AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology JUNE/JULY 2017 Building a better world Students construct the future Phone evolution: Sapphire vs. glass Ag and Cu keep surfaces clean Annual student section | Update from ACerS president | Composites market view Contribute to the growing conference! SAVE THE DATE! January 17-19, 2018 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel | Orlando, Fla. USA 2018 CONFERENCE ON ELECTRONIC AND ADVANCED MATERIALS Electronics Materials and Applications is now the Conference on Electronic Materials and Applications. The January 17-19, 2018 international conference focuses on • Fundamental properties and processing of ceramic and electroceramic materials, and • Applications in electronic, electro/mechanical, magnetic, dielectric, and optical components, devices and systems. CALL FOR PAPERS COMING SOON! For more information, visit ceramics.org/eam2018 The The 2018 meeting has expanded programming and is organized by ACers Electronics and Basic Science Divisions. American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org contents June/July 2017 • Vol. 96 No.5 feature articles 3 President\'s update: ACers Young Members ACerS President Bill Lee provides the second of three updates to members about key themes of his presidency. by Bill Lee 34 study case Cover screens for personal 20 electronic devices: Strengthened glass or sapphire? A review of material manufacturing and article fabrication processes and costs for strengthened glass and sapphire crystal materials for smartphone cover screens. by By Arun K. Varshneya and Peter P. Bihuniak 26 Simple methods to incorporate departments silver and copper generate antimicrobial glasses and porous glass-bonded ceramics Simple and flexible techniques show promise for incorporating silver and copper into glass and glass-bonded ceramic materials for novel antimicrobial products. by Taki Negas, Dave Hilfiker, and Scott Bartkowski columns Acers Bulletin annual student section Student-written articles showcase the diversity and impact of research from students around the world. Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACers Bulletin issue by Tessa Davey Congressional Visits Day 2017 recap by Tricia L. Freshour Calcium silicate, carbon dioxide, and political climate change: Assessing the viability of environmentally friendly cement alternatives by Ryan Anderson Filling cracks of the foundation: Why K-12 outreach should be a priority by Haley Barnes Synergy and collaboration: Conduct your research and business like concrete by Jindaporn Juthapakdeeprasert Ceramic technology for cleaner water in Africa: When academia meets imagination by Wirat Lerdprom News & Trends. 5 Spotlight 10 Ceramics in Biomedicine 16 Business and Market View... 48 Ceramic matrix composites and carbon matrix composites market projected to grow at a fairly rapid pace Research Briefs 18 by Margareth Gagliardi meetings CBLS/CEX 2017 recap Cements 2017. MS&T17. 40 41 42 Corrections to the May issue of the ACers Bulletin \"Lighter, tougher, and optically advantaged: How an innovative combination of materials can enable better car windows today,\" p. 20. The print edition of the article featured unauthorized use of a Ford GT as the article\'s lead image. Digital versions of the article have been corrected. ACers Spotlight, p. 8. Bikramjit Basu\'s award was reported incorrectly. The correct award is printed on page 12. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org resources Calendar 44 Classified Advertising. 45 Display Ad Index…… 47 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Faye Oney, Assistant Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany John McCloy, Chair, Washington State University Fei Peng, Clemson University Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Kansas State University Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers William Lee, President Michael Alexander, President-Elect Mrityunjay Singh, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 Doreen Edwards, Director 2016-2019 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian online www.ceramics.org June/July 2017 Vol. 96 No. 5 in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss http://bit.ly/acersgplus Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and recieve the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news straight to your inbox every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday! Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. As seen in the May 2017 ACers Bulletin... How an innovative combination of materials can enable better car windows today In the highly competitive automotive marketplace, innovation has been a constant since Henry Ford rolled out his first Model T. Yet, automotive glass technology has remained relatively unchanged for almost a centuryuntil now. Read more at www.ceramics.org/goinggorilla As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... 3-D printing method uses extraterrestrial soil to cultivate Mars colonization Researchers at Northwestern University have devised a technique to 3-D print extraterrestrial soil. Using a biologically derived binder, the team demonstrated that their unique method can 3-D print biodegradable tools, building blocks, and other structures. Read more at www.ceramics.org/mars American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 96, No. 5, pp 1-48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 President\'s update: ACers Young Members By Bill Lee became an assistant professor at The I an assistant at Ohio) in 1986 and have spent the ensuing 31 years working with young people—and what a privilege it has been. I have learned a lot working with bright, inquiring, and challenging students, and I am immensely proud to have supervised 60 students to successful Ph.D. completion. Young, of course, is a relative term and is not quantified easily, although in this context I describe young as someone from a later generation who has a different skill set than myself. Today, students and young professionals learn new technical skills-including modeling and simulation techniques, biomedical engineering, and physical and chemical analysis techniques at enormously high resolution-that were unimaginable to my generation. It is because of their progressive skill set that I regard input from the Society\'s younger members as crucial to the organization\'s operations and future trajectory. Young members already are well-served in the Society by the student-led President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA, www.ceramics.org/pcsa). The group develops leadership skills in its members through its responsibility to represent student interests to ACerS and its subsidiary committees, divisions, sections, and classes. The current PCSA class consists of 50 students from 35 universities, representing 10 countries. I am pleased to say that the current PCSA chair, Tessa Davey, is from Imperial College London in the United Kingdom. Turn to page 34 of this issue\'s special student section to read more about the PCSA and its diverse efforts. In addition, the Young Professionals Network (YPN, www.ceramics.org/ypn), currently cochaired by Krista Grayson of Mo-Sci Corp. (Rolla, Mo.) and Kathleen Shugart of the United States Air Force Research Laboratory (Dayton, Ohio), provides networking and professional development opportunities to graduates who are 25-40 years old. YPN consists of a mixture of academia-based or industry-based early faculty, postdoctoral researchers, and graduate students. In 2015, ACerS initiated the Global Graduate Research Network (GGRN, www.ceramics.org/ggrn) to coordinate networking events and address professional and career development needs for glass- and ceramic-focused graduate students. Although ACerS GGRN activities have been limited in scope up until now because of discussions with partner societies, all systems are now go. GGRN is hosting a series of professional development webinars throughout the coming year, focused on topics such as choosing postdoctoral opportunities and developing professional networks. Stay tuned for much more to come from ACerS GGRN. Students and participants at ACers Winter Workshop 2017 in Orlando, Fla. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 3 Credit: ACerS President\'s update: ACerS Young Members ACerS has increased involvement of young members in Society committees during the past couple of years, including • PCSA representatives serving on Division Committees; • PCSA, YPN, and GGRN chairs serving on the Strategic Planning and Emerging Opportunities Committee, which is chaired by the ACerS president-elect and takes a visionary look at ceramic and glass opportunities; and • A PCSA representative serving on ACerS board of directors (BoD) as a nonvoting member. This representation ensures younger voices are increasingly heard and acted upon within the Society. At its most recent meeting, ACerS BoD approved the Global Distinguished ty, in particular through opportunities with young members of the European Ceramic Society. The annual PCSA Winter Workshop held in Florida in January has proved popular and has generated immensely positive feedback. The biennial ECerS Summer Schools, held prior to ECerS conferences, also are highly successful. I look forward to meeting attendees at the ECerS Summer School in Budapest, Hungary, this July. Students, these are excellent opportunities to network and make lifelong friends worldwide-so take advantage. In fact, I still have friends with whom I attended the 1986 High-Resolution Electron Microscopy Winter Workshop at Arizona State University (Tempe, Ariz.)! Building upon the model estabPresident Bill Lee addresses a group of young professionals at ICACC\'17 in Daytona Beach, Fla. Doctoral Dissertation Award, which will be awarded for the first time in 2018. A distinguished panel of Society Fellows chaired by the president-elect will judge applications for the best Ph.D. thesis in a ceramic or glass topic. This award provides another valuable recognition opportunity for young members. Details of the award and application process soon will be found at www.ceramics.org/awards. In addition, the Society will continue to support engagement of younger members with the worldwide communilished by the Journal of the European Ceramic Society Trust, which supports young ECerS members, I am optimistic that the Ceramics and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) will increasingly provide support for U.S.-based students to attend these meetings and other similar worldwide opportunities. In addition, Lynnette Madsen has spearheaded a Multi-Society Diversity Council to trade best practices on diversity and inclusion and to consider new undertakings spanning several profesCredit: ACerS sional societies. In total, five societies are onboard so far. To complement this effort and consider the best paths forward for ACerS, at their next meeting (taking place at press time), the Board of Directors will review a proposal to approve a Diversity and Inclusion subcommittee of the Member Services Committee, which will be led by Susan Sinnott and will include both a GGRN and PCSA representative. ACerS editor Eileen De Guire quoted me in an interview in the April 2017 Bulletin Business Supplement, saying, \"I like to think that what I do has an endpoint that is useful, either making money or for the good of society, ideally both. That\'s what engineers do.\" This is so true, and I am pleased that the Society now is developing a strategy to support humanitarian projects in which ceramic and glass materials can have a positive impact on the world. My Ph.D. student Wirat Lerdprom spent a week in Uganda last year, using his knowledge of traditional ceramic fabrication to help a small company that provides clean drinking water improve its manufacturing efficiency. Lerdprom worked with the company to improve from 55% to 85% its firing success of porous clay water filters coated with silver nitrate. Just a small investment of his time had a huge impact-turn to page 39 in this issue\'s student section to read Lerdprom\'s story. Working with colleagues on the BoD and others, including Clive Randall, who is driving such a program at Pennsylvania State University (University Park, Pa.)-and young members through the PCSA, we can make a meaningful difference in the world. One of the few benefits of getting old-and there really are not many—is the pride we feel when our students find success. As I tell my research group, \"If you look good, I look good!\" My message to young people is that you are tomorrow\'s leaders. The positive influences we can have on you today will stand society, and ACerS, in good stead in the future. You can make a difference. Reach me at w.e.lee@imperial.ac.uk.■■ 4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 • • news & trends Apple might use metallic glass alloys on back panel in next iPhones Rumors are spreading around the internet that the next Apple iPhone may have a metallic glass back, as the company published a patent with the United States Patent & Trademark Office back in 2016. Metallic glasses are created by rapidly cooling alloys made of various metals, such as iron, titanium, and copper. Their noncrystalline structure makes metallic glasses a strong and durable material, but a lousy surface coating material. Apple seemingly has created a way to combine the best of both worlds. According to Patently Apple, Apple\'s patent \"relates to metals comprising a metal coating on a metal substrate and methods for applying a metal coating onto a metal substrate using micro-alloying.\" Patently Apple says Apple\'s patent includes the following verbiage, hinting that this might indicate a method Apple would use in making the back panel of the next version of its iPhone: \"In some embodiments, the metal substrate may be a metallic glass substrate. In some embodiments, a metallic glass coating is deposited on a metallic glass substrate to form a coated metallic glass. Pulsed radiation is applied to the coated metallic glass to form a metallic glass with altered chemical composition.\" The only area of its devices Apple could be referring to is the backing. This is one of numerous patents Apple has The next generation of Apple iPhones may look and feel different if they incorporate metallic glass alloys on their back panels. 300+ ADVANCED CERAMIC FORMULATIONS 100+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE Learn more at coorstek.com COORSTEK American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org ©2017 02391 B 5 Credit: Informedmag.com 6 Onews & trends Credit: April Gocha filed since the release of the iPhone 7, so loyalists will have to wait for the next generation of iPhones to arrive on the market to see which rumors are true. March for Science mobilized scientists worldwide to emphasize role of science in public policy Spurred by political concerns, an unprecedented amount of scientists are deciding to run for office, open dialogues on public policy, or otherwise take activist roles-all mobilization efforts to make a united stand for science. \"I\'ve never seen anything like this,\" Rush Holt, chief executive of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, says in a Washington Post article. \"In the past, there have been marches for one aspect of science or another or for rallies for funding for medical research. But this was not organized by any interest group. It\'s a spontaneous display of concern about science itself.\" ... Holt is referring to the March for Science, which occurred April 22 in Washington, D.C., and some 400 other cities around the world. Scientists and science supporters converged for rallies all around the globe to display their support for the role of science in society and its place in public policy. \"The March for Science is the first step of a global movement to defend the vital role science plays in our health, safety, economies, and governments,\" according to the March for Science website. The March for Science was endorsed or supported by some 100 and groups even a growing list of companies that provided fundraising and brand endorsement. ACerS publishing partner, Wiley, reaffirmed its commitment to \"global interconnectedness, robust independent science, and diversity of all kinds,\" and participated in the March for Science because it \"provides an unprecedented opportunity to draw global attention to the critical importance of science today MAKE AMERICA SMART AIN POWER The March for Science mobilized scientists around the globe to stand up for the role of science in society and its place in public policy. and in everything that we do.\" The March for Science has been clear to communicate it is a nonpartisan movement of organizations and individuals, not politicians. The group says it is advocating for \"evidencebased policymaking, science education, Business news HarbisonWalker International selects location for new monolithics refractory plant (www.thinkhwi.com)...OSHA to delay enforcing silica rule (www.osha. gov)... ETS Wound Care gains FDA clearance for Mirragen borate glass matrix (www.etswoundcare.com)... Kobe Steel acquires Swedish isostatic press manufacturer Quintus Technologies (www.quintustechnologies.com)... Tethon 3D launches Vitrolite glass ceramic resin (www.tethon3d.com)...CeraNova restructures to focus on manufacturing and accelerate growth (www.ceranova. com)...Vitro Glass plant cited as model for water reclamation (www.vitroglazings. com)...CeramTec welcomes new colleagues in the UK (www.ceramtec. com)...The skills that industry hires need (www.sciencemag.org)...Guardian Glass plant in Brazil will increase capacity following repair project (www. guardian.com)...Press Glass UK acquires research funding, and inclusive and accessible science,\" rather than against the current administration. However, concern for science has been sparked by actions and policy directions of the Trump administration-starting with scouting out climate change scientists withtwo Pilkington plants and Cervoglass (www.pressglass.eu)…..Morgan Advanced Materials enhances crucible performance with internal coatings (www. morganadvancedmaterials.com)... HC Starck expects sustained recovery of core markets in 2017 (www.hcstarck. com)...US Silica acquires new industrial roofing capability (www.ussilica.com)... Kyocera develops world\'s smallest crystal unit for smartphones, wearables (http:// global.kyocera.com)...Composites manufacturing facility launches at NREL (www.nrel.gov)...ACMA recommends Commerce Department to ease impact of federal regulations (www.acmanet. org)...City Tech receives grants for new Center of Additive Manufacturing and Medical Devices (www.cuny.edu)... Heraeus acquires Swiss precious metals processor Argor-Heraeus (www.heraeus. com) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 in the Energy Department, and including mandates to government agencies to restrict public communications. Concerns are not restricted only to government entities, however. Limitations on travel and entry into the United States and perceptions of the administration\'s future directions are reportedly inhibiting international scientific collaborations. According to March for Science honorary cochair Lydia Villa-Komaroff, although the March was sparked by current administration policies, the March for Science is bigger than the politics of the Trump administration-it is a proscience movement that extends further than the current climate. In an article on Stat News, she says, \"Support for science has been falling for quite some time. And discussions about whether or not science is valid have been going on since long before Trump entered the political scene. These two trends have been building to the point where many of us feel that we need to make the case for science in as nonparti san a way as possible.\" Work of Critical Materials Institute could help lessen US dependence on China for rare earths Demand in technology in the past 20 years has increased the demand for rare earths. Owing to the luck of geography, China holds approximately 50% of the world\'s rare earth reserves and controls around 95% of world production, resulting in increased global reliance on China for rare-earth materials. United States reliance on China goes back to the 1990s, when two rare earth production companies went out of business and moved production capacity to China. A September 2014 report from the National Center for Policy Analysis concluded that, \"To counter the threat of critical minerals shortages, the U.S. needs to develop a domestic rare earths supply chain.\" The Critical Materials Institute (CMI) is a good start toward that independence. Launched in 2013, the CMI\'s mission listed on its website is \"to assure supply chains of materials critical to clean energy technologies-enabling innovation in U.S. manufacturing and enhancing U.S. energy security.\" CMI is tasked with four priorities: diversifying sources of critical materials, especially rare earths; creating substitutes for materials in short supply; improving efficiencies of existing resources by recycling and reducing Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. 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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com 7 ●news & trends Rare-earth materials, like this sample of ytterbium, are in demand due to increases in technology. manufacturing waste; and forecasting future materials shortages. Led by the Ames Laboratory (Ames, Iowa), CMI works under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. Its team includes scientists and engineers from four DOE labs, seven universities, and nine industry partners. According to this brief on the CMI website, successes so far include \"47 invention disclosures, 13 patent applications, two technology licenses, two opensource software packages, and over 80 refereed publications.\" The CMI\'s 5-year $120 million grant expires in 2018, but the DOE could renew its grant based on its overall activity and success. The seriousness of the CMI\'s work cannot be understated. In a 2013 TedX video, CMI director Alex King said because today\'s smartphones contain nearly 65 elements (as opposed to 30 elements in older mobile phones), it is more difficult to recycle them. In addition, \"we\'re making ourselves more vulnerable to shortages.\" A shortage of any one of 65 elements contained in a smartphone would cripple the technology it enables and disrupt product manufacturing. It is never a good idea to \"put all your eggs in one basket,\" as the saying goes. In the case of rare-earth materials, we might rephrase it to say, \"don\'t rely on one henhouse to source your eggs.\" Or, perhaps, it may be time to find an “egg substitute.\" Extending DOE funding of CMI\'s grant for another 5 years would help the U.S. move away from one \"henhouse\" and 8 away from our dependence on China for rare earths. To learn more about CMI, watch the video available at https://youtu.be/ YF9381PZ4-M. Beer drinkers preserve sandy beaches 200 grams at a time Sand-usable sand—is a finite and dwindling resource. The New York Times reported on the global sand shortage in June 2016, saying, “Sand is the essential ingredient that makes modern life possible,\" referring specifically to its use in concrete, fenestration and other glass, and asphalt. According to the article, the 40 billion ton/year industry has an estimated value of about $70 billion. But it comes with a heavy price. The article mentions disrupted riverbed and coral ecosystems, torn up forests, disappearing beaches, and diesel fumes spewed from trucks transporting the stuff over longer distances. California, for example, estimated that doubling average transport distances from 25 to 50 miles would burn about 50 million more gallons of diesel. Countries such as Cambodia, India, Vietnam, and coastal Africa feel the impacts as their agrarian and aquaculture industries suffer, and their citizens take wild risks to mine sand. Mother Nature, too, gobbles up beach sand with every hurricane, and rising sea levels wash sand out to sea. In Miami Beach, Fla., for example, engiCredit: Ames Laboratory; YouTube neers dredge sand from offshore and bring it back to the beach in an inverse Sisyphean exercise. Restoring beaches is expensive. According to a weather.com report, Miami Beach spent more than $18 mil lion in beach restoration in 2001-only to have hurricanes Sandy and Matthew wreak their havoc. One company, DB Export beer company in New Zealand, offers a clever a solution-a machine that grinds empty glass beer bottles into fine-grained cullet suitable for replacing beautiful beach sand. In a video available at https://youtu. be/7uOukrxj4sY, Lyn Mayes from the Glass Packaging Forum says 60,000 tons of glass goes to landfill every year. We also learn that each bottle yields 200 grams of beach sand substitute, which the company distributes back to construction companies to use in lieu of sand. \"Kiwis, we love our beaches and we love our beer,\" says Sean O\'Donnell of DB Breweries in the video. \"So wouldn\'t it be great if you could have a beer and do something for the environment? And that\'s pretty exciting.\" \" DE EXPORT GOLD DB Breweries has developed a machine that converts empty beer bottles into a sought after resource-sand. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Credit: DB Export Beer, YouTube Alt-E Fund offers individuals the opportunity to support clean energy Alt-E Fund, a nonprofit organization, has a goal of generating financial support to fund research in clean energy technologies. It wants to change the way energy research is funded by \"harnessing the passion of millions of citizens to vote with their wallet and provide the needed funds to enable crucial research,\" according to its website. \"Most funding for clean energy research comes from the federal government and is clearly not enough,\" Sandrine Ricote, research associate professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Colorado School of Mines (Golden, Colo.) and Alt-E Fund technical advisor, says in an email. The government has many competing priorities, Ricote explained, and it is foolish to think that money needed to transform our energy system will somehow suddenly appear. She provides examples of simple solutions that would make good starting points for research, including: inexpensive and lightweight batteries to store renewable forms of energy, such as wind or solar for use anytime and anywhere; improvements in the electrical grid to accommodate new sources of energy; and solutions to convert electricity from wind and solar into fuel for airplanes, trains, and automobiles. \"We cannot just plug in more solar panels and wind turbines and expect to solve the problem,\" Ricote states. \"They are part of an ecosystem that has yet to be developed. The need for a stimulus in energy research is now, as it takes years to conduct the research and decades to get the best ideas into the marketplace.\" Alt-E Fund\'s three-year plan is to generate funds from private donors and allocate -85% of funds to support and sustain current and future research. The organization consists of a team of clean energy scientists, a board of directors, and technical advisors. Its five-step process starts with securing funds and ends with research leading to breakthroughs in new clean energy technologies. Think of Alt-E Fund as a crowdsourcA new fund uses a crowdsourcing approach to fund clean energy research. ing initiative, similar to Kickstarter or GoFundMe-individuals can make their voices heard and fund clean energy research. To learn more about Alt-E Fund, view the video available at https://youtu.be/GVEgxJK9Kvw. Ricote says the solution to clean American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org energy funding requires unconventional thinking and involvement of citizens at unprecedented levels. “It empowers individuals to \'vote with their wallet\' to directly fund renewable energy research and lay the foundation of the energy economy of tomorrow,\" she adds. 25 Deltech Furnaces We Build The Furnace To Fit Your Need™ Standard or Custom Control systems are certified by Intertek UL508A compliant. www.deltechfurnaces.com 9 Credit: Lawrence Murray; Flickr CC BY 2.0 acers spotlight Society and Division news Become a Corporate Partner ACerS\' Corporate Partnership Program offers benefits that include advertising, sponsorships, meeting registrations, technical resources, and more. For more details, contact Kevin Thompson at 614-794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. 2017-2018 ACerS officers named The new slate of ACerS officers is now official. There were no contested offices and no write-in candidates, automatically making all nominees \"elected.\" ACerS rules eliminate the need to prepare a ballot or hold an election when only one name is put forward for each office. The new term will begin October 12, 2017, at the conclusion of MS&T. ACerS President-elect To serve a one-year term from Oct. 12, 2017, to Oct. 18, 2018 Sylvia Johnson ACers Board of Directors To serve three-year terms from Oct. 12, 2017, to Oct. 2020 Kevin Fox Sanjay Mathur Martha Mecartney Division and Class Officers To serve a one-year term Oct. 12, 2017, to Oct. 18, 2018, unless otherwise noted. Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division 10 Chair: John McCloy Vice chair: Blythe McCarthy Secretary: TBD Treasurer: Glenn Gates Trustee: Ed Fuller Basic Science Division Chair: Dunbar Birnie Chair-elect: Paul Salvador Vice chair: John Blendell Secretary: TBD Cements Division Chair: Matthew D\'Ambrosia Chair-elect: David Corr Secretary: Denise Silva Trustee: Maria Juenger Electronics Division Chair: Brady Gibbons Chair-elect: Rick Ubic Vice chair: Jon lhlefeld Secretary: Alp Sehirlioglu Secretary-elect: Hui (Claire) Xiong Trustee: Steven Tidrow Engineering Ceramics Division Chair: Jingyang Wang Chair-elect: Manabu Fukushima Vice chair/Treasurer: Surojit Gupta Secretary: Valerie Wiesner Trustee: Tatsuki Ohji Glass & Optical Materials Division Chair: Pierre Lucas Chair-elect: Liping Huang Vice chair: Jincheng Du Secretary: John Mauro Manufacturing Division Chair: Ed Reeves Chair-elect: Keith DeCarlo Vice chair: Matthew Creedon Secretary: Steven Jung Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division Division chair: Jake Amoroso Vice chair: Corey Trivelpiece Secretary: Phil Edmondson Advisor: Kevin Fox Refractory Ceramics Division (term begins March 2018) Chair: Simon Leiderman Vice chair: Ashley Hampton Secretary: Steven Ashlock Trustee: Louis J. Trostel, Jr. Structural Clay Products Division (term begins March 2017) Chair: John Dowdle Chair-elect: Luke Odenthal Vice chair: Mike Walker Secretary: TBD Meet the 2017-2018 officers President-elect Johnson Sylvia M. Johnson, chief materials technologist, retired, Entry Systems and Technology Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. As president, I will focus on three areas, with a common goal of maintaining the health and securing the future of the Society. Diversity in membership, leadership, awards, volunteers, and programming It is critical that we ensure our members are included regardless of gender, religious and cultural preferences, nationality, or national origin. I will work hard to ensure all members and potential members are welcome and appreciated in our Society and are given opportunities to serve and be rewarded. I will reach out to members to hear their concerns on this issue and work to address them. Engage the next generation young Students, new graduates, and professionals have been more engaged in the Society through the excellent efforts of the GGRN, Materials Advantage, PCSA, and the Young Professionals Network. We must continue to ensure future generations keep moving into the Society in additional ways, especially in programming and division activity. It is important to link newer members with more experienced members to enable them to grow their professional networks and become fully involved in the workwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 ings of the Society. I shall work to foster these relationships throughout the Society. Improving and rewarding the volunteer experience Our Society functions through the combination of leadership, volunteers, and staff. The dedication of all three groups to serving the Society is remarkable. However, the volunteer duties and processes are not always clear or fully recognized. I intend to work on clear guidelines for volunteers and a method of acknowledging them and their contributions. None of these can be begun or achieved without the continuing cooperation, collaboration, and help of leadership, staff, volunteers, and Society members. My goal is to work collaboratively, listen to the members and all constituencies, and develop new or improved ways of addressing diversity, engagement, and volunteerism. Directors Fox Kevin M. Fox, principal engineer, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, S.C. I have served in several leadership roles in the Society, which have been valuable learning experiences and have brought me many new friends. Serving on the board would be an opportunity to learn from and work with a new and diverse group of professionals, as well as contribute to the further success of the Society. Specifically, I would like to offer to the board my experience in organizing conference symposia and working with students and young professionals to help generate new technical programming and membership initiatives. More than any other materials related society in my experience, ACerS has a strong focus on students and young professionals, with a view toward building future membership and value for those members. I would like to bring my experience with the CEC, MAC, YPN, PCSA, and EIC to the board to help continue the Society\'s efforts in attracting and maintaining younger members. I believe our activities related to education and professional development can be more strongly integrated, providing several advantages, including improved communication and visibility, an easier route for members to take active roles, and close integration with the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation. Further integration of our volunteer efforts in education, professional development, and outreach will significantly improve their effectiveness. Mathur Sanjay Mathur, director & chair, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany It is a privilege and honor to be nominated for the board of directors. These are great times for ceramic science and engineering, since impressive advances are being made in design and American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org processing of new functional ceramics critical for the fields of energy, health, and sustainability. One of the current challenges faced by professional societies is how to stay relevant. ACerS is an important institution to foster industry-academia ties through its mission and service to members, but there is a pressing need to maintain the attractiveness of the field by engaging more young professionals and shifting discussions from a domestic to a global platform. As past chair of the Engineering Ceramics Division and program chair of ECD\'s annual meeting in Daytona Beach, I initiated the Global Young Investigator Forum that has now become a permanent feature of the ICACC meetings to recognize efforts of our young ambassadors. My long association with ACerS is driven by a sense of commitment to join peers in tackling challenges that confront Society and community members and turn them into opportunities. I have passion, energy, and understanding to build bridges that represent the Society\'s vision at global scale. My priorities would be to promote inter-sectoral collaborations unifying the voices of academia, industry, and policy makers essential for mentoring and advancement of young professionals. Positioning ACerS initiatives to serve a globalized ceramics community will enhance our value proposition to provide a stronger foundation in the future. 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Can we more effectively promote collaborations and partnerships between academics/researchers and industrial companies, both in the U.S. and abroad? As a recent chair of member services, I was pleased to see success of our three-year plan-8% increase in Awards and deadlines Upcoming nomination deadlines July 1, 2017 The Mueller Award recognizes accomplishments of individuals who have made contributions to ECD and/or work in areas of engineering ceramics resulting in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The award consists of a memorial plaque, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. For questions, email Andrew Gyekenyesi at Andrew.L.Gyekenyesi@nasa.gov. The Bridge Building Award recognizes individuals outside the U.S. who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. For questions, email Jingyang Wang at jywang@imr.ac.cn. The Global Young Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding scientist conducting research in academia, industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. Candidates must be ACerS members who are 35 years of age or younger. The 12 corporate membership, over 300 new paying individual members, nearly 400 GGRN paying members, and 272 members identifying as Young Professional Network members-all in the first year. As these statistics indicate, I am goal oriented and data driven. I am a strong endorser of initiatives such as the YPN with targeted career development programming, the Global Graduate Research Network that links graduate students across the globe with a defined interest in ceramics, the Ceramics Expo with industry relevance, CGIF that connects our students with jobs in ceramics, and mentoring of new faculty in partnership with NSF. I am interested in working with you, our diverse group of committed volunteers from industry, government, academia, and staff to build a future for ACerS, where all are welcome and everyone finds value in participation. | award consists of $1,000, a glass piece, and certificate. Questions? Email Manabu Fukushima, manabu-fukushima@aist.go.jp. August 15, 2017 Engineering Ceramics Division secretary: Nominees will be presented for approval at the ECD annual business meeting at MS&T17 and included on the ACerS spring 2018 division officer ballot. Submit nominations with a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications to Michael C. Halbig (ECD nominating committee chair), NASA-Glenn Research Center, michael.c.halbig@ nasa.gov; Junichi Tatami, Yokohama National University, Japan, tatami@ynu. ac.jp; or Tatsuki Ohji, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, t-ohji@aist. go.jp. Visit www.ceramics.org/divisions for more information. August 25, 2017 2018 Class of Society Fellows recogniz es members who have made outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciNames in the News Basu to be inducted into AIMBE College of Fellows Basu | Bikramjit Basu, professor, Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, was inducted into the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) College of Fellows at a ceremony in March. The honor recognizes his contributions impacting translational research on multifunctional biomaterials, innovations in biophysical stimulation, and exemplary leadership, education, and outreach activities. ences through productive scholarship or conspicuous achievement in the industry or by outstanding service to the Society. Nominees should be persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and have been continuous members of the Society for at least five years. Visit www.bit.ly/SocietyFellowsAward to download the nomination form. Visit http://bit.ly/Fellows Hints to learn how to prepare a Fellows nomination. September 1, 2017 Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures: The lectures encourage scientific and technical dialog in glass topics of significance that define new horizons, highlight new research concepts, or demonstrate potential to develop products and processes for the benefit of humankind. Both will be presented at the GOMD meeting in May 2018 in San Antonio, Texas. Submit nominations to Erica Zimmerman, ezimmerman@ceramics. org. For more details visit http://bit. ly/VarshneyaLectures. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Awards and deadlines (continued) ACerS 2017 Society award winners announced Congratulations to the latest group of Society award recipients! Awards will be presented October 9 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at MS&T17 in Pittsburgh, Pa. Visit www.ceramics.org/awards for more information. ACerS/BSD Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition The Roland B. Snow Award is presented to the Best of Show winner of the 2017 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by the ACerS Basic Science Division. This unique competition, held at MS&T17 in October in Pittsburgh, Pa., is an annual poster exhibit that promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. Winning entries are featured on the back covers of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Learn more at http://bit.ly/Roland BSnowAward. Samuel Geijsbeek PACRIM International Award recipients honored Samuel Geijsbeek PACRIM International Award honors Samuel Geijsbeek, one of the founders of ACerS, who died in 1943. The award recognizes individuals who are members of the Pacific Rim Conference societies, for their contributions in the field of ceramics and glass technology that have resulted in significant industrial and/or academic impact, international advocacy, and visibility of the field. Two Geijsbeek Awards will be presented at the 2017 PACRIM conference in Waikoloa, Hawaii in May, honoring Tatsuki Ohji and Hai-Doo Kim. Tatsuki Ohji is a Fellow at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan. He is also a Fellow of ACerS, ASM, and AAAS and an Academician of the World Academy of Ceramics. Ohji has received numerous awards, including ACerS John Jeppson Award and ECD Bridge Building Award. He currently serves on ACerS board of directors and is ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division trustee. Ohji Hai-Doo Kim is president of Korea Institute of Materials Science. He received Dr.-Ing from TH Aachen, Germany, in 1987. After joining KIMS, he served as head of ceramic materials lab and vice president of KIMS. He served as president of the Korean Ceramic Society in 2013 and of the Korean Union of Chemical Science & Technology Societies in 2014. Kim is an ACerS Fellow and Academician of World Academy of Ceramics. Kim New for 2018: ACerS Global Distinguished Doctoral Dissertation Award Nomination deadline: January 15, 2018 The award recognizes a distinguished doctoral dissertation in the ceramics and glass discipline. Nominees must have been a member of the Global Graduate Researcher Network and have completed a doctoral dissertation as well as other graduation requirements set by their institution for a doctoral degree within 12 months prior to the application deadline. The award is presented at the Society annual meeting and consists of a $1,000 honorarium, certificate, and complimentary meeting registration at the annual meeting. For nomination forms visit http://bit.ly/ GDDDAward, or contact Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics.org. 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GGRN is an ACerS membership that addresses the professional and career development needs of graduate-level research students who have a primary interest in ceramics and glass. GGRN members receive all ACerS individual member benefits plus special events at meetings and free webinars on targeted topics relevant to the ceramic and glass graduate student community. Member spotlight Serving industry\'s needs More than 80 industry leaders enjoyed networking with their peers at the ACerS Corporate Member breakfast held at this year\'s Ceramics Expo. Charlie Spahr, ACerS executive director, explained how ACerS is enhancing its efforts to serve manufacturers and suppliers, including Ceramics Expo, establishment of the Ceramic & Glass Industry Foundation, the Ceramic Business & Leadership Summit, technical workshops, market research, and corporate awards. Membership director Kevin Thompson followed with an explanation of the Corporate Partnership program, designed to forge more meaningful partnerships with member companies. \"This new program is about adding value and visibility for our corporate partners, and encouraging ACerS members to support those companies who support the Society,\" Thompson explained. Corporate partners receive all benefits available to the 160 existing corporate members, while enjoying valuable new benefits that include advertising, workshops, research reports, and more. The new partnership program will fully replace the existing Corporate Member Membership fee is only $30 per year. Visit www.ceramics.org/ggrn to learn what GGRN can do for you and to join directly, or contact Tricia Freshour, member engagement manager, at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Graduation gift from ACerS! ACerS offers a one year Associate membership at no charge for recent graduates who have completed their terminal degree. To receive benefits of membership in the world\'s premier membership organization for ceramics and glass profesprogram by the end of 2018. \"Our goal is to best meet the needs of industry by forming partnerships with member companies, and will evolve as we continue to explore how to best meet those needs,\" Thompson said. Corporate partners (as of April 30) include: DIAMOND PARTNERS: Morgan Advanced Materials Mo-Sci Corp. Saint Gobain Ceramics & Plastics SAPPHIRE PARTNERS: McDanel Advanced Ceramic Technologies LLC CORPORATE PARTNERS: AdValue Technology LLC Allied Mineral Products Inc. Applied Research Center Astral Material Industrial Co. Ltd. Capital Refractories Ltd. Deltech Kiln and Furnace Design LLC Elcan Industries Inc. Fineway Ceramics Harper International HWI HarbisonWalker International I Squared R Element Co. Inc. J. Rettenmaier USA JEOL USA Inc. Nanoscience Instruments sionals, visit www.ceramics.org/associate. Students-show off your creativity in PCSA\'s creativity contest! Ever tried to combine science with art? Give it a try and compete in ACerS PCSA\'s 2nd annual Creativity Competition! There are three prize categories, and winning entries will be displayed in the ACerS booth at MS&T17 in Pittsburgh, Pa. Deadline for submissions is August 15, 2017. For details visit www.ceramics.org/pcsacreative. NSL Analytical Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. Powder Processing & Technology LLC Rath Inc. Raymond Bartlett Snow Resodyn Acoustic Mixers Inc. Robo Vent SCG Chemicals Co. Ltd. SELEE Corp. Surmet Corp. Technology Assessment & Transfer Inc. Is ACers Lifetime Membership right for you? ACerS Lifetime Membership is for those who are dedicated to a career in ceramic and glass engineering, science and manufacturing. Lifetime Members avoid paying membership dues each year, along with any future dues increases. Lifetime Membership is a one-time \"It\'s been obvious to me for a long time that I would always want to be part of the Society\'s community of scholars and friends. But going through the annual renewal process every year for decades has always been yet another administrative detail on my \'to do\' list. Lifetime Membership brings me all of the benefits of the society and one less a dministrative thing to do every year\" - Gregory Rohrer, Lifetime Member 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION Materials Science Classroom Kit generates worldwide interest The CGIF has greatly expanded its outreach to students and teachers since the launch of its new Materials Science Classroom Kit in the fall of 2016. As a result, requests for purchase information and downloads of free online materials science lessons are coming from around the world. The CGIF recently exhibited at the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) national conference in Los Angeles, Calif., which was attended by more than 9,500 science teachers and administrators from the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and beyond. Graduate student volunteers demonstrated two lessons from the kit, and science teachOBSC PROSONIC IN CIRCUL CREA NSTAL nerdpr Credit: Belinda Raines ers who visited the booth appreciated the hands-on opportunity to perform demos. The Materials Science Classroom Kit facilitates learning and inspires students to pursue careers in materials science. Fun, hands-on lessons and labs introduce middle and high school students to the basic classes of materials-ceramics, composites, metals, and polymers. Lessons in the kit and those online include Next Generation Science Standards. The book The Magic of Ceramics accompanies the kit and introduces the nontechnical reader to many exciting applications of ceramics while teaching key scientific concepts. As educational outreach increases, so do the number of teachers who can use the kit in their classroom but have no resources to purchase one. Because of the CGIF\'s commitment to facilitate learning and inspire students to pursue STEM-related careers, it strives to find kit sponsors for those teachers with limited resources. Individuals and corporate members are encouraged to purchase and donate a Materials Science Classroom Kit for only $250. The CGIF has a list of nearly 100 teachers from around the U.S. who are waiting to be matched with a kit sponsor. Order a kit online and the CGIF will see that a teacher in need receives it. It can also ship a sponsored kit to a school of the donor\'s choosing. For 10 kits or more, the sponsor\'s name and logo is added to the packaging so schools receiving the kits are reminded of the donor\'s generosity. Please join the CGIF in securing the future of our field by donating a Materials Science Classroom Kit to a teacher who is excited to use it! Visit www.ceramics.org/donateakit. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. A teacher enjoys a hands-on demo at the NSTA national conference in Los Angeles. Member spotlight (continued) payment of $2,000, which averages out to about 17 years at the current dues rate. ACerS is proud to announce the newest Lifetime Members: John Ballato Yury Gogotsi Olivia Graeve Olivier Guillon Surojit Gupta Wayne Kaplan Safa Kasap Cato Laurencin Mark Losego Daniel Neuville Laeticia Petit Gregory Rohrer Federico Rosei Christopher Schuh S. K. Sundaram Frederick Teeter Jeffrey Wadsworth Yiquan Wu To learn more about ACerS corporate partnerships or lifetime memberships, contact Kevin Thompson, membership director, at (614) 794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org I\'R -- 50 years of service and reliability 50 1964-2014 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 15 16 Credit: Augusta University ceramics in biomedicine Patent opens up new possibilities for porous wall, hollow glass microspheres in medicine In the June 2008 issue of the ACerS Bulletin, porous wall, hollow glass microspheres made their public debut to the materials world. In the article, authors George Wicks, L.K. Heung, and R.F. Schumacher introduced the tiny glass microballoons, developed at Savannah River National Lab (Aiken, S.C.), and discussed a wide variety of potential applications for the technology. The glass microspheres are unique and incredibly useful because of their hollow interior and the porosity of their walls which allow solids, liquids, and gases, stored in the hollow interior, to pass through the microspheres\' walls and be released and delivered on demand. The original Bulletin article discussed the microspheres\' potential applications for nuclear and hydrogen storage, gas purification and separation, and more. But with such a unique and versatile development, there were bound to be many more uses. Then, in the August 2016 issue of the ACerS Bulletin, Wicks and coauthors Grant Crawford, Jon Keller, Fred Humes, and Forest Thompson introduced another intriguing possible application for the microspheres—anticounterfeiting strategies. The team described the incredible potential of microspheres filled with security materials to develop a whole new breed of security inks that can respond to outside stimuli on demand, in an effort to combat the staggering $1.77 trillion global market for counterfeit goods. And now, nearly a decade after their initial introduction, porous wall, hollow glass microspheres are diving into another incredibly lucrative market direction-medical applications. The Applied Research Center LLC and Augusta University (Augusta, Ga.), which collaborated to develop the microspheres\' medical potential, have now jointly licensed the patented technology to SpheroFill LLC (Augusta, Ga.), a startup company focusing on biomedical AUGUSTA UNIVERSITY Innovation Co zation B SpheroFill LLC founders (left to right) William Hill, George Wicks, and Paul Weinberger sign a license to use patented porous wall, hollow glass microsphere technology for medical applications. applications of the microspheres. Sphero Fill was founded by George Wicks, chief technology officer at the Applied Research Center and ACerS past-president, Paul Weinberger, former otolaryngology surgeon at Augusta University, and William Hill, professor of cellular biology and anatomy at Augusta University. \"The main goal of our company is to bring this technology to where it can actually start affecting lives,\" says Weinberger, president of SpheroFill. And that potential to affect lives is huge, because the microspheres can be filled with medications and their surfaces can be enhanced with bioactive coatings. \"The microspheres can then be injected locally and programmed for a controlled release of the drug. The possibilities for the hollow spheres and delivery of the \'cargo\' they contain will have far-reaching advantages to medical professionals,\" according to a recent press release. For instance, the glass microspheres have potential applications in restorative medicine, treatment of laryngeal issues, and cosmetics, to name just a few. “In the human body, a modified version of the compound could be used to deliver medication to a targeted region, releasing the drug at will and on a schedule.\" \"This really represents a very exciting, new class of composite materials developed by an interdisciplinary team,\" Wicks says. \"In key areas of the medical profession, there seems to be a whole host of potential uses, including a variety of new products in diagnostics, repair of body parts, and in therapy technologies.\" SpheroFill will initially focus on developing microsphere-based treatments for voice disorders in older individuals and as tissue filler for cosmetic surgery, according to the release. The company also plans to develop the technology for muscle and bone repair for military use. However, SpheroFill also has an ambitious long-term goal for the microspheres-tackling cancer treatment. \"One of the real advantages of being able to do things very specifically and locally, for example treating a tumor, is that we can use higher doses within a very limited area without having side effects common in a systemic treatment,\" Hill says. “Cancer treatment is a big thing in the future for us.\' www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Flexible glass lab-on-a-chip devices offer potential as medical diagnostics, sensors, more Lab-on-a-chip systems are tiny devices that shrink the components of a full laboratory down to a tiny scale. \"With a lab-on-a-chip you can do a quick diagnostic test and get information right there, which is very useful when somebody\'s got a disease that\'s got a very short timeline to be treated,\" says Mark Morrison, CEO of the Institute of Nanotechnology in Stirling, U.K., in an article on The Guardian. \"What it effectively does is miniaturizes and compacts all the different processes that a researcher or a technician in the diagnostic lab uses.\" Now, researchers at Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah) have devised a technique that incorporates glass to build tiny lab-on-a-chip devices, or flexible glass nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Why glass? The material offers structural also inert, nontoxic, and easy to clean. support and yet \"Glass is clean for sensitive types of samples, like blood samples,\" graduate student and lead author John Stout says in a a BYU press release. \"Working with this glass device will allow us to look at particles of any size and at any given range. It will also allow us to analyze the particles in the sample without modifying them.” is Using common manufacturing processes, the researchers fabricated thin and flexible glass chips, layer by layer. Starting with a thermal oxide base layer grown on a silicon substrate, they built microfluidic channels and then coated those channels with layers of silicon dioxide, adding thin metal electrodes on top to complete the chips. Although they are made with glass, the chips are not brittle. \"If you keep the movements to the nanoscale, glass can still snap back into shape,” BYU electrical engineering professor and senior author Aaron Hawkins says in the release. \"We\'ve created glass membranes that can move up and down and bend. They are the first building blocks of a whole new plumbing system that could move very small volumes of liquid around.\" The promise of lab-on-a-chip devices is that they offer quick diagnostics, on site, at low cost. In addition to efficiency, however, they also can extend diagnostics to areas where full laboratory testing is impossible, such as in the field or in lessdeveloped and resource-poor regions. In addition, the flexible glass NEMS devices have potential applications beyond medical diagnostics, too-and could be used as diagnostic sensors for various other fields where detection of small amounts of particles is needed. The paper, published in AIP Applied Physics Letters, is \"Electrostatically actuated membranes made from silica thin films\" (DOI: 10.1063/1.4975369). Brigham Young University graduate student John Stout holds a flexible glass lab-on-a-chip device. Buy one of our NEW Discovery Laser Flash or Optical Dilatometry Platform systems, get a FREE Dilatometer! Buy a DLF 1600, get a DIL 802L with 1500°C furnace Buy a DLF 1200, get a DIL 802L with 1100°C furnace Buy an ODP 868, get a DIL 802L with 1350°C furnace American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org TA promo.tainstruments.com 17 Credit: Jaren Wilkey; BYU Photo research briefs Team develops damage-tolerant, fatigueresistant, and biocompatible ceramic-metal composite By Jose S. Moya and José F. Bartolomé Researchers at the Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC) in Spain have developed a new zirconium dioxide-tantalum (ZrO2-Ta) ceramic-metal composite, or biocermet, with an unprecedented combination of high toughness, strength, damage tolerance, and fatigue resistance. By controlling the material\'s microstructure at different scales, the ICMM-CSIC team discovered that the zirconium dioxide-tantalum biocermet has impressive elastic and plastic properties. Properties such as damage tolerance and fatigue resistance are generally mutually exclusive, however, so fail-safe or damage tolerant design requires fatigue analysis and fatigue strength predictions for components in biomedical implants, spacecraft and rocket engines, cutting and drilling tools, fuselage of supersonic airplanes, and more. The ICMM-CSIC group developed a biocermet that overcame these difficulties by starting with a zirconia reinforced with 20 vol.% of uniformly distributed niobium flakes, produced by attrition milling of commercial metal powders. Synergistic toughening mechanisms promote interactions between transformation toughening and crack bridging in these composites, resulting in fracture and damage resistance properties that have never been achieved with oxide ceramics. However, the materials showed low fatigue resistance under cyclic loading. Next, the team reinforced a zirconia matrix with lamellar tantalum flakes. Interrelations between different strengthening and toughening mechanisms made it difficult for cracks to propagate, improving the material\'s toughness to 16 MPa.m¹/2. Commercial ceramic materials, such as alumina, yttria-stabilized zirconia, and alumina-zirconia composites, have flexural strengths of up to ~ 1.5 GPa. This new material displays the highest combination of fracture toughness and strength ever reported for a biocomResearch News Advances make reduced graphene oxide electronics feasible Researchers at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, N.C.) have developed a technique for converting positively charged (p-type) reduced graphene oxide (rGO) into negatively charged (n-type) rGO. The entire process is done at room temperature and pressure using high-power nanosecond laser pulses, and is completed in less than one-fifth of a microsecond. The end result is a wafer with a layer of n-type rGO on the surface and a layer of p-type rGO underneath. This is critical, because the p-n junction, where the two types meet, is what makes the material useful for transistor applications. For more information, visit www.news.ncsu.edu. A newly developed ceramic-metal composite material has unprecedented damage tolerance. patible ceramic and requires increasing stress intensity to propagate cracks. Therefore, this biocermet compares favorably to commercial fine-grain alumina or zirconia ceramics. In addition, it has far superior resistance to cyclic fatigue and damage tolerance fatigue compared to zirconium dioxideniobium biocermets. In the case of zirconium dioxide-tantalum composites, conflicts between mutually exclusive properties of toughness and fatigue resistance can be avoided through the presence of multiple mechanisms acting at different length scales, decreasing local stresses through limited plastic deformation. This provides intrinsic toughness and further extrinsic mechanisms, such as elastic bridging of tantalum particles, with about double the elastic modulus and yield strength values as niobium particles. These unprecedented properties could stimulate multidisciplinary research on zirconium dioxide-tantalum composites, which are attractive for thermoelectric power generation, functionally graded materials, biomaterials, strain-tolerant and thermal-shock-resistant multifunctional ceramics, staticcharge dissipation devices, electric-discharge manufacturing, and more. The open-access paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"Unprecedented simultaneous enhancement in damage tolerance and fatigue resistance of zirconia/Ta composites\" (DOI:10.1038/srep44922). How some battery materials expand without cracking It has been a mystery why fairly brittle electrode materials do not crack under the strain of expansion and contraction cycles. An international team of researchers has examined sodium-ion batteries and determined that the secret is in the electrodes\' molecular structure. While the electrode materials are normally crystalline, with all their atoms neatly arranged in a regular, repetitive array, when they undergo charging or discharging, they are transformed into a disordered, glass-like phase that can accommodate the strain of the dimensional changes. The findings could provide a new design tool for those trying to develop longer-lived, higher-capacity batteries. For more information, visit www.news.mit.edu. 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Glass research helps colorblind people see true colors for the first time According to the National Eye Institute, 8% of men and 0.5% of women have the most common form of color blindness, which is red-green colorblindness. This mild disability, also known as color vision deficiency (CVD), is inherited-men are more likely to be colorblind than women because the gene for the trait is on the X chromosome. For a majority of people with CVD, however, their “colorchallenged\" days may be over. EnChroma, a company started by a glass scientist, specializes in making eyeglasses that allow people who are colorblind to see actual colors. \"Ninety-nine percent of all color deficiencies have something to do with the red-green signal,” Don McPherson, chief scientist and EnChroma\'s co-founder, explains in a video interview on the company\'s website. Normal eyes can view red, green, and blue photopigments— three colors that are found in millions of cone cells contained in the retina. Each photopigment has a different sensitivity to specific light wavelengths. CVD results when red and green cones overlap more than normal, causing distinct hues to become indistinguishable. People with CVD are unable to work in many types of jobs-such as airline pilots, emergency first-responders, occupational athletes, and electricians, EnChroma\'s director of marketing Kent Streeb wrote in an email. Safety is also a concern, as red and green traffic lights and brake lights can be indistinguishable when driving. McPherson, an Alfred University graduate and glass scientist, initially developed special glasses for eye doctors to wear while performing laser surgery. After discovering the doctors were taking the glasses home for personal use, he started wearing them as sunglasses. When a friend, who happened to be colorblind, asked to borrow the sunglasses, he was suddenly able to see colors for the first time. That incident led McPherson to turn his efforts toward research to develop glasses for the colorblind. McPherson, together with Andy Schmeder, a mathematician and the company\'s CEO, received a grant from the EnChroma\'s special eyeglasses can allow people with color vision deficiency to see true colors. National Institutes of Health and created a lens with a filter that separates the overlap of red and green cones. Although the company emphasizes its glasses are not a cure for CVD, Enchroma has helped nearly 65,000 customers see a normal color-filled world. The videos the company asks its customers to send are a testament to the success and the impact its glasses have on its customers. EnChroma is currently developing a contact lens version of its glasses. McPherson says the impact of the glasses has been emotional. \"It\'s overwhelming to see something that we\'ve created go out into the world and have such a big impact. It\'s the best thing that\'s ever happened to me.\" Watch the video at https://youtu.be/19ANon90Moc. SAUEREISEN CERAMIC ASSEMBLY COMPOUNDS ...SINCE 1899 Engineered for high temperature and electrical applications in the automotive, lighting, steel, electronic and aerospace industries. • Lamp assembly Nanotechnology speeds up hardening of concrete Researchers at Tecnalia (Derio, Spain) and the Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux at the French National Center for Scientific Research (Pessac, France) have developed a method for ultrarapid synthesis of nanotobermorite, a nanoparticle used to speed up the hardening of concrete. The researchers demonstrated the possibility of producing tobermorite nanofibers in water in supercritical conditions. The technology enables synthesis of tobermorite nanoparticles in just 10 seconds and uses supercritical fluids to better replicate natural tobermorite. The outcome is a product of a higher quality because it produces more perfect nanoparticles. For more information, visit www.eurekalert.org. • Resistors • Hot-surface igniters • Filters & catalysts • • Heaters & heating elements Thermocouples Furnace assembly Sauereisen cements are free of VOC\'s Call for consultation & sample. 412.963.0303 - Sauereisen.com 160 Gamma Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 19 Cover screens for personal electronic devices: Strengthened glass or sapphire? By Arun K. Varshneya and Peter P. Bihuniak A review of material manufacturing and article fabrication processes and costs for strengthened glass and sapphire crystal materials for smartphone cover screens. ngineered transparencies are an essential component of electronic devices, particularly cover screens in smartphones. Strengthened glass and, to a lesser degree, sapphire crystal have been used for these applications. Manufacturing methods for strengthened glass and sapphire bulk materials dictate costs and, to a great degree, material properties, as well as limitations of the materials for their use in consumer items. Presumably because of its transparency in thin sheet form, sapphire screen cover often is labeled “sapphire glass\" or \"sapphire cover glass\" in the media and in some patent applications. The terminology is non-scientific. Sapphire is not a glass; it is a single crystal. The fact that sapphire crystal can be \"annealed\" (to reduce defect concentration) also does not qualify it as a glass. Sapphire is a single crystal of aluminum oxide. Not long ago, when we used flip phones and BlackBerry email devices, coated plastic transparencies were acceptable. They were protective, survived dropping, were moisture-proof, and were sufficiently scratch-resistant. As smart phones with uncovered screens took over, however, transparency requirements changed. They had to be protective, fracture-resistant, and scratch-resistant and had to have touch sensitivity and better optical performance. Many manufacturers were able to meet these requirements with thin ion-exchanged, chemically strengthened glass. Corning (Corning, N.Y.), Asahi Glass (Tokyo, Japan), Nippon Electric Glass (Otsu, Japan), and Schott (Mainz, Germany) adapted known technologies to offer cover screens that are typically 0.55-mm thick, chemically strengthened, alkali aluminosilicate glass with 600-900 MPa surface compression and a compressive depth of layer of 25-60 μm. 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Capsule summary CONSUMER PREFERENCES DRIVE MATERIAL CHOICES As smart phones with uncovered transparent touchscreens have dominated consumer preferences, glass and sapphire materials have taken over from coated plastic transparencies. But which is more advantageous-strengthened glass or sapphire-and what is driving the future of new materials for cover screens? REVIEWING THE CHOICES We analyze and compare material manufacturing and article fabrication processes for strengthened glass and sapphire crystal and address advantages and disadvantages for physical properties, such as strength, abrasion resistance, fracture toughness, light reflection, and touch sensing, for these applications. THE FUTURE IS CLEAR Although glass has considerable fabrication cost advantages and greater transparency, sapphire has much higher scratch resistance and fracture toughness for cover screens in personal mobile electronics. Nonetheless, consumer aesthetic preferences and manufacturing ease will continue to dictate existing or novel material preferences for cover screens. Credit: Adapted from Austin Sands and Vince Tseng; SquareTrade Inc. Windows for smartphones offered by suppliers, such as Samsung (Seoul, South Korea) and Apple (Cupertino, Calif.), have an annual consumer market value of $5 billion.² There is, however, a significant problem associated with these smartphones-drop-related breakage. Figure 1, adapted from Sands and Tseng, shows 2010 drop and spill failure rates. Overall drop-related failure rates are manufacturer-dependent. However, as many as ~11% of units experience drop-related damage. Drop breakage is surface- and edge-related.4 Surface breakage likely is caused by falling on a non-smooth surface, such as pavement. Edge failure likely is enhanced by device designs with exposed edges. Unfortunately, elegant, thin designs with exposed edges and without protective metal lips are most likely to fracture. With a greater emphasis on sleek looks in recent years, drop-related glass breaks appear to have increased to as high as 25% in some designs.5 Of course, glass suppliers continue to improve their material. Recently, Corning announced Gorilla Glass 5, with a claim that it will survive 80% of drops from a height of 1.6 m.6 However, those figures indicate a failure rate of ~20% from a shoulder-height drop. Damaged glass repair is expensive, costing around $175 per screen replacement, and is highly profitable-phone vendors and authorized repair shops cite an ~90% profit margin.? Although glass manufacturers continue to enhance their material, the current solution of necessity is protective cases and, to a much lesser extent, sacrificial screens. Protective cases have become a huge market, currently generating more than $13 billion annually at the conBlackberry HTC Motorola iPhone3GS iPhone 4 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 Figure 1. Incidence of smartphone drop and sumer level, with a compounded annual growth rate of 5.8%.8 Sapphire is an obvious alternative material, because it has superior scratch resistance compared with any glass composition. Sapphire is a well-known cover window and often is used in watch crystals and on specialty phones, such as Vertu (Church Crookham, U.K.).\' Sapphire already is adopted on high-touchpoint smartphone areas that require extra scratch resistance, such as fingerprint sensor covers and camera lens covers. Further, there are other advantages to sapphire. For instance, sapphire has better electrical properties, leading to increased touch sensitivity and potentially enhanced battery life. Prestige and product differentiation also are clear sapphire values. What is not clear is whether sapphire can reduce overall breakage, which will be further discussed later. Among the negatives, cost is a major consideration for sapphire, with some figures citing a factor of 10 times the cost of Gorilla Glass. 10 Certainly this gap can be reduced-but, as we review manufacturing processes, it will become evident that flat glass sheet processing American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Spill Drop 8.0 10.0 12.0 Incidence (%) spill damage in first 12 months of ownership. is inherently much less expensive than batch, boule manufacture of sapphire. Strengthened glass manufacturing Thin flat glass is made using one of four techniques: the Corning fusion overflow process; the Asahi float method; Schott\'s down-draw process; or the now obsolete process of grinding down and polishing a thicker plate. Corning\'s fusion overflow is the most elegant method, in which fused glass overflows a trough or pipe on both sides. The overflowing layers are brought together at the bottom and drawn into a very thin, flat, uniform-thickness sheet with two pristine, equivalent surfaces (Figure 2). Alkali aluminosilicate compositions are marketed by Corning as Gorilla Glass. 11 Pilkington of the United Kingdom, now part of Nippon Sheet Glass, invented the float process in the early 1950s.12 Molten glass flows horizontally over a bath of molten tin, entering around the working point viscosity and exiting in a relatively solid ribbon form. Under interfacial surface forces with tin and its gravity, silicate glasses usually acquire 21 Cover screens for personal electronic devices: Strengthened glass or sapphire? Flow of molten Glass Even overflows from both sides Chemical strengthening is now a well-understood process. 13,14 Original surface Briefly, glass containing alkali ions, such as Na+, is immersed in a bath of molten KNO3 salt at temperaSurface in compression tures just below Submerge in a bath of molten KNO, Credit: Arun Varshneya Streams fuse at the bottom of the wedge Direction of drawing Figure 2. Corning fusion overflow process for producing thin glass (adapted from corning.com). proan equilibrium thickness of ~6 mm. To make it thin, the glass is stretched away from the center using top rolls. Using the float Asahi process, duces Dragontrail glass, which is an alkali aluminoborosilicate with a fairly high glass transition temperature (Tg). Relative to Corning fusion overflow, the float process can draw thinner glasses, but the big advantage is size-the process can generate sheets as big as 3 m wide. The relatively slower cooling rate through the glass transition additionally produces a more stable glass. The two surfaces of a float-produced glass, however, are not equivalent. The surface in contact with molten tin (\"tin surface\") does show substantial tin absorption, as deep as 2-10 μm. The upper surface (\"air surface\") has significantly less tin absorption from the atmosphere in the melting chamber. Beyond forming, glass sheets need to be cut-generally using a laser, water jet, or mechanical wheel-beveled with CNC machines, drilled with holes, polished on the edges, and then chemically strengthened. 222 22 Credit: Corning Inc.; Arun Varshneya the strain point. With time, Na* ions migrate out of the glass, and their place is taken up by relatively larger Ion size Na (0.95 Å) OK (1.33 A) Figure 3. Chemical strengthening fundamentals. K+ ions stuffed into the structure on a one-to-one basis (Figure 3). The stuffing produces large surface compression, which must be overcome by an applied tensile stress before glass can reach its strength to fracture. Then, glass is effectively strengthened. In addition, the process also increases scratch resistance. The major advantages of chemical strengthening over traditional thermal tempering are • A large protective surface compression magnitude (for example, Gorilla Glass and Dragontrail are capable of generating 800-900 MPa); • Glass as thin as 25 μm can be chemically strengthened; . Being an immersion process, curved glasses can be strengthened just as readily as flat ones; and • After-process optics for throughvision do not show significant deformation, because processing is below the Tg. Disadvantages include • A relatively low depth of layer of only a few micrometers, just barely greater than the usual handling flaws but nowhere near to what an indenting projectile could penetrate; and . Rather high costs associated with hours of salt immersion. However, the high cost of ion exchange-strengthened glass relative to the thermal tempering process remains a bargain with respect to sapphire processing. Float-produced glasses, although less expensive than those produced using the fusion overflow process, suffer from warping after chemical strengthening, \"Not drawn to scale, demonstration only because varying amounts of tin on the two surfaces result in unequal alkali-ion interdiffusion. For screens thinner than ~1 mm, manufacturers must adopt some method to reduce warp during chemical strengthening. Sapphire manufacturing Sapphire is a crystal with a melting point of 2,044°C. During the past century, many commercial manufacturing approaches have been developed for sapphire. The flame fusion approach, attributed to the Parisian Auguste Verneuil, has origins in a Geneva process for making synthetic rubies. 15 This process uses a vertically down-directed oxyhydrogen torch capable of flame-melting finely ground purified alumina. The relatively simple and inexpensive process-in which alumina powder is injected into the flame, fused, and deposited and recrystallized on a rotating target containing a sapphire seed-continues to be used. The process typically produces relatively small synthetic gemstones as well as industrial products, such as watch crystals. Such synthetic stones often are acceptable aesthetically, although they have striations or growth rings-a result of target rotation, which presents a leading and trailing thermal edge to material deposition. The Czochralski (CZ) process is another well-known method, especially for production of silicon, since its accidental discovery by Jan Czochralski in 1916.16 As practiced today, the process dips a rotating, oriented alumina crystalline seed www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 into a counter-rotating crucible of molten material contained within an inert atmosphere furnace. A single cylindrical crystal with a predetermined orientation is withdrawn. Although size limited and relatively expensive, the CZ process is typically used for producing optical quality sapphire for electronic applications. The edge-defined film growth (EFG) process, developed by Tyco Industries in 1965,17 can be viewed as a variation on the CZ technique. The process uses a die that directly forms the desired near net shape (Figure 4) and can directly form tubes, rods, or ribbons, minimizing subsequent machine time, costs, and material consumption. Although minimizing costs, this approach produces a relatively low optical quality product, which often is used for industrial-grade optical and mechanical applications. Large-boule techniques are most amenable to minimizing cost while achieving satisfactory optical quality. To address size limitations of the Verneuil and CZ approaches, Spyro Kyropoulos 18 developed a direct melt process in 1926. In this method, raw material, alumina powder, and crackle are melted in a refractory-typically molybdenum, crucible. A seed is inserted to initiate crystallization and is slowly withdrawn, growing a controlled crystal from the crystal-molten interface through careful thermal gradient control (Figure 5). This process results in a relatively large, stress-free boule with high optical qual ity. Subsequent core drilling along any chosen crystallographic axis can create a variety of optical and electronic windows, lenses, and substrates. More recently, GT Advanced Technologies (GTAT, Merrimack, N.H.) used an advanced sapphire furnace¹ in a variation on the heat exchange method, originally developed at the former Crystal Systems in 1967.20 The heat exchange method itself is a variation on the Kyropoulos method. In the advanced sapphire furnace approach, a refractory crucible in an evacuated furnace, with a seed at the bottom, is charged with high-purity alumina raw material. The charge is melted, and a cold finger in thermal contact with the seed withdraws heat, preventing the seed from melting. The seed initiates crystallization of the melt. Careful thermal control results in a controlled fusion front traveling from the bottom (Figure 6), resulting in a very large, optical quality boule. In practice, as GTAT found, managing stress and achieving crack-free boules can, ultimately, be size-limiting. Sapphire ribbon crystal Pull-up direction Die for crystal growth Crucible. Melt supply silt Alumina melt Sapphire boules need to be thinsliced into wafers, which generates substantial kerf loss. The thin slices are drilled for appropriate slots, edged or beveled, and mechanically polished. A postprocess annealing step at ~1,800°C substantially helps reduce strength-degrading effects of mechanical damage on the surface. 21 Following bulk material manufacture, article fabrication and device making (including application of surface coatings) are necessary to produce a finished transparent cover plate. Screen fabrication processes are energy intensive, often as high as ~50% relative to boulemaking energy. 111 Heating coil Figure 4. The edge-defined film growth process, a variation of the Czochralski process, uses a die to directly form a near-net shape. has three times the fracture toughness (K) and three times the hardness, but is significantly heavier with a higher refractive index and dielectric constant than its strengthened-glass competitors. Although lighter is better, weight difference is not a major concern for smartphone cover screens. Fracture toughness and scratch resistance are more important parameters, and strengthened glasses are no match for sapphire. Sapphire also has a higher dielectric constant, In October 2013, GTAT contracted²² with Apple to supply sapphire raw material as a proposed glass replacement. However, GTAT filed for bankruptcy in October 2014. The company failed for a variety of commercial reasons, but fundamentally, it could not meet quality and target economics-the technical-limiting factor was cracks. Property comparison An electronic display cover window should have good scratch resistance, low ambient light glare, good touch sensitivity, and, as we have stressed, not break when dropped (i.e., high fracture toughness). Table 1 summarizes the relevant physical properties for sapphire and several commercially available chemically strengthened glasses. Briefly, sapphire American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Kyropoulos method Seed Alumina melt Sapphire crystal Figure 5. The Kyropoulos process uses a seed to initiate crystallization from raw molten material and produces a relatively large, stress-free boule with high optical quality. 23 Credit: Adapted from substech.com Credit: Adapted from substech.com Cover screens for personal electronic devices: Strengthened glass or sapphire? which potentially enhances touch sensitivity and battery performance. Sapphire also has five times higher Young\'s modulus of elasticity than glass. This implies that, given a certain application of flexure force, sapphire has considerably less strain. This also means that the liquid crystal display (LCD) behind the sapphire screen suffers much less distortion, providing superior and longer performance. Sapphire has a higher refractive index of 1.76, in comparison with 1.51 for glass-this corresponds to approximately 1.8-times greater reflection. In the dark, the two covers appear similar. However, in ambient light, sapphire cover displays appear significantly diminished. Aesthetics of design versus material performance capability Over the years, product aesthetics and ergonomics of holding the device have taken a dominant role. 23 Designing to win market admiration includes 2.5-D, where the screen is slightly curved at the edge, and 3-D, where the screen is bent to cover the edge. Whereas it is possible to make 2.5-D screens out of sapphire using very special tooling to conduct material removal and polishing, 3-D is extremely difficult and expensive, if not impossible. Glass has a clear advantage in these designs, and this is possibly the main reason for its preference over sapphire. Of course, design trends can and will change-consumers may become dissatisfied with ultrathin, fragile devices that require frequent fixing or replacing. Product drop breakage performance can be more complicated and harder to predict. It is a consequence of device Seed Charge Melt Table 1. Physical properties of sapphire versus strengthened glass GLASS SingleGorilla Unstrengthened crystal Physical property Density (g/cm³) sapphire Glass (Corning) Xensation Dragontrail soda-lime Silica (Schott) (Asahi) glass glass 3.97 2.42 2.48 2.48 2.5 2.2 Young\'s modulus (GPa) 345 71.5 74 74 73 73 Mean flexural strength (MPa) Shear modulus (GPa) 895 800-900* 700-800* 750-850* 40 50 145 29.6 30 30 30 31 Fracture toughness, K(MPa-m1/2) 2.3 0.68 0.7-0.8 0.66 Knoop hardness (GPa) 18.6 6.17 6.26 6.95 6.03 4.9 Vickers hardness (kg/mm²) 2,200 649 681 673 580 1,000 Dielectric constant, k 9.39 7.23 6.7 7.75 3.82 Refractive index, n 1.76 1.51 1.52 1.51 1.52 1.45 *Adapted from GTAT, www.gtat.com, \"GT ASF Grown Sapphire Cover and Touch Screen Material.\" *Estimated by the authors. design and details of the impact that initiates failure. Sapphire may have a significant advantage over glass because of its high fracture toughness and high hardness. According to Heuer 24 and Raghvan,25 the flexural strength and presumably impact resistance of sapphire are most dependent upon quality of polish and quality of annealing, which control the surface and subsurface flaw density generated by machining damage. Laboratory strength tests can be selected to determine advantageous results and are not necessarily good predictors of actual device performance. Glass screens might well survive flexure-limited strength testing better than sapphire. However, scratched glass will be far less likely to survive a drop in actual use. Further, all of this will be aggravated by exposed edge designs. In actual use over a longer time period, greater cumulated scratches in strengthened glass are likely to make it the weaker screen material. Nonetheless, we are not aware of statistically significant Grow Boule U-U-U-Q-I Heat extraction Figure 6. GTAT\'s advanced sapphire furnace approach uses careful thermal control to generate a controlled fusion front traveling from the bottom, resulting in a large, optical quality boule. 24 Materials\", 2012 DOE SSL Manufacturing R&D Workshop. field or simulated usage data that prove or disprove this hypothesis. Cost comparison Less controversial is the strengthened glass cost advantage. Calculations (Corning and others) 10 have shown, not surprisingly, that sapphire costs significantly more to manufacture and requires more energy to do so. Estimates of $3 per glass cover plate are approximately one tenth that of a finished sapphire plate. Energy is a significant part of this cost difference-sapphire consumes up to 100 times the energy necessary to make Gorilla Glass. 10 In addition, 2.5-D designs for a sapphire screen can increase costs significantly. However, cost and manufacturing energy requirement differences certainly can be somewhat mitigated with future process improvements. Future trends Future improvements are likely to be in four directions: design, glass, sapphire, and alternate materials. Because drops on smartphone edges are a major issue, design-incorporated edge protection would substantially reduce screen damage. Float glass warp after chemical strengthening can be reduced simply by polishing away the \"tin side\" prior to chemical strengthening. Newer and perhaps more economical methods are to use one of several techniques 26-29 that conduct differentially augmented strengthening on the \"tin side\". For example, in the \"differential density\" method, one coats the www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 air surface with a thinner layer of a pastebased salt relative to the tinned surface, thus allowing differential areal uptake of potassium to reduce surface warp.26 The use of stress relaxation control also can generate higher surface compres sion with comparable depth of layer. 14 An example is Saxon Glass\'s High-CS Ionex glass, 30 in which controlled additives in the salt bath develops as much as 40-100 MPa higher surface compression. Certain ions lodge themselves into the glass surface or enter the network, where they impede network relaxation. Another possibility is to use electric field-assisted chemical strengthening. Because field-assisted ion exchange is conducted over a much shorter time relative to traditional exchange, the surfaces experience significantly less stress relaxation, which generates a much higher value of surface compression.14 An example of such a product is Saxon Glass\'s Frankenstein, in which a multicycling direct-current potential assists development of a fast ion-exchanged layer with stress balance and an advantageous flatter compressive stress profile.31 For sapphire to be a realistic challenger to glass, a major improvement would be for the technology to develop 1.5-2.0 GPa strength (in ring-on-ring or four-point bend strength measurements). There is evidence to suggest that more careful annealing during boule growth may reduce thermal stresses, which otherwise cause strength-degrading deformation twin misfit boundaries.21 Kerf reduction and layout optimization, such as the potential for square boules, will help with material utilization. In short, there is a clear need for quality and growthrate improvements in sapphire processes, including nonboule or near-net-shape and wafer fabrication processes. Finally, alternate materials and technologies also are worth pursuing. For glass, a chemically strengthened transparent glassceramic 32,33 may have the needed benefits of somewhat higher fracture toughness (~1.1 MPa m1/2) and higher strength. Except for an additional ceramming step, glass-ceramics enjoy all of the fabrication ease of traditional glasses. For transparent ceramics, zirconia and spinel crystalline ceramics may be good candidates. A final comparison Manufacturing glass substrates consumes significantly less energy than large scale sapphire manufacturing processes. Therefore, glass has considerable fabrication cost advantages in addition to greater transparency for applications, such as cover screens in personal mobile electronics. However, scratch resistance and breakage caused by accidental drops remain an issue for glass. Although sapphire has much higher scratch resistance and fracture toughness, its strength remains questionable because of machining damage and crystal defects. Consumer preference for aesthetics in an \"all-glass” design with exposed edges and faces has played a key role in the dominance of glass so far. GTAT\'s recent failure to manufacture and supply sapphire transparencies leaves chemically strengthened glass as the only volume scale cover glass option. Customers will continue to purchase protective cases and pay for replacing cracked screen covers. For crystalline ceramics to be competitive, quality improvements and large cost reductions in fabrication are imperative. Alternative materials, like chemically strengthened glass-ceramics, may also have a future in this market. About the authors Arun K. Varshneya is a Distinguished Life Member of ACers, president of Saxon Glass Technologies Inc. (Alfred, N.Y.), and Professor of Glass Science & Engineering, Emeritus, Alfred University. Peter P. Bihuniak is a Fellow of ACerS and president of Hidden Point Consulting LLC (Chagrin Falls, Ohio), and Advisory Board Partner with X-Roads Partners. Formerly he was CTO of GT Solar. Contact Varshneya at varshneya@alfred.edu. References ¹K. Kwong, \"Laminated aluminum oxide cover component,\" U.S. Pat. Appl., US 2014/0193606A1, July 10, 2014.; See also patent applications US2014/0139978A1; US2014/0138221A1; and US2014/192467A1. 2\"Smartphones and tablets still drive demand for cover glass, as the industry looks to smart watches for growth, IHS Says,\" IHS Markit, July 9, 2015. 3A. Sands and V. Tseng, Square Trade Research Brief, “Smart Phone reliability: Apple iPhones with fewest failures, and major Android manufacturers not far behind\", Nov 3, 2010. 4AGC Dragontrail X brochure, http://dragontrail.agc.com/ en/. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 5M. Wilson, Co.Design, \"Why Won\'t apple Fix the iPhone\'s One Huge Flaw?\", Aug. 30, 2016. 6T. Maddox, \"Gorilla Glass 5 will protect phones and tablets from 80% of drops,\" TechRepublic, July 21, 2016. M. Asay, \"The ridiculous profit made form replacing cracked smartphone screens,\" TechRepublic, Sept. 2, 2015. 8\"Mobile phone protective cases market,\" Report number 58085-09-16, September 2016. http://www.credenceresearch. com/report/mobile-phone-protective-cases-market www.vertu.com 10S. Hill, \"Glass warfare: Why unscratchable sapphire screens have Corning beating its chest,\" Digital Trends, March 12, 2016. \"S.M. Dockerty, \"Sheet forming apparatus,\" U.S. Pat. No. 3 338 696, 1967. 12L.A.B. Pilkington, “Review lecture: The float glass process.\" Proc. R. Soc. London, 314, 1-25 (1969) doi: 10.1098/ rspa.1969.0212. 13A.K. Varshneya, “Chemical strengthening of glass: Lessons learned and yet to be learned,\" Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 1 [2] 131-42 (2010). 14A.K. Varshneya, G.A. Olson, P.K. Kreski, and P.K. Gupta, \"Buildup and relaxation of stress in chemically strengthened glass,\" J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 427, 91-97(2015). 15 Verneuil process, http://www.clearlysapphire.com/Growth. 16 Czochralski process, http://www.clearlysapphire.com/ Growth. \"Edge-defined film growth method, http://www.clearlysapphire.com/Growth. 18 Kyropoulos method, http://www.clearlysapphire.com/ Growth. 19Advanced sapphire furnace process: J. Zahler, \"Sapphire and GaN substrate materials,\" 2012 DOE SSL Manufacturing R&D Workshop, San Jose, Calif., June 15, 2012; slide 8. 20 Heat exchange method: D.C. Harris, \"A century of sapphire crystal growth\"; pp. 10-12 in Proceedings of the 10th DoD Electromagnetic Windows Symposium (Norfolk, Va., May 2004). 21(a) A.H. Heuer, \"The influence of annealing on the strength of corundum crystals,\" Proc. Br. Ceram. Soc., 6, 17-27 (1966). (b) H. Platus, R.P. Welle, and P.M. Adams, \"Sapphire window laser edge annealing,\" U.S. Pat. No. 5 697 998, Dec. 16, 1997. 22B. Sanders, \"GTAT-Apple agreement: Evolution of a fiasco,\" NH Business Review, Dec. 11, 2014. 23K. Campbell-Dollaghan, \"Apple\'s strange obsession with fragility. Apple\'s fine-print warning about the jet-black iPhone 7: Use a case,\" 3 Minute Read, Sept. 8, 2016. 24A.H. Heuer, conversation, Nov. 2016. 25S. Raghavan, GT, conversation, Sept. 21, 2016. 26P.K. Kreski, \"Strengthened glass and methods for making using differential density,” US 9,302,938 April 05, 2016. 27P.K. Kreski, \"Strengthened glass and methods for making using differential time,\" US2014/0178689 June 26, 2014. 28P.K. Kreski, \"Strengthened glass and methods for making using differential chemistry,\" US2014/0178691 June 26, 2014. 29A. K. Varshneya and P.K. Kreski, \"Strengthened glass and methods for making using heat treatment,\" US2014/0178663 June 26, 2014. 30High-CS Ionex, www.saxonglass.com 31A.K. Varshneya, G.A. Olson, and P.K. Kreski, \"Strengthened glass and methods for making utilizing electrical field assist,\" US2015/0166407 June 18, 2015. 32G.H. Beall, B.R. Karstetter, and H.L. Rittler, \"Crystallization and chemical strengthening of stuffed B-quartz glass-ceramics,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 50 [4] 181-90 (1967). 33G.H. Beall, M. Comte, M.J. Dejneka, P. Marques, P. Pradeau, and C. Smith, \"Ion-exchange in glass-ceramics,\" Front. Mater., 3:41, Aug. 23, 2016, doi:10.3389/ fmats.2016.00041. 25 25 Case study Simple methods to incorporate silver and copper generate antimicrobial glasses and porous glassbonded ceramics By Taki Negas, Dave Hilfiker, and Scott Bartkowski Simple and flexible techniques show promise for incorporating silver and copper into glass and glass-bonded ceramic materials for novel antimicrobial products. Figure 1. Typical glass-bonded alumina ceramics produced at Refractron. 26 Credit: Refractron ilver and copper ions are wellestablished antimicrobial agents that combat bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae. Recently, Corning Incorporated (Corning, N.Y.) researchers discussed the importance of microbial suppression for glass-based touch surfaces on smartphones, ATMs, etc. They demonstrated that silver “bullets\" can be ion exchanged into borosilicate glass, resulting in surfaces that effectively control growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. To accomplish exchange, Corning immersed glass in a melt of AgNO₁-alkali nitrate at 300°C-400°C. Similarly, Borsella et al.² used CuSO4-alkali sulfate melts at 518°C-570°C to ion exchange copper into glass slides. Refractron Technologies Corp. (Newark, N.Y.) manufactures two classes of ceramics: structural zirconias based on dense magnesium-partially-stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) and yttria tetragonal-zirconia polycrystal (YTZP); and alumina (brown- and white-fused grits), silica, and mullite ceramics with precisely controlled porosity (Figure 1). Most of the latter products are bonded with one of several proprietary silicate glasses. These products function as fine bubble diffusers that oxygenate, purify, and filter water in numerous applications. They also transfer gases to liquids under controlled flow for fish farms, aquatic plants, beverages, and www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Capsule summary MOLTEN SALT lon exchange of silver or copper ions can generate antimicrobial glasses, but similar processes are not suitable for glass-bonded alumina. Simpler and more flexible manufacturing methods may improve the potential applications of ion-exchanged materials. aquariums. In addition, saturating the porosity of these materials with ink produces fingerprint touch surfaces. Refractron porous ceramics typically are bonded with 4-15-wt% silicate glass. Two of the three predominant glasses are borosilicate formulations, and all contain K* and Na*. Thus, they are ideal candidates for potential antimicrobial products if silver and/or copper can be incorporated into glass monoliths, glass frits, or glass-bonded ceramics. However, ion exchange using molten salts is not an option for bonded alumina, because the melts corrode the grits. In addition, parts produced in volume are relatively large, making exchange in and containment of molten salt baths impractical. Simpler and more flexible methods are required. A new experimental approach for silver-ion exchange in glasses We prepared monolithic buttons (~38-mm diameter X ~8-mm thickness) of three glasses that are used to bond grits-two borosilicate glasses and silicate glass (no boron)-by melting at 800°C-1,300°C. One borosilicate bond formulation was a frit with broad particle-size distribution. Additional experiments used milled and unmilled versions of the frit as well as glass slabs and glass-bonded ceramics (Figure 2). We used a concentration of 20 g of AgNO, dissolved in 800 mL of deionized water in all experiments. We broke one button of each formulation into irregular fragments (~7 mm × ~7 mm × ~8 mm), and reserved the balance for additional testing. We placed glass monoliths, broken glass fragments, glass frit, or glass-bonded parts into covered beakers of solution and heated them to 82°C for up to 72 h. We manually stirred frit solutions every 24 h to expose fresh powder surfaces. Although water evaporation was minimal, we replenished the solution as NEW MATERIALS Solution-based ion-exchange and other methods can implant silver and copper ions into the surfaces of a variety of glasses and glass-bonded ceramics. 1 CAN IT WORK? Materials tested favorably as antimicrobial agents against E. coli and showed potential in antialgal and antifungal tests. These techniques may be able to produce useful antimicrobial products if incorporated into polymers, paints, fertilizers, and more. 2 3 6 5 Figure 2. Examples of non-machined materials used for experiments: (1) porous alumina grit puck bonded with glass (no boron); (2) borosilicate glass produced from frit powder; (3) glass, no boron; (4) borosilicate glass; (5) vesicular borosilicate glass with Cu²+; and (6) borosilicate glass with Cut and roughened surface. needed. After each experiment, we rinsed parts repeatedly with deionized water and dried them at 38°C or room temperature. In addition, we tested pucks of 100-grit alumina bonded with boron-free glass using the same procedure. Following the experiment, we ultrasonically rinsed and dried parts (~52-mm diameter × ~28-mm long). We cut one part in half parallel to the length, which allowed us to extract a central slice (~6-mm thick) to analyze silver content in top, middle, and bottom sections. We used X-ray photoemission (XPS) and wavelength dispersive (WDS) spectroscopies to measure positive results for Ag in two sets of broken glass fragments from exploratory treatments. Semiquantitative WDS analyses revealed a concentration of 3-4-wt% silver American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Refractron depending on the glass composition. For comparison, we treated fragments of one glass with boron and one without using the molten salt method¹ in a dense alumina crucible. The crucible softened near the melt-air interface by corrosion and parted after cooling. We used WDS to measure 19- and 13-wt% silver for boron and boronfree samples, respectively. However, we found that XPS peak intensities for Ag* were similar to those obtained for glasses treated in AgNO3 solution, suggesting similar concentrations. Nonetheless, we reconciled these discrepancies in the data between XPS and WDS methods. We used XPS almost exclusively to sample surfaces, whereas we used WDS (and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)) to collect signals 27 Simple methods to incorporate silver and copper generate antimicrobial glasses Figure 3. Glass containers with samples suspended in netting after algal test. Central portion of each lid was removed during the test. from a depth of at least 1 μm. Thus, larger WDS-measured concentrations in the molten salt samples reflect a deeper penetration of ion-exchanged Ag*, but surface concentrations of all samples do not drastically differ. This distinction is important, because we expect the concentration of Ag* at surfaces rather than in the bulk to govern microbial suppression, assuming that it is not rapidly leached in application. After these encouraging results, we treated another set of glass fragments. We periodically extracted samples from solution and used EDS to analyze silver content. Although EDS is faster, it is somewhat less accurate. Despite the customary scatter of EDS data, parts saturated at ~4-wt% Ag₂O within ~16 h. A precautionary timeframe of 24 h is reasonable for production. We also used EDS to confirm the silver content of treated glass buttons, which, along with broken fragments, remained colorless after ion exchange. We then treated glass-bonded, 100-grit porous alumina pucks. EDS spectra from the glass-bond at various locations revealed a uniform distribution of silver. Finally, we treated unmilled borosilicate glass frit powder, rinsed it thoroughly with deionized water, and dried the product. We repeated this treatment several times to confirm prior results and to accumulate products. We observed during testing that a curious gray material gradually developed on the glass powder surfaces. EDS analysis detected 28 an unusually high concentration of silver (~7-wt% Ag₂O) that cannot be caused entirely by ion exchange enhanced by the larger surface area. Subsequent evidence confirmed this observation. A new approach for incorporating copper-ions in glasses We used similar methodologies to attempt ion exchange of copper using 20 g of Cu(NO3)2 hydrate dissolved in 800 mL of deionized water. Although the attempt failed, interesting reactions occurred during treatment of glass frit powders (more on this later). However, we successfully incorporated copper into glass and glass bonds by formulating an arbitrarily selected amount (2 wt% as CuO) into mixes before processing at elevated temperatures. In addition, we were able to use larger concentrations of copper if necessary. Glass and glass-bonded silica parts had a blue (Cu2+) hue when processed at <1,000°C, whereas monolithic glass and glass-bonded alumina (brown grit) parts processed at >1,100°C were jet black (Cut). We prepared glass slabs of two borosilicates formulated with CuO, one from a <1,000°C melt and one from a >1,100°C melt. The former was blue, suggesting presence of Cu2+, and the latter was jet black, indicating presence of Cu* (Figure 2). We also prepared samples from quartz grit bonded (<1,000°C) with 4-wt% borosilicate plus CuO and from 100-grit alumina bonded (>1,100°C) with 12-wt% boron-free glass plus copper. Although we did not investigate, it is possible that not all CuO dissolved into the glass of the latter, but partitioned to form crystalline phases with the alumina grit or its minor components. Regardless, the modulus of rupture (MOR) did not degrade from a typical value of 30 MPa. In addition, quartz grit did not react with copper oxides to produce crystalline products. Antimicrobial testing of glass formulations An independent laboratory measured antimicrobial effectiveness of silver in monolithic glasses, glass-bonded pucks, and glass frit powder using ISO 22196, a standard procedure adapted for ceramic surfaces and powders. The laboratory tested samples in triplicate over 24 h, and it compared the results to identical samples that did not contain silver. The laboratory tested an aqueous culture of E. coli, because it bears genetic similarity to numerous bacterial strains. In addition, we challenged copper-containing materials with an antialgal test and a simple but nonstandard antifungal test. For microbial testing, we used surface grinding to produce a rough flat patch (24 mm x 24 mm) on the smooth convex exteriors of eight monolithic buttons of each formulation. ISO standard antimicrobial tests revealed that treated glass buttons and glass-bonded 100-grit alumina pucks had 99.98% antimicrobial efficiency, whereas glass frit had 99.97% antimicrobial efficiency. If significant, the reason for this difference remains unclear, because the same glass www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Credit: Refractron in a monolithic, low-surface-area configuration had a lower silver content yet a higher efficiency. We tested samples of borosilicates with CuO only for antialgal growth using a procedure similar to ASTM G29-96 (\"Standard practice for algal resistance of plastic films\"), but with some differences. We suspended glass slabs containing copper ions (25 mm × 25 mm × 6 mm, see above)-two grits bonded with copper and two without― with polymer netting in 1-L glass jars containing Erie Canal water (Figure 3). The baths contained coarse white alumina grit on the bottom and fish food as a nutrient. A fluorescent light above the baths automatically turned on for 12 h and off for 12 h for 6 weeks. ASTM specifies a 4-week test, which terminates earlier if test samples show evidence of algal growth. Black and blue glass slabs and black glass-bonded 100-grit alumina parts showed no algal growth (Figure 4). Algae grew on glass-bonded quartz parts with and without copper, loose white alumina grit gravel, and glass-bonded (12 wt%, no copper) 100-grit alumina samples. Thus, antialgal efficiency appears to depend on copper concentration and uniformity in overall distribution, but is independent of copper\'s valence state. A similar test evaluated samples of a copper compound grown on borosilicate glass frit (see below and Figure 4). Silver and copper materials grown on borosilicate glass frit We used X-ray diffractometry (XRD) to identify the gray material adhered to borosilicate glass frit treated in AgNO3 solution as Ag2CO3 plus Ag₂O. We based the identification on two weak broad maxima for the former and two weaker broad lines for the latter, all superimposed on a dominant broad maximum typical of silicate glass. When we heated it above 200°C, the deposit decomposed to adherent silver metal that imparted a pale-brown hue to the powder. Similarly, an adherent skyblue deposit developed on the same glass frit when treated with nitrate copper solution. This deposit decomposed to CuO when heated above 200°C. Figure 4. Materials after algal test. Algae grew on SiO2 (quartz grit) bonded with borosilicate glass with (1) and without (2) Cu2+. Algae did not grow on (3) borosilicate glass with Cut; (4) vesicular borosilicate glass with Cu²+; and (5) porous brown alumina grit bonded with glass (no boron) containing Cut. (6) Removed Cu₂ (OH) 3 NO 3 grown on borosilicate glass frit shows light and darker areas of consumed algae. Deposits did not grow in solutions without glass powder or on monolithic glasses or glass-bonded grits. Therefore, higher-surface-area glass appears necessary for their appearance. Ag2CO3 formation requires a supply of (CO3)2 groups. We can argue that some CO, may have dissolved in solution during treatment, despite use of a tight-fitting aluminum foil cover that was infrequently removed. Normally, the color of Ag2CO3 is yellowish, and Ag2O is brown to black. The combination might explain the gray hue, but other phases are not precluded. Amorphous AgOH also is possible, but it cannot be detected by XRD, because its scattering is masked by the broad maximum of glass. To gain additional insight, we weighed the glass deposit and treated it with 1N HCl. Almost immediately, the gray hue faded to an off-white color and the solution became turbid. There was no obvious effervescence because of CO₂ evolution, which indicated a very low concentration of Ag2CO3, if present at all. After rinsing with deionized water and decanting the turbid solution several times, we dried the glass and weighed it. A lower weight revealed that the reaction detached the deposit from glass surfaces. Before each decant, we allowed some of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org the reaction products in suspension to settle on the glass for XRD analysis. As we expected, XRD revealed that the only material with the glass was AgCl, which is characterized by intense, sharp maxima. Ag2CO3, Ag₂O, and AgOH all produce AgCl upon reaction with HCl. Therefore, the lack of effervescence, high silver concentration on the glass, and large quantity of AgCl generated by HCl indicated to us that Ag2CO3 is not a major component of the gray deposit. This also is supported by the absence of a carbon (or nitrogen) signal in EDS spectra. If correctly identified as being present, it is a secondary phase derived from dissolved CO2 or from reaction of a highly reactive product, such as amorphous AgOH, with air during drying. After we treated it in copper nitrate solution, we thoroughly washed and dried the glass frit. XRD identified the sky-blue deposit as crystallized Cu̟₂(OH)NO₂ from strong lines on a suppressed broad glass maximum. The compound is a well-known mineral with a claylike sheet crystal structure. Normally, it precipitates in solutions containing the pertinent ions. (Stanimirova et al.³ provide an excellent review and bibliography of the structure, synthesis, and mineralogy of this and 29 Credit: Refractron Simple methods to incorporate silver and copper generate antimicrobial glasses B A 1 2 Figure 5. Row B shows samples before fungal tests: (1) Cu(OH) Cl and (2) Cu̟₂(OH) NOŽ grown on borosilicate glass frit; and (3) borosilicate glass grit with black CuO from decomposed Cu(OH)3 NO. Row A shows post-fungal test samples with corresponding frits all moistened periodically under protective plastic. Spherical material is nutrient placed on or adjacent to frits. related phases.) In this work, Cu2+ and (NO3)- are the only precursor species. Thus, glass frit surface chemistry had to supply the (OH), at least initially. This is not unusual, because the surfaces of silica and silicate glass powders contain complexes of hydroxyl, hydronium, and HOH groups. In turn, this explains why both growths occur only when glass powder is treated in nitrate solutions. We tested the influence of glass surface area using unmilled borosilicate frit (d50 = 9 µm; d90 = 23 μm) and frit milled in deionized water (d50 = 3 μm; d90 = 6 µm), both treated with copper nitrate solution. Although we did not measure surface areas, we expect that they were significantly different. We washed frit plus Cu₂(OH), NO, deposits with deionized water and dried them. We then weighed samples, heated them to above 200°C to decompose the compound to CuO, and reweighed samples to calculate concentration of Cu(OH)₂NO from weight loss. Unmilled frit yielded 0.2 g of compound per gram of glass, whereas milled frit produced 0.7 g of compound per gram of glass. The larger value signals an overall increase in concentration of available hydroxyls. However, this does not mean that all hydroxyls for both values are provided solely by glass surfaces. For example, 0.7 g requires almost 20% of the weight of glass to be surface (OH)- and related complexes, whereas 0.2 g indiCredit: Refractron cates only ~5%. Although 5% is possible, 20% is unreasonable. This might indicate that growth of the compound is not limited to frit surfaces-another mechanism may play a role to promote additional growth. Reactions of Cu2+ and (NO3)- and of Ag* ions with the surface chemistry of glass frit actually are quite complicated. We considered copper, because it offers some insight for the latter. Certainly, at incipient growth of Cu₂(OH)₂NO3, the reaction must proceed according to Cu2+ +2(NO3) solution solution + x(OH)glass surface solution →> solution 1/3xCu₂(OH) NO +1-2/3xCu2+ + 2-1/3x(NO3) We ignored excess H₂O in the above and a subsequent reaction. Although mass balance is maintained (x is unknown), charge neutrality of the solution is not, resulting in a net negative charge. This demands that another reaction or mechanism must cooperate to provide a neutralizing positive charge to the solution. We believe that surface hydrolysis of \"Cu-OH-HOH +/- (NO3)-\"-type charged complexes generates H as surfaces evolve. Surface hydrolysis is well-known in colloid, soil, and clay literature. For example, McBride 5,6 discusses complexes, such as (CuH2O) 2+, (CuH₂O)²+, and Cu²*-(H₂O)*, that generate H* when Cu²+ is adsorbed on clays. Liu et al.\' demonstrate that dendritic Fe₂O, grows on the surface of Fe2O3 crystals as the complex 2(Fe(CN)6 ) ³--HOH releases H*, which reduces pH from 7.27 to 6.76. glass surface The original surface chemistry of frit changes as growth proceeds. If this model is correct, it follows that growth must continue, likely at an ever decreasing rate, until termination. If x(OH)- describes a static concentration of hydroxyls, the reaction must stop when not enough is available to accommodate additional structural Cu²+ and (NO3)- from solution. On the other hand, surface hydrolysis of copper complexes can produce additional hydroxyls from pre-existing HOH bound to glass and from HOH derived from solution as surfaces of the compound grow. In this case, growth of the compound can continue, but the reaction endpoint remains speculative. In turn, the solution must become more acidic with increasing contribution of H*. Although we conducted reactions only for 72 h, the unusually large concentration of Cu₂(OH),NO discussed above supports continued growth. In addition, pH of the solution becomes somewhat more acidic (Table 1). In addition, pH of glass frit in deionized water becomes less basic Table 1. pH of deionized water solutions containing borosilicate glass frit, Cu(OH)NO, and dissolved copper nitrate Material a. 30-g borosilicate glass frit, not milled Conditions pH Soaked 24 h in 200-mL deionized water 10.4 b. 20-g Cu(NO3)2 hydrate Dissolved in 600-mL deionized water 3.65 c. Combined a and b d. Combination c In 800-mL total deionized water 4.64 3 days at 82°C; growth of Cu₂(OH), NO₂ on frit 4.43 7.15 e. Cu₂(OH),NO, + glass from d Washed repeatedly with deionized water and soaked 24 h in 200-mL deionized water f. Deionized water 6.9 30 30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 when Cu₂(OH),NO, is present, showing that the original surface chemistry is altered. In antialgal tests of Cu₂(OH),NO, bonded to glass powder, the water remained clear for 6 weeks, but then a yellow-white material developed and covered the compound spread on the bottom of the glass container. At the container-compound interface, the material was discontinuous and gray-brown. Both yellow-white and gray-brown materials indicate annihilated or consumed algae. We also grew the isostructural compound Cu,(OH), Cl on the same glass frit heated in a solution of dissolved CuCl₂. The reaction is subject to the same phenomena discussed for the nitrate analogue. This chloride is an alternative fungicide for crops, but it is not phytotoxic, because it is relatively insoluble, in contrast to banned chemicals containing soluble phases, such as CuSO4, that disperse through the environment (e.g., Bordeaux mix in vineyards). Antifungal testing confirmed that both compounds prevented growth of white and black fungi during a 1-month trial. In contrast, the CuO-glass product resulting from decomposition of both compounds above 200°C was less effective (Figure 5). 8 After an early stage of simultaneous ion exchange and reaction of silver with glass surface chemistry, we expected the latter process to hinder, if not eventually block, the former. Despite the minor issue involving Ag2CO3, we propose that the reaction proceeds similar to that of copper and, in simplest form, involves (OH)- according to Ag+ + (NO3) solution solution +x(OH)glass surface xAgOH + (1 - x)Ag +(NO3) solution solution We believe AgOH to be amorphous, but it is likely to have a more complicated chemistry associated with additional (OH) or HOH. Amorphous phases are not unusual in colloid and clay chemistry. For example, Arias et al. report “amorphous iron-precipitates,\" also described as iron hydroxide, on the surfaces of kaolin treated in iron nitrate solution. To maintain charge neutrality in the above reaction, H* is provided by surface hydrolysis of charged surface complexes assumed to be similar to \"Ag-OH-HOH\" or \"Ag-O-OH-HOH.” The latter could yield the observed Ag₂O as an intermediate product. If this model is correct, the same phenomena (e.g., continued reaction/deposition, evolving surface chemistry, and decreased pH) discussed for copper follow. Summary We implanted Ag* into the surfaces of a variety of glasses and glass-bonded ceramics by ion exchange, simply using an aqueous solution of AgNO3 heated to 82°C. Ion-exchange kinetics can be altered by varying temperature and concentration of AgNO3. These materials tested favorably as antimicrobial agents against E. coli. We could not exchange copper ions using this method, but they were incorporated into bulk materials by addition to mixes before final processing at high temperature and by reactions of glass frit surfaces with nitrate solution. Some of the copper materials resisted growth of algae and fungus. Although not discussed, it should be appreciated that Ag* and Cu ions can be incorporated into glasses and glass bonds, the latter via American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org addition to formulations before final processing followed later by ion exchange with the former. Based on these observations, Refractron is developing another simple method to implant silver and copper on the surface of glass that bonds fingerprint pads (Figure 1, rectangular part at lower left). Ag* and Cu²+-(NO3) in solutions react with surface chemistry of glass frit to produce potentially useful adherent products if incorporated, for example, into polymers, paints, or fertilizers. Proposed reactions require surface hydrolysis of charged surface complexes that donate H* to maintain charge neutrality of solutions. The results warrant further study by interested researchers using more sophisticated methods. Acknowledgments We are indebted to G. Wynick for WDS and EDS measurements and to J.E. Thiebaud for XPS work, both at Alfred University (Alfred, N.Y.). T. Vanderah, an associate at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Gaithersburg, Md.), provided valuable correspondence regarding surface hydrolysis. About the authors Taki Negas is vice president of technology, Dave Hilfiker is senior engineer, and Scott Bartkowski is president at Refractron Technologies Corp. (Newark, N.Y.). Contact Negas at tnegas@ refractron.com. References ¹C.K. Williams, N.F. Borrelli, W. Senaratne, Y. Wei, and O. Pitzold, \"Touchscreen surface warfare-Physics and chemistry of antimicrobial behavior of ion-exhanged silver in glass,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 93 [4] 20-24 (2015). See also cited references including the patent application of the authors. 2E. Borsella, A. Dal Vecchio, M.A. Garcia, and C. Sada, \"Copper doping of silicate glasses by the ion-exchange technique: A photo luminescence spectroscopy study,\" J. Appl. Phys., 91, 90 (2002). 3S. Stanimirova, S. Dencheva, and G. Kirou, “Structural interpretation of anion exchange in divalent copper hydroxysalt minerals,\" Clay Miner., 48, 21 (2013). ‘L.T. Zhuravlev, “The surface chemistry of amorphous silica: Zhuravlev model,\" Colloids Surf. A (Physiochemical and Engineering Aspects), 173, 1-38 (2000). 5M.B. McBride, \"Copper interactions with kaolinite: Factors controlling adsorption,\" Clays Clay Miner., 26, 101 (1978). \'M.B. McBride, \"Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions of exchangeable Cu2+ on hectorite,\" Clays Clay Miner., 30, 200 (1982). 7Z. Liu, C.-Y. Chiang, W. Li, and W. Zhou, \"The role of surface hydrolysis of ferricyanide anions in crystal growth of snowflake-shaped α-Fe2O3,\" Chem. Commun., 51, 9350 (2015). M.I. Qaimkhani, R.A. Siddiqui, M. Rauf, and S. Parveen, \"A new method for the preparation of copper oxychloride (a fungicide),” J. Chem. Soc. Pak., 30, 361 (2008). \'M. Arias, M.T. Barral, and F. Diaz-Fierros, “Effects of iron and aluminum oxides on the colloidal and surface properties of kaolin,\" Clays Clay Miner., 43, 406 (1995). 31 KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Graduate Engineering Alfred University is dedicated to student centered education, where our students\' personal and professional development is our #1 priority. Our research groups are small, meaning that you\'ll be part of a close-knit, supportive community where your ideas and aspirations are valued. We have outstanding, state-of-the art facilities and strong, world-wide connections to enhance your educational experience. MS PROGRAMS Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Electrical Engineering Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering PHD PROGRAMS Ceramics Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering ALFRED UNIVERSITY Office of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 Email: gradinquiry@alfred.edu Website: www.engineering.alfred.edu Alfred University individuals inspired KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING CACT ⚫ Energy • Environment. Health Care • Center for Advanced Ceramic Technology (CACT) At Alfred University\'s Center for Advanced Ceramic Technology (CACT), the primary mission is to help NYS companies retain and create jobs, increase their productivity, and boost their profitability through research in advanced ceramic materials and processing. The CACT offers a wide range of research options to help businesses grow and thrive. Center for High Temperature Characterization (CHTC) Partnerships help to transfer technology from the lab to the marketplace. Our focus is to enable ceramic materials and processing advances that are both practicable and scalable using comprehensive facilities for characterizing the behavior of materials and devices exposed to high temperature environments. Alfred University Office of Graduate Admissions, Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive, Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 Email: agradinquiry@alfred.edu www.engineering · alfred.edu Student perspectives O bulletin | annual student section PCSA students with then-ACerS president Mrityunjay Singh at the PCSA annual meeting at MS&T16 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue By Tessa Davey, PCSA Chair he June/July issue of the ACerS Bulletin features articles from students all over the world whose backgrounds and different experiences inform research in a wide range of fields related to ceramics. The following articles, written by students at various stages of their careers, provide student perspectives about the benefits and intrigue. of cements research. These articles, some of which are by delegates from the ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA), are from students who not only work on cutting-edge ceramics research, but also are involved in outreach efforts outside the lab. Centered around a more general theme of building-whether in the sense of construction, building a career, or building a better world-the articles in the following student section provide diverse viewpoints. Some students discuss how the behavior of cement as a material itself can inspire us, by optimizing research methods as we optimize material strength or by using 34 outreach efforts to fill cracks to strengthen the foundations of education. Other articles explore how we can use basic ceramic principles in cutting-edge research to make huge differences in the world or how we can make building processes more environmentally friendly. This student section highlights efforts that are important to ACerS, particularly to the PCSA, which strives to engage students as long-term Society leaders. PCSA currently consists of 50 students from 35 universities in 10 countries who are passionate about ceramics. PCSA delegates are dedicated to using their positions as scientists and leaders to give back to their communities and make a difference. One of the key tenets of the PCSA is outreach, and it has developed materials science demonstration kits, lesson plans, and educational posters aimed at informing young minds over the decade that PCSA has existed. In the following student content, one student writes about taking part in a volunteer project in Uganda where he worked with a charity to apply basic ceramics principles to the improve the production of ceramic water filters. PCSA believes that such outreach beyond our communities is incredibly important. Therefore, in the coming year, PCSA will begin involvement with charities conducting similar types of humanitarian projects to afford more students such invaluable global opportunities. With the growing international diversity of PCSA, more students with varied backgrounds are becoming involved in our outreach efforts. These students bring fresh different ideas of how ACerS and PCSA can make a real difference to people\'s lives as well as inspire the next generation of ceramists. Tessa Davey is currently in the final stages of completing her Ph.D. at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom. She is chair of the 2016-2017 PCSA class and is particularly passionate about improving diversity and equality in STEM. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Credit: ACerS Congressional Visits Day 2017 recap By Tricia L. Freshour ACers liaison to the Material Advantage Student Program The Material Advantage Congressional Visits Day (CVD) was held April 4-5, 2017, in Washington, D.C. CVD is an annual event that gives students an opportunity to visit Washington to educate congressional decision makers about the importance of funding for basic science, engineering, and technology. The CVD experience began with an opening reception featuring talks by Toby Smith, Association for American Universities (AAU); Patrick Cavanagh, Lobby-It; and Aaron Dunn, TMS/MRS Congressional Science & Engineering Fellow. Most congressional visits were held with legislators and staffers on April 5. To top off CVD this year, the Washington, D.C. Chapter of ASM International hosted a baseball game at Nationals Park between the Washington \"This was an absolutely fantastic experience. I learned so much and really enjoyed my time in our nation\'s capital. Thank you for your dedication and organization to Congressional Visit Days. I will be back next year!\" - Kim Bessler, Colorado School of Mines (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Nationals and the Florida Marlins, which gave students an opportunity to network and share their experiences. CVD yielded a record-breaking attendance this year39 students and faculty participated in the event from the following universities: California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Case Western Reserve University Colorado School of Mines Drexel University Iowa State University Michigan Technological University Missouri University of Science and Technology Purdue University University of Alabama, Birmingham University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Juan A. Ortiz Salazar (left), a student from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, with Representative Salud Carbajal (D-California). The Michigan Tech group paused to take a photo in the beautiful sunshine in front of the Capitol Building: (left to right) Emily Hunt, Violet Thole, Professor Steve Kampe, Jeff Brookins, and Phil Staublin. CVD 2017 participants at the event\'s opening reception and training on April 4. The Colorado School of Mines group-(left to right) Ryan Mathiesen, Jordan Carson, Emily Mitchell, Kim Bessler, and Elizabeth Palmiotti-got a chance of a lifetime to tour the Capitol Building, including the rotunda and statutory hall. They were also able to get this picture on Speaker Paul Ryan\'s balcony. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org \"I thought the program was again a great experience. I did like the timing of the conference this year as it pulls back away from finals time. The baseball game was awesomethanks to the D.C. chapter that sponsored it!\" - Jonathan Healy, Case Western Reserve University 35 Student perspectives Calcium silicate, carbon dioxide, and political climate change: Assessing the viability of environmentally friendly cement alternatives by Ryan Anderson Anderson Political uncertainty affects project funding related to reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. It is important that researchers discover sustainable solutions that find a balance between environmental benefits and economic and social consequences. Instead of focusing on environmental benefits alone, researchers must closely examine technologies that limit anthropogenic carbon dioxide production to ensure financial viability. Growth of many \"sustainable\" solutions often is inhibited by high costs, most notably in the implementation of renewable energy sources, carbon capture and sequestration, and electric cars. Through future policy change, we must discover emission reduction measures, such as carbon sequestration, that are economically viable through subsidies or a tax on carbon emissions. However, without these incentives, development of sustainable solutions remains the only route to actualization of environmentally friendly ideas. Rapid growth of newly industrialized countries and political promises to repair crumbling infrastructure will cause the global appetite for concrete to continue to have an enormous effect on anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Concrete is formulated by combining sand, aggregate, and water with cement. Ordinary portland cement (OPC) is the most consumed synthetic material in the world, produced at more than four gigatonnes per year worldwide. It is used to develop most of the world\'s concrete infrastructure. The cement industry typically accounts for 5%-10% of global carbon dioxide emissions, emitting approximately 0.85 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of OPC. As countries develop and populations increase, the carbon footprint of cement will continue to increase. Because of the global reliance on concrete, many research initiatives 36 are working to commercially introduce lower carbon footprint cements while continuing to compete with OPC\'s relatively low cost. Successfully transitioning any environmentally friendly scientific discovery from the laboratory to an industrial setting requires that a product meets many commercial standards and properties, has a robust supply chain, and remains cost effective. While attempting to replace OPC for infrastructure development, each of these requirements must be met to encourage commercial adoption. Richard Riman\'s lab at Rutgers University is developing ecofriendly building solutions, including a concrete that stores carbon dioxide. Because cement is used in such large quantities, cement production facilities usually use a high-temperature rotary kiln. Kilns are geographically frequent, typically located near large reserves of cement raw materials (including limestone, marl, and clay) and also are near regions with strong infrastructure demands. These raw materials provide a mixture of predominantly CaCO3 and SiO2, which generate various calcium silicate phases in a kiln at 1,450°C to produce OPC. OPC chemically reacts with the water in which it is cast (a so-called hydraulic cement), and it characteristically develops full strength in about a month. As a graduate student in the Riman research group in the Materials Science and Engineering Department at Rutgers University (New Brunswick, N.J.), I have the unique opportunity to produce sustainable \"carbonate cement\" that can lead to more environmentally friendly global infrastructure while maintaining economic viability. This carbonate cement is CaSiO3, which chemically reacts with carbon dioxide and reaches full strength in as little as a day. Independent testing of carbonate cement shows comparable or superior concrete properties to hydraulic cement, a fundamental prerequisite for use in infrastructure applications. Researchers can produce carbonate cement at OPC production facilities with the same raw materials as OPC. Production requires less CaCO3 and a lower kiln temperature of 1,200°C. Therefore, we can easily transition the pre-established, robust supply chain and mass production kilns for OPC to carbonate cement. Thus, we simultaneously can offer a reduction in carbon footprint of approximately 70% when accounting for kiln production and concrete carbonation, among other benefits. However, carbonate cement requires carbon dioxide as a reactant for concrete strengthening, which is not as simple as using water for casting and reacting. This affects business aspects of the supply chain and final costs of the concrete, an issue that we address at the commercial scale. My Ph.D. research includes developing a method to simultaneously produce CaSiO, and capture carbon dioxide for concrete carbonation. I feel privileged to be part of a scientific research team that is leading groundbreaking and innovative research and focuses on sustainable design for the future of our climate, infrastructure, and economy, regardless of political climate. Ryan Anderson is a fifth-year Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at Rutgers University. He is interested in sustainable chemical production, waste utilization, and green construction. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Credit: Cameron Bowman; Rutgers University Filling cracks of the foundation: Why K-12 outreach should be a priority By Haley Barnes Barnes There is something grand about new buildings-the shiny metal structures, the bright colors of fresh paint, and the sleekness of new wooden floors upon a strong concrete foundation. It is exciting, fresh, and hopeful. But eventually, the metal rusts, the paint flakes, and the concrete fractures as time commands the shiny, bright, and sleek. It is important for us to maintain the basic structures of our buildings, although we often find new problems to overcome to preserve the structure. K-12 community outreach is often like this. When basic materials science principles and discoveries—such as forging, laws of thermodynamics, characterization, and grain boundaries—came forth, they were bright with innovation. But, eventually, more research in these fields cracked the foundation into subfields that continued to expand our knowledge while the cracks also expanded our questions. To pass on knowledge of how the foundation of materials science was built is to grant our K-12 community the opportunity to fill the cracks that have grown over time. Granting this opportunity is extremely fruitful, because introducing materials science to youth can help connect many dots within students\' education. In outreach efforts at the University of North Texas (Denton, Texas), we emphasize the relationship between biology, chemistry, and physics to help break down the barriers middle and high school students often feel between these subjects. For many students, the breath of fresh air makes their curriculum exciting and applicable. Students often cannot wait to express their ideas, busting out a cheer and exclaiming their recognition of two related principles during a workshop. It stimulating for the students who are affected by outreach. Moreover, it is revitalizing for myself and my peers. No longer are we redesigning the foundation again and again, but we are working with the next generation to develop innovations to fill in all the cracks that have fractured over time. With this in mind, we need to make K-12 outreach a priority-but how? 1. Set realistic and thrilling goals. Keep in mind resources and funding available at your institution. Are faculty available to lead workshops? Is there funding for T-shirts or food? At what age can we trust youth to safely handle a weld? Challenge volunteers to cultivate a goal and push it one step further to best embrace everyone\'s strengths and visions. 2. Keep track of the paperwork. Keep a list of peer and faculty volunteers with contact information. Check with your university or institution\'s risk management to track what paperwork students and their guardians need to sign. For instance, our university required CPR training, sexual abuse awareness training, photography permissions, and commuting clearance. Protect your volunteers, the university, and the young ones that will be under your care during the outreach event. 3. Enjoy every second of the event! In the many events I have helped plan and execute, it never fails that last minute planning will stress everyone invested. But nothing is more rewarding than seeing students light up with exciting new knowledge-sometimes quite literally, if they happen to be using a weld or observing a laser. Take pictures, build new relationships, and reminisce when all of this was new and exciting to you. Enjoying the outreach event is a great way to ensure another event will occur. Haley Barnes is a senior in the University of North Texas Materials Science & Engineering Program. Her passions include community outreach, biomaterials, and potatoes. Summer camp attendees learned how to build solar panels from various ceramic powders and fruit juices via sintering techniques. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Haley Barnes 37 32 38 Student perspectives Synergy and collaboration: Conduct your research and business like concrete By Jindaporn Juthapakdeeprasert Humans have captured many ideas and designs from nature, such as designing hydrophobic surfaces that mimic a lotus leaf. But we also can Juthapakdeeprasert adapt material characteristics to human working systems. Take, for example, cement powder, which on its own has few applications. However, when mixed with water, cement forms a paste that magically hardens and has a variety of uses. Using the word magic probably is not the best description in this situation-there is scientific knowledge to explain this phenomenon. Cement is composed of four main phases: tricalcium silicate (C,S), dicalcium silicate (C,S), tricalcium aluminate (CA), and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (CAF). When these phases interact with water, they hydrate into needle-shaped calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and ettringite. Thousands of needles growing in random directions join together to create a strong network. Can humans mimic cement\'s network to build efficient working systems? Companies can achieve their key performance indicators (KPI) by working similarly to how cement gains its strength. Akin to how ettringite and C-S-H needles grow in hydrated cement, each unit of the company can synergistically join the company\'s larger network to create an efficient working system. For example, a company\'s marketing unit shares market trends and customer requests to the company\'s research unit so that it can develop new products to meet specific customer trends. In parallel, the research unit shares product development knowledge and ideas with the company\'s production unit to enhance production possibilities and shares costs with the company\'s finance unit to improve cost estimation. If a company develops such a working synergy, it can produce innovative products that reduce customer pain points at a reasonable price. Therefore, synergy between each unit can increase the efficiency of the working system to help the company achieve its KPI. Returning to the cement analogy, cement paste is strong, but it is not strong enough to be used for load-supporting construction. Adding aggregates, such as rock and sand, to create concrete makes cement strong enough to be used for these applications. Likewise, to reach maximum results in a working system, companies need to conduct research to gain in-depth knowledge of their prod ucts. However, gaining this knowledge can be challenging, because it requires a lot of fundamental understanding, resources, and time. A faster track for companies to become more efficient is by collaborating with academia. Companies can fund a researcher at a university to study a specific project in which the company is interested. Alternatively, a company can hire a professor that will act as an advisor on a technology of interest. Another possibility, in which I am currently involved, is that a company can fund its employees to study at an institution to gain academic expertise in the field. Before becoming a student at Imperial College London, I worked as a researcher in the refractories group 3/28/2017 mag det WD spot 12:05:45 PM 10.00 kV 80 000 x ETD 3.9 mm 2.5 at Siam Research and Innovation Co. Ltd. (Saraburi, Thailand), a cement company that is part of the larger parent company, The Siam Cement Group. I researched how to improve refractory materials used in cement kilns. After working in this field for five years, I realized that to really improve the refractory product, I needed in-depth knowledge and new technologies. Consequently, I received a scholarship from my company to conduct Ph.D. studies with Bill Lee at Imperial College London. My Ph.D. project focuses on high-temperature coatings with high-emissivity properties. Since I have started my Ph.D., I have gained in-depth scientific knowledge and technical skills that I will use in industry after graduation. Like cement paste, human working units can synergize with one another to achieve success. Jindaporn Juthapakdeeprasert is a Ph.D. student at Imperial College London, where she is developing coatings that reduce heat loss to improve cement kiln efficiency. Juthapakdeeprasert loves to travel and take photographs, and recently traveled to Iceland to take pictures of the northern lights. She likes to dance, enjoys trying new things, and spends 10 minutes every day learning Spanish. Scanned electron micrograph of hydrated cement, showing needlelike products that connect to form a strong network. -2pm Cement paste Unit F A synergized network organization connects in all directions to create strength, similar to hydrated cement products. Unit E Unit A Unit D Unit B Unit C www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Credit: Jindaporn Juthapakdeeprasert Ceramic technology for cleaner water in Africa: When academia meets imagination By Wirat Lerdprom NEW R Wirat Lerdprom and Spouts of Water staff determine the drying rate of a green ceramic filter and discuss a new kiln design. In January 2017, I was given an opportunity to travel to a rural area of Uganda to help a local ceramic water filter factory, Spouts of Water, improve its production efficiency. When I arrived at the factory, I thought I would use my advanced ceramic knowledge and equipment, as I do as a student at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom, to help factory workers improve their production line. However, I quickly realized instead that only basic instruments were available-I had to be adaptive, using my imagination instead! Lerdprom My aim was to make a more efficient ceramic water filter production process without monetary investment. I worked alongside the factory manager and staff, showing them the main parameters that need to be controlled and how to simply control them. We started with daily raw materials inspection and examined dry and wet mixing, drying, and firing processes. Because we did not have sufficient resources, we adapted. For instance, we used a clear 500-mL bottle cut in half to observe clay sedimentation. In addition, we used a poorly fired ceramic filter as a plaster mold to determine free quartz in clays. We set up an in-house clay plasticity test using a simple method that included kneading and rolling a plastic clay mixture into a soil worm, which was bent to find its plasticity index. We established a new drying process using self-humidity control and a greenhouse dryer with natural air circulation, and finally, we developed a new firing curve. I spent five days in the factory, helping workers improve many production points. The factory has since increased its production yield of ceramic water filters from 55% to 86%, which is the best yield it has achieved since beginning operations. Importantly, this improvement was accomplished without investment, and I did not overwhelm the workers with too many technical details. Although this project was unrelated to my graduate research, I am grateful to be given the opportunity to assist Spouts of Water because I developed a special interest in ceramic water filters during my previous studies at Alfred University. I did not hesitate to get involved in this project because I knew it would be a great opportunity to use my interests and knowledge to help Ugandans access clean water. I encourage the new generation of ceramic and glass scientists to get involved in these types of projects, because there are many chances to apply our interests and expertise to the global community. For me, it was a wonderful feeling to use my expertise to help people in the real world, rather than just to improve business competition. Even with limited resources, a combination of knowledge and imagination can be a powerful combination. I think that when academia and imagination join in the real world, magical solutions can result! Wirat Lerdprom is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Materials at Imperial College London, working under the supervision of Bill Lee. Lerdprom obtained his M.Sc. in ceramic engineering from Alfred University, where he worked with Bill Carty. SCG CementBuilding Materials Co. in Thailand has supported Lerdprom\'s graduate studies. His Ph.D. research is focused on the impact of rapid firing techniques on porcelain microstructural evolution. When not in the lab, Lerdprom loves to read and garden. Be Worde Congress UNITECR 2017 SANTIAGO DE CHILE The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories 15th biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories The Refractory Ceramics Division and St. Louis Section of ACers in conjunction with The Refractories Institute and ASTM International Committee C08 on Refractories announce travel reimbursement funds for students to assist in attending UNITECR 2017 in Santiago Chile, September 26-29. For more information and to apply, visit www.ceramics. org/rcd. Applications are due June 15, 2017. Credit: Lerdprom American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 39 Marketing for Manufacturers at the 6th Ceramic Business and Leadership Summit kicks off Ceramic Expo 2017 (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Gordon Nameni engaged the audience on market analysis. Johannes Homa discussed challenges of marketing additive manufacturing. arketing was the theme of ACerS 6th Ceramic Business and Leadership Summit, held April 24, 2017, prior to Ceramics Expo 2017. Nearly 80 attendees representing a variety of companies from all over the world came to the Marketing for Manufacturers Forum to listen to subject matter experts on a variety of topics, including market opportunities, market research, managing product introductions, and marketing to engineer-buyers. The audience also heard actual case studies of companies that are successfully managing product introductions, marketing new technology, and marketing to industry segments. Attendees participated in a workshop where they created marketing plans for their companies based on actual business goals-and walked away with ideas they could immediately implement. Kevin Gahagan shared Corning\'s approach to developing new markets. Rebecca Geier led the audience in an interactive marketing workshop. Alexender Frenzl showed how market segmentation creates better product portfolios. The American Ceramic Society New products, trends, and more all under one roof at CERAMICS EXPO 2017 your most C eramics Expo 2017 offered something for everyone— educational sessions, latest trends, new products, demos, job boards, sales opportunities, and, of course-networking! The show drew nearly 3,000 attendees from 33 countries and more than 300 exhibitors representing a variety of industries. If you missed it this year, mark your calendars for June 26-28, 2018. Visit www.ceramicsexpousa.com for updates. Opn Exhibitors talked to Expo attendees about their products and services. Expo attendees and exhibitor reps created many new business relationships! Society Working workforce evelopment techn resourc Ference expe PRACTIN Ceramics Expo attendees learned about new products, new trends, and latest manufacturing innovations from many leading companies. From left: Smarter Shows president James Reader, Cleveland mayor Frank Jackson, ACers executive director Charlie Spahr, event director Adam Moore, and Acers director of communications and marketing Eileen De Guire. 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 JUNE 26-28, 2017 | GEORGIA TECH | ATLANTA, GA. USA 8th Advances in Cement-Based Materials (Cements 2017) The Cements Division of ACerS 2017 annual meetingAdvances in Cement-based Materials-covers latest advances in cement-based research. Paulo Monteiro of University of California, Berkeley, will give the Della Roy Lecture. Other events include a tutorial on novel carbon capturing technologies and a student event at the University Center. PROGRAM CHAIRS Kim Kurtis - kkurtis@gatech.edu Tyler Ley - m.tyler.ley@gmail.com Denise Silva - denise.a.silva@gcpat.com For more details and to register, go to www.ceramics.org/cements2017 REGISTER now to save! HAMPTON INN ATLANTA-GEORGIA TECHDOWNTOWN 244 North Avenue NW Atlanta, GA 30313 Phone: 404-881-0881 Fax: 04-874-8838 Reserve your rooms by June 4, 2017 Rate $126/night MONDAY, JUNE 26 (FULL DAY) • Tutorial on carbon sequestration in industrial settings • Poster session TUESDAY, JUNE 27 (FULL DAY) • Breakout sessions ⚫ Cements Division business meeting Della Roy Lecture and reception WEDNESDAY, JUNE 28 (HALF DAY) • Breakout sessions DELLA ROY LECTURE Paulo Monteiro, Characterization of cementitious materials using X-ray synchrotron radiation: What we know, what we don\'t know, and what we want to know American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 41 7777 DAVID L. LAWRENCE CONVENTION CENTER | PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, USA Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T17 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 119TH ANNUAL MEETING! ACers lectures and special events Monday October 9 9:00 10:00 a.m. ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture - Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology Structure-Property-Processing Relationships in Composite Materials 2:00 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Session Klaus Van Benthem, University of California, Davis Do Fields Matter? - Microstructure Evolution in Ceramic Oxides - Jon Ihlefeld, Sandia National Lab New Functionality from Reconfigurable Ferroelastic Domains in Ferroelectric Films - Akitoshi Hayashi, Osaka Prefecture University Development of lon-Conducting Glasses for Solid-State Batteries Chie Kawamura, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd. Synthesis of High Crystalline and Fine BaTiO 3 Powder for Thinner Ni-MLCCS Via Solid State Root - Hideki Tanaka, Shoei Chemical Inc. Development of Mass Production of Ni-nanopowder for the Internal Electrode of MLCC by DC Thermal Plasma Process 2:00 5:00 p.m. ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session - TBD 6:45 10:00 p.m. ACerS Annual Honor and Awards Banquet and Reception Tuesday 8:00 10:35 a.m. October 10 MS&T Plenary Lecture ACerS Edward Orton Jr., Memorial Lecture ACerS short courses SUNDAY, OCTOBER 8 Additive Manufacturing Materials and Processes Workshop 1:00-5:30 p.m. Instructor: TBD THURSDAY, OCTOBER 12 Sintering of Ceramics 9:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology Additive Manufacturing of High-Performance Ceramics 9:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. Instructor: Team of experts moderated by Shawn Allan of Lithoz America – Steven J. Zinkle, University of Tennessee 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society - Rustum Roy Lecture - Qingjie Zhang, Wuhan University of Technology Global Energy Challenges and Development of Thermoelectric Materials and Systems in China Wednesday 1:00 2:00 p.m. October 11 ACers Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Michael Hoffmann, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Grain Growth in Perovskite-Based Ceramics 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY SAVE THE DATE ASM INTERNATIONAL OCTOBER 8 - 12, 2017 TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY Student activities Information subject to change. For more information on student events, visit www.matscitech.org/students STUDENT CHAPTER TRAVEL GRANTS The Material Advantage Student Program offers $500 travel grants to student chapters to support MS&T attendance. Travel grants are awarded on a first come, first serve basis, so act early! Application deadline is October 1, 2017. STUDENT MONITORS Want to save money while attending MS&T? Students may partially defray expenses by serving as session monitors. OCT 8 SUNDAY MATERIAL ADVANTAGE CHAPTER LEADERSHIP WORKSHOP This workshop is restricted to chapter officers only, who can attend to learn about Material Advantage. UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT SPEAKING CONTEST The contest encourages undergrads to present technical papers and improve their presentation skills. Participants can win travel grants and cash prizes. Submit your contestant (one per school) by September 18, 2017. Contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org for more information. STUDENT NETWORKING MIXER Join fellow students, Material Advantage faculty advisors, and Society volunteer leaders in a casual and fun atmosphere. UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE STUDENT POSTER CONTESTS For more information about competing in poster contests, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Deadline for poster abstracts is September 18, 2017. -9 MONDAY ACERS STUDENT TOUR Attend a free tour organized by ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors. Visit the website for more information, or contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ ceramics.org. AIST STUDENT PLANT TOUR AIST will offer students an opportunity to tour a steel plant in Pittsburgh. Students registered for MS&T17 by September 11 will be contacted by email with sign-up details. EMERGING PROFESSIONALS SYMPOSIUM Be sure to attend this symposium, Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals, which will help you navigate your materials science career. CERAMIC CAREERS MENTORING LUNCHEON Watch the website for further information, and contact Belinda Raines at braines@ceramics.org with any questions. ramics, a 10 TUESDAY 2017 CERAMIC MUG DROP CONTEST Mugs fabricated by students from ceramic raw materials are judged on aesthetics and breaking thresholds. To enter a mug, contact Brian Gilmore at Brian.Gilmore@pxd.com by October 2, 2017. CERAMIC DISC GOLF CONTEST Student-made discs thrown into a disc golf basket from the farthest distance in the fewest number of shots will win, and best looking disc will be named. To enter, contact Brian Gilmore at Brian.Gilmore@pxd.com by October 2, 2017. STUDENT AWARDS CEREMONY Congratulate the winners of this year\'s contests during this award ceremony! resources Calendar of events June 2017 1-4 Ceramics China @ Unifair 2017 - Canton Fair Complex, Guangzhou, China; www.ceramicschina.com.cn 1-4 ACPM Expo 2017: Int\'l Exhibition for Advanced Ceramics and Powder Metallurgy Technology, Equipment & Product - Canton Fair Complex, Guangzhou, China; www.acpmexpo. com 14-16 BIT\'s 6th Annual World Congress of Advanced Materials 2017 - Xi\'an, China; www.bitcongress.com/ wcam2017 26-28 Cements 2017: 8th Advances in Cements-Based Materials - Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Ga.; www.ceramics.org/ cements2017 28-30 SGCG 2017: Slovak and Czech Glass Conference & Seminar on Defects in Glass - Trenčianske Teplice, Slovakia; www.scgc2017.sk July 2017 3-7 ICG Summer School: 9th Workshop for New Researchers in Glass Science and Glass Technology Montpellier, France; www.icglass.org 4-7 6th European PEFC & H₂ Forum: 21st Conference in Series with Tutorial, Exhibition, and Application Market Lucerne, Switzerland; www.EFCF.com 9-13 15th Conference & Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society Budapest, Hungary; www.ecers2017.eu 24-28 9th Int\'l Conference on Borate Glasses, Crystals, and Melts; Int\'l Conference on Phosphate Glasses Oxford, U.K.; www.sgt.org September 2017 17-20 Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Applications IV - Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, U.K.; www.engconf.org 82AL 19-21 Resodyn 7th Annual Technical InterChange Butte, Mont.; www.resodynmixers.com 27-29 UNITECR 2017 CentroParque Convention and Conference Center, Santiago, Chile; www.unitecr2017.org October 2017 1-6 EPD 2017: 6th Int\'l Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications Gyeongju, South Korea; www.engconf. org/conferences 2-6 3rd Int\'l Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials - Hunguest Hotel Palota Lillafüred, Miskolc, Hungary; www.ic-rmm3.eu 8-12 MS&T17 combined with ACerS 119th Annual Meeting - Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org 8-13 European Microwave Week 2017 - Nürnberg Convention Center, Nuremberg, Germany; www.eumweek.com 18-19 60th Int\'l Colloqium on Refractories - Eurogress, Aachen, Germany; www.ic-refractories.eu 22-25 2017 ICG Annual Meeting and 32nd Sisecam Glass Symposium Sisecam and Technology Center, Istanbul, Turkey; www.icginstanbul2017.com 31-Nov. 3 6th Int\'l Symposium on ACTSEA 2017-Garden Villa, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; www.actsea2017.web2.ncku.edu.tw November 2017 6-9 ➡78th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org 12-16 Int\'l Conference on Sintering 2017 - Hyatt Regency Mission Bay Spa and Marina, San Diego, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/sintering2017 12-16 CALL2017: Composites at Lake Louise - Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada; www.engconfintl.org/17AC January 2018 17-19 EAM 2018: ACerS Conference on Electronic and Advanced Materials - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 21-26 ICACC\'18: 42nd Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org May 2018 20-24 GOMD 2018: Glass and Optical Materials Division Meeting Hilton Palacio de Rio, San Antonio, Texas; www.ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. 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Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 47 business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry bcc Research Ceramic matrix composites and carbon matrix composites market projected to grow at a fairly rapid pace By Margareth Gagliardi The composite industry is a market currently valued at nearly $150 billion, which includes different categories of materials. Although polymer matrix composites represent by far the largest share of this industry, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and carbon matrix composites (CAMCs) have been experiencing overall healthy growth in recent years. The global market for CMCs and CAMCs is estimated to have reached $3.9 billion by the end of 2016. There are seven main sectors where CMCs and CAMCS have current and potential use: aerospace/ defense, electronics, energy/environmental, mechanical/chemical, medical/dental, sensors/instrumentation, and transportation (private and commercial motor vehicles and rail transportation). Demand for these materials is increasing in all industry sectors analyzed, although aerospace/defense currently account for the largest share of the market at 57.4% of the total in 2016. Within CMCs and CAMCs are prithis sector, marily used for friction products, engine components, thermal shields, and armor products. The energy/environmental and mechanical/chemical sectors also account for a significant share of the market with an estimated combined 30.8% of the total, while the remaining sectors represent a combined total share of 11.7%. Table 1 provides market values for the main applications of CMCs and CAMCs. 48 Demand for CMCs and CAMCs is projected to continue growing at a fairly rapid pace during the next five years, due to a variety of factors, including: sustained demand for CMCs and CAMCs in existing applications due to their unique properties; migration of certain applications, such as jet turbine engines, from pilot production to mass production; introduction of new composite materials with enhanced properties; introduction of more efficient and cost-effective production technologies, which will facilitate economies of scale; growing penetration of nanocomposite materials with advanced performance characteristics; and high levels of related R&D activity. As a result, the total market for CMCs and CAMCS is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4% from 2016 to 2021, reaching global revenues of nearly $6.2 billion by 2021. CAMCs are expected to represent the largest share of the market, 61% of the total by the end of 2016. Carbon/carbon composites account for almost the totality of CAMCS and are primarily used in the aircraft and defense sector for fabrication of brakes, engine components, rocket nozzles, and radomes. The second largest share of the CMC and CAMC market is represented by silicon carbide-based composites, with 15.5% of total sales. Sales of these types of CMCs have increased at a very healthy pace in recent years, with a CAGR of 10.6% since 2014, due to their larger penetration in the aerospace, defense, automotive, and mechanical sectors. Alumina-based CMCs are currently the third largest share of the market at 15.2% of the total. Ceramic composites based on calcium phosphate represent the fastest growing segment, with a CAGR of 14.4% from 2014-2016, although the market is relatively small at 2.6% of the total. Zirconia-based CMCs represent 1.2% of the total, and other matrix materials, including nitrides, borides, mixed carbides, glass, and glass-ceramics, corresponds to a 4.5% share of the total market. Table 2 shows the breakdown of sales by matrix type for CMCs and CAMCS for 2014-2016. About the author Margareth Gagliardi is a project analyst for BCC Research. Contact Gagliardi at analysts@bccresearch.com. Resource M. Gagliardi, \"Ceramic Matrix Composites and Carbon Matrix Composites: Technologies and Global Markets,\" BCC Research Report AVM014E, October 2016. www.bccresearch.com. Table 1. Global market for CMC and CAMCs by application through 2021 ($ millions) Market segment Aerospace/ defense Energy/ 2015 2016 2021 CAGR, 2016-2021 2,141 2,250 3,478 9.1 environmental 597 639 965 Mechanical/chemical 535 570 898 412 461 811 12.0 3,685 3,920 6,152 9.4 8.6 9.5 Others Total Table 2. Global market for CMCs and CAMCs by matrix type through 2016 ($ millions) Matrix type Carbon Silicon carbide Alumina Calcium phosphate Zirconia Others 2014 2015 2016 CAGR% 2014-2016 2,147 2,273 2,392 5.6 497 556 608 10.6 495 547 594 9.5 78 93 102 14.4 40 46 47 8.4 159 170 177 5.5 Total 3,416 3,685 3,920 7.1 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 5 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Are you a Young Professional who has never been an ACerS member, or are you graduating soon and wondering what to do? Sign up for a FREE year of membership with The American Ceramic Society! ACers can help you succeed by offering you a FREE Associate Membership for the first year as a young professional or after graduation. By becoming an ACerS Associate Member, you\'ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and throughout your career. 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