AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology JUNE/JULY 2018 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes Downloaded from Buftudent sectioamics.orgwth in cementitious materials market | Ceramics Expo 2018 recap When it comes to Heat, We Sweat the Details! Your firing needs are unique. So why use an “off the shelf” kiln in your process? At Harrop, we get it. That\'s why, for nearly a century, we\'ve been putting in the hard work to design and service custom kilns. Is it harder to do things this way? Yes. Is the extra effort worth it? You bet! At Harrop, we don\'t stop there. If you aren\'t sure what you need, we can help. Our laboratory can run tests to help identify your process boundaries. Through our toll firing facility, we can help to further define the equipment/processing combination that works best for your material. And if you are not ready for a new kiln, we can toll fire your material to help meet your production needs. Does your current kiln company sweat the details? HARROP Fire our imagination Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.harropusa.com 1.614.231.3621 contents June/July 2018 • Vol. 97 No.5 feature articles cover story 22 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes By revealing the secrets hidden within ancient Roman structures, cementitious materials science is opening new opportunities to develop concrete formulations with improved durability and service life to aid ailing infrastructures and address materials encapsulation needs. by Marie D. Jackson, John P. Oleson, Juhyuk Moon, Yi Zhang, Heng Chen, and Magnus T. Gudmundsson departments News & Trends. Spotlight.... 3 9 15 17 Ceramics in Biomedicine. 20 Ceramics in Manufacturing Research Briefs 29 columns Business and Market View... 8 Global market for supplementary cementitious materials expected to exceed $103 billion by 2020 by Tanmay Joshi ACers Bulletin annual student section Student-written articles showcase the diversity and impact of research from students around the world. Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACers Bulletin issue by Ashley Hilmas Congressional Visits Day 2018 recap by Yolanda Natividad From illusion to reality by Arjak Bhattacharjee Computational discovery of new piezoelectric materials by Sukriti Manna Ferroelectrics towards a multifunctional energy-harvesting device by Gaurav Vats Anxious engineering by Brian MacDowall Taming the hollowness: Controlling formation of hollow metallic nanostructures attached to a ceramic substrate by Nimrod Gazit Hybrid solar cells and beyond: Spanning ceramics and organic molecules by Surendra B. Anantharaman Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.0.5 | www.ceramics.org meetings Clay 2018 37 Cements 2018. 38 MCARE 2018 39 MS&T18.. 40 CEX 2018 recap. 42 resources New Products... 44 Classified Advertising 45 Display Ad Index. 47 Calendar 48 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Faye Oney, Assistant Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, NASA Glenn Research Center Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Chair, Kansas State University Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China online www.ceramics.org June/July 2018 Vol. 97 No.5 in g+ http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Necessary roughness: Engineering particle surfaces to control how cements and other suspended materials flow Researchers from ETH Zurich have precisely studied how surface roughness of a library of various silicate particles affects the viscosity and thickening behavior of suspensions of those particles. Can you go with this flow? read more at www.ceramics.org/roughness Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org As seen in the May 2018 ACerS Bulletin... Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Michael Alexander, President Sylvia Johnson, President-Elect William Lee, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 Doreen Edwards, Director 2016-2019 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Guiding light-how new materials are shaping the future of advanced optical fiber and laser systems Glass optical fibers are critical to global communications, but current materials are nearing their limits for information capacity and laser power-glass science can offer new solutions. read more at www.ceramics.org/guidinglight American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2018. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 97, No. 5, pp 1- 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 news & trends Massive discovery of rare earth deposit near Japan Scientists reportedly discovered a massive deposit of rare-earth elements in the western North Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Minamitorishima Island in Japan, in 2013. And now, they report that not only is the deposit sufficiently massive in terms of its estimated rareearth resource supply, but that recovery of said minerals is rather feasible. The scientists estimate that the amount of rare-earth oxides stashed in the \"most promising area\" of the widely-distributed supply totals some 1.2 Mt-and that the total supply in the entire area would yield 16 Mt of rare-earth oxides. Just how much is that? According the Scientific Reports paper describing the work, it is enough to \"supply these metals on a semi-infinite basis to the world.\" For example, the scientists also estimated supply on a per-element basis for some critical rare-earth elements: • • • • 780 years worth of yttrium supply; 620 years worth of europium supply; 420 years worth of terbium supply; and 730 years worth of dysprosium supply. Of course, the presence of the minerals is not enough cause for celebration-but the fact that the scientists\' analysis indicates that industrial-scale extraction and purification should be feasible through processing with a hydrocyclone separator makes the discovery quite remarkable. The open-access paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"The tremendous potential of deep-sea mud as a source 1968 of rare-earth elements\" (DOI:10.1038/ s41598-018-23948-5). CELEBRATING 50 YEARS of service to the ceramic, glass, and petrology communities. Credit: Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Control systems are certified by Intertek UL508A Compliant Deltech Furnaces is an ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company 2 Deltech Furnaces We Build The Furnace To Fit Your Need™ Standard or Custom www.deltechfurnaces.com Samples of rare-earth element yttrium. Downloaded from bulletin archief. 5 | www.ceramics.org 3 Onews & trends Kyocera breaks ground on new $52M ceramic microelectronic manufacturing plant \"More powerful mobile devices, larger televisions, autonomous and electric vehicles, wearables, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things (IoT)—these technologies drive innovation and efficiencies in the electronics industry and in semiconductors themselves. Ceramics serve a crucial role in enabling these developments, whether in the manufacturing, use, or application of advanced semiconductors.\" That was the introductory paragraph of the cover story, written by Kyocera International\'s Arne Knudsen, from the April 2018 issue of the ACerS Bulletin. And in addition to indicating how important of a role ceramics play in the semiconductor industry, apparentBusiness news Corning to construct high-volume manufacturing facility for Valor glass (www.corning.com) ...Allied Mineral Products begins production in Russian manufacturing facility (www.alliedmineral. com)...3DCeram-Sinto signs partnership with DORST Technologies for additive manufacturing (www.3dceram.com) DOE and NAM announce Sustainability in Manufacturing partnership (www.energy. gov)...Saint-Gobain increases flat glass production capacity for automotive market (www.saint-gobain.com) ...CeramTec Perlucor ceramics enable document scans in the highest quality (www.ceramtec. com)...HWI is first North American refractory company to earn new ISO certification (www.thinkhwi.com) ... Amedica announces patent grant for silicon nitride and other ceramic materials (www. amedica.com)... US float glass to grow by 20%-45% per year (www.usglassmag. com)...3M technology powering the future of transportation (http://news.3m. com)...Materion recognized for supplier excellence by Texas Instruments (www. materion.com) ... Canada Rare Earth Corp. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Drawing of the new proposed ceramic microelectronics manufacturing plant. ly the article was a hint of what was soon to come from the giant semiconductor corporation. Kyocera Corporation recently announced that it will invest $52.4 mil lion to build a new manufacturing plant in Japan to boost production of ceramic microelectronic packages. receives support for rare earth refinery purchase (www.roskill.com) ... Owens Corning, Taiwan Glass announce technology license and manufacturing agreements (www.owenscorning.com) ...First XJet additive manufacturing system in US is up and running in Ohio (www.xjet3d. com)...Vision-guided robotics to become disruptive force in manufacturing (www. bitflow.com)...Allied Minerals customer completes plant trial of Dragonite halloysite clay (www.alliedmineral.com)...\'Urban mining\' in South Korea pulls rare battery materials from recycled tech (www.reuters. com)...Morgan Advanced Materials to exit composites and defense systems business (www.morganadvancedmaterials. com) ……Schott is lighting the way for new US manufacturing jobs (www.us.schott. com)...DOE announces $105M in new funding to advance solar technologies (www.energy.gov) ... Nikola Labs launches predictive maintenance sensors (www. nikola.tech)...HRL Laboratories wins 2018 Silver Edison Award in 3-D printing category (www.hrl.com) 111 The company reports that the new facility will increase Kyocera\'s production capacity of ceramic packages for surface-mount electronic devices and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors by 25%. Scheduled to begin construction in April 2018, the new six-story manufacturing plant is expected to open in August 2019 at the company\'s Kagoshima Sendai manufacturing complex in Kagoshima, Japan. The complex, which already includes 21 facilities, originally opened in 1969 to produce multilayer ceramic packages for integrated circuits for desktop calculators. The new manufac turing plant will produce ceramic technologies that enable IoT, driver-assist systems, and other advanced automotive and medical applications. Kyocera\'s first-year production plan for the new plant includes ~$36 million for the first six months of operation, according to a press release from the company. Apple\'s new robot, Daisy, recycles high-quality materials from up to 200 devices per hour Today\'s disposable, tech-focused culture annually generates millions of tons of electronic waste. And estimates indicate that only about 15%-20% of electronic devices are recycled after being tossed aside for the latest model. That means the vast majority of valuable materials that make up electronic www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Credit: Kyocera devices-materials that often have to be painstakingly mined, extracted, processed, and refined, usually with high environmental and human health costs-are onetime use. These valuable raw materials are treated as disposable commodities. With each device that is manufactured, those raw materials completely restart their long journey being mined out of the ground, extracted, processed, and manufactured into components. What a waste. In an effort to increase its sustainability and materials recycling efforts, Apple just unveiled a new robotic iPhone disassembly system, Daisy, that can separate and recover valuable materials from used iPhone devices in a matter of minutes. \"It doesn\'t make sense to recycle a phone the same way we recycle cars or a toaster,\" Lisa P. Jackson, Apple\'s vice president of environment, policy, and social initiative and former EPA Administrator, says in a Popular Science story. \"The glass is crushed, the aluminum is sold into the scrap › aluminum market, and the rest is shredded into this pile of plastics and metals. It has some value, but not a particularly high level. It\'s not going back into an electronic.\" Conventional methods to recycle devices often simply shred the old electronics, An Apple robot named Daisy has five robotic arms that deconstruct iPhones into their individual components and neatly sort them based on their component materials. yielding material that is not high-quality enough to be used in other devices. And those methods particularly do not allow for recovery of valuable rare-earth elements. The devices are recycled, but the materials must find new uses. That is not the case with Daisy. This 30-foot-long robot has five robotic arms that methodically break down discarded iPhone devices into their component parts, allowing recovery of high-quality materials, at a rate of up to 200 devices per hour-or ~3.33 phones per minute. The disassembly robot represents an improvement over Apple\'s previous iPhone disassembly robot, Liam, which was introduced in 2016. Apple learned from what worked and did not work with Liam, and even cannibalized some of Liam\'s parts to build Daisy. Innovative Batching Systems Custom engineering with \"off-the-shelf\" components means 20-35% lower cost than same-spec systems! 7529-A State Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45255 sales@ingredientmasters.com • • Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.0.5 | www.ceramics.org From small, manual systems to very large, automated systems...we know batching. • Reduce material costs • Improve consistency • Minimize injury risks Eliminate product and packaging waste Learn More. Call 513-231-7432 today. INGREDIENT MASTERS INC. 513-231-7432 ingredientmasters.com • 5 Credit: Apple Onews & trends Once an iPhone gets picked up and assessed by Daisy, the robot uses a series of steps to pry apart cover glass, knock off the battery, and punch out the screws holding the assembly together. Daisy uses those five robotic arms to pound, clip, grip, shake, and twist nine different iPhone models, freeing their individual components from one another and neatly sorting them based on their component materials. Those separated piles can then be recycled into high-quality materials that can be fashioned into new devices. So in addition to minimizing electronic waste, Daisy actually helps create new materials supply streams. Beyond environmental sustainability, those streams also help lower material costs and consumption and bypass raw material market fluctuations and supply uncertainties. Collaboration between Air Force Research Lab and HRL Labs could bring additively manufactured ceramics to hypersonic travel Additively manufactured ceramic matrix composites are enabling new pos sibilities for commercial jet engines today by enabling higher operating temperatures, but when it comes to supersonic and hypersonic speeds, even ceramic matrix composites cannot take the heat. FIRE BLANK Even more extreme materials like ultrahigh temperature ceramics are necessary to perform at the high temperatures generated by aircraft traveling at supersonic and hypersonic speeds. Now, a recent collaboration seems to be poised to turn up the heat even further for ceramic materials for hypersonic travel and beyond. The Air Force Research Laboratory\'s Aerospace Systems Directorate recently announced that it is working together with HRL Laboratories (Malibu, Calif.) to additively manufacture high-temperature ceramic materials that are wellsuited for hypersonic aircraft. The two entities recently made their pairing official, together signing a technology transfer agreement (called a CRADAMTA) that allows AFRL and HRL to share materials for testing. Those additively manufactured silicon oxycarbide materials are being produced by HRL Labs using a printing process the company has developed to manufacture ceramics from pre-ceramic resins. Heat-treating components printed from the resins at ~3,200°F forms silicon oxycarbide ceramics, which are tough and refractory enough to survive extreme environments-such as those encountered at hypersonic speeds. Despite challenges in developing such techniques, additive manufacturing and ceramics are a good match for one another-the additive manufacturing technique offers design flexibility and the capability to fabricate shapes and structures that are difficult to achieve with other ceramic manufacturing techniques. And ceramic materials offer additive manufacturing important materials capabilities, such as high resistance to Credit: Air Force Research Laboratory A sample of additively manufactured silicon oxycarbide being heat and corrosion. tested at Arnold Air Force Base. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org According to an Air Force press release, AFRL has tested the HRL Labsprinted SiOC components, analyzing various properties of the materials with techniques such as thermal expansion and high-enthalpy tests. AFRL reportedly prepared a final report of its results and provided HRL with its analysis. However, that report is not public, according to Tobias Schaedler, a senior scientist at HRL Labs. So what is publicly known about how the SiOC performed in AFRL\'s battery of tests is limited to the press release: \"During the course of their collaborative study, AFRL and HRL pushed the additively manufactured components far beyond their design envelope. The data which emerged from this extreme testing provided the partners with valuable information that is currently being utilized to guide the production of next-generation additively manufactured ceramics. These recommendations and further advances by HRL have the potential to produce materials that can meet the hypersonic requirements.\" Read: they are further tweaking the materials, but the results so far are promising. \"The extreme temperature testing that AFRL performed revealed the limits of our new material and challenged us to improve it,\" Schaedler says in the release. 3-D printed ceramics could provide buildings with airflow, evaporative cooling Inspired by Arabic lace screens, a team from Iowa State University\'s architecture department has created a 3-D-printed ceramic façade that can be used as part of a mechanical system to control the amount of light, privacy, airflow, and cooling in a building. The project, titled “Mashrabiya 2.0,\" earned a $10,000 award at the inaugural Joan B. Calambokidis Innovation in Masonry Competition earlier this month. The competition, open to archiwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Mashrabiya 2.0 uses 3-D printed ceramic disks that cover a pipe to ventilate a building. tects, engineers, students, and firms, recognizes and awards innovative approaches to energy efficiency, resiliency, sustainability, and mass customization, according to the International Masonry Institute\'s website. The jury panel consisted of renowned architects and leaders in the masonry industry, an Iowa State University news release states. The team created a mockup of 140 individual 3-D printed ornamental disks made on a machine called a Potterbot, Leslie Forehand, title lecturer in the Department of Architecture and team member, explains in a phone interview. \"The Potterbot was actually designed by a ceramicist,\" she says. The disks wrap around pipes with tiny holes that are connected to a building\'s water system. \"We proposed that the system would spray water on the ceramic, keeping them cooled. It\'s passive cooling and shading,\" she explains. An artist\'s rendering of Mashrabiya 2.0 shows how it can be incorporated into the façade of a building. Water in the pipes saturates the ceramic disks, while air blowing through the façade ventilates and cools the building. Forehand had previously lived in Qatar while working in fashion design and graphics in the Department of Research at Virginia Commonwealth Credit: International Masonry Institute University. That is where she got her inspiration for the design of Mashrabiya 2.0. \"Mashrabiya is a shading device that\'s typically made of wood and incredibly common in Arabic culture,\" she says. \"They\'re installed in windows to create privacy and shade.\" When asked if the team plans to scale its project or work with a manufacturer, Forehand commented that initially the team had not considered it. \"But now we\'re looking into it for the first time,\" she says. At the competition in Miami, Fla., Forehand she and her team were says approached by manufacturers who were interested in their project. \"They told us that our method was time consuming,\" she says, referring to the 3-D printing of individual ceramic disks, \"but we could move forward with different fabrication processes. Different manufacturers talked to us about more efficient ways to mass produce Mashrabiya 2.0.\" As to what is next for the team, Forehand says they plan to continue focusing on ceramics. She plans to use her share of the award to purchase her own 3-D ceramic printer to continue her research of the technology. \"It\'s something I\'ve been passionate about since 2014,\" she says. \"It was incredibly encouraging to find something that we do, which is pretty exploratory, to be well received in the industry,\" Forehand asserts. \"We are also honored to be considered for this and are definitely moving forward.\" Watch the video available at youtu. be/k4Me664IPso to learn more about Mashrabiya 2.0. Downloaded from bulletin archief.5 | www.ceramics.org Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Program Professors, researchers, retirees, post-docs, and graduate students ... The general editors of the reference series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics community to critically evaluate published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. Additional contributing editors are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commentaries to accompany each phase diagram being added to the reference series. Especially needed are persons knowledgeable in foreign languages including German, French, Russian, Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. RECOGNITION: The contributing editor\'s initials will accompany each commentary written for the publication. In addition, your name and affiliation also will be included on the title pages under \"contributing editors.\" QUALIFICATIONS: General understanding of the Gibbs phase rule and experimental procedures for determination of phase equilibria diagrams and/or knowledge of theoretical methods to calculate phase diagrams. COMPENSATION for papers covering one chemical system: $150 for the commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. COMPENSATION for papers covering multiple chemical systems: $150 for the first commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. $50 for each additional commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: Mrs. Kimberly Hill NIST Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-8524, USA 301-975-6009 | phase2@nist.gov The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST 7 business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. bcc Research Global market for supplementary cementitious materials expected to exceed $103 billion by 2020 Table 2. Global SCM market volume share by product in 2020 By Tanmay Joshi upplementary Supp cementitious materials (SCM) are formed as a by-product of other manufacturing processes. Fly ash, silica fumes, and slag cement are the most commonly used products. SCMs are added. to concrete mixtures and other building products to enhance properties of the base material. The current trend is to use various SCMs according to their inherent chemical properties and to the eventual purpose of the resulting concrete. The global SCM market was valued at more than $79.2 billion in 2015 and is estimated to be more than $103.2 billion by 2020, increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.4% from 2015 through 2020 (Table 1). Increasing infrastructure expenditure on a global scale is expected to drive demand for concrete mixtures that include SCM. In addition, changing practices within the construction industry are expected to impact demand. For instance, use of brick has been replaced by concrete mixtures to a large extent. SCM market growth is expected to be heavily dependent on the global construction sector. Infrastructure development on a global scale, particularly in emerging economies in Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East, is expected to augment SCM market demand. In addition, rising awareness regarding enviDownloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Table 1. Global SCM market revenue by product, through 2020 ($ millions) Product 2015 2020 CAGR% 2015-2020 Product Fly ash Market share (%) 95.0 Fly ash 75,030.9 98,031.9 5.5 Slag cement 4.8 Slag cement 4,059.9 4,969.1 4.1 Silica fumes 0.1 Silica fumes 66.8 87.8 5.6 Natural pozzolans 0.1 94.1 116.8 4.4 Total 100.0 5.4 Natural pozzolans Total 79,251.7 103,205.6 ronmental protection has led to the emergence of \"green buildings,” which utilize SCMs to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Development of “green cities” in North America, Europe, and the Middle East is expected to augment demand for SCMs over the projected period. Fly ash accounts for a significant share within the global SCM market, accounting for a predicted 95% of the market share in 2020 (Table 2). By that time, silica fumes are expected to be the fastest-growing product within the global SCM market, followed by slag cement. Although the volume share of fly ash is the largest, it is anticipated to lose market share to other products. Fly ash is a residue formed after combustion of coal ash. Fly ash is used extensively in building materials as a viable replacement for cement, as an additive to manufacture numerous building products, and in agriculture for soil applications. Within the global fly ash market, Asia-Pacific is the largest market, followed by North America. Abundant availability of the product has resulted in huge demand in these regions. Over the next few years, an increasing number of national governments will be making efforts to reduce their reliance on coal-generated power because of associated environment impacts. In addition, depletion of coal reserves is also expected to hamper raw material supply. Therefore, the fly ash market could witness volatility; although the demand for fly ash is high, low production of fly ash because of the dwindling use of coal could hamper market growth. Slag cement is produced as a byproduct during the manufacture of iron. Increasing production of iron and steel is expected to drive slag cement output. However, materials such as carbon fiber, high-performance alloys, and other fibers that can be used as a replacement for iron and steel have emerged. Thus, the market outlook toward iron and steel is anticipated to be bleak over the next few years. However, production of iron and steel is not anticipated to diminish completely, as it forms the base for manufacturing high-performance alloys. Silica fumes are formed as a by-product during the production of ferrosilicon. Rising demand for silica in electronics, construction, and automotive applications is expected to result in its increased production. The silica fumes market is small compared with other SCM markets-high cost has been a prime factor for limited demand. However, a rise in production of silicon and ferrosilicon is expected to increase the output of silica fumes. In addition, tight supply of other SCMs is expected to open new market opportunities for silica fumes growth as a viable replacement. About the author Tanmay Joshi is project analyst for BCC Research. Contact Joshi at analysts@bccresearch.com. Resource Tanmay Joshi, \"Supplemental Cementitious Materials: Global Markets and New Technologies,\" BCC Research Report AVM128A, April 2016. www. bccresearch.com. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 acers spotlight Society and Division news An ACers Lifetime Membership means never having to renew again Do you have a hard time remembering to renew your membership every year? An AcerS Lifetime Membership allows members to avoid future dues increases, maintain awards eligibility, and eliminate the need to renew each year. Join the growing list of lifetime members while securing ACerS member benefits for your entire life. The cost to become a lifetime member and enjoy continuous member benefits is a one-time payment of $2,000. \"It\'s been obvious to me for a long time that I would always want to be part of the Society\'s community of scholars and friends,\" says one lifetime member. “But going through the annual renewal process every year for decades has always been yet another administrative detail on my \'to do\' list. Lifetime Membership brings me all of the benefits of the Society and one less administrative thing to do every year.\" To learn more about Lifetime Membership, contact membership director Kevin Thompson at (614) 794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. Save the date October 17, 2018, Ceramic Business & Leadership Summit at MS&T18 \"Succeeding in Today\'s Manufacturing Marketplace\" is the theme of this year\'s CBLS at MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. Topics and speakers will include: • Federal funding and legislation outlook for advanced ceramics, Glen Mandigo, executive director, United States Advanced Ceramics Association • Emerging and evolving technologies that will impact manufactur ing and their economic predictions, Jon Riley, senior vice president of technology, National Center for Manufacturing Sciences • The profit equation: Five key numbers to better manage your business, Daniel J. Gisser, business advisor, AdviCoach Registrants will also get access to case studies, ACerS Rustum Roy Award Lecture by David Morse, (Corning Inc.), and the MS&T exhibits. ACers offers special MS&T registration for Distinguished Life, Senior, and Emeritus members ACerS is again offering complimentary MS&T18 registration for Distinguished Life Members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are only available through ACerS and are not offered on the MS&T registration site. Download registration forms at http://bit.ly/ SpecialMSTRates and submit to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics.org by August 15, 2018. Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.05 | www.ceramics.org Meet the 2017-2018 officers President-elect TATSUKI OHJI, FELLOW SCIENTIST, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, JAPAN I am truly honored to be nominated as president-elect of The American Ceramic Society. I have been involved with the Society over the Ohji last three decades and had excellent opportunity to work with many professionals and dedicated volunteers from all over the world. I have served ACerS in various capacities, including board member, ECD chair and trustee, associate editor/assistant editor of JACerS and IJACT, chair and member of numerous committees, and chair/lead organizer of more than forty conferences/symposia. I have gained valuable insights on ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac GASBARRE ELECTRIC PRESSES Precision & Efficiency with a Light Footprint HYDRAULIC PRESSES Simple to Complex Parts, Intuitive & Flexible Setup MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing GASBARRE 590 Division Street | DuBois, PA 15801 PRESS GROUP 814.371.3015 | press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com 9 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) various aspects of the society through my active involvement over the years. I truly hope to share this valuable experience and tremendous value with all members worldwide. I firmly believe that ACerS should be the world leader in advancing ceramic science and technologies to the next generation, because ceramics will play a key role in addressing global challenges and provide pathways for sustainable societal development. The Society should be the primary resource of scientific knowledge, technical information, education, networking, and professional development for the global ceramics community. ACerS could attract and serve more members, particularly young researchers and engineers from all over the world, through leading-edge technical meetings, innovative information delivery systems, and rewarding mentoring and volunteer activities. It is critically important to sustain and enhance excellent ongoing programs for students and young professionals and further improve communica tion and engagement with industrial and international members. It could further promote interaction and collaboration with other international material societies for the advocacy of ceramic materials and technologies. I will do my best to contribute towards these goals for this prestigious Society. Directors Affatigato MARIO AFFATIGATO, FRAN ALLISON AND FRANCIS HALPIN PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS, COE COLLEGE, CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA I have dedicated my professional life to The American Ceramic Society and loved it. I have always enjoyed the professional camaraderie, the friendly confines of the Glass and Optical Materials Division, Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org and the breadth of backgrounds of the people who attend our meetings. Starting with my service in the Division, which eventually I chaired, I have also participated in the society-wide Fellows committee, the publications committee, the book publishing subcommittee, and several awards committees. Each group showed me a different side of the Society, and I enjoyed (and learned from) my service within each. My current appointment as editor-in-chief of IJAGS-part of ACers journal offerings-also has allowed me the opportunity to interact with the other editors and to participate in long-term strategic discussions with our publisher. On the board, I would like to continue to ensure ACerS recent record of success and financial stability and also look to the future and our strategic direction. Important open initiatives, like the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation and the new Bioceramics Division, must be continued and brought to a state of excellence. I would be happy to serve to the best of my ability on the Society\'s Board of Directors. Kieffer JOHN KIEFFER, PROFESSOR, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN As an active member of the Society since 1987, I have served in various societal and divisional capacities. My involvement with ACerS and my professional experience allowed me to develop a cultural perspective and a strategic outlook with respect to ACerS values and goals. I am enthusiastic about the success of recent strategies with regard to programming, publications, and global diversity, and I perceive a great opportunity for ACerS to solidify its status as a leading professional society that provides modern resources, facilitates learning in all forms, and fosters the creation and dissemination of knowledge to promote the field of all materials rooted in inorganic compounds. There is a continued need to evolve a modern face for the Society, employing electronic means of dissemination, membership engagement and recruitment, and media platforms for building a sense of community and professional identity. As a member of the Board of Directors, I plan to devote my energy toward: (i) developing novel resources to accommodate demands resulting from the Material Genome Initiative and big data, specifically concerning the role ACers can play in information and workflow management; (ii) modernizing conference and programming formats in anticipation of high-speed networked interaction platforms; (iii) establishing new data sharing and reuse paradigms and services; and (iv) ascertaining that rules and best practice guidelines for the work of committees, societal, or divisional governance are effective. I hold a clear vision for new initiatives and professional outreach that will advance ACerS mission and organizational growth. Wang JINGYANG WANG, CAS DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR AND DIVISION HEAD, SHENYANG NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE, INSTITUTE OF METAL RESEARCH, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, CHINA It is a great honor to be nominated for the ACerS Board of Directors. I will devote myself in serving the Society and its members with passion, dedication, and loyalty. My journey in the Society started as an enthusiastic rookie, but with the valuable guidance and mentoring from many members and friends, I became a devoted volunteer. While www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Credit: Curt Zimmer ACerS is a thriving melting pot for multiple institutions, cultures, and generations, we have to lead the way in capitalizing new business opportunities, promoting diversity, vitality, and visibility of volunteers. In addition, we should be on the forefront of creating and delivering knowledge and providing mentoring and networking opportunities for our members worldwide. We should also develop strategic cooperation with other societies and develop new communication strategies. As a member of the board, I would undertake the duties as representative of ACerS membership and respond to new breakthroughs and initiatives in emerging areas of ceramic science and technology. I will work hard to ensure that the Society meets the needs of our members irrespective of their location and employment, attracts new student and young professionals, nurtures new ideas, and has a strong foundation for sustainable growth in the future. My global view and experience enables me to vigorously reach out to global membership on identifying critical needs and services. I will work with the board and divisions on initiating new programs to educate minorities and young engineers and scientists. My goal is to work with all active members, devoted volunteers, and staff to build a strong and prosperous future of the Society. Names in the news Hirano named Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure Hirano | ACerS Fellow, Distinguished Life Member, and CGIF trustee Shin-ichi Hirano was named Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, the highest honor of the Orders of the Sacred Treasure. The Order of the Sacred Treasure is awarded to those who have made distinguished achievements in research fields, business industries, healthcare, social work, state/local government fields, or the improvement of life for handicapped/impaired persons. Hirano was honored for outstanding contributions and tireless efforts to the advancements of education and science, with notable research achievements in inorganic materials chemistry. Hirano is ZhiYuan Chair Professor, principal advisor to university president, and director of Hirano Institute for Materials Innovation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China). He is also past president of Nagoya University (Japan). Pittsburgh Section past recipients pose with section officers. From left: Jim Gilson, section officer; Clem Larkin (1995); Eric Young (2011); Bill Harasty, Richard Hommel (1996); Curt Zimmer, counselor (2001); and Glenn McIntyre, section officer. Pittsburgh Section presents William S. Bates Award to Bill Harasty ACers Pittsburgh Section presented the William S. Bates Award to Penn State graduate Bill Harasty, product manager for Mars Mineral (Mars, Pa.). The award recognizes individuals who further the efforts of the Pittsburgh Section as well as the local community. Bates, for whom the award is named, was heavily involved in the Society. He was a member of the section for 48 years, 25 of which he served as counselor. SAUEREISEN CERAMIC ASSEMBLY COMPOUNDS ...SINCE 1899 Engineered for high temperature and electrical applications in the automotive, lighting, steel, electronic and aerospace industries. • Lamp assembly • Resistors Hot-surface igniters • Filters & catalysts Heaters & heating elements Thermocouples • • • Furnace assembly Sauereisen cements are free of VOC\'s Call for consultation & sample. 412.963.0303 - Sauereisen.com 160 Gamma Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 Downloaded from bulletin-archiefs. 5 | www.ceramics.org 11 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) Johannes Homa, CEO and cofounder of Lithoz GmbH, captured his audience\'s attention with his presentation, Ceramic additive manuThe Northern Ohio Section held its meeting and networking event May 2, in Cleveland, Ohio. Members listened to featured speaker Johannes Homa, CEO and cofounder of Lithoz GmbH. For details on the Section meeting, visit www.ceramics.org/northern-ohio-section. facturing: A reality check. Seal inducted into Florida Inventors Hall of Fame Seal ACerS member Sudipta Seal was one of seven inductees elected to the Florida Inventors Hall of Fame for his development of nano cerium oxide, leading to the discovery of its antioxidant properties and therapeutic applications in regenerative nanomedicine. The FIHF honors inventors whose achievements have advanced quality of life for Florida residents, the state, and the nation. Seal is Trustee Chair, Pegasus and University Distinguished Professor at the University of Central Florida (Orlando, Fla.). Bansal presented with lifetime achievement award Bansal Marquis Who\'s Who presented ACerS Fellow Narottam Bansal with the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award. The award honors individuals for outstanding achievements, career successes, and noteworthy accomplishments. Bansal is senior research scientist in Ceramic and Polymer Composites Branch, Materials and Structures Division at NASA Glenn Research Center (Cleveland, Ohio). Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Marra receives ICG\'s Turner Award ACerS Fellow and pastboard member Jim Marra received the Turner Marra | Award, presented by the International Commission on Glass. The award recognizes those who have made noteworthy contributions to the ICG technical committees. Marra is executive director of Citizens for Nuclear Technology Awarensss, a nonprofit organization that provides education and advocacy on the use of nuclear technologies in society. Dunn appointed to department chair at UCLA Dunn ACerS Fellow Bruce Dunn was appointed chair of the Materials Science and Engineering Department at the UCLA Samueli School of Engineering. His five-year term will begin on July 1. Dunn was previously the Nippon Sheet Glass Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the university. He is a member of the editorial board of JACerS and a past recipient of the Edward Orton, Jr. Memorial Lecture Award. Credit: ACerS Awards and deadlines Upcoming nomination deadlines July 1, 2018 The Mueller Award recognizes accomplishments of individuals who have made contributions to ECD or work in areas of engineering ceramics, resulting in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The award consists of a memorial plaque, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. Email Jingyang Wang at jywng@imr.ac.cn with questions. The Bridge Building Award recognizes individuals outside the U.S. who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. Email Manabu Fukushima at manabu-fukushima@aist. go.jp with questions. The Global Young Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding scientist conducting research in academia, industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. Nominees must be ACerS members 35 years of age or younger. The award consists of $1,000, a glass piece, and certificate. Contact Surojit Gupta at gsurojit1@gmail.com with questions. August 15, 2018 Engineering Ceramics Division secretary: Nominees will be presented for approval at the ECD annual business meeting at MS&T18 and included on the ACerS spring 2019 division officer ballot. Submit nominations, including a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications, to Soshu Kirihara, ECD nominating committee chair, Osaka University, kirihara@jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp, Mrityunjay Singh, Ohio Aerospace Institute, mrityunjaysingh@oai.org, or Lisa M. Rueschhoff, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Air Force Research Laboratory, lisa.rueschhoff.ctr@us.af.mi. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/divisions. August 30, 2018 2019 Class of Society Fellows recognizes members who have made outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciences through productive scholarship or conspicuous achievement in the industry or by outstanding service to the Society. Nominees shall be persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and who have been continuous members of the Society for at least five years. Visit www.bit.ly/ Society FellowsAward to download the nomination form. September 1, 2018 Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures: The Frontiers of Glass Science and the Frontiers of Glass Technology Lectures encourage scientific and technical dialogue in glass topics of significance that define new horizons, highlight new research concepts, or demonstrate potential to develop products and processes for the benefit of humankind. Both will be presented at the GOMD meeting in May 2019 in Boston, Mass. Submit nominations to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics. org. For more details, visit www.bit.ly/VarshneyaLectures. ACers 2018 Society award recipients announced Congratulations to the latest group of Society award recipients! Biographies and photos of the 2018 winners will be posted online over the next few months and the awardees will be featured in the September 2018 issue of ACerS Bulletin. Awards will be presented October 15 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet at MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. Visit www.ceramics.org/awards for more information. ACerS/BSD Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition The Roland B. Snow Award is presented to the Best of Show winner of the 2018 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by ACerS Basic Science Division. This unique competition, held at MS&T18 in October in Columbus, Ohio, is an annual poster exhibit that promotes microscopy and microanalysis tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. Winning entries are featured on the back covers of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Learn more at www.bit.ly/RolandBSnowAward. Students and outreach Students Promote your Cements 2018 poster or talk in video contest! Show off your creative side and earn cash prizes in ACerS Cements Division\'s Student YouTube Research Video Contest at Cements 2018. Submit a video, three minutes or less, promoting your poster or presentation. The best two videos will win cash prizes. Post your video to your personal YouTube account as a public video by June 1, 2018. Visit www.ceramics. org/research-video-contest for more details. GEMS Award recognizes outstanding achievements of grad students Are you a graduate student making an oral presentation at MS&T18? If so, you are eligible for the Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) awards, organized by the Basic Science Division. The award recognizes outstanding achievements of graduate students in materials science and engineerNew Optical Dilatometer Platform ODP 868 The only optical dilatometer featuring a multi-directional optical bench with patented technologies for the most accurate dilatometry, heating microscopy, and fleximetry. For the complete characterization of raw materials, semifinished products, and process optimization TA www.tainstruments.com Downloaded from bulletin archieff5|www.ceramics.org 13 acers spotlight Students and outreach (continued) ing and is open to all graduate students making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at MS&T18. In addition to an abstract, students must also submit a nomination packet to Basic Science Division vice chair John Blendell at blendell@purdue.edu by Friday, July 6, 2018. For more details, visit www.ceramics.org/gemsaward. Stay connected with ACerS colleagues Join your fellow graduate students in the ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network (GGRN) Facebook page @acersgrads. If you are on LinkedIn, join us in the ACerS Young Professionals (YPN) group. It is a good way to stay connected, keep current on relevant topics, and join the conversation! Students-You have a graduation gift from ACerS waiting for you ACerS offers a one-year Associate Membership at no charge for recent graduates who have completed their terminal degree. An ACerS Associate Membership connects you to more than 11,000 professionals from more than 70 countries. Over 35% of our members live and work outside North America. They collaborate and inspire one another through participation in divisions, classes, sections, and technical interest groups. Visit www.ceramics.org/associate to learn about this vibrant community. For more information or questions, contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION CGIF provides grants to deserving recipients The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation board recently announced the recipients of charitable grants to perform outreach to advance the study, understanding, and use of ceramic and glass materials. Tampere University of Technology (Finland): Awarded $4,225 to organize a two-day workshop on glass science. Lectures to be included are Introduction to glass science, Lecture on glasses for biomedical applications, and Lecture on glasses for photonics. The workshop also will include a lab tour, glass melting demo, and a visit to a glass museum. University of California, San Diego: Awarded $5,000 to partially support two of the 130 students from Baja California, Mexico, and San Diego, who will participate in the ENLACE 2018 program. Students are matched in pairs, one from each side of the border, and work together in research labs across the UCSD campus. ENLACE 2018 encourages participation of high school and undergraduate students in research in science and engineering while promoting cross-border friendships between Mexico and the U.S. University of Michigan, Materials Science Graduate Council: Awarded $3,000 plus two Materials Science Classroom Kits to travel monthly to select middle and high schools to educate and foster student interest in materials science and ceramics research. Ursinus College (Collegeville, Pa.): Awarded $5,000 plus 10 Materials Science Classroom Kits for a project entitled, “GAMES: Glass and Materials Science to Engage Students.\" GAMES is comprised of three parts: • Video and undergraduate camp organizer: Design, build, and implement a two-week summer materials science outreach program aimed at local high school students. • Materials science outreach camp: Summer students from Ursinus College Society of Physics Students (SPS) will teach materials science to a select group of local high school students. • Classroom demonstrations: Ursinus SPS will travel during the school year to local middle and high schools and use the Materials Science Classroom Kits to introduce students to materials, glass, and ceramic science. The CGIF was created to attract, inspire, and train the next generation of ceramic and glass professionals and seeks to provide financial support for projects and activities that help fulfill the CGIF mission. Projects must be directly related to introducing students to ceramic and glass science. Grant funding is allocated based on availability of funds and determined by the Foundation\'s Board of Trustees. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 ceramics in manufacturing 3-D printing high-quality, low-cost optical lenses in under four hours A team of researchers at Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering (Evanston, Ill.) are making inroads into 3-D printing optical imaging lenses. Led by associate professor of mechanical engineering Cheng Sun, the researchers developed a process to make a high-quality, low-cost lens from photo-curable resin that can be fabricated quicker than conventional methods and used in many applications for the optical and medical industries. A new paper describes a 3-D printed lens that is attached to a mobile phone camera to capture the smallest details of a \"sunset moth\'s wing and the spot on a weevil\'s elytra.” \"Up until now, we relied heavily on the time-consuming and costly process of polishing lenses,\" Sun says in a Northwestern University article. “With 3-D printing, now you have the freedom to design and customize a lens quickly.” Current manufacturing technologies are mainly optimized for mass production of large quantities, such as camera lenses, Sun explains in an email, and most spherical-shaped lenses are manufactured using the traditional grinding and polishing process. \"For aspherical or customized shapes, the lens can be manufactured using the molding or CNC machining processes, but lenses still need to be polished in obtaining an optically smooth surface,\" he adds. And that process takes time. \"We wanted to make something comparable but faster and with better quality,\" Sun says in the article. Following two years of research, Sun\'s team created a custom lens that is 5 mm high and 3 mm in diameter in nearly four hours. But their final lens was not made without a few challenges along the way. The first round of 3-D printing with a photo-curable resin resulted in a rough surface on the lens, which made it difficult to see through, according to Sun. \"We realized that the layers on top of each other created surface roughness,” he says. \"The roughness made the lens incapable of clear optics.\" The team solved this by layering and polishing the lens in a two-step process. \"First, we used grayscale images to create more transitions between steps,\" Sun says in the article. \"Then, we coated the surface with the same photo-curable resin. That then forms the meniscus that further smooths the surface.\" And after 100 attempts, according to Ph.D. candidate and lead author of the paper Xiangfan Chen, the team produced a transparent lens that had a smooth surface. For their next steps, Sun\'s team plans to work to create larger lenses and integrate them into medical devices. And there are a multitude of applications for the 3-D printed lenses, including microscopes for the research industry, customized contact lenses for the optical industry, and lenses for biomedical imaging. They have already applied for a patent. “Our next step is to explore the practical applications that fully utilize the strength of Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.05 | www.ceramics.org A new method developed at Northwestern University uses 3-D printing to make high-quality customized lenses quickly and at low-cost. Credit: Northwestern University McCormick School of Engineering our methods,\" Sun writes in an email. “Examples of the applications can be customized contact lens, miniaturized endoscopes, low cost microscopes, or free-form optics in general.\" The paper, published in Advanced Materials, is \"High-speed 3D printing of millimeter-size customized aspheric imaging lenses with sub 7 nm surface roughness\" (DOI: 10.1002/ adma.201705683). TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: • CVD SIC Etch & RTP rings . CVD/CVI systems for CMC components ⚫ Sintering, Debind, Annealing • Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com 15 ceramics in manufacturing Custom silica, silica-titania inks offer new possibilities for 3-D-printed optical glass Nearly a year ago, an advancement in additive manufacturing of glass brought silica inks to the forefront as a solution to the high-temperature challenges that molten glass presents as a raw material. Now, building on their previous research, scientists and engineers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (Livermore, Calif.) are experiencing success with silica and silicatitania inks in the 3-D printing of optical glass. Led by LLNL chemical engineer and research scientist Rebecca DyllaSpears, the team was able to print small sample glass pieces that are comparable to commercial quality glass products. Their method improves upon previous research to print molten glass extruded through a 3-D printer. One area of concern with extruding molten glass is that the process requires high temperatures-greater than 1,000°C (1,832°F). And the higher the temperature, the greater the manufacturing cost. The other problem is that it is challenging to get a smooth surface from molten glass prior to polishing. \"Components printed from molten glass often show texture from the 3-D-printing process,\" Dylla-Spears explains in an LLNL article, “and even if you were to polish the surface, you would still see evidence of the printing process within the bulk material.\" To solve that challenge, the research team developed custom inks made of silica and silica-titania using a sol-gel process, according to the paper\'s abstract. They combined this with direct ink writing, a technology they experimented with last year. After the resulting printed pieces dried, the researchers sintered them to remove organic material. The inks enable the researchers to adjust optical, thermal, and mechanical properties, Dylla-Spears says in the article. \"This approach allows us to obtain the index homogeneity that is needed for optics,\" she adds. \"Now we can take these components and do something interesting.\" Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org A new 3-D printing technique, developed at Lawrence Livermore National Lab, could allow scientists to print glass that incorporates different refractive indices in a single flat optic, making finishing cheaper and easier. Dylla-Spears says the current research advances the technology in two important ways. \"First, it demonstrates that 3-D-printed glasses can achieve optical quality refractive index homogeneity, which is a critical step toward making glass optics by 3-D printing,\" she explains in an email. \"Second, it shows that we can print glass compositions besides fumed silica using a tunable ink preparation method. In this case, we demonstrated both silica and silicatitania glasses.\" Although the team\'s optical glasses were proof-of-concept-size samples, Dylla-Spears says they could use the method to make optical lenses with different structures that cannot be manufactured elsewhere. For instance, she suggests that \"gradient refractive index lenses could be polished flat, replacing more expensive polishing techniques used for traditional curved lenses.\" The team has already applied for a patent and is currently in discussions with potential glass manufacturers. \"This technology could be used to make transmissive glass optics like optical lenses, freeform optics, correctors, and windows,\" she writes. \"It could also be used to create stable substrates for reflective optics. In addition, it could be used in a variety of non-optical applications where glasses would be considered.\" The paper, published in Advanced Materials Technologies, is \"3D printed optical quality silica and silica-titania glasses from sol-gel feedstocks\" (DOI: 10.1002/admt. 201700323). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Credit: Jason Laurea; LLNL Oresearch briefs Credit: Lehigh University; YouTube Making sense of data-Research initiative aims to bridge human-data disconnect In an effort to develop more intelligent data analysis to drive informed nanomaterials selection, a unique research initiative at Lehigh University (Bethlehem, Pa.) is taking the human element into account in its quest to evolve how we analyze data. Led by ACerS Distinguished Lifetime Member Martin Harmer, the Nano/Human Interface Presidential Engineering Research Initiative is rather unique in its emphasis on the human element of data. \"The Nano/Human Interface initiative emphasizes the human because the successful development of new tools for data visualization and manipulation must necessarily include a consideration of the cognitive strengths and limitations of the scientist,\" according to a Lehigh press release. At its core, the initiative is looking to completely alter how we interact with and experience data-in a way that allows us to make more informed sense of nanomaterials data. Learn more about the project in a short video available at youtu. be/8_fpjIp6dGA. As proof of the project\'s potential, the relatively recent research initiative now has its first published paper. That paper, published in npj Computational Materials, demonstrates a technique to map multidimensional material properties relationships using data analytic methods and a visualization strategy called parallel coordinates. According to the paper\'s author, Jeffrey Rickman-who is a professor of materials science and engineering, in addition to physics, at Lehigh—“In the paper, we illustrate the utility of this approach by providing a quantitative way to compare metallic and ceramic properties—though the approach could be applied to any materials you want to compare.” In the paper, Rickman shows how parallel coordinates can help researchers tackle the complexity of analyzing a combination of nanomaterials properties, which can complicate scientists\' ability to identify patterns when visualizing data. Research News Scalable manufacturing spools out strips of graphene Engineers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.) have developed a continuous manufacturing process that produces long strips of high-quality graphene. The team\'s results are the first demonstration of an industrial, scalable method for manufacturing high-quality graphene that is tailored for use in membranes. The setup combines a roll-to-roll approach—a common industrial approach for continuous processing of thin foils-with the common graphenefabrication technique of chemical vapor deposition, to manufacture high-quality graphene in large quantities and at a high rate. For more information, visit www.news.mit.edu. A new research initiative at Lehigh University is taking the human element into account in its quest to evolve how we analyze data. \"If plotting points in two dimensions using X and Y axes, you might see clusters of points and that would tell you something or provide a clue that the materials might share some attributes,\" he explains. \"But what if the clusters are in 100 dimensions?\" The power of Rickman\'s technique is that parallel coordinates can help eliminate those dimensions that are non-relevant, reducing “noise” in nanomaterials data—and subsequently illuminating significant and unique property correlations within the data. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. I\'R -- Over 50 years of service and reliability 53 1964 - 2017 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com Downloaded from bulletin archief.5 | www.ceramics.org 17 research briefs Credit: Christine Daniloff; MIT Ultimately, the hope is that such ability to identify and interpret the most meaningful data will guide development of materials by design. The paper, published in npj Computational Materials, is \"Data analytics and parallel-coordinate materials property charts\" (DOI: 10.1038/s41524-017-0061-8). Preventing corrosion with ultra-thin layers of aluminum oxide Scientists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.) have discovered that a solid aluminum oxide protection layer can deform like a liquid when it is applied to aluminum metal in a thin layer. The oxide could protect metals from environmental factors— such as air and water-that contribute to degradation and corrosion. The oxide also could seal in gases and small molecules that need to be contained, such as hydrogen gas that powers fuel cell cars, or tritium that is produced inside the core of a nuclear power plant, according to an MIT news release. Aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, and silicon dioxide all act as oxidation barriers. The research team wanted to further study the elements to see what makes them superior barriers. \"We would like to understand the mystery why certain oxides (aluminum oxide and silicon oxide in particular) are good passivation layers, while others are not,\" MIT professor of nuclear engineering and science and of materials science and engineering Ju Li explains in an email. Led by graduate student Yang Yang, the researchers developed a unique method to observe with atomic resolution what happens when surface oxides are exposed to oxygen and stress. Using a special kind of transmission electron microscope-an environmental TEM (E-TEM), the team could evaluate the process in the presence of gases or liquids, instead of inside a vacuum, which is how samples are typically studied in a TEM. Metal failure from stress corrosion cracking can happen even when the metal is surrounded by a protective layer. Cracks can still form, allowing air and other metal-corroding species access to the metal surface. Researchers have found that a solid oxide protective coating for metals can, when applied in sufficiently thin layers, deform as if it were a liquid, filling any cracks and gaps as they form. \"We hope the oxide protection layer is liquid-like and can self-heal its cracks rapidly,\" Yang writes in an email. “It turns out the surface oxide of aluminum metal, one of the most common materials in our daily life, owns these special properties.\" Because no researcher had ever studied environmental deformation of metal oxides at atomic resolution, Yang\'s team accomplished what no one else had-a thin sample of aluminum oxide deforming in oxygen gas with a thickness of 2-3 nanometers. \"It is well-known that bulk metal oxide is very brittle,\" Yang adds. \"It is surprising that an ultrathin aluminum oxide layer can be so ductile, deforming like a liquid.\" Yang\'s team also demonstrated that the aluminum oxide could be stretched more than twice its length without opening any cracks. The self-healing coating could be a solution to frustrating corrosion issues that have plagued structural engineers for years. Li says that in addition to nuclear power plants, their process could be used in other applications, such as \"hydrogen generation, utilization, transport, and storage,\" he proposes. The paper, published in Nano Letters, is “Liquid-like, selfhealing aluminum oxide during deformation at room temperature\" (DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00068). Research News Electrochemical tuning of single layer materials relies on defects Perfection is not everything, according to an international team of researchers whose 2-D materials study shows that defects can enhance a material\'s physical, electrochemical, magnetic, energy, and catalytic properties. The researchers used simulations of lattice defects and experimentally defective films to determine how defects change the physical and electrochemical properties of 2-D molybdenum sulfide. The results show that selection of location and number of defects should allow the material\'s properties to be tuned. The material properties of the substrate also changed the properties of the 2-D single layer. For more information, visit www.news.psu.edu. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Innovative new \'green\' concrete uses graphene Experts from the University of Exeter (Exeter, U.K.) have used nanoengineering to incorporate graphene into traditional concrete production. The new composite material, which is more than twice as strong and four times more water resistant than existing concretes, can be used directly by the construction industry on building sites. The technique centers on suspending atomically thin graphene in water with high yield, no defects, low cost, and compatibility with modern, large-scale manufacturing requirements. Crucially, the new graphene-reinforced concrete material also has a drastically reduced carbon footprint. For more information, visit www. exeter.ac.uk/news. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 New open-access materials database could save research time, spur material science advances Access to technical data on research that has already been tested and proven can enable more collaboration, save time, and speed up the progress of scientific research overall. Fortunately, several forward-thinking scientists at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, Colo.) have thought about this-in a collaboration led by scientist Andriy Zakutayev at NREL\'s Materials Science Center and data scientist Caleb Phillips at NREL\'s Computational Science Center, an NREL team created a database accessible to researchers studying inorganic materials for advanced energy applications. The High Throughput Experimental Materials (HTEM) database is a collection of more than 140,000 sample entries of data on inorganic thin-film materials for advanced energy research. The entries offer “details about the structural, chemical, and optoelectronic properties of the materials, and their synthesis conditions,\" according to an NREL news release. The team curated data from 10 years of experiments in inorganic thin-film materials at NREL. The database is digitized and searchable to users. \"All existing experimental databases either contain many entries or have all this property information, but not both,\" Zakutayev says in the release. When writing papers for publication, researchers often only mention their successes. But what about the failures? How many different samples did they try before succeeding with the final material? Knowing the outcomes of experimental failures could save time in unnecessary research for others who are working on the same or similar problems. The database\'s mission, stated on the opening page of the HTEM database, is \"to enable discovery of new materials with useful properties by releasing large amounts of high-quality experimental data to public.\" And that also means accessibility to all materials science researchers. \"Our belief is that putting all this data out in the public domain would accelerate the advancement of material science, in particular by researchers without access to expensive experimental equipment, both in the United States and Thin film converts heat from electronics into energy Engineers at the University of California, Berkeley, have developed a ferroelectric thin-film system that can be applied to sources of waste heat to produce energy using a process called pyroelectric energy conversion. The researchers synthesized thin-film versions of ferroelectric materials just 50-100 nm thick and then fabricated and tested the pyroelectricdevice structures based on these films. This study reports new records for pyroelectric energy conversion energy density, power density, and efficiency. This nanoscopic thin-film technology might be particularly attractive for harvesting waste heat from high-speed electronics but could have a large scope of applications. For more information, visit http://news. berkeley.edu. Downloaded from bulletin archivefer.5 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Dennis Schroeder; NREL NREL\'s HTEM Database group: (from left) Andriy Zakutayev, Robert White, John Perkins, Marcus Schwarting, Caleb Phillips, and Nick Wunder. around the world,\" Materials Science Center senior scientist and team member John Perkins explains in the news release. The research team is now focused on collaborating with the National Institute of Standards and Technology on a larger project-the High-Throughput Experimental Materials Collaboratory-to create a network of experimental tools that researchers could essentially collaborate on synthesizing and analyzing new materials and share their results in the database. The open-access paper, published in Scientific Data, is \"An open experimental database for exploring inorganic materials” (DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.53). ARBOCELⓇ SPECIALLY MODIFIED FIBERS More ROBUST flowable mixes UPS J. RETTENMAIER USA LP 269-679-2340 info@jrsusa.com 19 ceramics in biomedicine Credit: biologycomer; Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0 Electrophoretic deposition coats metal implants with glass fibers, improves bone-to-implant bonding When it comes to materials for biomedical implants, ceramics have something its materials brethren, metals and polymers, completely lack: bioactivity. Luckily for metal, however, the material is not totally out of the implant game-a glass coating and a ceramic processing technique can transform an otherwise bioinert material. \"We developed a novel and facile approach to modify metallic surfaces with random and aligned bioactive phosphate glass fibers by electrophoretic deposition, a well known processing technique in ceramic processing,” Aldo Boccaccini, ACerS Fellow and professor of biomaterials and head of the Institute of Biomaterials at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, explains via email. Boccaccini is senior author of a recent ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces paper describing how the glass fiber coating may be able to improve the biocompatibility of metal implants, performed by a team of researchers from the Institute of Biomaterials at University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; the Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering at the University of Nottingham, U.K.; and the Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Northwestern Polytechnical University in Xi\'an, China. Electrophoretic deposition-which uses an electric field to control deposition of charged particles—is a low-cost processing method, performed at room temperature, that can easily be scaled up. So \"there are very good possibilities for the commercial exploitation of electrophoretic deposition-based coating techniques in the biomedical field\" Boccaccini says. And by tailoring the technique to form coatings of phosphate glass fibers embedded in a polymer that Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org can be deposited on even irregular metal surfaces, the researchers are finding that those possibilities might include the ability to significantly enhance the biocompatibility of metal implants and promote healing through improved tissue-to-implant interfaces. Using electrophoretic deposition, the scientists demonstrated that they can lay down layers of 1-2-mmlong phosphate glass fibers in a poly(acrylic acid) polymer solution. And by varying parameters of the process, the technique can control both coating thickness and fiber orientation, depositing the glass fibers in neat parallel rows. A new method of coating metal implants with glass fibers could result in better bonding between bone and metal implants. Controlling fiber orientation is critical when it comes to implants. And it is not just for a neat appearance—fiber orientation actually has a significant effect on how cells behave, impacting the shape of cells and how they differentiate, or change, into other specialized cell types-a factor that is critical to the body\'s natural healing processes. In addition to providing both structural and biological benefits, phosphate glass fibers are completely resorbable in the body-offering new possibilities for engineering more biologically friendly biomedical implants that can evolve along with the body\'s natural healing processes. The idea is that these deposited phosphate glass fiber coatings would provide an interface on the otherwise bioinert metal implant for the body\'s own tissues to bond to-prompting critical initial growth and healing after the implant has been installed. But it is important to note that these interfacial coatings are not a permanent metal-masking solution, as the phosphate glass fibers are eventually resorbed by the body. \"The proposed biodegradable coating is thus mainly used to strengthen the link between bone tissue and the implant at the early stage of implantation,\" Boccaccini explains. Then, once the glass fibers resorb away, the bone\'s healing processes with the new implant are well underway. \"It is anticipated that by this stage the implant would have made a good union with the surrounding hard tissue,\" Boccaccini continues. The team\'s experiments using human cells cultured in the lab show that oriented glass fibers coatings can enhance and direct proliferation of bone-related precursor cells, indicating that bone will be able to bond onto the surface. The scientists are next measuring in vivo responses to the glass fiber coatings. An added bonus is that the glass fiber coatings are completely customizable, affording possibilities of implants that are tailor-coated for patients\' individual healing needs. \"We can tailor the degradation rates for phosphate glass fibers, which is what makes them really unique and versatile materials,\" Boccaccini writes. \"The possibility of tuning the fiber composition as well as the versatility of the coating technique open interesting opportunities for the biofunctionalization of metallic implants, for example bone implants, in the future.\" The paper, published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, is \"Electric fieldassisted orientation of short phosphate glass fibers on stainless steel for biomedical applications\" (DOI: 10.1021/ acsami.8b01378). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 ACERS - NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS A A Trusted Research Tool Order Version 4.2 today! PHASE VERSION 4.2 IS THE ONLY DIGITAL RESOURCE FOR CERAMIC PHASE DIAGRAMS TRUSTED. Fully documented diagrams critically evaluated by experts. COMPREHENSIVE. 27,600 diagrams compiled over 84 years with explanatory notes. CONVENIENT. Easy to search by using elements, compounds, and bibliographic information. High-resolution, downloadable PDFs of diagrams are available. PORTABLE. Now available on USB, access diagrams anywhere with a laptop: no internet required. UNIQUE. With editor functions, view key information, directly read key data within a diagram, manipulate diagrams, and more. UP-TO-DATE. Version 4.2 adds 1,133 new phase diagrams used in the ceramics field. ORDER PHASE EQUILIBRIA VERSION 4.2 TODAY! Single User License $1,095 | Multiple User License $1,895 Get more information at ceramics.org/buyphase Get more information at ceramics.org/buyphase The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE MAN QALMISTUS OF STANDARDS. AND TECHNO ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams PC Database Version 4.2 Now Available on USB! Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org O bulletin | cover story Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes Thanks to extremely durable concrete formulations, structures like Trajan\'s Markets in Rome, Italy, (ca. 100 CE) still stand today. By Marie D. Jackson, John P. Oleson, Juhyuk Moon, Yi Zhang, Heng Chen, and Magnus T. Gudmundsson By revealing the secrets hidden within ancient Roman structures, cementitious materials science is opening new opportunities to develop concrete formulations with improved durability and service life to aid ailing infrastructures and address materials encapsulation needs. I n a famous prediction of the longevity of his poetry, Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65-8 BCE) wrote: I have crafted a monument more lasting than bronze, more imposing than the royal structure of the pyramids, one that neither eroding rain nor the furious North Wind can bring to ruin, nor the passage of countless years and the flight of time. -Odes 3.30 (31-23 BCE); translation by J.P. Oleson Key terms - Pozzolan: material that reacts with lime (CaO) in the presence of moisture to form cementitious hydrates - Post-pozzolanic processes: precipitation of mineral cements from pore fluids and transformations of reactive components after portlandite [Ca(OH)2] has been fully consumed through pozzolanic reactions - Alkali-activated material:* material formed by the reaction between an aluminosilicate precursor and alkaline activator, with properties comparable to those of a traditional cement binder - Geopolymer.* alkali-activated binder material containing little or no calcium; often derived from a metakaolin or a fly ash precursor *J.L. Provis, S.A. Bernal, \"Geopolymers and related alkali-activated materials,\" Annu. Rev. Mater. Res., 44, 299-327 (2014). Horace could more accurately have compared the celebrated lifespan of his poems to the extremely durable concrete monuments that were being constructed in Rome and the harbors of the Mediterranean region by his patron, Octavian, who would become Emperor Augustus (27 BCE14 CE) (Figure la-c). Bronzes irreversibly and inexorably decay through chloride corrosion in coastal and marine environments, and Egyptian pyramids are now collapsing-having suffered progressive differential movement and detachment of their limestone blocks, probably through anisotropic thermal expansion of calcite during heating by transit of the sun in the desert and subsequent disruption through seismic ground shaking. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Credit: Massimo Vitti Capsule summary PAST LESSONS Ancient Roman concretes have survived for thousands of years thanks to the materials\' unique characteristics. Careful analysis of Roman cemetitious microstructures and properties can provide insights to improve engineering strategies for modern cementitious materials. CURRENT NEEDS Evolving material supply streams, rising concern over environmental sustainability, and the need for more durable formulations are driving innovations in modern formulations for cementitious materials. New strategies are needed to address all these concerns to improve modern concretes. FUTURE POTENTIAL Roman concrete prototypes could potentially reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance resilience and self-healing properties, conserve resources, and greatly extend the service life of modern concrete structures in marine environments, in addition to providing encapsulations for hazardous wastes. a b R.L. Hohlfelder C Figure 1. Roman concrete structures. a) The Tomb of Caecilia Metella, Rome (ca. 30 BCE) and b) Sebastos Harbor in Caesarea, Israel (ca. 22-10 CE) were under construction when Horace wrote the Odes. c) Trajan\'s Markets (ca. 100 CE), Museo dei Fori Imperiali, Rome. By contrast, ancient Roman concretes appear to grow more resilient over time. They have preserved audacious architectural designs and massive harbor piers and breakwaters in seismically active environments for two millennia. 2,3 Vitruvius, a Roman architect and contemporary of Horace, described in his book de Architectura (30 BCE) the geotechnical principles that form the foundation of architectural and marine concretes. These are based on a hydrated lime and volcanic ash mortar (materia) that binds a self-reinforcing framework of volcanic (or carbonate) rock fragments (caementa) (de Architectura 2.4.1-3, 2.6.1-6., 2.5.1-3, 5.12.2-6) (Figure 2a,b). The volcanic ash is a pozzolan, a material that reacts with lime in the presence of moisture to produce cementitious transformed Rome into an imposing capital city of monuments constructed of volcanic tuff and travertine dimension stone masonry integrated with brick-faced concrete structural elements. Marble, a Pozzolane Rosse travertine, and plaster (tectoria) cladding protected the tuff and concrete masonry. The uniform composition and exceptional coherence of Augustan age mortars reflect more rigorous standards Figure 2. Drill cores of Roman concrete from a) Trajan\'s Markets in Rome and b) Trajan\'s Port (110-112 CE). 2,3 Brick Tufo Lionato b Tufo Lionato Tufo Giallo Flegrean binding hydrates.4 della Via Tiberina pumice Vitruvius dedicated de Architectura to Octavian who, as Emperor Augustus, 2 cm 2 cm Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics, .5 | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society 23 Credit: Jackson et al., 2014; Brandon et al., 2014 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes a b C d 1000 μm 1000 μm Figure 3. a) X-ray tomography of a sample of Trajan\'s Markets mortar, with Pozzolane Rosse scoria highlighted. b-d) 3-D segmentation of scoria shows residual glass (blue), cementitious hydrates (yellow), and pore space (red). for calcination of lime, selection of scoriaceous tephra (Figure 3) from specific horizons of the Pozzolane Rosse pyroclastic flow from nearby Alban Hills volcano, and methods for mortar mixing and installation, as compared with republican era architectural concretes. 2,5 Meanwhile, mortars of marine harbor concretes used a different preparation of lime, complex mixing and hydration procedures, and installation in subaerial and submarine forms. All eleven harbors drilled by the ROMACONS project-an interdisciplinary study of the materials and nature of concrete cores drilled from Roman harbors and maritime structures-contain pumiceous tephra 20 pm Stratlingite 100 μm Al-tobermorite 100 μm (pulvis) with geochemical trace element ratios associated with the Campi Flegrei and Vesuvius volcanic districts in the Gulf of Naples (Figure 2b).³ About 20,000 metric tons of pumiceous volcanic ash were shipped from the Gulf of Naples to Israel to construct the concrete harbor at Caesarea Maritima (Figure 1b). Pliny the Elder described the longterm durability of marine concrete: “as soon as [pulvis] comes into contact with the waves of the sea and is submerged, [it] becomes a single stone mass (fieri lapidem unum) impregnable to the waves and every day stronger\" (Naturalis Historia 35.166; 70-79 CE). b Dissolution C Rim Stratlingite Stratlingite 20 μm d Altóbermorite Dissolution Layer $50 μm Credit: M.D. Jackson Figure 4. Mineral cements in ancient mortar samples. Strätlingite crystals in (a) Caecilia Metella mortar, (b) 180-day mortar reproduction sample (Figure 5), and (c) Trajan\'s Markets mortar. Al-tobermorite in (d) Baianus Sinus pumice sample and (e) Surtsey basalt from 2017 SE-02B core at 120°C and from 107.5 m-below surface. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org How did Romans produce concretes that gained resilience over time? Architectural concretes Augustan era architectural concretes, as at the Tomb of Caecilia Metella (ca. 30 BCE) (Figure 1a), have a porous yet highly durable mortar that binds coarse conglomerate of local volcanic tuff and brick. The perimeters of scoriae and the cementing matrix are reinforced through growth of platy strätlingite crystals (Figure 4a), a phyllosilicate mineral (Ca Al,OH [Al, Si(OH)].2.2 H₂O).5,6 The same mortar was used in the concrete walls of later Imperial age monuments, as at Trajan\'s Markets (ca. 110 CE) (Figures 2a). Concrete vaulted structures span the large, complex interior spaces of these monuments, which have resisted moderate magnitude earthquake ground shaking for two millennia (Figure 1c). X-ray computed tomography (CT) investigations indicate that scoriae, volcanic crystals (leucite, clinopyroxene), poorly crystalline calcium-aluminum-silicatehydrate (C-A-S-H) binder, and cementitious hydrates occupy about 34%, 5%, 28%, and 32%, respectively, of the total volume of mortar (Figure 3); larger scoriae (>4 mm) contain ~12% pore space. Reproduction of the Markets of Trajan wall mortar and fracture testing experiments provide insights into how the porous concrete has resisted chemical and mechanical degradation over two millennia (Figure 5). 2,7 A three-point bending experiment with a stiff testing frame measured crack mouth opening displacement, allowing mapping of crack surfaces on X-ray CT www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Credit: Y. Zhang a 1803 slices. Hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2) reacts with components of the Pozzolane Rosse pyroclastic flow-alkali-rich glass in scoria and opal, poorly crystalline clay mineral (halloysite) and zeolite mineral (phillipsite and chabazite) surface coatings-to produce C-A-S-H binder and associated cementitious minerals in a complex cementing matrix at 28 days of hydration.² At 90-180 days, strätlingite crystals grow in the cementing matrix and interfacial transition zones of scoria (Figure 4b). Testing at 28 days (Figure 5b), produces cracks that propagated along scoria perimeters. The work, GÅ, required to produce a unit increase in crack area (G=AU/AA, where U is strain energy and A is crack surface area) is very small, 66 N/mm. At 90 and 180 days of hydration (Figure 5c), a much larger G₁, 675 and 886 N/mm, respectively, creates a much smaller crack surface area. The well-consolidated C-A-S-H binder and strätlingite crystals form obstacles for microcrack propagation in the cementing matrix and interfacial zones of scoriae, and the cracks create segmented structures. 27 A slow gain in strength is counterbalanced by growth of a selfreinforcing system of resilient strätlingite plates and fibers that traverse and partially fill pore spaces. Over centuries, fluids from ground and flood waters and high relative humidity percolated through concrete foundations and walls of the monuments. Ingress of these fluids into porous scoria (Figure 3) dissolved residual alkali-rich glass (Figure 4c) and leucite (KAlSi₂O) crystals; fluids became supersaturated in calcium, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium; and mineral cements, mainly strätlingite, crystallized from these fluids in vesicles (relict gas bubbles), interfacial zones, and pore spaces. A residual reservoir of alkali-rich glass still persists in larger scoriae (Figure 3, 4c). The high porosity of scoriae and the permeability characteristics of the mortar, which remain poorly understood, are critical to these autogenous, self-healing, postpozzolanic glass dissolution processes and to the future longterm chemical and mechanical reinforcement and resilience of concrete structures. b C Figure 5. Analysis of reproduction of Trajan\'s Markets mortar. a) P. Brune performing a fracture testing experiment. X-ray tomography results for fractures at (b) 28 days or (c) 180 days of hydration. 18.5 Fig.6d.e Fig. 6f 100 um 100 μm Pumice 18.65 d e 18.50 Fig. 6b,d,e 18.45 18.0 Lime Clast 18.40 Fig. 6a, f 18.35 17.5 17.75 17.70 Ca 31.5 $32.0 32.5 31.7 31.8 18.30 Al-tobermorite Credit: M.D. Jackson Hydrocalumite 33.0 μ Phillipsite 32.90 32.95 33.00 33.05 32.90 32.96 33.00 33.06 m 31.9 32.0 Al-tobermorite 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 μm Figure 6. Baianus Sinus mortar sample analyzed at ALS Beamline 12.3.2. a, b) Scanning electron micrograph-backscattered electron images showing relict lime and pumice clasts. c) X-ray microfluorescence map of calcium. d,e) X-ray microdiffraction maps showing (d) Al-tobermorite and (e) phillipsite mineral cements from panel B and (f) Al-tobermorite from panel A. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics, .5 | www.ceramics.org Credit: H. C 25 25 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes SUSTAIN a b C SURTSEY AT 50 YEARS edit: M.D. Jackson 0.5 mm Figure 7. a,b) Surtsey volcano in Iceland is the location of the 2017 International Continental Drilling Program SUSTAIN project. c) Scanning electron microscope-secondary electron image of Al-tobermorite from SE-03 core at 124°C and a 147-m inclined depth. Marine concretes 0.2 Drill cores of Mediterranean harbor concrete acquired by the ROMACONS project³ reveal that marine mortars also have a resilient C-A-S-H binder, yet the principal cementing mineral is Al-tobermorite, an unusual layered calcium-aluminumsilicate hydrate ([Ca(Si¸ 5 Al05017 H₂)] Cao Na 4H2O) (Figures 2b, 4d, 6).8,9 Exothermic reaction of hydrated lime with components of Gulf of Naples pumiceous tephra-alkali-rich glass and zeolite surface coatings-produced C-A-S-H binder and a shortlived period of high pH (>12) and elevated temperatures (65°C - 95°C) in the enormous marine structures. Substitution of alumina tetrahedra (AlO)-5 for silicon tetrahedra (SiO)* in the layered C-A-S-H structure and in the Al-tobermorite lattice produces a charge imbalance that is resolved through incorporation of alkali cations, Ca2+, Na²+, and K+.8,9 This provides added chemical resilience as compared with calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) and ideal tobermorite. 10,11 Synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction (uXRD) and microfluoresence (µXRF) investigations at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) Beamline 12.3.2 map the distribution of mineral cements in Baianus Sinus concrete in the Bay of Pozzuoli (ca. 70-30 BCE) (Figure 6). Relict lime clasts contain mainly C-AS-H and Al-tobermorite (Figures 6a, c, f), produced pozzolanically. 8,9 Pumice vesicles also contain Al-tobermorite (Figures 6b, c, d), but produced post-pozzolanically. Pozzolanic and post-pozzolanic Al-tobermorite crystals show differences in their Ca/(Si+Al) compositions and silDownloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org icon-aluminum bonding environments.12 Experimental data indicate that hydrated lime was quickly consumed early in the history of the marine concrete.³ Then, seawater percolating through the large structures dissolved residual pumice glass and zeolite; the fluids changed composition and became locally supersaturated in calcium, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium; and Al-tobermorite and new zeolite mineral cements crystallized from these fluids at ambient temperatures. Renewed episodes of fluid flow caused additional dissolution of glass and some mineral cements; the fluids changed composition; and new mineral cements precipitated.12 Pliny the Elder accurately compared these active cementitious processes to geologic processes in pyroclastic depos its, which transform glassy pumiceous tephra (pulvis) into a cemented rock called volcanic tuff (tofus) (Naturalis Historia 35.166). 13 The geologic analog for these evolving mineral cements is the Surtsey volcano in Iceland, a small basaltic island and UNESCO World Heritage site that grew from the seafloor during 1963-1967 eruptions (Figure 7).14 In drill cores recently obtained from the still-hot volcano (http://surtsey.icdponline.org), the basaltic glass is dissolving around vesicles, and Al-tobermorite is crystallizing from the strongly basic solutions in these relict pore spaces (Figure 4e).15 Beneficial corrosion of glass aggregates During the first century BCE, Roman artisans perfected the art of durable glass fabrication for vessels and decorative objects. Studies of these glasses submerged in seawater from the Iulia Felix shipwreck (200-300 CE) in northern Italy are attracting interest from a community of scientists who are designing glasses and vitrified products to immobilize nuclear waste that must remain durable for thousands of years. Alteration of the Roman glass in seawater mainly occurred along internal fracture surfaces. Slow renewal of fluid flow into the cracks caused dissolution of the glass; supersaturation of the solution with calcium, silica, and aluminum; and eventual precipitation of crystals, mainly calcite and clay mineral, that sealed the cracks, preventing further fluid flow and dissolution of the surrounding glass. 16-18 During this same period, Roman engineers perfected technologies for concrete production that emphasized, by contrast, the beneficial chemical attack of volcanic glass in architectural and marine mortars. These technologies entailed: a) rapid glass dissolution during pozzolanic reaction at high pH (>12); b) an extended period of metastable equilibrium with internal fluids; c) intermittent periods of renewed fluid flow that dissolved glass and crystals and produced alkaline, supersaturated solutions in fine-scale microenvironments at lower pH (9-10.8 for Stage II, and >10.8 for Stage III glass dissolution); and d) eventual crystallization of mineral cements in these microenvironments. 12,15 Romans selected a wide-ranging particle size distribution for scoriae and pumice (and, also, ceramic fragments) in the mortars. In fine particles in the cementing matrix, glass has been mainly replaced by cementitious hydrates. In larger scoriae and pumice, however, glass persists (Figures 3 and 4c,d). Understanding residual glass in www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 the Roman mortars (and Surtsey tuff) and the permeability characteristics of concretes (and Surtsey tuff) will provide insights into their future performance, as well as to the development of extremely durable, environmentally sustainable, Roman concrete prototypes that could be applied to modern concrete infrastructure. How can Roman principles benefit modern cementitious materials? Natural pozzolans are earth materials-pumice, volcanic glass, and metakaolin-that partially replace Portland cement to reduce CO2 emissions, enhance durability, and create high-performance characteristics in innovative cementitious materials. 19 These materials played an important role in increasing the durability of early cement-based concrete infrastructure of the western United States, 20 but were largely replaced by fly ash, a waste product from coal-fired power plants, in the 1970s. With the current decline in coal-fired energy, fly ash is now becoming technically and/or economically unfeasible for use in concrete. Production of cement powder, through sintering of carbonate rock and carbonate- and/or silicate-rich argillaceous rock at ~1,450°C, currently emits ~8% of global anthropogenic CO2. When cement powder is mixed with water (and additives), it forms a dense paste that binds inert sand and gravel aggregates. Concrete durability and longevity rely on low porosity and minimal aggregate reactivity with interstitial fluids, since chemical attack results in deleterious expansions, increased permeability, and disaggregation over time. The resilience of concretes that partially replace cement with natural pozzolans is due, in part, to production of resilient C-A-S-H binder, for which the layered structure of Al-tobermorite is a crystalline model,8,10,11,19 Metakaolin, for example, is a natural pozzolan produced through calcination of kaolin clay deposits at 600°C-800°C. The highly reactive, amorphous powder increases pozzolanic consumption of calcium hydroxide and enhances availability of aluminum to produce C-A-S-H binder in blended cement paste. Poorly crystalline halloysite surface coatings on Pozzolane Rosse scoriae played a similar role in Roman architectural concretes (Figures 2a and 3).5 By contrast, the slow hydration of Roman architectural mortar (Figure 5) is not considered an advantage in modern structural concrete systems. For drill hole cementing, however, set-delayed compositions are needed to preserve downhole flow. The addition of siliceous pumice, hydrated lime, and set retarders produces a pumpable fluid state in set-delayed cement for extended periods. Reasonable compressive strengths develop after activation at low temperatures, and the pumiceous glassy component seems to prevent expansive alkali-silicate reactions (ASR) that crack and deform concrete. Recent advances have increased the compressive strength and durability of structural concretes that regularly replace up to 35 weight% Portland cement with finely ground siliceous volcanic glass containing up to 8 weight% Na₂O + K₂O. At 28 days of hydration, strengths exceed 27 MPa (4,000 psi) and ASR is entirely mitigated in mortar bar tests. This blended pozzolanic volcanic glass-cement mix is becoming a common, cost-reducing component of high-performance concrete construction in northern California. An LC3 system (limestone + calcined clay + clinker, ground to produce Portland cement powder) was implemented in early California concrete construction. 20 It now combines calcined impure clays with limestone filler to improve performance and provide a global, locally sourced, low-cost, low-CO, cement. The limestone addition is analogous to travertine and marine limestone coarse aggregate that increases compressive strength at the structural scale in Roman concrete foundations and marine breakwaters. Challenges Roman concretes produced substantially less CO2 than conventional Portland cement concretes, which were first patented in 1824. This is because the Roman mixes contained <15 volume% hydrated lime (calcined at ~900°C from limestone), ~45-50 volume% coarse rock aggregate, and 35-45 volume% fine sand to gravel-sized volcanic tephra. 2,3,9 Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics 0.5 | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Bulletin, The conglomeratic rock and tephra fabric apparently created a 3-D clast-supported framework that resists displacement and fracture when subjected to the force of impact of large storm waves and seismic ground shaking. A better understanding of this conglomeratic fabric is needed, however, before applications can be developed in a Roman prototype. Volcanic tephra forms a beneficially reactive, residual glass reservoir in Roman concretes, yet substituting Roman alkali-rich volcanic glass with less alkali-rich compositions available in the U.S., mainly basalt and rhyolite, remains problematic. Investigations of active cementitious systems recorded by timelapse basaltic drill cores from the Surtsey volcano natural laboratory (Figure 7) (http://surtsey.icdp-online.org) will provide important guideposts for maintaining the longevity of glass aggregates in chemically dynamic microenvironments and evolving alkaline water chemistries. 15 These reactions are especially important in geopolymer-type concretes, which contain little calcium and are produced through reaction of aluminosilicate materials with a caustic activator. The pH of Roman post-pozzolanic cementitious systems is lower than the portlandite [calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2] system required to sustain a passivating layer that prevents corrosion of steel reinforcement. The long term persistence of portlandite in cementbased concretes, however, gives rise to numerous forms of attack and degradation. Through early, rapid consumption of portlandite, Romans quickly transitioned their concretes to a state of metastable equilibrium that could adjust to the inevitable ingress of fluids through beneficial corrosion of a reactive glass reservoir. 12,15 The optimal packing of aggregates at multiple scales (mm, cm, m) that Romans apparently achieved with coarse rock aggregate and tephra could potentially be applied to concrete infrastructure without steel reinforcement. Intermittent saturation with fluids and dissolution of glass (and crystals) would drive long-term, energetically selfsustaining cementitious systems. 27 Extreme durability in ancient Roman concretes Conclusions After 2,000 years, the greater part of Horace\'s poetry, along with the monumental concrete structures produced by his patron, Emperor Augustus, clearly have escaped oblivion. The concretes developed by Roman architects and engineers have unique material characteristics that have never, to date, been replicated. Roman volcanic rockhydrated lime concrete prototypes could potentially further reduce CO2 emissions; enhance chemical and mechanical resilience and self-healing properties; conserve freshwater resources through the use of seawater (or brines); and greatly extend the service life of concrete structures in marine environments. They also could be applied to concrete encapsulation of hazardous wastes and cementitious waste forms for low-activity nuclear wastes through crystallization and cation exchange in certain mineral cements, such as Al-tobermorite. 10 By virtue of their extreme durability and long service life, they could substantially reduce the energetic and environmental costs of rebuilding an aged and deteriorating concrete infrastructure, using the exceptional knowledge and expertise (scientia), theory (ratiocinatio), and skillful effort (fabrica) developed by astute Roman architects and engineers (Vitruvius, de Architectura 1.2.1-2). About the authors Marie Jackson is research associate professor in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, Utah) and joint appointee at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Richland, Wash.). John Oleson is emeritus professor in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies at the University of Victoria, Canada. Juhyuk Moon is assistant professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Seoul National University, South Korea. Heng Chen and Yi Zhang are Ph.D. students in the Departments of Civil Engineering at Southeast University (Nanjing, China) and Singapore National University, Singapore. Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson is a professor in the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland. Acknowledgements The authors appreciate contributions of Carol Jantzen, Savannah River National Laboratories; Massimo Vitti, Sovrintendenza Capitolina di Roma; Philip Brune, Magic Leap; Eric Landis, University of Maine; Maria Juenger, University of Texas, Austin; Chris Whidden, Optipozz; Brian Jeppson, Hess Pumice; and Tom Adams, Nevada Cement Company. Data acquired at ALS beamlime 12.3.2 at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories were supported by the Director of the Office of Science, Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231. The SUSTAIN drilling project is sponsored by the International Continental Drilling Program. References ¹P. James, \"New Theory on Egypt\'s collapsing pyramids,\" Structure, 5, 34-35 (2013). 2M.D. Jackson, E.N. Landis, P.F. Brune, M. Vitti, H. Chen, Q. Li, M. Kunz, H.-R. Wenk, P.J.M. Monteiro, and A.R. Ingraffea, \"Mechanical resilience and cementitious processes in imperial Roman architectural mortar,\" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111[52], 18484-18489 (2014). 3C. Brandon, M.D. Jackson, R.L. Holfelder, and J.P. Oleson, Building for Eternity, the History and Technology of Roman Engineering in the Sea, Edited by J.P Oleson, Oxbow, Oxford (2014). 4F. Massazza, \"Pozzolana and Pozzolanic Cements,\" pp. 471-632 in Lea\'s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 4th edition, Edited by P. C. Hewlett, Arnold, London (2004). 5M.D. Jackson., P. Ciancio Rossetto, C.K. Kosso, M. Buonfiglio, and F. Marra, \"Building materials of the Theater of Marcellus, Rome,\" Archaeometry, 4[4], 728-742 (2011). J. Moon, J.E. Oh, M. Balonis, F.P. Glasser, S.M. Clark, and P. J. M. Monteiro, \"Pressure induced reactions amongst calcium aluminate hydrate phases,\" Cem. Concrete Res., 41, 571-578 (2011). 7P. Brune, A.R. Ingraffea, M.D. Jackson, and R. Perucchio, \"The fracture toughness of an Imperial Roman mortar,\" Eng. Fracture Mech., 102, 65-76 (2013). 8M.D. Jackson, J. Moon, E. Gotti, R. Taylor, S.R. Chae, M. Kunz, A.-H.Emwas, C. Meral, P. Guttmann, P. Levitz, H.-R. Wenk, and P.J.M. Monteiro, \"Material and elastic properties of Al-tobermorite in ancient Roman seawater concrete,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96 [8], 2598-2606 (2013). \" \'M.D. Jackson, S. R. Chae, S. R. Mulcahy, C. Meral, R. Taylor, P. Li, A.-H. Emwas, J. Moon, S. Yoon, G. Vola, H.-R. Wenk, and P. J. M. Monteiro, “Unlocking the secrets of Al-tobermorite in Roman seawater concrete,\" Am. Mineral., 98, 1669-1687 (2013). 10N.J. Coleman, Q. Li, and A. Raza, “Synthesis, structure and performance of calcium silicate ion exchangers from recycled container glass,\" Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 50[1], 5-16 (2014). ¹¹R.P. Myers, E. L\'Hôpital, E., J.L. Provis, and B. Lothenbach, \"Composition-solubility-structure relationships in calcium (alkali) aluminosilicate hydrate (C-(N, K-)A-S-H),\" Dalton Trans., 44, 13530-13544 (2015). 12M.D. Jackson, S. R. Mulcahy, H. Chen, Y. Li, Q. Li, P. Cappelletti, and H.-R. Wenk, \"Phillipsite and Al-tobermorite produced by cementitious water-rock reactions in Roman marine concrete,\" Am. Mineral., 102, 1435-1450 (2017). 13M. de\'Gennaro, P. Cappelletti, A. Langella, A. Perrotta, and C. Scarpati, \"Genesis of zeolites in the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff, geological volcanological and mineralogical evidence,\" Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 139, 17-35 (2000). 14S. Jakobsson and J.G. Moore, “Hydrothermal minerals and alteration rates at Surtsey volcano, Iceland,\" Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., 97, 648-59 (1986). 15C.M. Jantzen, C.L. Trivelpiece, C. L. Crawford, J.M. Pareizs, J.B. Pickett, \"Accelerated Leach Testing of GLASS (ALTGLASS): I. The database and definition of high level waste (HLW) glass hydrogels. II. Mineralization of hydrogels by leachate strong bases,\" Intl. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 8, 69-96 (2017). 16C.M. Jantzen, K.G. Brown, J.B. Pickett, \"Durable glass for thousands of years,” Intl. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 1[1], 38-72 (2010). 17A. Verney-Caron, S. Gin, P. Frugier, and G. Libourel, \"Long-term modeling of alterationtransport coupling: Application to a fractured Roman glass,\" Geochim. et Cosmochim. Acta, 74, 2291-2315 (2010). 18J.S. Weaver, J.S. McCloy, J.V. Ryan, and A.A. Kruger, \"Ensuring longevity: Ancient glasses help predict durability of vitrified nuclear waste,\" Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 94[4], 18-23 (2016). 19R. Snellings, G. Mertens, and J. Elsen, \"Supplementary cementitious materials,\" Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 74, 211-78 (2012). 20 ASTM, \"Symposium of use of pozzolans in mortars and concretes.\" ASTM Special publication no. 99, Edited by T.E. Stanton, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia (1949). led from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Downloaded www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 O bulletin annual student section PCSA students with then-ACerS president Bill Lee at the PCSA annual meeting at MS&T 17 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACers Bulletin issue By Ashley Hilmas, PCSA Chair he June/July issue of the ACerS Bulletin features articles from students all over the world, whose backgrounds and research experiences provide insight to a wide range of fields related to ceramics. The following articles have been written by students at various stages in their careers and from far reaches of the globe, and therefore represent a wide cross-section of locations of a map and also research areas within the ceramics communities. These articles present work that is not only cutting-edge ceramics research, but also shows that our community is unified in its efforts to make a positive impact on our world. In the following pages, some students talk about environmental impact, focusing on how we can make manufacturing changes to reduce our impact or harvest energy in more environmentally-friendly ways. Other articles focus on biomaterials for improving the lives of our fellow humans, mechanisms for Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.0.5 | www.ceramics.org increasing the useable lifetime of products, or how computational skills can increase the speed of scientific discovery. Regardless of our cultural or educational backgrounds, the ceramic engineers of today are unified in our resolve to build a better future. These articles highlight efforts that are important to ACers and particularly to the President\'s Council of Student Advisors, or PCSA. The PCSA currently consists of 46 students from 32 universities in 11 countries who are passionate about ceramics. PCSA strives to engage these students as long-term Society leaders, and PCSA delegates are dedicated to using their positions to support ACerS mission in \"advancing the study, understanding, and use of ceramic and glass materials for the benefit of our members and society.\" PCSA delegates also are passionate about giving back to their communities and using their positions as science and engineering students to make a difference. PCSA constantly strives to stay involved with K-12 students through expanding outreach efforts by developing materials science demonstration kits, lesson plans, and educational posters. We are working toward a goal of having future posters and lesson plans available in a variety of languages to increase the global reach of our community. With the growing international diversity of PCSA, more and more students from different backgrounds are becoming involved in our efforts to promote ceramic and glass materials. These students bring different ideas of how ACerS and PCSA can make a real difference in people\'s lives, as well as inspire the next generation of ceramicists. Ashley Hilmas is a Ph.D. student in materials science and engineering at the University of Michigan. She is chair of the 2017-2018 PCSA class and is particularly passionate about expanding the role of humanitarian efforts within PCSA. 29 Credit: ACerS Congressional Visits Day 2018 recap By Yolanda Natividad ACers liaison to the Material Advantage Student Program The Material Advantage Student Program\'s Congressional Visits Day (CVD) was held on April 17-18, 2018, in Washington, D.C. The annual CVD event gives students an opportunity to visit Washington to educate Congressional decision makers about the importance of funding for basic science, engineering, and technology. Students worked hard to schedule congressional visits with legislators and staffers on April 18. Some attendees also registered in advance for and attended constituent coffee events with their legislators, who hold the events to stay Material Advantage CVD 2018 participants at the event\'s opening reception and training. The CVD experience began with an opening reception on April 17, featuring informative and entertaining talks by Joel Widder, cofounder and partner, Federal Science Partners; Russell Armstrong, assistant vice president, Bose Washington Partners; Lily Nguyen, former CVD attendee and current Washingtonian; and Scott Litzelman, TMS/MRS Congressional Science & Engineering Fellow. Afterward, students engaged in some role-play in advance of their appointments on the following day. in touch with their constituents and to get feedback on the work they are doing. As our last hurrah for this year\'s event, the Washington D.C. chapter of ASM International hosted a dinner that provided students an opportunity to network and share their CVD experiences. Additionally, the group attended a lecture at the National Air (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Special thanks to David Bahr, professor and head of the Materials Engineering Department at Purdue University, and Iver Anderson, senior metallurgist at Ames Laboratory and adjunct professor in the Materials Science and Engineering Department at Iowa State University, for instructing students on how to visit with legislators and for their assistance over the years in helping to coordinate CVD. Bahr and Anderson both serve on the Material HOUSE OFFICE BUILDING Rayburn VISITOR & STAFF ENTRAN 100 7077 The Ohio State University group-(left to right) Daniel Buey, Megan Malara, and Connor Sloneprepares to visit with Representative Mike Turner (R-Ohio). Advantage Committee, an advisory committee that provides recommendations and feedback about the program to the four partnering organization\'s leadership. \"Thank you very much for all your work putting on the CVD event. My group and I had a wonderful experience and plan to come back next year.\" and Space Museum, where attendees were able to view the latest Hubble images a full day before they were released to the general public! The Material Advantage CVD event was wellattended this year, with a total of 38 students and faculty from the following universities: Case Western Reserve University Colorado School of Mines Iowa State University Michigan Technological University Missouri University of Science and Technology The Colorado School of Mines group met with Senator Cory Gardner (R-Colorado) (center): (left to right) Kerry McQuaid, Nicholas Lipski, Alec Saville, Emily Mitchell, and Makenzie Parimuha. Representative Jason Smith (R-Missouri) (far left) meets with students (left to right) Tyler Grant and Danny Drury from the Missouri University of Science and Technology. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Ohio State University Purdue University University of Tennessee, Knoxville - Christina L. Cox, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville If you are a student and did not get a chance to participate this year, make sure that you keep an eye out for the 2019 event! Or if you are a professor/faculty advisor, plan to gather a from your university. Visit the Material Advantage website for future updates at www.materialadvantage.org. It is an opportunity that you will not group want to miss! www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Hydroxylapatite CPO From illusion to reality By Arjak Bhattacharjee Bhattacharjee Musculoskeletal diseases account for a huge economic and human burden worldwide. Data from 2012 indicate that musculoskeletal conditions are the second greatest cause of disability and affect more than 1.7 billion people worldwide. And due to modern lifestyles, those numbers are expected to continue increasing. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control, more than five million musculoskeletal surgeries were conducted in the United States in 2010. This global problem is prompting high standards in the biomaterials industry, which is currently valued at $2.5 billion in the U.S. alone. My interest in biomaterials began when I was admitted in Chennai Apollo Hospital in India for surgery when I was 18 years old. This situation made me realize that the protective illusory wall around us may fade at any time-disease, sorrow, suffering, and death are unavoidable realities of human life. That day has motivated me to continuously explore my own personal path to enlightenment: biomaterials research. One of the materials I study is hydroxyapatite [HA, Cа (PO)(OH)2], a biomaterial similar to human hard tissues that is used to manufacture biomedical implants for musculoskeletal surgery. Despite its superior biocompatibility, HA-based implants may develop bacterial infection after surgery, leading to prosthesis failure that requires revision surgery. Effective local and spatial antibiotic drug delivery is the current approach to this problem, although controlled delivery of antibiotics after surgery is the biggest challenge. This problem can be partially resolved by developing antibacterial HA-based prostheses. Antibacterial properties of various transition metals, such as Cu, Zn, Ag, have long been investigated-examples can even be found in ancient Indian and Egyptian literature. In the past two decades, there have been enormous Figure 1. Atomic bond model showing the crystal structure of hydroxyapatite. efforts to enhance the antibacterial properties of HA through doping with transition metals. The behavior of doped HA can be compared to my own behavior-let me explain. In my early days of training as a Master of Technology student at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, I would regularly spend free time in the cafeteria with my senior colleague Anshul Gupta. But when we had scheduled meetings with our supervisors, we would spend the few days leading up to the meeting completely immersed in finishing progress reports. It can be concluded from this behavior that the same \"we\" used to behave differently in different situations-and the same is true for doped HA as well! Due to the unique crystal structure of HA, the same transition metal cation (Cu2 or Zn+2) can be substituted both in cationic sites and hydroxyl channels. My research explores the effect of different substitution sites on antibacterial properties of doped HA for its potential use in manufacturing patient-specific orthopedic implants. Here, the transition metal can be thought of as the \"we\"-different substitution sites in the HA structure are analogous to the two different situations my friend and I responded to at IIT Kanpur. Currently, I am working with professors Kantesh Balani and Indranil Manna on transition metal-doped apatites for biomedical applications. Using a wet chemical route to dope Cu and Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.0.5 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Anshul Gupta Zn in cationic and anionic substitution sites of HA, we have found that heattreatment parameters determine the substitution sites for Cu and Zn in HA. Cu-doped HA shows antibacterial efficiency for both cationic and hydroxylchannel substitution sites of Cu against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, although Cu+¹ has greater antibacterial effect than Cu+2. The response is quite different for Zn, as Zn-doped HA has antibacterial properties only when Zn is substituted in cationic sites. With this biomaterials research, I continue along my path to enlightenment. The future goal of this work is to manufacture 3-D-printed patient-specific orthopedic implants from transition metal-doped HA with enhanced antibacterial properties, which may have an important role in shaping the future face of humanity. Arjak Bhattacharjee is a Master of Technology student in materials science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. Bhattacharjee is interested in dramatics, documentary making, student government, public speaking, and other extracurricular and managerial activities. He scripted and directed India\'s first technical ceramics documentary, \"Oneness with the Infinite,\" which won two international awards from The American Ceramic Society and the Government of India. He dreams of popularizing ceramics and glass in the public. 31 Student perspectives Computational discovery of new piezoelectric materials By Sukriti Manna Discovery of new Manna materials has been among the greatest achievements of every age-starting from bronze and copper and progressing to steel and plastics-and has enabled technological advancements of the present. This continues unabated, as materials play a key role in defining mankind\'s capabilities and aspirations for the future. With the dawn of the silicon era, continued discovery of new materials and hence the progress of civilization can be foreseen to be driven by computers. Recent innovation in theory and algorithms, coupled with advancements in computational power and the ability to scan and handle data, have made computers increasingly critical to understand, search for, and develop new functional materials. These include advanced electronic and magnetic materials in the semiconductor industry, advanced structural materials in the aerospace and automotive industries, and materials with superior biocompatibility for medical applications. An essential component of the success of materials discovery is the availability of materials data, whether experimental, computational, or a combination of both. Computational data may be the only possible data source when experimental data are not available or very difficult to measure. First principle density functional theory (DFT) plays a critical role in screening new functional materials. In my recent work, I used high-throughput DFT to search for new piezoelectric compounds. Piezoelectric materials can generate electricity on application of stress, and they are widely used in micro-electromechanical (MEMS)-based devices, such as sensors, actuators, and resonators. Currently, the most commonly used piezoelectric material is lead zirconia titanate [PBT, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3], although there is an increasing push to eliminate use of lead-based compounds due to toxicity. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org To identify new candidates, my research focused on quasi-2-D materials, a special Amorphous Piezoelectrics Battery class of materials with a layered-like structure that is held together by weak van der Waals bonds. The rationale behind focusing on quasi-2-D materials stems from the hypothesis that softer materials tend to have a larger piezoelectric response. Quasi-2-D materials are usually soft, at least in a van der Waals-bonded direction, and thus yield large piezoelectric responses. Therefore, my research used a three-fold approach to discover new candidates: locate quasi-2-D materials, predict their properties, and identify new piezoelectrics. 3D-bulk Thermo- Topological electrics ⚫ 2D materials Insulators ⚫ 1D materials ⚫ OD materials PV materials Magnetic materials Recent advancements in computational power and data capabilities have enabled development of new functional materials with diverse applications. I first identified quasi-2-D materials in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD). Among ~12,000 binary and ternary materials in ICSD, I chose materials with a layered structure and calculated their piezoelectric properties. This operation identified ~900 quasi-2-D compounds. Accessing their piezoelectric and mechanical properties further identified ~65 promising candidates with a finite piezoelectric response, the majority of which remain unexplored for their piezoelectric properties. Calculations then identified ~35 candidates that do not contain any toxic elements, including lead, with a piezoelectric modulus larger than AIN (a material commonly used for resonator applications). Based on the predicted value of piezoelectric modulus, several candidate materials have emerged, including InTe, GeTe, CuVO₂, and SnO. This analysis reveals that large piezoelectric responses are enabled by the softness of van der Waals spaces between layers, because the largest piezoelectric components usually originate from direct deformation (shearing or axial) of weak van der Waals bonds. Credit: Sukriti Manna In addition to identifying new piezoelectrics, my research has also investigated the materials\' large piezoelectric response directions. This information is particularly useful as it will provide how experimentalists should grow thin films to use this large response in conventional piezoelectric modes. This finding also will help design new piezoelectric devices based on non-conventional modes. Altogether, this research establishes a wide scope to synthesize quasi-2-D materials for applications demanding high piezoelectric modulus. Sukriti Manna is a Ph.D. candidate in mechanical engineering at Colorado School of Mines, working on pressureinduced phase transformation in lithium aluminum silicates. His work encompasses design and discovery of new high-performance piezoelectric materials with a focus on nitride alloys using first principle calculations. Outside the lab, he cultivates hiking and culinary interests. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Ferroelectrics toward a multifunctional energy-harvesting device By Gaurav Vats Vats Fast-growing industrialization and human population have fueled the rate of energy consumption globally. Consequently, the Kyoto Protocol initiative to reduce carbon emissions has reoriented scientific outlook towards viable solutions for harvesting sustainable \"green\" energy. Irrespective of technological advancements, the energy conversion efficiency of any material system and device is constrained by its inherent material property and elemental working limits. A possible alternative is to increase power conversion efficiency of a device using a system where energy from multiple inputs (such as mechanical vibrations, thermal fluctuations, and light illumination) can be converted into useful output energy (such as electricity) by simultaneously exploiting different mechanisms, such as piezoelectric, pyroelectric, thermoelectric, and photoelectric effects. This is possible through smart choice of material systems and further integrating them into unified device configurations with cumulative output from multiple inputs. However, such an arrangement will lead to a complex electrical circuitry, which results in joule heating and electrical losses. Therefore, the ideal solution is to engineer novel material systems with tailored structural, optical, and electronic properties for hosting favorable multiple energy conversion mechanisms. Ferroelectrics with an ABX3 perovskite-type structure fit these requirements. Their crystal structure can be tuned by swapping inorganic ions with organic ions and vice versa, tuning their physical as well as chemical properties. These materials are already well-explored for vibrational/mechanical, thermal,2,3 thermoelectric, 4 and photovoltaic energy harvesting applications. All ferroelectrics exhibit piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity (Figure 1). Interestingly, despite a high bandgap, they also are capable of photovoltaic effects, which are popularly known as photoferroic or photoferroelectric effects. The underlying physics of the photoferroic effect is different from the conventional photoelectric effect. In general, the bandgap of ferroelectrics is too high to work for a photovoltaic cell. Therefore, attempts have been made to tune the bandgap of ferroelectrics and obtain electrical outputs using multiple inputs.7 However, experimental demonstration of a ferroelectric device to simultaneously illustrate multifunctional energy conversion mechanisms and deliver an enhanced electrical output is still an open research problem. A better understanding of the nanoscale physics and mutual interactions of these effects also is intriguing. We are continuously working toward this direction at a fundamental level with both material as well as device prospects, which will hopefully make this technology viable in the near future. Piezoelectric e.g. Quartz Ferroelectric e.g. BaTiO3 Pyroelectric e.g. ZnO, CdS Perovskite Semiconductors e.g. CH3NH3PbI3 Figure 1. Relationship between perovskite, ferroelectric, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric materials. References ¹G. Vats, S. Patel, A. Chauhan, R. Vaish, “Cyclic electrical energy harvesting using mechanical confinement in ferroelectric ceramics,\" Int. J. Appl. Ceramic Tech., 12, 765-770 (2015). 2G. Vats, S. Patel, R. Vaish, \"An insight into thermal and vibration cyclic energy harvesting using ferroelectric ceramics,\" Integr. Ferroelectr., 168, 69-84 (2016). 3G. Vats, A. Chauhan, R. Vaish, “Thermal energy harvesting using bulk lead-free ferroelectric ceramics,” Int. J. Appl. Ceramic Tech., 12, E49-E54 (2015). 4S. Lee, J. A. Bock, S. Trolier-McKinstry, C. A. Randall, “Ferroelectricthermoelectricity and Mott transition of ferroelectric oxides with high electronic conductivity,\" J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32, 3971-3988 (2012). 5S. Yang, J. Seidel, S. Byrnes, P. Shafer, C.-H. Yang, M. Rossell, et al., \"Above-bandgap voltages from ferroelectric photovoltaic devices,\" Nat. Nanotech., 5, 143–147 (2010). 6I. Grinberg, D. V. West, M. Torres, G. Gou, D. M. Stein, L. Wu, et al., “Perovskite oxides for visible-light-absorbing ferroelectric and photovoltaic materials,\" Nature, 503, 509-512 (2013). 7Y. Bai, P. Tofel, J. Palosaari, H. Jantunen, J. Juuti, \"A game changer: A multifunctional perovskite exhibiting giant ferroelectricity and narrow bandgap with potential application in a truly monolithic multienergy harvester or sensor,\" Adv. Mater. 29, 1700767 (2017). Gaurav Vats is pursuing a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. He is vice president of UNSW\'s postgraduate council, board member on UNSW\'s university council, and sits on the UNSW Honorary Degree Committee. His research interests span nanoscale electronics, solid-state thermodynamics and energy conversion, ferroelectric and multiferroic oxide heterostructures, and topological structures. Vats likes to participate in outdoor activi ties, such as trekking, hiking, photography, and cycling, and playing chess and basketball. Downloaded from bulletin-archiefs. 5 | www.ceramics.org 33 33 Student perspectives Anxious engineering By Brian MacDowall 7 Everyone experiences nervousness at one time or another, especially when trying to succeed in a new environment. Throughout my time at Rutgers University, my friends have experienced varying levels of stress over finishing projects, cramming before a test, or presenting themselves in a professional environment. They would kick themselves for saying the wrong thing in an interview or being one-half of an awkward handshake. Sometimes they would even wonder if they were cut out to pursue an engineering degree. I, of course, was not immune to these worries, and as a senior I have been reflecting on how anxiety-as well as my response to it—have impacted my experience as a young scientist. MacDowall Over the past couple of years, there have been days when I felt nervous about exams or would experience a wave of anxiety that I could shake off. Other times, however, my anxiety has had the power to paralyze me for days. Sometimes I would get caught up with the idea that I may not be smart enough to be an engineer. Other days I would worry about not being able to work hard enough to keep pace with my peers. These thoughts would monopolize my headspace all day, until I would finally fall asleep, exhausted from all the thinking. Although constantly questioning myself sometimes led to better work by making me be so thorough in studying or completing projects, it took many years for me to realize how unhealthy my thoughts were. Partially because people generally do not talk about it much, and partially because I thought a lack of confidence weirdly made me a better student, it took me years to realize that the cycle of convincing myself that I could \"beat\" my anxiety by pushing it away was ineffective. Now, however, I am learning how I can be an effective scientist and researcher without letting these negative feelings control me. By better understanding when anxiety can crop up, have used this knowledge to overcome and silence nagging questions in my head. For example, I have learned that, for me, the hardest part of any project is before I begin. Giving myself a set amount of time to plan and then immediately setting that plan into action is the best way for me to start a project. Once I begin the work, I feel a sense that I am contributing to something much larger than myself. Experiments go wrong, data gets erased, and setbacks are ever present in research-but as long as you set your mind to getting back on track, you can resist falling into a negative thought cycle. Brian MacDowall in action in the laboratory. ER Asking questions and being honest about how much you understand with project partners and professors also is a proactive way to avoid anxiety-inducing situations. When I ask questions about techniques or concepts related to my research, I stay engaged in the conversations and ultimately better understand the material. I now know that it is not a lack of confidence that makes me ask good questions-instead, I do my best work when I really understand a project. We must all actively work to understand how we think in an effort to improve our mental health and our lives. As I come to understand more about myself, I become increasingly excited about where science and engineering can take me. This positive change has required facing my anxiety, realizing that it was not healthy, and ultimately accepting that it does not have to control my life. Having a support network is essential to succeeding in various aspects of life, and I am happy to have one that reminds me of the importance of balance in my life. Many people struggle with this, so do not hesitate to be honest about it with yourself and those around you. Brian MacDowall is a senior undergraduate student at Rutgers University who is researching graphene-polymer composites and thinfilm catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction. He really likes chocolate, punk rock, and ancient world history. Credit: Brian MacDowall Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Taming the hollowness: Controlling formation of hollow metallic nanostructures attached to a ceramic substrate By Nimrod Gazit Gazit Failure of materials is of utmost importance in engineering. A lot of effort has been given to study failure mechanisms of different systems and materials configurations. One of the most studied failure mechanisms is formation of pores as a result of natural degradation of a device or due to extensive use. However, formation of pores can be useful and is required for some applications. Hollow metallic nanostructures (nanotubes, nanoparticles, etc.) attract a great deal of attention due to their possible applications in various nanotechnology fields. In the biomedical field, hollow nanostructures are useful for drug delivery and are used for chemotherapy drugs. Such nanostructures are also used for energy production and storage, catalysis, and optics. The synthesis of hollow nanostructures relies mainly on the Kirkendall effect, in which the interface between metals moves as a consequence of differences in mass transfer rates of atoms. This method requires relatively high fabrication temperatures and usually results in a high density of internal defects, which inevitably shortens life of the device or the product. My research focuses on synthesis of hollow metallic nanostructures attached to ceramic substrates at relatively low temperatures (compared to their melting temperature). At such temperatures, the mass transfer mechanism that the Kirkendall effect relies on is eliminated-therefore, the resulting structure has better microstructural stability, allowing control of the internal pore\'s size and shape. The main problem I encountered in this research was the difficulty in characterizing hollow structures and determining the mechanisms of mass transfer, which are key factors in their formation. To overcome this difficulty, I used advanced microscopy techniques, such as energy filtered transmission electron microscopy. During my Ph.D., I have studied different core-shell combinations of metals, such as Ag-Au on sapphire substrate. Explaining the pore\'s formation mechanism was an enigma at first, but a combination of microscopy and theoretical materials science has allowed me to find an explanation. For Ag-Au nanostructures, I measured pore size after different annealing times by removing particles from the substrate and placing them on a electron microscopy grid. These observations allowed proposal of a quantitative model of the hollowing process. This model allows fitting of the experimentally determined kinetics of pore growth without any adjustable parameters and therefore provides a direct method to control the In my research, I have had the privilege to combine experimental and theoretical work to study systems composed of both ceramics and metals. The value of conducting pore. 200 nm Plan view scanning transmission electron micrograph of an Ag@Au nanoparticle. A focused ion beam has removed its top, revealing the inside pore. such research is twofold: it can provide a better understanding of the fundamental processes responsible for the observations, and it can provide plausible explanations for observed phenomena. Systems composed of metal-ceramic interfaces can be found in wide-ranging technological applications, such as energy devices (lithium-ion batteries), transistors, superalloy coatings, and optics. The interface between a metal and ceramic is of great interest because atom transport at that interface may result in failure of the device, for example. Therefore, improved understanding of metal-ceramic interactions may result in better and more durable devices and products. Nimrod Gazit is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at the Israel Institute of Technology. Working under the supervision of Eugen Rabkin, Gazit is studying formation of hollow metallic nanostructures attached to ceramic substrates. Outside the lab, he likes traveling, photography, and playing with his newborn son. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org President\'s Council of Student Advisors ceramics.org/pcsa Downloaded from bulletin archivefer.5 | www.ceramics.org 35 Credit: Nimrod Gazit Credit: Surendra B. Anantharaman Student perspectives Hybrid solar cells and beyond: Spanning ceramics and organic molecules By Surendra B. Anantharaman Photovoltaics are efficient technologies to generate clean energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In the field of photovoltaics, silicon-based solar cells have long been a forerunning technology. However, new thoughts in materials systems have led to the birth of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), also called Grätzel cells. Anantharaman In 1991, Brian O\'Regan and Michael Grätzel demonstrated a solar cell with fluorine-doped tin oxide as current collecting electrodes. One of the electrodes covered with mesoporous TiO2 was functionalized with organic dye for charge generation, and the electrolyte was sandwiched with other electrodes to harvest energy from sunlight. Replacing the liquid dye with a solid dye film quickly led to solid-state mesoscopic dye-sensitized solar cells (ss-DSSCs). The charge generation mechanism in ss-DSSCs is distinct from silicon-based solar cells. Basically, ss-DSSC devices have a bound electron-hole pair (exciton) that migrates to the TiO2 interface. At TiO2-dye interfaces, an electron is injected into TiO, while a hole is extracted from the other electrode. With relentless research on ss-DSSCs over 20 years, device efficiency has improved from 3% to 13%. A fundamental understanding of exciton migration toward the charge generation interface can address several challenges in further improving efficiency. In my graduate work, I have focused on understanding exciton dynamics in molecular systems for efficient charge generation at the TiO2 interface. As a first step, I have tried growing crystalline forms of these dye molecules that can closely pack together by obviating disorder in amorphous counterparts. Spectroscopy studies allow investigation of exciton dynamics occurring on a picosecond scale in the crystals to reach the TiO2 interface. Bringing the best out of different materials and integrating them in a single architecture has been a robust practice in engineering new materials. Perovskites have brought a significant breakthrough in this field without loss of fundamental science on device performance, by only replacing dye molecules with a current generation material. In these devices, organic-inorganic lead halides [ABX3, where A is methylammonium, B is Pb or Sn, and X is a halide (I, Cl, or Br)] form the photovoltaic material. Significant research continues to try to improve performance of perovskite solar cells. Unlike organic dye molecules, perovskite solar cells retain high power conversion efficiency and performance stability. Further, modifying the A-site from organic to inorganic compounds forms a new type of perovskite named a Ruddlesden-Popper phase, which is popu lar for its superconductivity and ferroelectricity in ceramics. These perovskite devices have integrated more transition metal oxides (NiO and CuO) as hole-transporting layers to balance charge extraction, increasing device performance. DSSC Perovskite Cells FTO Platinum Electrolyte (iodide) FTO Carbon Hole conducting oxides Scaffold oxide meso 10 noonm Compact TiO, (50 nm) FTO Organic Dye Perovskites Schematic representation of an organic dye-sensitized solar cell and ceramic-based hybrid perovskite solar cell. With the advent of perovskite solar cells, more exchange in understanding between ceramics and inorganic-organic compounds has blurred the barrier between these materials. This is just the beginning, as the research will continue to open more avenues for future exploration. Surendra B. Anantharaman is currently a Ph.D candidate at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland and Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) in Dübendorf, Switzerland. He is working to understand the growth and exciton dynamics in organic crystals grown on oxide interfaces under the supervision of Frank Nüesch and Jakob Heier. Anantharaman\'s area of research interest lies in oxides, nitrides, and organic molecules focusing on energy harvesting applications. Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday Online research, papers, policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 REGISTER TODAY! 2018 ACERS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION AND SOUTHWEST SECTION MEETING in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting June 5–8, 2018 | Columbia, S.C. | Hilton Columbia Center For the second consecutive year, ACerS Structural Clay Products Division, ACerS Southwest Section, and the National Brick Research Center have joined their meetings to serve the needs of the structural clay industry. TECHNICAL PROGRAM (as of 5/9/18) • Thin brick testing, George Campbell, J.C. Steele & Sons Inc. Exploring tools to determine extrudablity—capillary rheometry, Mike Walker, National Brick Research Center • • Update on energy savings at the kiln, Joern Boeke, Refratechnik • Faster drying and firing considerations for brick, John Sanders, National Brick Research Center • Thin brick production, speaker tbd, Keller Grundbau GmbH • New thin brick technology, Christophe Aubertot, Direxa Engineering LLC • Energy efficiency project at the Muskogee, Okla., plant, William Whitfield, Meridian Brick • Setting machining upgrade at the Malakoff plant, Harlan Dixson, Acme Brick •Die maintenance, Gregg Camp, Reymond Products International Inc. TENTATIVE SCHEDULE Tuesday, June 5 Registration open Hospitality suite Wednesday, June 6 Registration National Brick Research Center meeting (members of NBRC only) Lunch on own Tech Session 1, Structural Clay Products Division and Southwest Section (SCPD-SW) Suppliers\' mixer Hospitality suite 3-6 p.m. 5-10 p.m. 7 a.m. - 6 p.m. 8 - 11:30 a.m. Noon - 1:30 p.m. 1-5 p.m. 6- 7:30 p.m. 8-10 p.m. •Solar energy-powering a brick plant with the sun, Todd Butler, Palmetto Brick HILTON COLUMBIA CENTER 日日日日 924 Senate Street | Columbia, SC, USA | Tel: 803-744-7800 Group rate from $140+ tax is based on availability. Downloaded from bulletin archieff5| www.ceramics.org Thursday, June 7 Plant tours: Carolina Ceramics and Meridian Brick (lunch sponsored by Carolina Ceramics) Banquet Hospitality suite All day 7-9 p.m. 9-10 p.m. Friday, June 8 Tech Session 2, SCPD-SW Section 8-11 a.m. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NATIONAL RICK RESEARCH CENTER www.ceramics.org/scpd18 37 9 th REGISTER TODAY! Advances in Cement-Based Materials (Cements 2018) JUNE 11-12, 2018 | PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | STATE COLLEGE, PA. USA ACers Cements Division announces its 2018 annual meeting, Advances in Cement-based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling, and Sensing, June 11-12, 2018, at The Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pa. The event is co-sponsored by the American Concrete Institute. Plan to join fellow cement researchers for this annual meeting and dive deeper into the latest research on topics such as additive manufacturing of cementitious materials and cement chemistry, processing, and hydration, just to name a few. Other events include a workshop on 3-D printing of cement-based materials, a student event at the HUB Robeson Center, as well as a student video competition, a tour of the Materials Research Institute, and the latest advances in cement-based research. DELLA ROY LECTURE | Jan Olek, professor of civil engineering and director of the North Central Superpave Center, Purdue University Title: Green concrete―the past, the present and the future TENTATIVE SCHEDULE SUNDAY, JUNE 10: Student reception @ Hub game room MONDAY, JUNE 11: Welcome and two keynote speakers Breakout sessions, SCM/ACM Lunch on your own Breakout sessions, SCM/ACM Breakout sessions, Characterization, Open Topic Business Meeting Della Roy Lecture Poster session Della Roy Reception TUESDAY, JUNE 12: 3-D printing workshop Breakout sessions, Rheology+AM, Durability Lunch on your own 7-9 p.m. 8 - 9:15 a.m. 9:30 11:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. 1 p.m. 1- 2:30 p.m. 2:30-3:45 p.m. 4 4:20 p.m. 4:20 5:20 p.m. 6-7:30 p.m. 7:30-8:30 p.m. 8-10 a.m. 10:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. PRESENTATIONS AT CEMENTS 2018 WILL COVER TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF: • Cement chemistry, processing, and hydration • Material characterization techniques • • Supplementary and alternative cementitious materials • Rheology and advances in SCC • Additive manufacturing using cementitious materials • • Durability and service-life modeling • Computational materials science • Smart materials and sensors PROGRAM CHAIRS Aleksandra Radlinska - ara@engr.psu.edu Farshad Rajabipour - Farshad@engr.psu.edu More details can be found on www.ceramics.org/cements2018 Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org 12:15 1:30 p.m. Breakout sessions, SCM/ACM, 1:30 3:30 p.m. Smart/Computational 3:45-5:15 p.m. Closing session NITTANY LION INN 200 W. Park Ave., State College, PA 16803 Phone: 800-233-7505 Call 800-233-7505 and mention ACerS Cements Division (block code: ACER18B) for a rate of $118/night (to include room and taxes). Other accommodations are available at the Hyatt Place, located at 219 W. Beaver Ave., State College, PA 16803. The phone number is 814-862-9808. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Registration is now open! MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MCARE 2018) August 20 – 23, 2018 Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel Vancouver, BC, Canada www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 Materials Challenges in Alternative Renewable Energy (MCARE 2018) will bring together leading global experts from universities, industry, research and development laboratories, and government agencies to communicate material technologies that address development of affordable, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and renewable energy conversion technologies. This cutting edge international conference features plenary and invited talks, thematically-focused technical sessions, and poster presentations, enabling participants to network and exchange ideas with professional peers and acclaimed experts. TECHNICAL PROGRAM - Materials for Solar Fuel Production and Applications - Advanced Electrochemical Materials for Energy Storage - Materials Challenges in Perovskite and Next Generation Solar Cells - Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics for Energy Generation, Conversion, and Storage - Materials Challenges in Direct Thermal-to-Electrical Energy Conversion and Thermal Energy Harnessing for Efficient Innovative Applications - Materials for Spectral Energy Conversion - Advanced Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and HighTemperature Electrolysis - Lifecycle Considerations for Energy Materials - Critical Materials for Energy - Materials and Process Challenges for Sustainable Nuclear Energy – Sustainable, Eco-Friendly Advanced Materials and Nanodevices -Young Scientists Forum on Future Energy Materials and Devices - Symposium on Materials for Super Ultra Low Energy and Emission Vehicles PLENARY SPEAKERS Hosted and organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Also organized by: KICHE The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers Subhash C. Singhal, Battelle fellow and director, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA High-temperature solid oxide fuel cells for clean and efficient power generation Tsutomu Miyasaka, professor, Toin University of Yokohama, Japan; fellow, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Japan Metal oxide-based high efficiency and durable perovskite solar cells: Current progress and perspectives Yang-Kook Sun, professor, Hanyang University, Korea High-energy Ni-rich Li[Ni Co Mn]O₂ cathodes via compositional partitioning for next-generation electric vehicles Hideo Hosono, professor, Laboratory for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Institute of Technology, Japan Creation of active functionality utilizing abundant elements SHERATON VANCOUVER WALL CENTRE 1088 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2R9, Canada Phone: (604) 331-1000 www.sheratonvancouver.com Rates: Single/Double $245 CAD* (not to exceed $197 USD depending on exchange rate) Cut-off: on or before July 26, 2018 Downloaded from bulletin-archiefs. 5 | www.ceramics.org 39 join us for the ACerS 120th annual meeting! Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 18 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OCTOBER 14 - 18, 2018 | GREATER COLUMBUS CONVENTION CENTER | COLUMBUS, OHIO, USA ACERS LECTURES AND SPECIAL EVENTS SUNDAY OCT 14 MONDAY, OCT 15 5:00 6:00 p.m. MS&T Women in Materials Science Reception 9:00 10:00 a.m. ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture - Jennifer Lewis, Harvard University, USA TBD 2:00 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Session - Naoya Shibata, University of Tokyo, Japan Atomic scale understanding of ceramic interfaces by advanced electron microscopy - Yosuke Takahashi, Noritaki Co. Ltd., Japan Development of ceramics and glass materials for solid oxide fuel cell and oxygen permeable membrane - Mark D. Waugh, Murata Electronics North America Inc., USA Blending cultures to achieve innovation - Shinichiro Kawanda, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan Potassium sodium niobate-based multilayer piezoelectric ceramics co-fired with nickel inner electrodes - John McCloy, Washington State University, USA Undividing the discipline: Social interfaces in ceramics science and engineering 1:00 2:00 p.m. ACers 120th Annual Membership Meeting - TBD 2:00-5:00 p.m. ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session - TBD 5:00 6:00 p.m. MS&T Partners\' Welcome Reception NEW! TUESDAY, OCT 16 WEDNESDAY, OCT 17 8:00 10:35 a.m. MS&T Plenary Lecture ACers Edward Orton Jr., Memorial Lecture - Cato T. Laurencin, University of Connecticut Health Center, USA Regenerative engineering: Materials in convergence 1:00 2:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture David Morse, Corning Inc., USA Imagination and innovation in the land of machines 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACers Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Jürgen Rödel, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Lead-free piezoceramics: From local structure to application ACERS SHORT COURSES SAT-SUN, OCT 13-14 THURSDAY, OCT 18 Sintering of Ceramics October 13 | 9:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. October 14 9:00 a.m. - 2:30 p.m. Instructor: Ricardo Castro, University of California, Davis, USA The Science and Technology of Flash Sintering of Ceramics 8:30 a.m. 12:00 p.m. Instructor: Rishi Raj, University of Colorado Boulder, USA STAY TUNED FOR ONE ADDITIONAL ACERS SHORT COURSE AT MS&T 6:45 10:00 p.m. ACers Annual Honor and Awards Banquet and Reception Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 Organizers: The American SUNDAY, OCT 14 save the date OCTOBER 14-18, 2018 WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG Ceramic Society AIST ASM MET SOC CIM www.ceramics.org ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ACTIVITIES TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL The Worldwide Carson Author STUDENT CHAPTER TRAVEL GRANTS The Material Advantage Student Program offers $500 travel grants to student chapters to support MS&T attendance. Travel grants are awarded on a first come, first serve basis, so act early! Application deadline is October 7, 2018. STUDENT MONITORS Want to save money while attending MS&T? Students may partially defray expenses by serving as session monitors. UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE STUDENT POSTER CONTESTS For more information about competing in poster contests, contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. Deadline for poster abstracts is September 24, 2018. MATERIAL ADVANTAGE CHAPTER LEADERSHIP WORKSHOP This workshop is restricted to chapter officers only, who can attend to learn more about Material Advantage. Register for the workshop by October 7. UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT SPEAKING CONTEST The contest encourages undergrads to present technical papers and improve their presentation skills. Participants can win cash prizes. Submit your contestant (one per school) by September 24, 2018. Contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org for more information. STUDENT NETWORKING MIXER Join fellow students, Material Advantage faculty advisors, and Society volunteer leaders in a casual and fun atmosphere. TUESDAY, OCT 16 CERAMIC MUG DROP CONTEST Mugs fabricated by students from ceramic raw materials are judged on aesthetics and breaking thresholds. To enter a mug, contact Brian Gilmore at Brian.Gilmore@pxd.com by October 8, 2018. CERAMIC DISC GOLF CONTEST Student-made discs thrown into a disc golf basket from the farthest distance in the fewest number of shots will win, and best looking disc will be named. To enter, contact Brian Gilmore at Brian. Gilmore@pxd.com by October 8, 2018. STUDENT AWARDS CEREMONY Congratulate the winners of this year\'s contests during this award ceremony! Struers MONDAY, OCT 15 ACERS STUDENT TOUR Attend a free tour organized by ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors. Visit the website for more information, or contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. AIST STUDENT PLANT TOUR AIST will offer students an opportunity to tour a steel plant in Columbus. Students registered for MS&T18 by September 11 will be contacted by email with sign-up details. EMERGING PROFESSIONALS SYMPOSIUM Be sure to attend this symposium, Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals, which will help you navigate your materials science career. CERAMIC CAREERS MENTORING LUNCHEON Enjoy a complimentary brunch while learning about careers in ceramics! Professionals from the ceramic and glass industry will present brief overviews of jobs in their fields and will circulate from table to table to answer questions and provide career advice. RSVP to Belinda Raines at braines@ceramics.org by October 5, 2018. Downloaded from bulletin-archiefs. 5 | www.ceramics.org Visit our MS&T exhibitors! EXHIBITS DATES AND HOURS TUESDAY, OCTOBER 16, 2018 Show hours: 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. Exhibitor networking reception: 4:00 6:00 p.m. WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 17, 2018 Show hours: 9:30 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. Exhibitor move-out: 2:00 - 9:00 p.m. Contact: Mona Thiel Phone: 614-794-5834 | mthiel@ceramics.org C ceramics expo 2018 proves to be successful blend of learning, networking, and sales leads onference @ceramics expo Eileen De Guire talks data and the future of materials during the opening keynote talk at the Conference at Ceramics Expo. The I-X Center in Cleveland, Ohio, was again a perfect location for and generate business leads at the 4th Ceramics Expo, May 1-3, 2018. Ceramics Expo 2018 officially kicked off with a discussion and overview of the advanced ceramic and glass industry, challenges for research and manufacturing, and areas for future growth. Director of marketing and communications and ACers Bulletin editor Eileen De Guire delivered an insightful keynote address centering around big data and how its increased demand is challenging materials. Data impacts our industry on two fronts, she explains. \"Rising demand for data transmission creates rising demand for our industry\'s products—but that demand is also pushing the materials to the intrinsic limits of their functionality.\" Because data is driving that demand, De Guire says, we need to not only find new materials, but also make them as well. Smartphones, tablets, cloud computing, data centers, the Internet of Things, and Industry 4.0 all drive significant advances in data transmission technology, especially with the anticipated launch of the 5G network by 2020. \"The bottom line,\" De Guire adds, \"is that we\'re going to need new materials designed for exceptional function, and we are going to need new processes to fabricate them.\" Data-driven discovery, using tools such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and informatics, will help researchers find those new materials, she says. brivey-Weig Downl present on the show floor at Ceramics Expo. Products and demonstrations pertinent to most all aspects of the ceramic and glass supply chain were NTA Staff at the XJet booth chat with Ceramics Expo attendees. HA mical ANALYTICAL material eva ons mental Me Poly Raw. te mics ANALY Credit: ACerS Exhibitors have a valuable opportunity to show off their latest products and network with attendees. Smiles all around at the networking reception to kick off Ceramics Expo 2018. JOET De Guire closed her discussion with examples of technologies already experiencing success and breaking barriers—such as additive manufacturing, where manufacturers are making great strides in making and shaping parts, and a cold sintering process that could potentially change a fundamental manufacturing process. \"There is no limit in sight to the amount of data we want to transmit,\" she says. \"We\'re on the edge of a paradigm shift.\" After her keynote, De Guire moderated a panel discussion with Mark Wolf from Kyocera, Don Bray from Morgan Advanced Materials, and Willard Cutler from Corning on the future of the ceramic and glass industry. The Conference at Ceramics Expo continued to cover a variety of pertinent topics, such as the status of ceramic matrix composites production and application, rheology and polymeric additives in additive manufacturing, commercializing ceramic research, innovative technologies for ceramic processing, and a discussion about the future of additive manufacturing. This year, the conference introduced the Industry Benchpress—a panel moderated by ACerS president Mike Alexander, who led a discussion on topical industry issues, such as important developments in advanced ceramics, manufacturing, and processing; applications for advanced ceramics with the highest potential for growth; and current challenges in the industry. Panelists Patrick Willson from GE Research and Kamal Soni from Corning offered their perspectives on multiple ET HA Credit: ACerS XJET JENIKE IKE JENKE SEGREGA SEGREGATION Our Services KE JENIKE The show floor was complete with products and giveawaysall showcasing the latest in ceramic and glass technologies! choice questions posed to the audience through an interactive application that records poll responses. For example, audience members weighed in to answer the question \"What percentage of scrap produced by your company is recycled?\" in real time-53% of respondents in the audience said \"<25%.\" The interactive discussion engaged the audience while panelists shared their expertise on various subjects. Credit: ACers Outside of the conference, the exhibition floor at Ceramics Expo bustled with 3,000 attendees viewing product demonstrations, networking, and learning about the latest products and technologies from the varied ceramic and glass manufacturers exhibiting at Ceramics Expo 2018. Next year, Ceramics Expo will be condensed into two days-April 30-May 1, 2019-which will offer attendees and exhibitors less down time from their jobs and two strong days of conference sessions and networking on the expo floor. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.orgou next year at Ceramics Expo 2019! - April 30-May 1, Cleveland, Ohio 43 new products EcoMet 30 Grinder-polisher Buehler has introduced a more robust grinder-polisher, the EcoMet 30, for use in production environments that require fast, reliable results. Lab technicians can select semi-automatic or manual models with single or double platens. Constructed from solid cast aluminum, the EcoMet 30 range is designed for maximum robustness and reliability in challenging environments. The EcoMet 30 semi-automatic version includes a userfriendly touchscreen interface, pneumatic polishing head with an easy-load specimen holder, and swing-out head to maximize efficiency. A rinse and spin function prevents cross contamination between polishing steps. Buehler Ltd. (Lake Bluff, III.) 847-295-6500 www.buehler.com Holiday detector The new M/1S holiday detector has an ergonomic design with a twist lock ground cable, strong fiberglass wand, large sponge, and plastic sponge holder. This instrument conforms to NACE International and ASTM standards for low-voltage holiday detection. The detector is incredibly strong, and the lightweight wand material reduces fatigue. A new sponge material is thicker and stronger, and the sponge holder is plastic and will not damage coatings. The unit features easy battery access and uses a 9V battery. The M/1S holiday detector is ideal for use on thin-film coatings on conductive substrates and features two resistance settings for tanks/pipe or concrete coatings. Paul N. Gardner Co. Inc. (Pompano Beach, Fla.) 954-946-9454 www.gardco.com Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org AREMCO PYRO-PAINT 634-ALP Refractory Ca 32007 Ceramic adhesive C eramabond 618-N is a new highCeramabond 618-N is a new hig ceramic adhesive developed by Aremco. Ceramabond 618-N provides exceptional adhesion to low-expansion ceramics, quartz, and glass, as well as molybdenum and tungsten refractory metals. This adhesive offers temperature resistance to 3,000°F (1,650°C) and excellent resistance to oxidation and most acids and alkalis. Typical uses for Ceramabond 618-N are in the assembly of porous ceramic filters, quartz infrared heaters, and various instruments, such as temperature probes, strain gauges, oxygen analyzers, gas chromatographs, and mass spectrometers. Aremco Products Inc. (Valley Cottage, N.Y.) 845-268-0039 www.aremco.com Tomographic imaging module eiss OptiRecon is a hardware/soft3-D X-ray microscope workstation that allows users to acquire high-quality images in one-quarter the time. OptiRecon is faster, more efficient, and user-friendly than standard iterative reconstruction processes that are much more computationally intensive and require extensive user expertise. A combination of a workflow-based user interface and an efficient reconstruction implementation delivers results in about three minutes. This technology opens the door to 3-D X-ray imaging, or computed tomography, to both a wider range of industrial applications and examination of in situ processes occurring at previously inaccessible timescales. Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH (Jena, Germany) +49-3641-64-3949 www.zeiss.com Carbon/sulfur analyzer E ltra\'s new carbon/sulfur analyzer Elementrac CS-i was developed for accurate and safe analysis of carbon and sulfur in inorganic samples. The analyzer is equipped ELEMENTRAC CUN with a powerful induction furnace for sample combustion. Up to four highly sensitive infrared cells allow the analyzer to determine high and low carbon and sulfur concentrations in only one measurement run. The measuring range of each cell may be adapted to the user\'s specific requirements to ensure optimum measuring conditions for each application. The analyzer is supplied with new comprehensive software that features statistics, groupings, reports, diagnosis tools, and many additional functions. Verder Scientific Inc. (Newtown, Pa.) 866-473-8724 www.verder-scientific.com www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 classified advertising Career Opportunities ACers is Hiring... EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR The American Ceramic Society is seeking a fulltime Executive Director to replace the retiring incumbent, with a starting date in the Fall of 2018. The ACers Executive Director is the chief staff officer and corporate Secretary, responsible to the Board of Directors for managing the Society staff and operations. See full listing at https://www.linkedin.com/jobs/view/682118294. Demonstrated success in managing an association, or a complex, information-based organization is required. Experience in technical and/or scholarly publishing is a major plus. An understanding and appreciation of technology and its benefits are essential. A Bachelor\'s degree and 10+ years senior leadership experience is required, and a Master\'s (or Ph.D.) is preferred. Apply (or recommend candidates) by e-mail to ExecutiveDirectorSearch@ceramics.org by May 31, 2018. MANAGING EDITOR Bulletin and Ceramic Tech Today Are you an experienced editor or science writer with a degree in materials science, engineering, or the physical sciences? The American Ceramic Society is hiring a Managing Editor to report on trends in the field, attend Society events, plan editorial content, and manage magazine production. Experience with web-based publishing systems, email vendors, and publishing processes are required. This full-time position is located in the ACerS headquarters office in Westerville, Ohio. Information on the position requirements and application process can be found on the ACerS Career Center at careers.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) values and seeks diverse and inclusive participation within the field of ceramic science and engineering. Acers strives to promote involvement and access to leadership opportunity regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, nationality, disability, appearance, geographic location, career path or academic level. QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. 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Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 47 resources Calendar of events June 2018 4-14 14th Int\'l Ceramics Congress and 8th Forum on New Materials Perugia, Italy; http://2018.cimtec-congress.org 5-8 ACers Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting - Columbia, S.C.; www.ceramics.org/scpd2018 11-12 9th Advances in CementBased Materials - Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; www.ceramics.org/cements2018 17-19 MagFORUM 2018 Magnesium Minerals & Markets Conference Grand Elysée Hotel, Hamburg, Germany; www.bit.ly/MagFORUM18 17-21 ICC7: 7th Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Hotel Recanto Cataratas Thermas, Foz do Iguaçú, Brazil; www.icc7.com.br July 2018 9-12 6th Int\'l Conference on the Characterization and Control of Interfaces for High Quality Advanced Materials and 54th Summer Symposium on Powder Technology - Kurashiki, Japan; http://ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/ iccci2018 9-13 15th Int\'l Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids & 14th European Society of Glass Conference - Saint-Malo Convention Center, Saint-Malo, France; https:// pncs-esg-2018.sciencesconf.org 16-19 PIRE 2018 Workshop Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan.; www.nsf-pire-pdc.com/PDC_ Workshop.html 22-27 CMCEE-12: 12th Int\'l Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications - Suntec Convention & Exhibition Centre, Singapore; www.cmcee2018.org Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org August 2018 11-12 Gordon Research Seminar: Solid State Studies in CeramicsDefects and Interfaces for New Functionalities in Ceramics - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=17148 12-17 Gordon Research Conference: Solid State Studies in Ceramics - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=11085 13-17 20th University Conference on Glass - Ruth Pike Auditorium, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; https://research. matse.psu.edu/glass 20-23 MCARE2018: Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada; www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 September 2018 10-12 China Refractory & Abrasive Minerals Forum 2018 - Regal Int\'l East Asia Hotel, Shanghai, China; www.bit.ly/CRAMF2018 17-19 Advanced Ceramics and Applications VII: New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing - Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/index.htm October 2018 1-4 MMA 2018: 10th Int\'l Conference of Microwave Materials and their Applications - Nakanoshima Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; www. jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp/~conf/MMA2018 8-12 ic-cmtp5: 5th Int\'l Conference on Competitive Materials and Technology Processes - Hunguest Hotel Palota, Miskolc, Hungary; www.ic-cmtp5.eu 14-18 MS&T18, combined with ACerS 120th Annual Meeting - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org 15-17 Fluorine Forum 2018 - Hotel Wellington, Madrid, Spain; www.bit.ly/FluorineForum18 November 2018 5-8 79th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org January 2019 23-25 EMA2019: 2019 Conference on Electronic Materials and Applications DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ema2019 27-Feb. 1 ICACC19: 43rd Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org April 2019 30-May 15th Ceramics Expo I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa.com June 2019 9-14 25th Int\'l Congress on Glass Boston, Mass.; www.ceramics.org/icg2019 Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. SEAL denotes Corporate partner www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 5 SAVE THE DATE JUNE 9 – 14, 2019 TH 25 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON GLASS (ICG2019) HOSTED BACERS GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION 100 year\'s BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL AND TOWERS | BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS | USA Make your plans now to attend the International Congress on Glass (ICG) 2019 in Boston, Mass., June 9-14, 2019, to join the expected 1,000 attendees and more than 900 papers and posters representing the best and brightest glass science and technology minds in the world. Held every three years, the International Congress on Glass has been providing valuable networking and collaborative efforts since the late 1980s. ICG 2019 will include: - Special recognition of the 100th anniversary of GOMD - Technical, cultural, and historical excursions in and around the Boston area - Student career roundtables - Student poster contest TECHNICAL PROGRAM Symposia 1 Glass Structure and Chemistry Symposia 2 Glass Physics Symposia 3 Glass Technology and Manufacturing Symposia 4 Emerging Applications of Glass Symposia 5 Glass Education (TC23) Symposia 6 Arun K. Varshneya Festschrift ICG 2019 Congress president ICG 2019 program chair Richard Brow John Mauro Technology Missouri University of Science & brow@mst.edu Pennsylvania State University jcm426@psu.edu ICG International Commission Glass The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org/icg2019 SAVE THE DATE FOR THIS IMPORTANT GLASS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEETING. ACERS GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION IS THE ICG 2019 HOST. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org AMERICAN ELEMENTS calcium carbonate nanoparticles europium ph dielectrics catalog:americanelements.com carbon nanoparticle THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER Ⓡ palladium nanoparticles liquids H silicon nanopart HH He 1.00794 Hydrogen copper anarticles. Nd: yttri medic rho 11 37 Li 6.941 Lithium Na 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium Rb 85.4678 Rubidium 12 20 38 56 zinc nanoparticles Be 9.012182 Beryllium Mg 24.305 Magnesium 21 optoelectronics 99.999% ruthenium spheres surface functionalized nanoparticles iron nanoparticles Ca Sc 40.078 Calcium Sr 44.965912 Scandium Y 88.90585 87.62 Strontium Yttrium nadium Cs Ba 87 132.9054 Cesium tant Fr (223) Francium thin film 88 137.327 Barium 89 40 2 72 Ti V Cr Mn 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium 41 73 50.9415 Vanadium 42 51.9961 Chromium Nb Mo 92.90638 Niobium La Hf Ta 138.90547 Lanthanum Ra Ac 104 178.48 Hafnium Rf 105 180.9488 Tantalum 2 74 95.96 Molybdenum 106 W 183.84 Tungsten 43 75 107 54.938045 Manganese Tc (98.0) Technetium 44 76 silver nanoparti Cu Zn Fe Co Ni Cu 55.845 Iron 45 58.933195 Cobalt 58.6934 Nickel 63.546 Copper Ru Rh 101.07 Ruthenium 102.9055 Rhodium 46 Pd 106.42 Palladium 18 47 Ag 107.8682 Silver Re Os 186.207 Rhenium Db Sg Bh 108 190.23 Osmium Hs (226) Radium (227) Actinium (267) Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium diamond m refracto sten carbide Ce 140.116 Cerium ༥ ཱཿ།སྐ ༅ ༄ 33 , ༣ 77 Ir 192.217 Iridium ༥ ༥༠ ༥ 65.38 Zinc B C 10.811 Boron 12.0107 Carbon 13 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum 14 Si 28.0855 Silicon Ga Ge 69.723 Gallium 72.64 Germanium 33 14.0067 Nitrogen 15.9994 Oxygen NP 30.973762 Phosphorus S 32.065 Sulfur As Se 74.9216 Arsenic 78.96 Selenium 48 Cd 112.411 Cadmium In 114.818 Indium Sn 118.71 Tin 51 Sb 78 Pt 195.084 Platinum 79 80 Au Hg 196.966569 Gold 112 200.59 Mercury Cn 81 113 TI 204.3833 Thallium Uut 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 ས མ བྲཱ ཀ 114 121.76 Antimony Pb 207.2 Lead 83 Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 영 115 Uup unc 84 116 17 35 F 18.9984032 Fluorine CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine Te 127.6 Tellurium 53 85 Po At (209) Polonium (210) Astatine Lv 117 ON ཐ ༧ 10 18 36 54 86 118 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar 39.948 Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon rod solid metals crystals cone site Rn mistry (222) Radon Uus Uuo um Rg FI (276) Meitnerium (281) Darmstadtium Roentgenium (285) Copernicium (284) Ununtrium (289) Flerovium (288) Ununpentium (293) Livermorium (294) Ununseptium (294) Ununoctium quantum dots 62 aluminum nanoparticles Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 140.90765 Praseodymium 91 92 144.242 Neodymium 61 93 (145) Promethium 94 150.36 Samarium 63 95 151.964 Europium 96 157.25 Gadolinium 158.92535 Terbium Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf 100 167.259 Erbium 101 168.93421 Thulium 102 173.064 Ytterbium Fm Md No 71 103 Lu nickel nanoparticl 174.9668 Lutetium Lr Es 232.03806 Thorium 231.03588 Protactinium 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) Plutonium (243) Americium (247) Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium single crystal silicon rbium doped fiber optics nano ribbons advanced polymers gadolinium wires atomic layer deposition ing powder macromolecu nano gels anti-ballistic ceramics TM nanodispersions Now Invent. ultra high purity mat dielectrics alternative energy europium phosphors Experience the Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs ttering targets LED lighting rmet anode super alloys osynthetics As one of the world\'s first and largest manufacturers and distributors of nanoparticles & nanotubes, American Elements\' re-launch of its 20 year old Catalog is worth noting. In it you will find essentially every nanoscale metal & chemical that nature and current technology allow. In fact quite a few materials have no known application and have yet to be fully explored. But that\'s the whole idea! CIGS laser platinum ink solar energy metamaterials silicon rods zirconium nanofabrics photovoltaics crystal growth American Elements opens up a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! iron ionic spintronics rare earth dysprosium pellets palladium shot ©2001-2018. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. www.americanelements.com gadolinium wire Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org
