Student of the Year Award, and been awarded a Nuclear Regulatory Commission Graduate Fellowship. Returning to my 16-year-old self who had never left home to follow his dreams and never migrated from country to country and city to city so much that he began to question the definition of the word \"home\"-I think he would Credit: Randy Ngelale be proud of the person I\'ve become. In fact, I think he would be ecstatic! Ngelale is a third-year Ph.D. student in chemical engineering and material science at the University of California, Irvine. Ngelale received a bachelor\'s degree in chemical engineering from the University of Kansas. He loves to travel and enjoys gaming in his spare time. Randy Ngelale at age 11 with his mother, Roselyn, after his first year at Saint Charles College. (right) Ngelale receiving a Graduate Student of the Year award alongside advisor Ali Mohraz. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 37 32 Aluminum nitride coatings optimize thermal performance of light-emitting diode arrays By Shou-jin Zeng, Zhi-feng Liu, Ji-bin Jiang, Ming-der Jean, and Su Yang Aluminum nitride coatings deposited via electrostatic spraying may help lower production cost and optimize thermal performance of LEDs. A An new technological revolution in heat management technology uses ceramic-coated substrates to achieve better heat dissipation and improve reliability of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). 1-3 About 80% of the heat generated in LEDs must be rapidly removed to extend device lifetime. For thermal performance, thermal management materials are most critical in the LED\'s die material, heat sink slug, and solder, because these are closest to the heat source and have the greatest impact on heat dissipation from the p-ʼn junction in the LED array. 4-7 Junction temperature (T) is affected by many factors, including the cooling system, environment, and interface material. Therefore, cost-effective thermal management solutions are necessary. To achieve such heat dissipation, various solutions have been proposed.8-11 Because of its high thermal conductance, effective insulation, high optical transparency, and thermal and chemical stability, 12,13 aluminum nitride is one of the most widely used thermal interface materials in LED packages. Previous studies have reported improved LED performance using aluminum nitride- and boron nitride-coated substrates. 4-7,14,15 A current barrier to cost-effective production of LED modules is the need for highly conductive materials with reasonable production costs. Many studies have reported the thermal properties of aluminum nitride coatings fabricated via plasma nitriding treatment. However, electrostatic spraying also allows coating of aluminum nitride ceramics on LED array substrates. Electrostatic spraying is an economical technique. However, few studies report using electrostatic38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 Table 1 Control factors and conditions Sample Control factor 1 2 Substrate Cu Cu Baking temperature (°C) 180 100 Substrate thickness (mm) 2 5 Spray time (s) 25 25 Speed (mm/s) 55 55 Powder flow rate (cm³/s) 2 4 Ratio (resin: aluminum nitride) 1:3 1:3 Bake time (min) 30 30 Sample 1 (a) (d) (b) sprayed aluminum nitride coatings as a thermal interface material. Therefore, we optimally deposited aluminum nitride films on copper substrates using electrostatic spraying. We determined the thermal performance of a 1.2-W LED fixed on an aluminum nitride thin-film-coated copper substrate. We also compared the thermal performance of aluminum nitride-coated and commercial heat sinks connected in series with a 7-W LED on an aluminum nitride-coated copper substrate. Surface morphology and microstructure of aluminum nitride coatings We deposited aluminum nitride coatings on copper substrates (55 mm in diameter and 5 mm thick) using an electrostatic spraying system (Model DISK-1600-D, R.I. Chen Machinery Co., Taichug City, Taiwan) and analyzed coating surface morphology using field emission scanning electron microscopy. We used energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to measure the chemical composition of the sprayed aluminum nitride powders, which had a composition of 27.7 wt%/49.22 at.% nitrogen, 52.31 wt%/48.25 at.% aluminum, and 19.98 wt%/2.53 at.% gold. Table 1 shows the applied baking temperatures, subSample 2 1813 Figure 1. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface textures and cross-sectional microstructures of aluminum nitride coatings from ((a) and (b)) sample 1 and ((c) and (d)) sample 2 strate thicknesses, and powder flow rates. Additional parameters remained constant. High surface roughness, microscopic hills, voids, valleys, and poor surface flatness in solid-air interfaces significantly affect heat flux of the thermal interface material and produce the greatest barrier for heat conductance. The electrosprayed coatings consisted of aluminum and aluminum nitride, which are not evenly distributed in the nitride layer and are incompletely nitrided. Figure 1 shows surface morphologies of samples 1 and 2. Sample 1 had an average volume of voids of 0.47% on its surface, whereas sample 2 had an average volume of 0.68%. This indicates that considerable defects grew the coating layer\'s crystal structure, which decreases thermal conductance. We determined the composition of deposited thin films using Al2p, N1s, and in Credit: Zeng et al. Ols peaks from X-ray spectroscopy spectra of the aluminum nitride coatings. Sample 1 had Al2p and N1s peaks indicating an atomic composition of 52.3% and 47.7%, respectively. Sample 2 had Al2p and N1s peaks indicating an atomic composition of 56.4% and 43.6%, respectively. Thermal properties of aluminum nitride coatings Efficiency of heat dissipation in LEDs is measured in terms of thermal resistance, which determines the T, value for LEDs under various operating condi tions. Resistance also represents the temperature difference between the junction and surface of the chip. To test thermal performance, we used the electrosprayed aluminum nitride coating as a heat sink for a 1.2-W LED package connected in a parallel circuit Capsule summary BACKGROUND A current barrier to cost-effective production of LED modules is the need for highly conductive materials with reasonable production costs. APPROACH Electrostatic spraying is a lower-cost production technique that can be used to deposit aluminum nitride coatings on copper substrates, which may enhance the thermal performance of LEDs. OUTCOME Aluminum nitride coatings can enhance thermal performance of LED packages if the ceramics have appropriate surface roughness. Overall, such coatings can reduce junction temperatures and improve heat resistance and dissipation. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 39 Aluminum nitride coatings optimize thermal performance of light-emitting diode arrays 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 50 10180 48 46 44 42 40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LED test array 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 Figure 2. Junction temperature (blue) and luminous flux (red) curves for nine LEDs tested at 700 mA. board. During thermal testing, we drove the LED at 700 mA when it reached a steady state. Figure 2 shows the distribution of T values (40°C-50°C), measured using an infrared camera (Model IRI(a) 4010, Integrated Infrared Systems Inc., Towcester, U.K.), and luminous flux curves (50-42 lm), measured using an integrating sphere with a drive current of 700 mA, for tests with nine LED arrays. (b) Credit: Zeng et al. Overall, aluminum nitride-coated substrates significantly reduced T, values for LED packages at 700 mA. However, it is important to consider luminous flux caused by the heat source, because luminous flux opposes T. Contact resistance for aluminum nitride-coated substrates decreases as T, value decreases, which leads to increased luminous flux for LED modules. Comparison of thermal performance of aluminum nitride-coated and commercial heat sinks We also compared the thermal performance of aluminum nitride-coated copper substrates and a commercial alternative (Model E27 Series E4 LED) as heat sinks for 7-W LED arrays consisting of seven 1-W modules (Figure 3(a)). During the thermal test, we again drove the LED at 700 mA when it reached a steady state. We measured T, values at 60 min into the thermal test. Aluminum nitride-coated substrates had significantly reduced T (c) 00 Junction temperature (°C) 80 70 00 50 40 30 246 8 10 12 14 10 X Axis (d) 1600 1400 Lumenous flux (Im) Junction temperature (°C) 901 80 70 00 50 40 240 X Axis 8 10 12 14 16 1200 Optimal AIN Commerical use 1000 800 600 400 200 700mA 1000mA 2000mA Driven current (mA) Figure 3. (a) An experimental 7-W LED module consisting of seven 1-W LEDs. (b-c) 3-D contoured surface curves of T. values for (b) aluminum nitride-coated substrate and (c) commercial heat sinks. (d) Luminous flux of aluminum nitride-coated substrate and commercial heat sinks at various drive currents. 40 40 Credit: Zeng et al. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 values, which indicate the distribution of heat dissipation. Values ranged 38°C-68°C for aluminum nitride and 40°C-90°C for the commercial heat sink. Aluminum nitride-coated copper substrates had an average T of 66°C (Figure 3(b)), compared with a value of 82°C for the commercial heat sink (Figure 3(c)). This may be caused by high thermal conductance of the aluminum nitride crystal structure and wide heat scattering. We attributed increased T. values to heat flux clustering around the heat sink. Therefore, heat generated at the LED junction is not removed. This increases total thermal resistance of the LED array and does not allow efficient heat dissipation. We measured slightly lower luminous flux for the aluminum nitride-coated LED array than for the commercial heat sink below 1,000 mA (Figure 3(d)). This may be caused by the application of a barium sulfate coating on the commercial substrate. Barium sulfate is a radiopaque substance, which increases light. However, the aluminum nitride-coated LED displayed higher luminous flux at 2,000 mA, measuring 1,499 lm with a peak strength of 15,021 au. By comparison, the commercial heat sink exhibited luminous flux of 1,250 lm with a peak strength of 1,126 au at 2,000 mA. Performance of light-emitting diodes LED and OLED (organic LED) efficiency and performance remain limited by fundamental materials issues. Improvements in efficiency at the device and materials level, as targeted by the Department of Energy solid-state lighting roadmap, will have a \"lever effect❞— influencing the design, performance, and cost of the luminaires. Therefore, improvements in efficiency and performance of the entire solidstate lighting system are linked to further fundamental investigations in core technology on emitter materials. Although inorganic LEDs have been manufactured and widely available commercially for some time, there is as yet no commensurate large-scale manufacture of OLEDs. Nevertheless, LED yield, cost, and performance would benefit from further fundamental exploration and improvements in the basic technology of materials growth. LED thermal performance improved Aluminum nitride coatings can enhance the thermal performance of LED packages if the ceramics have appropriate surface roughness. Overall, such coatings can reduce junction temperatures and improve heat resistance and dissipation. These results show that aluminum nitride ceramics applied via electrostatic spraying can produce an effective thermal interface material for LEDs. In addition, copper substrates with such aluminum nitride coatings can improve the thermal performance of LED modules. Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51575110, Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province under Grant No. 2015J01628, Fujian Provincial Department of Education Re-search Projects under Grant No. JA14211, and Fujian Province Industrial Technology Joint Innovation: Research and development of key technology of intelligent rotary die cutting machine (2014). About the authors Shou-jin Zeng and Zhi-feng Liu are affiliated with the School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering at Hefei University of Technology (Hefei, China). Shou-jin Zeng, Ji-bin Jiang, Ming-der Jean, and Su Yang are affiliated with the School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering at Fujian University of Technology (Fuzhou City, China). Mingder Jean can be contacted at mdjeam@ foxmail.com. References \'S. Shanmugan, D. Mutharasu, and A.H. Haslan, \"A study on aluminum nitride thin film as thermal interface material for highpower LED,\" Int. J. Electron. Comput. Sci. Eng., 2 [1] 296-300 (2014). 2P.K. Kuo, G.W. Auner, and Z.L. Wu, \"Microstructure and thermal conductivity of ep-itaxial aluminum nitride thin films,\" Thin Solid Films, 253, 223-27 (1994). 3J.W. Lee, J.J. Cuomo, Y.S. Cho, and R.L. Keusseyan, \"Aluminum nitride thin films on an LTCC substrate,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 88 [7] 1977-80 (2005). *K.S. Yang, C.H. Chung, C.W. Tu, C.C. Wong, T.Y. Yang, and M.T. Lee, \"Thermal spreading resistance characteristics of a highpower light-emitting diode module,” Appl. Therm. Eng., 70, 361-68 (2014). 5X. Zheng, Z. Ren, X. Li, and Y. Wang, \"Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of nitrided layers on aluminum substrate prepared by nitrogen arc,\" Appl. Surf. Sci., 259, 508-14 (2012). 6U. Figueroa, O. Salas, and J. Oseguera, \"Deposition of aluminum nitride on Al substrates by reactive magnetron sputtering,\" Surf. Coat. Technol., 200, 1768-76 (2005). 7X. Li, Z.A. Ren, and D.Q. Sun “An investigation of nitrided layer prepared by directcurrent nitrogen arc discharge,\" Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 443, 219-23 (2007). 8Y.J. Heo, H.T. Kim, K.J. Kim, S. Nahm, Y.J. Yoon, and J.H. Kim, “Enhanced heat transfer by room-temperature deposition of aluminum nitride film on aluminum for a lightemitting diode package,” Appl. Therm. Eng., 50, 799-804 (2013). ⁹X.Y. Lu, T.C. Hua, and Y.P. Wang, “Thermal analysis of high-power LED package with heat pipe heat sink,\" Microelectron. J., 42, 1257-62 (2011). 10A. Christensen and S. Graham, \"Thermal effects in packaging high-power light-emitting diode arrays,” Appl. Therm. Eng., 29, 364-71 (2009). \"K.C. Yung, H. Liem, H.S. Choy, and W.K. Lun, \"Thermal performance of highbrightness LED array package on PCB,” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 37, 1266-72 (2010). 12Y. Huaiyu, S. Koh, H.V. Zeijl, A.W.J. Gielen, and Z. Guoqi, \"A review of passive thermal management of LED module,” J. Semicon., 32, 1-4 (2011). 13T.S. Pan, Y. Zhang, J. Huang, B. Zeng, D.H. Hong, S.L. Wang, H.Z. Zeng, M. Gao, W. Huang, and Y. Lin, “Enhanced thermal conductivity of polycrystalline aluminum nitride thin films by optimizing the interface structure,\" J. Appl. Phys., 112 [4] 044905 (2012). 14T. Cheng, X.B. Luo, S. Huang, and S. Liu, \"Thermal analysis and optimization of multiple LED packaging based on a general solution,\" Int. J. Therm. Sci., 49, 196-201 (2010). 15S.Y. King, J. Tseng, and J. Zhao, \"Design of aluminum nitride-based microchan-nel heat sink in direct bond copper for power electronics packaging,” Appl. Therm. Eng., 52, 120-29 (2013). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 41 Strategy and selling-all part of \'Ceramic and Glass Power Week\' in Cleveland The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY\'S 5TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT David Johnson Jr. (left), Everton Callum, and Dana Goski talk about demographic trends and their impact in the workforce during a panel discussion at CLS 2016. Matthew O\'Connell, industrialization leader of ceramic matrix composites at GE Aviation, talks about production Marvin Bolt, curator of science and technology at the Corning Museum of Glass, delivers an exciting talk about telescopes during the CLS dinner. The last week of April turned into a \"Ceramic and Glass Power Week,\" with ACerS 5th Ceramic Leadership Summit setting the stage for Ceramics Expo—an entire week \"where business and manufacturing meet strategy!\" Executives, senior managers, and rising young professionals at CLS received an impactful program. Speakers shared their experiences from the front-line of business-vertical innovation strategies, managing supply chains, economic trends, production scale-up, and commercialization. In a memorable talk, Matthew O\'Connell of GE Aviation emphasized the importance of allowing failure and using it as a learning tool. If you do not, he says, \"You\'ll turn on the scrap-making machine, but won\'t find out until it\'s too late.\" Attendees also worked in a break-out session to identify key topics impacting their businesses. Join us next year for CLS 2017, April 24-25, and Ceramics Expo 2017, April 25-27. scale-up at CLS 2016. C ceramicS expo Industry\'s leading ceramic and glass manufacturers converge for Ceramics Expo 2016 Orton ACerS booth was the place to be at Ceramics Expo. TOTO Ceramics Expo 2016—the tradeshow marketplace for the ceramic and glass industry—took place April 26-28 in Cleveland, Ohio. This year\'s event drew 2,700 visitors and 300 vendors to Cleveland\'s I-X Center, and word on the exhibition floor was brimming with enthusiasm for a successful show. Here is some of the exhibitor buzz: \"Ceramics Expo, for us, is the show to go to—so many good meetings here, so many good discussions... It really is the show you have to be at.\" ―Johannes Homa, CEO, Lithoz GmbH \"Last year was a good show and this year was better. We also participated in the Ceramic Leadership Summit and that was a great experience.\" -Rodrigo González, vice president of ceramics business unit at Nutec Bickley Kilns www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 ceramicS expo Attendees learned about the latest innovations in manufacturing from some of the industry\'s leaders. Business at the CoorsTek booth. Attendees listen to the engaging presentations at the Conference at Ceramics Expo. \"We come to Ceramics Expo to see what\'s happening in the market. We\'re curious not only about other applications and potential we see for our products, but to see the environment as a whole.\" -Eric Sauereisen, president, Sauereisen REGO Ceramics Expo exhibitors displayed the latest products, equipment, materials, machinery, and more. \"We\'re happy to be exhibiting at Ceramics Expo for the second year. This year with the expanded show we\'re seeing a lot more people.\" -Nick Semitka, sales manager, Eirich Machines Inc. Some exhibitors even fabricated products right on the expo floor. Booths are currently being booked for the 2017 show, April 25-27. For more information, visit ceramicsexpousa.com. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 43 STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION MEETS IN NORTH CANTON, OHIO (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Robert Belden at the podium presents The Belden Brick Company to 84 attendees at the Structural Clay Products Division Meeting. The Structural Clay Products Division met in T North Canton, Ohio, on May 3. The SCPD coordinates their division meeting with the National Brick Research Center, which is headquartered at Clemson University in South Carolina. More than 80 people-mostly brick manufacturers and industry suppliers-attended. The half-day technical program covered pending EPA regulations, testing, pigment engineering, and façade and thin brick production. The National Brick Research Center held its membership meeting after the SCPD activities finished. ACerS president Mrityunjay Singh, who works about an hour away from the meeting\'s location, took the opportunity to attend and greet the Division and its NBRC colleagues. Adhering to SCPD tradition, the second day of the meeting featured a plant tour and lunch. This year\'s host was The Belden Brick Company in Sugarcreek, Ohio. The family-owned business was founded in 1885 and is run by Robert Belden, a fourth-generation Belden brickman. University of Notre Dame alumni or fans will be interested to know that Belden Brick has supplied UND with its brick for decades. Details about the next SCPD meeting are to come. Meanwhile, here are some photo highlights from SCPD 2016. Acers president Mrityunjay Singh welcomes the group to Ohio, his home state. Bill Daidone, division chair, (left) receives a certificate of appreciation from John Hewitt, SCPD chair-elect. Any “meeting” must include meeting new friends and old during networking breaks. Robots provide much of the muscle in Belden\'s brick plant. Setting green brick in the beehive kiln. 44 Bob Belden, president and CEO of Belden Brick (white hat), shows a beehive kiln to ACerS membership director, Kevin Thompson (blue hat). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 SUSTAINABLE, SAFE, EFFICIENT ENERGY HARVESTING AND STORAGE SOLUTIONS A TOP MATERIALS CHALLENGE AT MCARE 2016 Among this year\'s attendees were many research students and post docs who contributed to the renewable energy discussion. Winner of the Materials Horizons Poster Prize, Wanchul Seugn (left; Sungkyunkwan University, Korea), receives his award from MCARE program chair Yoong-Bong Hahn. Segue\'s poster was titled \"Nanopatterned yarnbased wearable triboelectric nanogenerator.\" The weather in Clearwater, Fla., brought bright sunshine and comfortably warm, breezy temperatures for this year\'s Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy (MCARE) conference. Clearwater Beach\'s finely ground, ultra-white sand set against the aquamarine waves of the Gulf of Mexico provided a serene backdrop for attendees to converge and discuss the most pressing alternative and renewable energy challenges facing materials scientists today. The event drew nearly 200 attendees from 30 countriesincluding Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, and the U.S., among many others—April 18-21 and was chaired by Sanjay Mathur (University of Cologne, Germany), Steven Tidrow (Alfred University), H.T. Lin (Guandong University of Technology, China), and Yoon-Bong Hahn (Chonbuk National University, South Korea). MCARE 2017 will be held February 20-24, 2017, in Jeju, Korea. For now, relive some of the moments for this year\'s meeting. (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) An attendee raises a question during a presentation about alternative sources for energy harvesting, including triboelectric energy. Winner of the Journal of Materials Chemistry A Poster Prize, Patrick Tung (left; University of New South Wales), shakes hands with Hahn and receives a certificate for his poster, \"Nanoscale structures of Na Bi₁TiО¸ piezoelectrics.\" 12 MCARE\'s poster session gave researchers the opportunity to showcase their latest work. Attendees had the chance to catch up with friends and colleagues at the welcome reception. MCARE attendees break for coffee in between sessions, but continue the discussion. MCARE co-chair Sanjay Mathur (standing left) listens on as fellow MCARE speaker Md. K. Nazeeruddin (seated right) asks some follow-up questions during Sang-Woo Kim\'s presentation at the meeting. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 45 Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T16 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OCTOBER 23-27, 2016 | SALT PALACE CONVENTION CENTER | SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA (10) JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 118TH ANNUAL MEETING! Lectures and special events Monday October 24 9:00 10:00 a.m. ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture - Aldo R. Boccaccini, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Institute of Biomaterials 2:00 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Symposium - James G. Hemrick, Reno Refractories Inc. - Bryan Huey, University of Connecticut - Tadachika Nakayama, Nagaoka University of Technology - Tomoyuki Nakamura, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. - Yoshiki Iwazaki, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd. 2:00 5:00 p.m. ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session Cooper Distinguished Lecture G. Neville Greaves, Cambridge University Cooper Scholar Lecture - TBD 2:30-3:00 p.m. ASM Alpha Sigma Mu Awards Ceremony 3:00 4:00 p.m. ASM Alpha Sigma Mu Lecture - Alton D. Romig Jr., National Academy of Engineering Tuesday October 25 8:00 10:35 a.m. MS&T Plenary Session ACers Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture - Bruce Dunn, University of California, Los Angeles ASM/TMS Plenary Distinguished Lecture in Materials and Society - Julie Christodoulou, U.S. Office of Naval Research AIST Adolf Martens Memorial Steel Lecture - TBD 12:45 1:45 p.m. ASM Edward DeMille Campbell Memorial Lecture - TBD 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture - Cato T. Laurencin, University of Connecticut Health Center Wednesday 1:00-2:00 p.m. October 26 ACerS Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Jennifer A. Lewis, Harvard University Organizers: Short courses SUNDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2016 Additive Manufacturing of Metals 8:30 a.m. Noon Instructor: Eric Bono, vice president, Engineering Solutions at Puris A Design Mindset for Additive Manufacturing 8:30 a.m. -4:30 p.m. Instructor: Howard A Kuhn, Ph.D., FASM, adjunct professor University of Pittsburgh, technical advisor - America Makes Computational Modeling of Thermal Processes for Metallic Parts 8:30 a.m. -4:30 p.m. Instructor: B. Lynn Ferguson, Dante Solutions Correlative Light and Electron Microscopy of Metals Noon 4:30 p.m. Instructor: John Peppler, lab manager, ASM International Essential Microstructure Interpretation 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Instructor: Frauke Hogue, Hogue Metallography Failure Mechanisms and Analysis 8:30 a.m. - - Noon Instructor: Ronald J. Parrington, P.E., director of industrial services, senior managing consultant, Engineering Systems Inc. (ESI) Testing and Qualification in Additive Manufacturing 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Instructor: Prabir K. Chaudhury, Ph.D., technical director designate, metals technology, Exova THURSDAY-FRIDAY, OCTOBER 27-28, 2016 Sintering of Ceramics Thursday, October 27: 9:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Friday, October 28: 9:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology 46 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST ASM ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL TMS The Minerals, Metals Materials Society Sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 G MATSCITECH.ORG C120 Student activities Student Chapter Travel Grants Information subject to change. For more information on student events, visit matscitech.org/students/. any aspect of materials science and engineering. One contestant per university can compete. Participants receive a travel grant awarded at the end of the semifinal/final rounds. Winners of the finals receive cash prizes. For contest rules, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. MS&T speaking contestants must be reported to Tricia by October 3, 2016. The Material Advantage Student Program offers $500 travel grants to student chapters in support of attending MS&T. Grants are restricted to one per active chapter in good standing, per academic year. Travel grants are awarded on a first come, first serve basis, so act early! Application deadline is October 17, 2016. Apply today at matscitech.org/students. Student Monitors Want to save money while attending MS&T? Students may partially defray expenses by serving as session monitors. Monitors assist session chairs, record session attendance statistics, assist with audio/ visual equipment, etc. Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion Visit booths, make valuable contacts with potential employers, and view job postings in the Career Pavilion while you explore the exhibit hall. Admission to the Career Pavilion is included in your conference registration fee. Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Posters will be displayed in the convention center exhibit hall on Tuesday, October 25, and Wednesday, October 26, during regular expo hall hours. For more information about competing in this poster contest, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Deadline for poster abstracts is October 3, 2016. Graduate Student Poster Contest Open to current graduate students pursuing M.S. or Ph.D. degrees, this contest recognizes superior research performed during graduate study. Only posters accepted for the MS&T technical program will be entered. Entries will be displayed in the general poster session. First, second, and third place prizes are given in the amounts of $250, $150, and $100, respectively. For more information contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. SUNDAY, OCTOBER 23 Material Advantage Chapter Leadership Workshop FOR CHAPTER OFFICERS ONLY This workshop is for chapter officers only (chair, vice chair, secretary, and treasurer) to meet fellow chapter officers, share best practices, and learn about Material Advantage! Registration is required for this workshop as well as for MS&T. Visit matscitech.org/students/ to register. Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest The semifinal and final rounds of the Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest encourage undergrads to present technical papers while improving their presentation skills. The presentation subject must be technical and can relate to Student Networking Mixer Join fellow students, Material Advantage faculty advisors, and Society volunteer leaders in this casual and fun atmosphere. Students are encouraged to wear their school colors. Music will be provided. MONDAY, OCTOBER 24 ACers Student Tour Students have the opportunity to attend a tour organized by ACers President\'s Council of Student Advisors. Tour is subject to change. Contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org with any questions. AIST Student Plant Tour AIST will be offering students the opportunity to tour a steel plant while at MS&T16. Nucor Steel - Utah will host the tour. Watch for details! TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25 Ceramic Mug Drop Contest Mugs fabricated from ceramic raw materials by students are judged on aesthetics and breaking thresholds. The mug with the highest successful drop distance wins! To enter a mug, contact Brian Gilmore at Brian.Gilmore@pxd.com by Monday, October 17, 2016. Ceramic Disc Golf Contest This contest draws a crowd! Students create discs from ceramic or glass materials to meet certain specifications. The discs are thrown into a regulation disc golf basket. Each disc is judged for farthest distance achieved, and artistic merit (aesthetics). The disc thrown into the disc golf basket from the farthest distance in the fewest number of shots wins, and the most aesthetically pleasing/creative disc will be recorded as \"Best Looking\" disc. To enter, contact Brian Gilmore at Brian.Gilmore@pxd.com by Monday, October 17, 2016. Student Awards Ceremony Congratulate the winners of this year\'s contests: Material Advantage Chapters of Excellence, Student Speaking Contest, Graduate and Undergraduate Poster Contests, Ceramic Mug Drop Contest, Ceramic Disc Golf Contest, TMS Superalloys Awards, AIST/AISI Scholarships, and Keramos National Awards. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 47 REGISTER BY JUNE 10, 2016, TO SAVE $150! 7th Advances in Cement-Based Materials (Cements 2016) JULY 10-13, 2016 | Northwestern University in Evanston, III. The 7th Annual Advances in Cement-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling, and Sensing meeting is designed for engineers, scientists, industry professionals, and students interested in advanced cement-based materials. The 2016 Cements meeting takes place July 10-13, 2016 at Northwestern University in Evanston, III. TOPICS FOR THIS YEAR INCLUDE • Cement chemistry and nano/microstructure • Advances in material characterization techniques • Alternative cementitious materials and material modification • Durability and lifecycle modeling • Advances in computational material science and chemo/mechanical modeling of cement-based materials • Smart materials and sensors • Rheology and advances in self-consolidating concrete HOTELS Hilton Orrington 1710 Orrington Avenue Evanston, IL, USA Tel: 847-866-8700 Fax: 847-866-8724 Reservations must be received on or before June 15, 2016. $145/night CenterHilton Garden Inn 1818 Maple Avenue Evanston, IL, USA Tel: 847-475-6400 Fax: 847-475-6460 Reservations must be received on or before June 10, 2016. $169/night REGISTRATION RATES On or before June 10, 2016 After June 10, 2016 ACers member $200 $350 ACerS member with membership renewal $320 $470 Nonmember $320 $470 ACerS Senior/Emeritus/Associate member $160 $310 Material Advantage member (grad or undergrad) $60 $135 GGRN* registration (without renewal) $60 $135 GGRN* registration & membership renewal (grad) $90 $165 Nonmember grad or undergrad student $195 $270 OPTIONAL Banquet ticket (July 12, 2016) $40 $40 *Global Graduate Research Network For more information and to register, go to ceramics.org/cements2016 PROGRAM CHAIRS David Corr | d-corr@northwestern.edu Matthew D\'Ambrosia | MDambrosia@ctlgroup.com Jeffrey Chen | chen@lafargeholcim.com Administrator: Jennie Edelstein | acers2016@northwestern.edu 48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 June 26 - July 1, 2016 Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel Toronto, Ontario, Canada th 9 International Conference on High-Temperature CeramicRegister today! Matrix Composites – HTCMC 9 ceramics.org/htcmc9_gfmat2016 Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development - GFMAT 2016 HTCMC 9—in conjunction with GFMAT 2016—takes place June 26-July 1 at the Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada. The joint meeting will address key issues, challenges, and opportunities in a variety of advanced materials and technologies that are critically needed for sustainable societal development. PLENARY SPEAKERS MONDAY, JUNE 27, 2016 | 8:00 – 9:00 A.M. Shunpei Yamazaki, founder and president, Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co. Ltd. Discovery of indium gallium zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO) and its applications in next-generation information display devices IGZO, having layered crystal morphology of c-axis alignedcrystalline indium gallium zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO), was discovered in 2009. CAAC-IGZO has crystals that are highly c-axis-aligned with no clear grain boundaries, while crystals are not aligned in the a-b plane direction. Field-effect transistors with an active layer of CAAC-IGZO exhibit high fieldeffect mobilities of 30-40 cm²-V-1.s-1. They also show extremely low off-state current of 10y A/μm at 85°C and on-off ratio of 1020 digits. CAAC-IGZO products have mass-produced successfully, and their application to extremelow-power-consumption LSIs and computers is further expected. Combined analyses were performed using TEM observations and computer simulations, and it was found that CAAC-IGZO has new crystal morphology. Based on the results, we propose a deposition model of CAAC-IGZO that minute crystal nuclei laterally grow and connect to each other at the initial stage of deposition so that they form characteristic layered crystal morphology. A.N. Sreeram, senior vice president, research & development and chief technology officer, Dow Chemical Co. The science of materials: Impactful solutions to big global challenges Humanity faces a number of big challenges: providing energy that is safe and clean; providing water to a thirsty planet; feeding a growing global population; and protecting and preserving nature and the modern infrastructure. Dow Chemical is a world leader in the application of chemistry and material science and is uniquely positioned to address big global challenges. Technologies that reduce energy use, provide clean water, make cars safer and more efficient, protect and preserve crops, and protect and preserve food are some of the examples of the impactful technologies made possible by mastery of material science. Katherine A. Stevens, general manager, materials and process engineering, GE Aviation SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites for jet engines Aircraft engines operate more efficiently at higher temperatures and pressures, but the industry is running into the temperature limits of even the most advanced metal superalloys. SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) provide greater temperature capability, weigh about a third as much, and survive better in a variety of environments around the world—all of which significantly expand their potential usage. SiC/SiC CMCs now have moved beyond development programs and into certified engines for commercial aircraft. Currently, more than 10,000 jet engines incorporating CMCs in the \"hot section\" are on order, with the first entering airline service later this year. This talk will cover the state-of-the-art in SiC/SiC materials, design, and verification, including the large amount of testing underway from material coupons to engine components in flight tests. It will also describe the associated manufacturing supply chain that has been created and will conclude by summarizing requirements for the next generation of CMC systems. Jörg Esslinger, director, materials engineering, MTU Aero Engines AG Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs): Enabling materials for competitive aero engines Today, we witness the first steps of a trend toward an extended use of novel, nonmetallic materials in the hot section of aero engines. These materials will be a substantial enabler to realize the tremendous technical demands to be competitive at the future engine market: increase in materials\' temperatures of more than one hundred Kelvin and parts\' weight reduction well above 20%. Promising, in some cases competing, candidates are intermetallics and fiberreinforced composites. In this group, CMCs involve the maximum potential as a high-temperature and low-weight material, however, simultaneously the highest challenges to come up with an economically competitive, stable production and a reliable design for the application in aviation. Whereas CMCs have a long history in research and other industrial applications, aero engines\' requirements for materials\' quality result in the need of substantial additional efforts to enable a broad application. The successful implementation of titanium aluminides, the first \"nonmetallic game changer\" to load-bearing hot-section components, revealed some basic key factors of success: highly integrated development teams of researchers, suppliers, and engine manufacturer; upper management attention and willingness of all parties to invest in a future technology; and strategies to enable delivered quantities sufficient to justify investments and reduce production costs. Further, there are CMC-specific tasks that still challenge developers: materials and coatings that can withstand extended aero engines\' life requirements; automated production processes for stable and economic production; maturity of material- and production-appropriate design and qualification; and quality inspection and repair procedures. If and only if all of these targets are achieved consistently, CMCs will win the competition with other materials\' solutions in aero engines sustainably. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 49 June 26 - July 1, 2016 Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel Toronto, Ontario, Canada th 9 International Conference on High-Temperature CeramicMatrix Composites - HTCMC 9 Register today! Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development - GFMAT 2016 ceramics.org/htcmc9_gfmat2016 TECHNICAL PROGRAM SPONSORS The conference features 18 symposia, covering a range of focused topics. HTCMC 9 H1: Computational modeling and design of new materials and processes H2: Design and development of advanced ceramic fibers, interfaces, and interphases in composites: A symposium in honor of professor Roger Naslain H3: Innovative design, advanced processing, and manufacturing technologies H4: Materials for extreme environments: Ultra-high-temperature ceramics and nanolaminated ternary carbides and nitrides (MAX phases) H5: Polymer-derived ceramics and composites H6: Advanced thermal and environmental barrier coatings: Processing, properties, and applications H7: Thermomechanical behavior and performance of composites H8: Ceramic integration and additive manufacturing technologies H9: Component testing and evaluation of composites H11: CMC applications in transportation and industrial systems GFMAT 2016 G1: Powder processing innovation and technologies for advanced materials and sustainable development G2: Functional nanomaterials for sustainable energy technologies G3: Novel, green, and strategic processing and manufacturing technologies G4: Ceramics for sustainable infrastructure: Geopolymers and sustainable composites G5: Advanced materials, technologies, and devices for electrooptical and medical applications G6: Porous ceramics for advanced applications through innovative processing G7: Advanced functional materials, devices, and systems for environmental conservation and pollution control G8: Multifunctional coatings for sustainable energy and environmental applications Tiannico mm SAINT-GOBAIN TOTO 粉体工学会 SPT TR materialstoday Connecting the materials community TORONTO MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN EATON CENTRE HOTEL 525 Bay Street Toronto, Ontario M5G 2L2 Canada 416-597-9200 Group rate: $199.99 CAD per night Reservations available on or before June 3, 2016, or until the block sells out. Mention The American Ceramic Society. 50 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 ORGANIZERS Mrityunjay Singh General Chair Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA Tatsuki Ohji HTCMC-9 Lead Chair AIST, Japan Sanjay Mathur GFMAT 2016 Lead Chair University of Cologne, Germany Greg N. Morscher HTCMC-9 Co-Chair University of Akron, USA Kiyoshi Shimamura GFMAT 2016 Co-Chair National Institute for Materials Science, Japan Shaoming Dong HTCMC-9 Co-Chair Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Mohamed Siaj GFMAT 2016 Co-Chair University of Québec at Montréal, Canada SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE Sunday, June 26, 2016 Registration Welcome reception Monday, June 27, 2016 Registration Plenary session Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Tuesday, June 28, 2016 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Poster session Wednesday, June 29, 2016 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Thursday, June 30, 2016 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Conference banquet Friday, July 1, 2016 Registration Concurrent sessions 4:00-7:00 p.m. 5:00-7:00 p.m. 7:00 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 8:00-9:00a.m. 9:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 7:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 9:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Noon 1:30 p.m. 6:30-8:30 p.m. 7:30a.m. 5:30 p.m. 9:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Noon–1:30 p.m. 7:30a.m.-5:30 p.m. 9:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Noon - 1:30 p.m. 7:00-9:30 p.m. 7:30a.m. Noon 9:30 a.m. Noon OPPORTUNITIES FOR NETWORKING AND DISCUSSION HTCMC 9 and GFMAT 2016 networking events provide various opportunities to engage in discussions on a global scale and develop lasting business relationships. Young Professionals Forum symposium aims to bring together young researchers and scientists from around the globe to discuss new approaches and challenges in materials synthesis and to provide a platform for intensive exchange of ideas, knowledge, and networking. The focus will rest on recent societal challenges in the new millennium, including but not limited to-energy, health, and environmental aspects. In addition, novel material design paradigms are needed to fabricate materials with multifunctional applications that can bring solutions to some of today\'s biggest problems. STUDENT AND YOUNG PROFESSIONAL LUNCH AND TALK TUESDAY, JUNE 28, 2016 | Noon – 1:15 p.m. “Mentorship for young scientists: Developing scientific survival skills,\" a special session sponsored by Saint-Gobain, will be presented by professor Federico Rosei, INRS Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications Research Centre. OFFICIAL MEDIA FOR MEETING AMERICAN DERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology Ceramic TechToday FROM THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 51 Oresources Calendar of events June 2016 8-10 ACers Southwest Section meeting - Hilton Birmingham Perimeter Park, Birmingham, Ala.; www.ceramics. org/sections/southwest-section 26-30 HTCMC 9 and GFMAT: 9th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites and Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development 2016 - Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada; www.ceramics.org/ htcmc9_gfmat2016 27-29 Electroceramics XV Limoges, France; www.electroceramics15.com July 2016 3-6 Microwave Materials and Their Applications - Seoul, South Korea; www.mma2016.com 5-8 12th European SOFC and SOE Form: 20th Conference in Series with Exhibition Kultureund and Kongresszentrum Lucerne, Switzerland; www.EFCF.com 10-13 3rd Int\'l Congress on 3D Materials Science 2016 - Pheasant Run Resort, St. Charles, III.; www.tms. org/meetings/2016/3DMS2016 11-13 Cements 2016: 7th Advances in Cement-Based Materials Northwestern University, Evanston, III.; www.ceramics.org/cements2016 17-21 6th Int\'l Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth Omni William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.tms.org/meetings/2016/ ReXGG2016 25-26 Diversity in the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Professions Northwestern University, Evanston, III.; www.tms.org/meetings/2016/ diversity2016 28-31 Innovations in Biomedical Materials and Technologies Rosemont Hyatt, Chicago, III.; www.ceramics.org/biomed2016 31-Aug. 5 Gordon Research Conference on Ceramics and Solid State Studies - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs August 2016 21-23 ICC6: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Dresden, Germany; www.icc-6.com September 2016 4-8 ESG 2016/SGT100: Society of Glass Technology Conference Sheffield, U.K.; www.sgt.org 28-29 59th Int\'l Colloquium on Refractories 2016 - Aachen, Germany; www.ecref.eu October 2016 1-6 6th Int\'l Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition - Gyeongju, South Korea; www.engconf.org/conferences 23-27 MS&T16, combined with ACerS 118th Annual Meeting – Salt Lake City, Utah; www.ceramics.org; www.matscitech.org November 2016 8-10 77th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org January 2017 18-20 EMA 2017: ACers Electronic Materials and Applications DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ema2017 22-27 ICACC\'17: 41st Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ icacc2017 February 2017 20-24 Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy - Jeju, Korea; www.ceramics.org/ mcare2017 April 2017 24-25 6th Ceramic Leadership Summit - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramics.org/meetings/cls2017 25-27 Ceramics Expo 2017 - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa.com July 2017 4-7 6th European PEFC & H, Forum: 21st Conference in Series with Tutorial, Exhibition, and Application Market Lucerne, Switzerland; www.EFCF.com 24-28 9th Int\'l Conference on Borate Glasses, Crystals, and Melts; Int\'l Conference on Phosphate Glasses Oxford, U.K.; www.sgt.org Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. 62 52 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 new products NETESEN ROSS Tumble blender harles Ross & Son Co. has added Charles Ross & Son Co. has blenders to its inventory of stock mixing equipment ready for immediate purchase or short-term trial or rental. Ideal for intimate dry blending of free-flowing solids, V-Blenders are rated for 125 lbs/ft³ product bulk density. V-Blenders can be customized with optional features, such as vacuum capability, intensifier bar, spray nozzles, heating or cooling jacket, explosion-proof motor, and built-in controls. Charles Ross & Son Co. 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Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-891-8960 www.harperintl.com www.harropusa.com www.jtfmicroscopy.com www.malyn.com www.mohrcorp.com www.netzsch.com www.pptechnology.com www.rauschert.com 54 www.qualityexec.com 54 54 www.sem-com.com 55 www.sgiglass.com 54 www.westpenntesting.com 55 www.zircarzirconia.com 54 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 56 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 5 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2017 • • . . call for papers Abstracts due by September 9, 2016 SYMPOSIA Computational design of electronic materials Mesoscale phenomena in ceramic materials, nano- and microstructures Multifunctional nanocomposites Fundamentals to applications for the use of thermal energy for power generation and refrigeration • Ceramic photonic materials and applications In-situ experiments of microstructure evolution and properties Energy sustainable optoelectronics and magnetoelectronics Interfacial phenomena in multifunctional heterostructures: From theory to transport processes • Interfaces in microstructural evolution: Structure, properties, anisotropy, and motion Interfaces and surfaces in energy-related ceramic materials Superconducting materials and applications • Advanced electronic materials: Processing, structures, properties, and applications lon-conducting ceramics ⚫5G materials for the millimeter wave revolution JANUARY 18-20, 2017 ORLANDO, FLA., USA ceramics.org/ema2017 • Sn: Advanced processing for electronic and electrochemical systems: Crystals, films, and devices The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AMERICAN 田 ELEMENTS metamaterials THE MATERIALS SCIENCE MANUFACTURER ® medicine electrochemistry nanorib catalog: americanelements.com cerium polishing powder yttrium atomic layer deposition crystal growth H thin film dysprosium pellets nanodispersions solid vanadium high purity silicon ro tant He surface functionalized nanoparticles semiconductors B 10.811 Boron 12.0107 Carbon N 14.0067 Nitrogen 15.9994 Oxygen 18.9984032 Fluorine 1.00794 refractotals ite catho con 19 Li Be 6.941 Lithium Na 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium diele Rb 85.4678 Rubidium CIGS CS rod 132.9064 Cesium Fr (223) Francium 12 20 38 88 9.012182 Beryllium Mg 24.305 Magnesium Ca 40.078 Calcium Sr 87.62 Strontium Ba 137.327 Barium 21 39 Sc 44.966912 nuclear Scandium Y 88.90585 Yttrium La 138.90547 Lanthanum Ra Ac 22 40 72 104 Ti 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium Hf 178.48 Hafnium Rf 23 41 73 V 50.9415 Vanadium Nb Niobium Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 42 106 Cr palladium shot 99.999% ruthenium sphere 51.9961 Chromium 25 43 27 28 Zn Mn Fo Co Ni Cu Z 54.938045 Manganese Mo Tc 95.96 Molybdenum W 183.84 Tungsten 75 107 (98.0) Technetium Re 186.207 Rhenium Db Sg Bh 44 108 Iron RU Ru 101.07 Ruthenium Os 190.23 Osmium Hs 77 109 Cobalt Rh 102.9055 Rhodium Ir 192.217 Iridium Mt 46 110 58.6934 Nickel 47 63.546 Copper 48 65.38 Zinc Pd Ag Cd 106.42 Palladium 107.8682 Silver 112.411 Cadmium Pt 195.084 Platinum Au Hg 196.966569 Gold 112 200.59 Mercury Ds Rg Cn 13 31 49 81 113 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum Ga 69.723 Gallium In 114.818 Indium TI 204.3833 Thallium Uut 14 32 50 82 Si 28.0855 Silicon 15 33 P 16 F CI 30.973762 Phosphorus 32.065 Sulfur Ge As 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead 114 FI 51 83 115 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth Uup 116 SS Se 78.96 Selenium Te 127.6 Tellurium Po (209) Polonium 53 85 Lv 117 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine 10 18 36 54 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon cerme anode iron lump liqui At Rn ionic (210) Astatine Uus 2 118 (222) Radon Uuo (226) Radium (227) Actinium Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium (276) Meitnerium (281) (280) Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium (284) Ununtrium (289) Flerovium (288) Ununpentium (293) Livermorium (294) (294) photovoltaics Ce 140.116 Cerium spintronics super alloys Th 232.03806 Thorium nanofabrics platinum ink 91 europium phosphors 61 62 quantum dots 69 Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 140.90765 144.242 Praseodymium Neodymium Pa 231.03588 Protactinium (145) Promethium 94 150.36 Samarium 95 151.964 Europium 157.25 Gadolinium 97 158.92535 Terbium 100 es Ununseptium Ununoctium neodymium foil 70 Yb Lu 167.259 Erbium 168.93421 Thulium solar energy 101 102 173.064 Ytterbium 103 174.9668 Lutetium 162.5 Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 93 98 U Cf 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) Plutonium (243) Americium (247) Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium Np Pu Am Cm Bk rare earth metals laser crystals anti-ballistic ceramics optoelectronics Nd:YAG macromolecules Es Fm Md No nickel foam titanium robotic part biosynthetics nan Lr nano gels LED lighting ngsten carbide TM REINTENTED! Now sputtering targets gadolinium wire ent. dysprosium pellets neodymium foil cerium polishing powder optoelectr mischmetal uperconductors ultra high pu erbium doped fiber optics thin film macromolecules advanced po Experience the Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs dium sponge On January 8, 2016, americanelements.com relaunched. Now with over 10,000 research papers zirconium in a new searchable Research Center. Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of thin filr new products. And much more. All on a new secure multi-language \"Mobile Responsive\" platform. gadolinium wire neodymium foil Now Invent...Reinvented! alternative energy single crystal silicon macromolecules advanced polymers diamond micropowder ©2001-2016. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark.
