AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology Glass innovation in the grocery store Plus: Annual student section JUNE/JULY 2019 回 Congressional Visits Day 2019 | MLCCS and business trends | ICG abstract teasers FIRING YOUR IMAGINATION FOR 100 YEARS Ads from the 1940\'s and 1950\'s 31 YEARS BACK. Abingdon Potteries, Inc.. Abingdon, Ill., subsidiary of Briggs Manufacturing Company, installed HARROP kiln No. 1. As the reputation and sales of Abingdon\'s white and colored vitreous china products grew, up went HARROP kilns No. 2 and No. 3. In 1946 three modern HARROP kilns replaced the original installations Today HARROP kiln No. 4 is going up. Like three others still on the job, it is 257 feet long... is direct-fired with not. ural gas... has oil as a stand-by fuel. Management reports firing losses practically nil... heating and cooling perfectly controlled... colors constant. New business from long-time HARROP users PROVES satisfactory results. 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Sophisticated glass science, innovation, and manufacturing makes possible these common household items. by Scott Cooper and Dan Swiler Reimaging windows36 Innovations in glass with the potential to transform the built environment Next-generation windows offer many ways to increase occupant comfort and decrease building energy consumption. by Karma Sawyer, Marc LaFrance, and Chioke Harris ACerS Bulletin annual student section 26 Student-written articles showcase the diversity and impact of research from students around the world. department Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue by Scott McCormack 34 Composition fluctuations in silica glass containing water The large effect of water on glass properties has been observed, but the mechanism remains elusive. Three experiments help reveal the underlying process. by Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa Four-dimensional viscous flow 38 sintering of 3D-printed Congressional Visits Day 2019 Recap by Yolanda Natividad The interdisciplinary nature of crystal growth: Czochralski growth of Nd:YAG and B-Gα₂O3 by Muad Saleh Teaming up to reach out: Inspiring the next generation of ceramists through collaborative outreach by Peter Meisenheimer meetings bioactive glass scaffolds Bioglass products traditionally face a trade-off between good mechanical properties or bioactivity. Glass composition 13-93 may allow for both. by Amy Nommeots-Nomm, Julian R. Jones, Peter D. Lee, and Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai Networks within research by Katelyn Kirchner Stay bright while working on the dark side by By Xi Shi Unraveling the robust nature of bulk 2D materials and their intrinsic properties by Archana Loganathan 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS 2019) 44 News & Trends 3 Spotlight... 6 10th Advances in Cement-Based Materials 41 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T19) 45 Ceramics in Manufacturing 12 Research Briefs . . . . . 14 Ceramics in the Environment 17 ACers Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting GFMAT-2/Bio-4 resources Calendar...... Classified Advertising 41 42 46 Display Ad Index. . 48 44% 40 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org Lisa McDonald, Science Writer Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, Chair NASA Glenn Research Center Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing aross@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Sylvia Johnson, President Tatsuki Ohji, President-Elect Michael Alexander, Past President Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Board of Directors Mario Affatigato, Director 2018-2021 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 John Kieffer, Director 2018-2021 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2019 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018-2021 Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian online www.ceramics.org June/July 2019 • Vol. 98 No.5 in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... CNS Credit: Marc Roseboro, California NanoSystems Institute Caffeine provides energy boost to humans and solar cells alike Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, found that adding caffeine to perovskite solar cells stabilizes their power conversion efficiency, due to caffeine forming a \"molecular lock\" with lead ions in the solar cells. Read more at www.ceramics.org/caffeine Also see our ACers journals... Continuous forming of ultrathin glass by float process By P. Shou, R. Hongcan, C. Sin, and Y. Yong International Journal of Applied Glass Science Kinetics of ion-exchange-induced vitrification of glass-ceramics By A.A. Lipovskii, A.V. Redkov, A.A. Rtischeva, et al. Journal of the American Ceramic Society Transparent niobate glass-ceramics for optical lining By Z. Shi, N. Dong, D. Zhang, et al. Journal of the American Ceramic Society Numerical and experimental study of blow and blow for perfume bottles to predict glass thickness and blank mold influence By A. Biosca, S. Borrós, V. Pedret Clemente, et al. International Journal of Applied Glass Science International Journal of Applied Ceramic Applied Glass TECHNOLOGY Applied Class Ceramic Engineering Journal Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2019. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp 1- 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 news & trends Multilayer ceramic capacitor shortage limits consumer electronic availability Despite all the high-tech components within modern digital devices, the availability of some of today\'s most in-demand devices comes down to a relatively lowtech part that costs less than a pennymultilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). MLCCs are tiny components that regulate energy flow through a device. MLCCs are composed of alternating layers of metallic electrodes and dielectric ceramics, and they are found in nearly every electronic device you can imagine. \"MLCC are considered the \'workhorse\' of the electronics industry,\" explains Dennis M. Zogbi, president and CEO of market research company Paumanok Publications, in a 2018 article published by electronic components distributor TTI, Inc. \"They are used in large volumes in all electronic devices to provide energy on demand, decoupling of signals and filtering of noise and you cannot have an electronic circuit without capacitance.\" To give an example of just how many MLCCs are needed, consider that an iPhone 6S contains some 500 MLCCs, while an iPhone X contains about 1,000. With forecasts expecting 1.68 billion smartphones to be shipped by 2022, and making a conservative estimate of 300 MLCCs per smartphone, that amounts AMY R68 Almost any modern electronic device relies on multilayer ceramic capacitors to run smoothly. But despite being in high demand, supply of MLCCs has not been keeping pace. (Un)common Front Loaders that are more robust, low maintenance and built for your application. Control systems are certified by Intertek UL508A compliant 木 Deltech Furnaces www.deltechfurnaces.com An ISO 9001:2015 certified company American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends to 504 billion MLCCs required to serve the smartphone industry alone-demonstrating just how huge demand for these tiny components is becoming. Although there is no problem with demand, supply has not kept pace. Supplying a shortage “The first rumblings of a components shortage were heard in late 2016,\" Business news PLANTS, CENTERS, AND FACILITIES Philippines opens two 3D printing research facilities to remain competitive within ASEAN The Philippines Department of Science and Technology established two new 3D printing research facilities to aid Philippines development of additive manufacturing industry and overtake other countries implementing AM within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. https://3dprintingindustry.com/research NSG breaks ground on glass plant near Luckey Officials of NSG Group began construction on their company\'s new float glass plant that will supply glass to First Solar Inc.\'s expanding solar panel operations in nearby Perrysburg Township, Ohio. Besides the 150 new jobs the glass plant will produce, it will continue the Toledo area\'s historic link to the glass industry. https://www.toledoblade.com ACQUISITIONS AND COLLABORATIONS Glass recycling foundation launched in the US The nonprofit Glass Recycling Foundation was formed to provide and raise funds for localized and targeted assistance, demonstration, and pilot projects that address gaps in the U.S. glass recycling supply chain. Board members include Owens-Illinois, Diageo, Strategic Materials, Inc., Northeast Recycling Council, Urban according to an Electronic Products article. \"Scarcity became a sobering reality in 2017 as rising demand spread across industry sectors. But many component manufacturers questioned whether the uptick in demand was real, leading to their reluctance to ramp up production capacity. Component manufacturers weren\'t ready to invest in factories, fearing a repeat of the 2000 industry downMining NE, and CSU Chico. https://www. glass-international.com/news Lockheed Martin, MIT launch fund to foster Israeli research partnerships Lockheed Martin and Massachusetts Institute of Technology International Science and Technology Initiatives announced creation of the MIT-Lockheed Martin Seed Fund, promoting collaborations between MIT and universities and public research institutions in Israel. https://www.jpost.com/ Israel-News Major European railways sign MOU to identify applications for additive manufacturing At the 3rd Additive Manufacturing Forum in Berlin, railway company Deutsche Bahn, the Austrian Federal Railways, Italian train operator Trenitalia, and governmentowned Swedish railways company SJ signed a Memorandum of Understanding signaling a pledge to collaborate in the working group RAILiability under the Mobility goes Additive network. https://3dprintingindustry.com/transport Siemens, Stratasys partner to incorporate additive manufacturing in volume production Stratasys and Siemens are working together to integrate Siemens Digital Factory solutions with Stratasys additive manufacturing solutions. The formal partnership will help lay a foundation for the integration of 3D printing in traditional manufacturing workflow. https://www. canadianmetalworking.com/news turn marked by ballooning inventories and rock-bottom pricing. This contributed to further supply constraints.\" Part of the problem is just how inexpensive MLCCs are, despite their relative importance. MLCCs are and have been so low-cost (and hence low-profit) that companies have stopped investing in their production over the past few decades. Additionally, although the comMARKET TRENDS Renewable energy accounts for one-third of world\'s capacity Renewable energy now forms one-third of the world\'s total energy capacity, according to a new report by the International Renewable Energy Agency. The agency found 171 GW of renewable energy was added to the global system in 2018, with an annual increase of 7.9 percent. Two-thirds of new power generation capacity added in 2018 came from renewables. https://www.powertechnology.com/news Self-healing concrete market to reach $1,375.08 bn, globally, by 2025 Allied Market Research recently published a report that says the global self-healing concrete market generated $216.72 billion in 2017, and is expected to reach $1,375.08 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 26.4 percent from 2018 to 2025. https://www.prnewswire. com/news-releases Flat glass market to hit $150.40 billion by 2025 The global flat glass market size is anticipated to reach approximately US$150.40 billion by 2025, owing to the growing demand from construction and automotive sector. Favorable characteristics related to glass and rising governmental norms to reduce carbon footprint are key factors driving the demand of flat glass across the globe. https://www.globenewswire.com 4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ponents are inexpensive, manufacturing MLCCs requires expertise. These conditions have led to consolidation of the MLCC market. A handful of major companies currently manufacture MLCCS-Murata Manufacturing, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, and Taiyo Yuden account for 60 percent of the market, according to a CNET article. TDK Corp. and Kyocera are also leading producers of MLCCs. Shortages have already led to price increases, although the diminished supply problem does not seem to be resolving too quickly. As of late 2018, Murata, one of the leading MLCC manufacturers, said it expected shortages to persist into 2020. \"Even though MLCC makers have been boosting capacity, it would take time to meet a level of demand that we are seeing now,\" says Tsuneo Murata, Murata Manufacturing\'s chief executive, in a Reuters article from October 2018. Why will MLCC shortage last for so long? Because although companies like Murata are extending production, getting factories up and running takes time and money. The Reuters article continues, “Murata Manufacturing has been adding production capacity of about 10 percent every year over the last decade, and plans Corporate Partner news Nabertherm change of the management board After 18 years of successful engagement as managing partner of Nabertherm GmbH, Friedrich Wilhelm Wentrot (right) hands over the position to his successor, Timm Grotheer (left). Under the leadership of Wentrot, Nabertherm became one of the leading furnace manufacturers in the world with over 500 employees and a turnover of more than € 60.0 m (US$68.0 m). for an increase of at least another 10 percent for the next year. The company has said it will be investing 220 billion yen ($1.96 billion) to boost capacity for MLCCs and batteries before the end of the current fiscal year in March 2019.\" That sort of investment seems to demonstrate that some players think the MLCC market has huge potential, even beyond the shortage. \"In addition to alleviating the current shortage, manufacturers see tremendous Credit: Nabertherm GmbH demand projected for MLCCs,\" according to the Electronic Products article. \"The number of these devices per application-ranging from smartphones to vehicles are increasing, and there\'s a rise of new applications related to 5G, the internet of things (IoT), and the electrification of vehicles.\" Based on all this information, MLCC availability is likely to be a topic for some time. Ditch Your Scoop and Catch The Buzz! • Feeds quickly and precisely MASTERS • Powered by cordless drill BUZZ SCREW • Two models fit bins from NEW PRODUCT! Finally, a viable alternative to upgrading your dry bulk hand-scoop operations. • 513-231-7432 ingredientmasters.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org ⋅ 8 to 175 cu. ft. No controls, motors or PLCs See it in action at buzzscrew.com Learn More. Call 513-231-7432 today. INGREDIENT MASTERS M INC. 5 Oacers spotlight SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS Welcome to our newest Individual Members and Corporate Partners! ACerS extends a warm welcome to all of our new members. Please feel free to contact us with any questions you may have regarding your membership. We are pleased to welcome the following new Corporate Partners BMS Bomas Machine Specialties, Inc. PremaTech ADVANCED CERAMICS™ PremaTech Advanced Ceramics The ACerS Corporate Partnership Program offers member companies the benefits of individual membership, plus marketing, advertising, recruiting, and cost-saving benefits for the company. For more details, contact Kevin Thompson at 614-7945894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. Never pay dues again! An ACerS Lifetime Membership allows members to avoid future dues increases and maintain awards eligibility, while eliminating the need to renew each year. The cost to become a Lifetime Member is a one-time payment of $2,000. You can secure ACerS member benefits for your entire lifetime when you join the growing list of Lifetime Members. Contact Kevin Thompson, membership director, at 614-794-5894 for more information. Meet the 2018-2019 Officers President-elect Goski DANA G. GOSKI Vice president, research & development Allied Mineral Products, Inc. Columbus, Ohio I was first introduced to the Society in graduate school and have been an active member for over two decades. My professional involvement began with my local chapter, followed by member and leadership roles in the Central Ohio Section, Refractory Ceramics Division, and Meetings and Nominating committees. I have served on the international executive board for UNITECR (Unified International Conference on Refractories), of which ACerS is the manent secretariat, and I currently serve on our Society\'s Board of Directors. perWhat defines the success of the Society is defined by the membership and the value they place on the services the Society can provide. As an involved industrial member in the Society, I am conscientious of the need to continually develop relevant and meaningful technical and professional exchange opportunities in flexible modes, which best support industry, academia, government, student, and retired members. The future of the Society requires us to continue with supportive engagement of students and young professionals, provide networking opportunities that connect industry to new technologies, Industry 4.0 and manufacturing methods, continually improve our highquality technical meetings and journal publications, all with fiscal responsibility to our diverse and inclusive membership. To achieve these goals, we will have to continue developing strategic alliances and pay close attention to emerging opportunities. Professional experience and longtime personal involvement in our ceramics community will allow me to listen to membership and serve the Society with enthusiasm. Directors Chan HELEN M. CHAN New Jersey Zinc Professor Dept. Materials Science & Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pa. I have been a member of The American Ceramic Society since 1984, which is practically my entire professional career. I was appointed a Fellow in 2005 and chaired the 2008 Gordon Research Conference on Solid State Ceramics. As a junior researcher, the ceramics community welcomed me into its ranks, and the Annual Meetings afforded me an invaluable opportunity to learn from, and interact with, more established colleagues. In later years, these meetings provided an ideal venue for my students and post-docs to present their work and to network with other ceramics professionals. I have attended every Annual Meeting except one. For me, long-standing meeting traditions include attending the Sosman lecture, submitting an entry (or two) for the Ceramographic contest, and failing in an epic fashion at the \"football throw\" at the exhibition. Through my involvement with the Journal of the American Ceramic Society and the Basic Science Division, I have had the opportunity to learn and grow professionally. The Society has been good to me. I wish to be considered for board service to help the Society continue in its role in supporting the field of ceramics. As a board member, I would advocate www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 for policies that cultivate greater inclusivity in our membership and leadership. I would also work to promote programs to encourage and support newcomers to the field and expand dissemination efforts to media and policymakers. I humbly welcome this opportunity to give back to the organization that has given so much to me. MONICA FERRARIS Full professor of science and technology of materials Politecnico di Torino, Italy I like ACers\' way of working: good ideas are accepted and supported no matter where they come from. Ferraris I\'m a hardworking, committed person with a lot of ideas; maybe some of them can be useful for the ACerS Board of Directors. With the help of the ACerS Board of Directors, I would like to contribute to attracting more young professionals to join ACerS, attend meetings, and participate in ACerS activities. I would also like to help convince young girls that they can have a career in STEM (and ceramics!). I could also contribute in attracting more companies I am working with to join ACerS as corporate partners. Finally, and more personally, being European and working with ACerS satisfies my need of an open-minded, inclusive, and diverse Society. been active at the Missouri University of Science and Technology even after taking a position in industry at Missouri Refractories in 2006. I maintain an active involvement with the students and faculty. I serve The American Ceramic Society, ASTM International, The Refractories Institute, and Association for Iron & Steel Technology with the goal of improving youth outreach from the refractories industry. I have also served my local community as school board member, football coach, and basketball coach over many years. I visit local and not-so-local elementary, middle and high schools to give presentations on careers in ceramic and material engineering, usually two or three per year since 2005. ACerS has strongly supported my goals of working with students since I became a member in 1991. I would strive to increase ACerS involvement in student outreach. It is important to let youth know about the promising careers in our industry and engineering in general at an early age. It is even fun to go to a kindergarten class and cast bio-safe concrete hand plates for them to take home. Imagine how that little nudge can change their life. One of the great joys of my life is when a university student comes up to me and remembers my day talking to them from kindergarten. To students: \"Join the Society and attend the meetings! It\'s the best way to find a job.\" A world leader in bioactive and custom glass solutions Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions and will work with you to create tailored glass materials to match your application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. mo-sci.com/contact Headrick WILLIAM L. HEADRICK, JR. Ceramic engineer Missouri Refractories Pevely, Mo. I am honored to be nominated for the ACerS Board of Directors. I love research and helping students. I have mo.sci CORPORATION www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org @moscicorpf @MoSciCorp linkedin.com/company/moscicorp in 7 acers spotlight Society, division, section, and chapter news (cont.) Names in the news Olevsky Eugene Olevsky will serve as dean of the College of Engineering at San Diego State University. The University of Connecticut Schools of Engineering and Medicine are proud to announce the election of Cato Laurencin to the 239th class of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Laurencin is currently the only orthopedic surgeon in the Academy\'s active member base. Laurencin Durán Radlińska Alicia Durán has been named as the 49th recipient of the Phoenix Award and Glass Person of the Year 2019. Aleksandra Radlińska, assistant professor of civil engineering at Penn State, was recently named chair of the Concrete Research Council (CRC) for the American Concrete Institute (ACI). Alexandra Navrotsky will join Arizona State University in October to lead a new Center for Materials of the Universe after retiring from Navrotsky University of California, Davis, in September. She previously was at ASU from 1969-1985. Lewis Jennifer Lewis, the Hansjorg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and a Core Volunteer Spotlight Faculty Member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, was inducted into The National Academy of Sciences on April 27, 2019. Tuller | Harry Tuller will receive for his accomplishments in electroceramics the Thomas Egleston Medal from his alma mater, Columbia University. Materials Research Society 2019 Fellows | Sudipta Seal, “For out|standing research on and the application and commercialization of multifunctional nanostructured defect-engiSeal neered oxides, as well as advancing graduate and undergraduate education in materials engineering and nanotechnology.\" Haiyan Wang, \"For innovative research on multifunctional ceramic nanocomposites, superconductors, solid oxide fuel cells and in situ TEM, and for inspired materials science education and leadership.\" Wang Yimei Zhu, \"For distinguished contributions to the field of materials characterization by developing electron microscopy instrumenZhu tation and techniques to understand atomic, electronic, and spin structures and the physical behavior of functional materials.\" In memoriam Paul Sutton Robert Herron Some detailed obituaries can also be found on the ACers website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Hemmer Eva Hemmer received her Ph.D. in materials science from Saarland University (Germany, 2008), where she focused on the synthesis of rare earth alkoxides and their decomposition to rare earth-containing inorganic nanomaterials. In winter 2016, Hemmer joined the University of Ottawa as an assistant professor to design and study novel multifunctional rare earth-based nanocarriers for biomedical and energy conversion applications. Since 2015, she has been a member of the organizational teams of the Global Young Investigator Forum at ICACC and several other ACerS meetings. She has also been instrumental in organizing the ACerS Winter Workshop. As treasurer of the ACerS Canada Chapter, Hemmer contributes to promoting ACerS activities in Canada. She was awarded the 2014 Global Young Investigator Award of the Engineering Ceramics Division and the 2018 Du-Co Ceramics Young Professional Award. Southwest Section offers two scholarships, due by June 1, 2019 The Robert & Mary Buttle Scholarship Program Students of a recognized two- or four-year program of ceramic engineering or ceramic materials science are invited to apply for a grant from this fund, following successful completion of their first year. Complete the application (qualifications are listed in order of priority) and enclose a recommendation from the department head or advisor. Download application from http://bit.ly/2EbxaYt. 8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 The Forrest K. Pence Memorial Scholarship Scholarship grants will be awarded to students working toward an undergraduate or graduate degree in a four-year program, although consideration will be given to those in a two-year degree/ certificate program, providing other criteria are met. Applicants must be sponsored by an active member of the Southwest Section of The American Ceramic Society. Download the application from http://bit.ly/2YuSaB2. Colorado Section offers June tour Join the Colorado Section for a tour of the NIST Boulder Labs, on Monday, June 10, 2019, 3-5 p.m. Happy Hour and networking will take place afterward at Southern Sun. Space will be limited to 15 people. A form will need to be completed in advance to gain access to NIST. The form is more extensive for non-U.S. citizens and must be returned at least 10 days prior to the visit. Due to space limitations, registrations are accepted on a first-come, first-served basis according to when the completed forms are received. If you are interested in attending, please contact Eric Marksz at eric.marksz@nist.gov. Corporate Partners can post jobs for free SO, Do you need job candidates with training in our field? If , visit the online Ceramic and Glass Industry Career Center! Simply log in and create a free account to post a job position. Corporate Partners can obtain a coupon code which enables them to post a 30-day job listing for free. To obtain your coupon code, please contact Belinda Raines at braines@ceramics.org. Germany Chapter co-hosts first Franco-German student forum AWARDS AND DEADLINES Deadlines for upcoming nominations July 1, 2019 Engineering Ceramics Division Jubilee Global Diversity Award Every year, three early/mid-career women and minority professionals are selected for the ECD\'s Jubilee Global Diversity Award and are invited to present at the International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites in Daytona Beach, Fla. The awardees are encouraged to mentor students and promote society-related activities at their institutions. For more information, visit http://bit.ly/ JubileeGlobalDiversity. ECD Mueller Award The award recognizes long-term service to ECD and work in the area of engineering ceramics that has resulted in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The award consists of a memorial plaque, certificate, and an honorarium of $1,000. For information, contact Manabu Fukushima at manabu-fukushima@aist.go.jp. A AdValue Technology Alumina Sapphire Quartz High Purity Powders Metallization Laser Machining The first Franco-German Young Investigator Forum was jointly organized by the Germany Chapter of ACers, the University of Cologne, and the University 7 Diderot, Paris, on April 15, 2019. The spirit of the event was to establish communications between final year Master\'s students and undergraduates, as well as Ph.D. students in the initial phase of their doctoral research. Http://www.advaluetech.com YOUR VALUABLE PARTNER IN MATERIAL SCIENCE Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight Awards and deadlines (continued) ECD Bridge Building Award The Bridge Building Award recognizes contributions to the field of engineering ceramics, including expansion of the knowledge base and commercial use thereof, and contributions to the visibility of the field and international advocacy. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and an honorarium of $1,000. For information, contact Surojit Gupta at gsurojit1@gmail.com. ECD Global Young Investigator Award The Global Young Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding scientist conducting research in academia, industry, or government-funded laboratory. Candidates must be ACerS members and 35 years of age or younger. Selection is based on scientific contributions and visibility of the field, and advocacy of the global young investigator and professional scientific forum. The award consists of $1,000, a glass piece, and certificate. For information, contact Valerie Wiesner at valerie.l.wiesner@nasa.go. July 15, 2019 GEMS Award If you submit an abstract at MS&T19 you may be eligible for the GEMS award. The Basic Science Division organizes the annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) awards to recognize the outstanding achievements of graduate students in Materials Science and Engineering. The award is open to all graduate students who are making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at MS&T. In addition to their abstract submission, students must also submit a nomination packet to the Basic Science Division chair-elect, John Blendell. For further details, go to www.ceramics.org/ gemsaward. July 31, 2019 Outstanding Student Researcher Award The award recognizes exemplary student research related to the mission of the Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division. The award is open to U.S. and international graduate and undergraduate students. Applicants must have an accepted abstract for MS&T19. It is strongly encouraged that undergraduate submissions present extracurricular projects only, i.e., research conducted outside the normal scope of one\'s coursework. Instructions, templates, and examples can be found at: https://ceramics. org/?awards outstanding-studentresearcher-award. August 15, 2019 Engineering Ceramics Division secretary nominations The ECD Nominating Committee invites nominations for the incoming 2020-2021 Division secretary candidate. Nominees will be presented for approval at the ECD Annual Business meeting at MS&T19 and included on the ACerS spring 2020 Division officer ballot. Nominations and a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications should be submitted to: Mrityunjay Singh, Ohio Aerospace Institute, mrityunjaysingh@oai.org (ECD Nominating Committee Chair), Jingyang Wang, Institute of Metals Research, jywang@imr.ac.cn, or Andy Ericks, University of California, Santa Barbara, aericks@ucsb.edu For more information, visit https:// ceramics.org/divisions. Nominations for Fellows ACerS 2020 Class of Fellows are presented at MS&T20. Fellows should be \"persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and who have been members of the Society for at least the past five years continuously at the nomination deadline date. They shall prove qualified for elevation to the grade of Fellow by reason of outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciences; through broad and productive scholarship in ceramic science and technology, by conspicuous achievement in ceramic industry or by outstanding service to the Society.\" For hints on preparing a Fellows nomination, visit http://bit.ly/Fellowshints Contact Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics.org with questions. Visit https://ceramics.org/awards/societyfellows to review the criteria and to download the nomination form. Complimentary registration for MS&T19 ACerS is again offering complimentary MS&T19 registration for Distinguished Life Members and reduced registration for Senior and Emeritus members. These special offers are only available through ACerS, and are not offered on the MS&T registration site. Registration forms are available at https://ceramics. org/acers-spotlight/mst 19-registrationsdistinguished-life-emeritus-and-seniormembers and should be submitted to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ ceramics.org. September 1, 2019 Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures Submit nominations for the two Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass lectures that will be presented at the Glass & Optical Materials Division meeting, May 17-21, 2020, in New Orleans, La. The Frontiers of Glass Science and the Frontiers of Glass Technology lectures are designed to encourage scientific and technical dialogue in glass topics of significance that define new horizons, highlight new research concepts, or demonstrate the potential to develop products and processes for the benefit of humankind. Please submit nominations for individuals who have helped to define new horizons in glass science and technology to Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ ceramics.org. Additional information at www.bit.ly/VarshneyaLectures. 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ACerS 2019 Society award winners announced Congratulations to the latest group of Society award winners. The 2019 award winners have been announced and the list of awardees is available at https://ceramics.org/awards. Biographies and photos of the 2019 winners will be posted online over the next few months and the awardees will be featured in the September 2019 issue of the Bulletin. The awards will be presented September 30 at the ACerS Honors and Awards Banquet during ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T19 in Portland, Ore. Be sure to purchase your banquet tickets before the meeting. ACerS/BSD Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition This unique competition, to be held during ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T19 in September in Portland, Ore., is an annual poster exhibit that promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis as tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. The Roland B. Snow award is presented to the Best of Show winner of the competition. Winning entries are featured on the back covers of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Find out more about the rules of entry at http://ceramics.org/?awards=ceramographiccompetition-and-roland-b-snow-award. Graduation gift from ACerS! ACerS offers a one year Associate Membership at no charge for recent graduates who have completed their terminal degree. ACerS is a truly global community and an Associate membership can connect you to more than 11,000 professionals from more than 70 countries. Visit www.ceramics.org/associate to learn about this vibrant community and to join as an Associate Member. For more information or if you have any questions, please contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ ceramics.org. CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION We encourage you to submit a proposal using the CGIF Call for Proposals (https://foundation.ceramFall 2019 Grant Proposals due August 23 Do you have an idea for a new project or activity to foster ceramic and glass education, training, or outreach? If so, The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) would love to hear more about it! The CGIF is now accepting project proposals that are directly related to introducing students to ceramic and glass science. ics.org/cgif-news/fall-2019-grantproposals-due-august-23/). Be sure to read all of the submission instructions. Completed applications for support should be submitted electronically to Belinda Raines, at braines@ceramics.org by August 23, 2019. STUDENTS AND OUTREACH Research Video Contest The Cements Division of ACerS announces the Student YouTube Research Video Contest in conjunction with the upcoming annual meeting, 10th Advances in Cement Based Materials (Cements 2019). To be eligible you will need to submit a YouTube video promoting your poster or presentation at ACerS. There will be two cash prizes provided for the best videos. Videos need to be posted to your personal YouTube accounts and made public by June 3. Visit https://ceramics. org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/YouTube-contest-2019.pdf to view the contest rules and further details. NEW PCSA Humanitarian Pitch Competition at MS&T19 The President\'s Council of Student Advisors is hosting the Humanitarian Pitch Competition for you to pitch ideas to a panel of judges about how to address a challenge that a community is experiencing. You may put together a team of up to four participants to develop a solution to a real-world problem using materials science. Both undergraduate and graduate students are eligible. Review guidelines at www.ceramics.org/pitchcom and submit your abstracts by September 1. GASBARRE POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM ON-SITE SERVICE Engineered Solutions FOR POWDER COMPACTION тран CNC HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC PRESSES Easy to Setup and Flexible for Simple to Complex Parts HIGH SPEED PTX PRESSES Repeatable. Reliable. Precise. 814.371.3015 press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com COLD ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing GASBARRE American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 11 Oceramics in manufacturing Molten salt synthesis prevents oxidation of materials in air Researchers at Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany found when they used potassium bromide as the salt in molten salt synthesis, they were able to produce nonoxide ceramic powders without a protective atmosphere. To prevent oxidation, nonoxide ceramics typically are synthesized in a vacuum or argon atmosphere to ensure no oxygen disrupts the synthesis. But this synthesis method leads to a new problem-the resulting ceramic is a dense or porous block, which must then be ground and milled into a fine powder for further processing. Because nonoxide ceramics have high strength and stiffness, grinding these ceramics into powder leads to high wear and operating costs. Molten salt synthesis is a method used to produce ceramic powders. In this method, adding a salt (commonly a chloride or sulfate) to reactants acts as a separating agent-the components no longer bond together, and they form a powder rather than a compact solid, thus avoiding the need for energy-intensive milling. Additionally, the salt bath lowers the temperature needed for synthesis, which further cuts energy and production costs. However, conventional molten salt methods for synthesizing nonoxide ceramics require a protective argon atmosphere to prevent oxidation, increasing both complexity and production costs. What the Jülich researchers discovered was that potassium bromide salt encapsulates materials so well, it can prevent oxidation from taking place. \"Potassium bromide, the salt we use, is special because when pressurized, it becomes completely impermeable at room temperature,\" explains Apurv Dash, lead author of the study and doctoral researcher at Forschungszentrum Jülich, in a Jülich press release. \"We have now demonstrated that it is sufficient to encapsulate the raw materials tightly enough in a salt pellet to prevent contact with oxygen-even before the melting point of the salt is reached at 735°C. A protective atmosphere is thus no longer necessary.\" 12 Researchers at Forschungszentrum Jülich found potassium bromide keeps nonoxide ceramics from oxidizing when synthesized in normal air. They synthesized multiple nonoxide ceramics and also dense (left) and porous (center) titanium. With funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the researchers, led by Jesus Gonzalez-Julian, ACerS member and head of the young investigator group \"Ceramic Matrix Composites,\" tested their method on various nonoxide ceramics and titanium, but they were particularly interested in testing the method on MAX phases. MAX phases have the positive properties of both ceramics and metals—they are heat-resistant and lightweight, yet less brittle than ceramics, and can be plastically deformed like metals. However, until this point, there have been no suitable methods for producing MAX phases with high purity, which has limited their use in industrial applications. The researchers found their molten salt process (known as MS3 for \"molten salt shielded synthesis/sintering”) lowered synthesis temperature by about 100°C for MAX phases. Additionally, the resulting powders were more pure than powders produced through conventional processing methods. Some oxidation still took place, but Olivier Guillon, ACerS member and director of the Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Materials Synthesis and Processing, explains in an email that some level of oxidation is always expected. \"It is difficult to eliminate completely the oxidation, because of, for example, Credit: Hiltrud Moitroux, Forschun szentrum Jülich oxygen present at the surface of the raw powders (like titanium particles),\" Guillon says. \"We have to learn how to deal with it, for example, which amount of oxygen can be tolerated while guaranteeing the targeted properties of the material? The answer of course depends on the material chosen.\" In the future, the Jülich researchers hope to better understand the synthesis mechanisms, in part by trying different salt systems to optimize the process and also synthesizing other nonoxide materials. Additionally, they aim to scale up the process and bridge the gap toward commercialization and industry. The paper, published in Nature Materials, is \"Molten salt shielded synthesis of oxidation prone materials in air\" (DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0328-1) Two techniques for glass additive manufacturing Two recent papers from researchers in the United Kingdom and Canada detail advances in additive manufacturing (AM) of glass. In a paper published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, researchers from the University of Nottingham and a colleague from Glass Technology Services Ltd (Sheffield, U.K.) looked at developing a laser powder bed fusion approach to glass AM. Powder bed fusion AM techniques use energy sources like lasers and electron beams to heat a bed of powdered material until it softens or melts. As the material cools, it solidifies (fuses) to the preceding layer. In the JACerS paper, the researchers used the powder bed fusion technique of selective laser melting to melt sodalime-silica glass powder and resolidify it on high-purity alumina disk substrates. They found they could successfully produce cubic structures using energy densities (ED) ranging between 80 ED 110 J/mm³, a range that holds regardless of particle size. \"Changes in particle size of the feedstock material will not change the www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Researchers in the United Kingdom produced glass Gyroid matrix cubic structures using selective laser melting. Researchers in Canada created arsenic sulfide glass filaments using fused filament fabrication. 10 mm BCC Gyroid network Diamond network Credit: Baudet et al., Optical Materials Express (CC BY 4.0) Credit: Datsiou et al., Journal of the American Ceramic Society (CC BY 4.0) • TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: ⚫ CVD SiC Etch & RTP rings CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • Sintering, Debind, Annealing Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service required energy densities for material consolidation even when different combinations of parameters will have to be selected to accommodate the new layer thickness,\" they explain. “However, different feedstock compositions and, therefore, material properties will lead to changes in the required energy density.\" In Canada, researchers from the Centre d\'Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL) at Laval University, including ACerS member Younès Messaddeq, took a different approach to glass AM-fused filament fabrication. Fused filament fabrication (FFF; trademarked term is fused deposition modeling) is more difficult than other AM techniques for 3D printing glass, because most glasses have high melting temperatures. However, the researchers of this study performed FFF using chalcogenide glass. Chalcogenide glass contains one or more of the chalcogen elements sulfur, selenium, and tellurium, and they soften at relatively low temperatures compared to other glass. The researchers increased the maximum extruding temperature of a commercial 3D printer from about 260°C to 330°C. Then, they used it to produce arsenic sulfide glass filaments with dimensions similar to commercial plastic filaments. As Yannick Ledemi, COPL postdoctoral fellow, explains in The Optical Society press release, chalcogenide-based components would be useful as infrared thermal imaging devices for defense and security applications, so \"This new method could potentially result in a breakthrough for efficient manufacturing of infrared optical components at a low cost.\" The open-access paper on laser powder bed fusion, published in Journal of the American Ceramic Society, is \"Additive manufacturing of glass with laser powder bed fusion\" (DOI: 10.1111/jace.16440). The open-access paper on fused filament fabrication, published in Optical Materials Express, is \"3D-printing of arsenic sulfide chalcogenide glasses\" (DOI: 10.1364/OME.9.002307). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com Starbar and Moly-Delements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR-- Over 50 years of service and reliability 55 1964-2019 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 13 research briefs Flexible glasses in bulk form: A look at sulfur-selenium glasses According to ACerS member Sabyasachi Sen, professor of materials science and engineering at the University of California, Davis, glasses in the sulfur-selenium (S-Se) system are the only examples of inorganic glass that could be flexible in bulk form. \"To the best of our knowledge, this type of glasses are the only examples of inorganic glass (non-polymer) being flexible in the bulk form (not in 100 micron-thick sheets as in Corning\'s Willow glass),\" Sen says in an email. He adds that also unlike Willow Glass, the S-Se glasses are transparent in the infrared rather than visible spectrum and would be used in different application areas. Sen says they discovered the glasses\' unique flexibility while preparing samples for a structural study last year (a paper on that study was published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry B). In the structural study, they and researchers from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Corning Inc. found that tendencies evident in individual elements-amorphous sulfur is predominantly composed of Sg molecular rings, while amorphous selenium consists almost exclusively of polymeric [Se] chains-are mostly preserved in binary S-Se glasses, though there is mixing between sulfur and selenium in both chains and rings. Following the structural study, Sen and his UC Davis colleagues made S-Se samples of varying compositions that were several inches long for mechanical measurements. They have not yet completed these measurements, but “just being able to bend them between fingers showed how uniquely flexible they are!\" Sen adds. One downside to S-Se binary glasses is that they are not very stable at room temperature because these glasses—particularly those with high sulfur concentration-have glass transition temperatures (T) a few degrees below room temperature. When placed in environments above their T for extended periods, these glasses tend to crystallize. Sen says investigating g Glasses in the binary sulfur-selenium system are likely the only examples of inorganic glass that are flexible in bulk form. this challenge (in addition to mechanical measurements) will be the next step in their research. \"We have plans to extend this study to investigate if we could add a small amount of \'something\' (such as a cross-linker) to stabilize these glasses at ambient [temperature] and still keep their flexibility,\" Sen says. The paper on these glasses\' structure, published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, is \"Structure and chemical order in S-Se binary glasses\" (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10052). Graphene foam retains elasticity at cryogenic temperatures Using a 3D cross-linked graphene foam they had previously developed, researchers from Nankai University (Tianjin, China) and Rice University showed graphene foam can retain its elasticity at deep cryogenic temperatures. Research News Adding rare-earth element to piezoelectric crystals dramatically improves performance A team of researchers from China, the United States, and Australia found that adding rare-earth element samarium to piezoelectric crystals can dramatically improve their performance. For a piezoelectric device to work, it must have a material inside of it that responds to vibrations—to date, the best material for the job has been a perovskite oxide crystal called PMN-PT. However, the researchers found that adding samarium to the mix as PMN-PT was grown (using a modified Bridgman approach) resulted in a version of PMN-PT crystal that was dramatically better at generating an electric charge-conventional PMN-PT crystals generate 1,200-2,500 pC/N, while the enhanced version produced 3,400-4,100 PC/N. For more information, visit https://phys.org/chemistry-news. Research team discovers perfectly imperfect twist on nanowire growth Researchers have been trying to find ways to grow optimal nanowires, using crystals with perfectly aligned layers all along the wire. However, researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln found that by allowing for an imperfect stack of twisted layers, they could create germanium sulfide nanowires that emit different colors of light at different points along the wire, which makes it possible to tune the band gap and control the energy of absorbed or emitted light. The researchers say their next step is understanding why the color of emitted light changes and possibly achieving similar results with other materials. For more information, visit https://news.unl.edu/newsrooms/today. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Credit: Sabyasachi Sen Better ceramics with U.S. Borax 200 μm Many materials become brittle at cold temperatures, but researchers from Nankai and Rice universities found their 3D cross-linked graphene foam retained its elasticity at temperatures near absolute zero. Previous studies have demonstrated 3D graphene materials can retain their ability for large and reversible deformation in liquid nitrogen. However, studies for these mechanical properties at deep cryogenic temperatures, i.e., in liquid helium (-270°C, or just above absolute zero), have not been conducted. The researchers investigated the mechanical properties of their graphene foam in liquid helium using a homemade in situ large-strain mechanical analysis system. Their system could continuously monitor material deformations from “deep cryogenic temperature at 4 K [-270°C] to a high temperature of 1,273 K [1,000°C]\" without breaking the vacuum seal. They found almost no differences in mechanical properties between graphene foam in liquid helium compared to room temperature, including nearly fully reversible superelastic behavior of up to 90 percent strain (after being compressed to one-tenth its original thickness), unchanged Young\'s modulus, near-zero Poisson\'s ratio, and great cycle stability. \"These unique behaviors have never been reported for any other material,\" the researchers state. In their study, the researchers compared experimental results with simulated reactions to determine that these unprecedented behaviors are due to the foam\'s unique crosslinked graphene network architecture and graphene\'s temperature-independent mechanical properties. In the future, the researchers say that if similar bulk materials could be made from other 2D materials using the same assembly strategy, then “some unexpected and fascinating properties, not only the mechanical aspect, might be discovered.\" The open-access paper, published in Science Advances, is \"Super-elasticity of three-dimensionally cross-linked graphene materials all the way to deep cryogenic temperatures\" (DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2589). 20 MULE TEAM BORAX™ Rio Tinto borax.com NUTEC BICKLEY ENGINEERED THERMAL SOLUTIONS KILNS FOR THE CERAMICS INDUSTRY Sanitaryware, Electroporcelain, Refractories, Technical Ceramics, Abrasives, Vitrified Clay Pipe, Ceramic Colors, Ceramic Cores. SERVING CUSTOMERS WORLDWIDE www.nutecbickley.com The American CHOTIC Society CONTACT US sales@nutecbickley.com spares@nutec.com Phone: +1 (855) 299 9566 +52 (81) 8151.0800 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 15 2019 MRS FALL MEETING & EXHIBIT December 1-6, 2019 | Boston, Massachusetts CALL FOR PAPERS Abstract Submission Opens May 13, 2019 Abstract Submission Closes June 13, 2019 Fall Meeting registrations include MRS Membership January – December, 2020 BROADER IMPACT BI01 Materials Data Science-Transformations in Interdisciplinary Education ELECTRONIC, PHOTONIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS FABRICATION OF FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND NANOMATERIALS Beyond Graphene 2D Materials-Synthesis, Properties and Device Applications 2D Nanomaterials-Based Nanofluidics FF01 FF02 FF03 EL01 Emerging Material Platforms and Approaches for Plasmonics, Metamaterials and Metasurfaces FF04 EL02 EL03 Molecular and Organic Ferro- and Piezoelectrics-Science and Applications Multiferroics and Magnetoelectrics FF05 EL04 EL05 Emerging Chalcogenide Electronic Materials-From Theory to Applications Diamond and Diamond Heterojunctions— FF06 From Growth and Technology to Applications ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT EN01 Challenges in Battery Technologies for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles EN02 EN03 EN04 EN05 and Grid Storage Applications Materials for High-Energy and Safe Electrochemical Energy Storage Green Electrochemical Energy Storage Solutions-Materials, Processes and Devices Advanced Membranes for Energy-Efficient Molecular Separation and lon Conduction Chemomechanical and Interfacial Challenges in Energy Storage and Conversion― Batteries and Fuel Cells EN06 Development in Catalytic Materials for Sustainable EnergyEN07 EN08 EN09 Bridging the Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Divide Materials Science for Efficient Water Splitting Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications-Devices, Stability and Upscaling Advances in the Fundamental Science of Halide Perovskite Optoelectronics EN10 Emerging Light-Emitting Materials and DevicesPerovskite Emitters, Quantum Dots and Other Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Emitters Silicon for Photovoltaics Structure-Function Relationships and Interfacial Processes in EN11 EN12 Organic Semiconductors for Optoelectronics EN13 Flexible and Miniaturized Thermoelectric Devices Based on Organic Semiconductors and Hybrid Materials EN14 Thermoelectric Energy Conversion (TEC)― Complex Materials and Novel Theoretical Methods EN15 Nanomaterials for Sensing and Control of Energy Systems— Building Advanced Materials via Particle-Based Crystallization and Self-Assembly of Molecules with Aggregation-Induced Emission Crystal Engineering of Functional Materials-Solution-Based Strategies Advanced Atomic Layer Deposition and Chemical Vapor Deposition Techniques and Applications Advances in the Fundamental Understanding and Functionalization of Reactive Materials MATERIALS FOR QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY MQ01 Coherent and Correlated Magnetic Materials for Hybrid Quantum Interfaces MQ02 Materials for Quantum Computing Applications MQ03 Predictive Synthesis and Advanced Characterization of Emerging Quantum Materials MATERIALS THEORY, COMPUTATION AND CHARACTERIZATION MT01 Advanced Atomistic Algorithms in Materials Science MT02 Closing the Loop-Using Machine Learning in High-Throughput Discovery of New Materials MT03 Automated and Data-Driven Approaches to Materials Development— Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Industry MT04 Advanced Materials Exploration with Neutrons MT05 Emerging Prospects and Capabilities in Focused lon-Beam Technologies and Applications MT06 In Situ Characterization of Dynamic Phenomena During Materials Synthesis MT07 In Situ/Operando Studies of Dynamic Processes in Ferroelectric, Magnetic and Multiferroic Materials MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS MS01 Extreme Mechanics MS02 Mechanically Coupled and Defect-Enabled Functionality in Atomically Thin Materials MS03 Mechanics of Nanocomposites and Hybrid Materials MS04 High-Entropy Alloys and Other Novel High-Temperature Structural Alloys SOFT MATERIALS AND BIOMATERIALS Processing, Characterization and Theory EN16 SB01 Multifunctional MaterialsEN17 Advanced Materials, Fabrication Routes and Devices for Environmental Monitoring Structure-Property Processing Performance Relationships in From Conceptual Design to Application-Motivated Systems Materials for Nuclear Technologies SB02 Multiscale Materials Engineering Within Biological Systems SB03 SB04 Smart Materials, Devices and Systems for Interface with Plants and Microorganisms Hydrogel Materials-From Theory to Applications via 3D and 4D Printing mrs.org/fall2019 SB05 SB06 Light-Matter Interactions at the Interface with Living Cells, Tissues and Organisms Bringing Mechanobiology to Materials— From Molecular Understanding to Biological Design Meeting Chairs SB07 Bioelectrical Interfaces Bryan D. Huey University of Connecticut SB08 Advanced Neural Materials and Devices Stéphanie P. Lacour École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Conal E. Murray IBM T.J. Watson Research Center Jeffrey B. Neaton University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Iris Visoly-Fisher Ben-Gurion University of the Negev SB09 Interfacing Bio/Nano Materials with Cancer and the Immune System SB10 Electronic Textiles SB11 Multiphase Fluids for Materials Science-Droplets, Bubbles and Emulsions Don\'t Miss These Future MRS Meetings! FOLLOW THE MEETING! 16 2020 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit #F19MRS April 13-17, 2020, Phoenix, Arizona 2020 MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit November 29-December 4, 2020, Boston, Massachusetts MRS MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETYⓇ Advancing materials. Improving the quality of life. 2-27-19 Warrendale, PA 15086 506 Keystone Drive Fax 724.779.8313 Tel 724.779.3003 info@mrs.org.mrs.org ceramics in the environment Magnetic oxides provide alternative to clean up oil spills INNOVACERA® technical ceramic solutions .com Metalization Ceramics Alumina Ceramics Zirconia Ceramics In the future, magnetic oxides may provide an effective alternative to current methods of cleaning up oil spills. To clean up oil spills, researchers from Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) in Germany have proposed using iron oxide nanoparticles that can attract various types of hydrocarbons as sorbents. Sorbents are insoluble materials that are used to recover liquids through either absorption or adsorption, or both. Sorbents used to combat oil spills must be both oleophilic (oil-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repellent). However, current sorbents are somewhat limited. Because of challenges including poor reusability and cost efficiency, sorbents are used as sole cleanup only in small spills or as a way to remove final traces of oil after other oil-removing methods have been used. Sorbent materials that could be used for large-scale oil cleanups are not yet developed enough to be economically feasible. In their study published in February, the FAU researchers describe how superparamagnetic magnetite (Fe3O) nanoparticles (NPs) combine several key parameters of sorbent materials meant for large-scale use: they are inexpensive and easily available, they have a large surface-to-volume ratio (good for sorption rates), and they can be easily collected and reused. However, magnetite NPs have a low affinity to hydrocarbons. To increase affinity, the researchers coated magnetite NPs with hexadecylphosphonic acid (PAC), a material that forms a selfassembled, hydrocarbon-adsorbing monolayer on the NP surface. A FAU press release describes how \"... hydrocarbon molecules surround the very fine [magnetite] particles as if they are being sucked in and reach a volume that can grow to 14 times the size of the core of the particle.\" Due to their magnetic nature, the NPs were easily collected from the water using a magnet. After the researchers removed hydrocarbons from the NPs, they repeated the process and were able to show constant extraction rates over 10 consecutive extraction cycles. The press release states the researchers are currently working with industry partners to scale-up manufacturing of their NPs and ideally transfer the concept to real-world cleanup operations. The paper, published in Advanced Functional Materials, is \"Superoleophilic magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for effective hydrocarbon removal from water” (DOI: 10.1002/ adfm.201805742). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Credit: U.S. Air Force/Senior Airman Steven R. Doty Alumina Ceramic Heater Porous Ceramics Ceramic Metering Pump Boron Nitride Ceramic Berylium Oxide Ceramics Silicon Nitride Ceramics Learn more at www.innovacera.com Tel:0086-592-5589730 Fax: 0086-592-5589733 Email: sales@innovacera.com Nchining atly SAUEREISEN CERAMIC ASSEMBLY COMPOUNDS ...SINCE 1899 Engineered for high temperature and electrical applications in the automotive, lighting, steel, electronic and aerospace industries. • Lamp assembly • Resistors • Hot-surface igniters • Filters & catalysts • Heaters & heating elements • Thermocouples • Furnace assembly Sauereisen cements are free of VOC\'s Call for consultation & sample. 412.963.0303 Sauereisen.com 160 Gamma Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15238 17 bulletin cover story Glass innovation in the grocery store By Scott Cooper and Dan Swiler Glass containers safely package food and drink, as well as communicate brand awareness. Sophisticated glass science, innovation, and manufacturing makes possible these common household items. Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois ncient Mesopotamian Anci An Egyptian cultures and Egyptian cultures made the first glass containers from melted strands of glass wrapped around clay cores. Around 3,500 years ago, these artisans produced small vessels to hold ointments and cosmetics, which can now be seen in museum collections.¹ Nearly 2,000 years ago, artisans invented glassblowing. Using air pressure from a blowpipe, glassblowers could form bottles without an internal clay form. They even used molds and tools to decorate the outside surface of bottles. Glassblowing allowed containers to be functional for preserving foods and liquids. The aesthetics of glass containers developed over many centuries, largely in Europe. In the 13th to 16th centuries, Murano, Italy, became the center of glass technology, with artisans improving the clarity of glass (cristallo) and developing new decorative skills. These containers were symbols of prestige, wealth, and the value of their contents.¹ Hand blowing, typically with a manually operated mold, was the only method to produce glass containers into the turn 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Capsule summary IDEAL AND INERT Not only have glass containers improved food safety, but they also provide food and beverage brands with prestige and recognition. Glass containers are an often-overlooked piece of technology so what actually goes into the modern manufacturing of glass containers? CAREFULLY CRAFTED Although glass containers\' soda-lime-silica composition has changed little in the past century, commercial container glass must meet dozens of continually monitored quality requirements and specific design tolerances to be functional. Today\'s challenge is to consistently deliver glass with consumer appeal in the most environmentally friendly way possible. MANUFACTURING MARVEL Despite glass\'s material properties, glass container manufacturing itself is constantly developing. From the integration of cullet to increase sustainability, the complexities of how glass composition impacts color, the engineering of modern glass furnaces, to recent computational advances in glassmaking technology, glass containers are more high-tech than you might expect. of the 20th century. At this time, a shop of six men could produce about 2,0003,000 bottles a day at a cost of $1.80 per gross (in 1900 currency, not adjusted for inflation). While the Industrial Revolution saw a wave of automation in manufacturing, the complex and manual steps required to blow glass into a bottle eluded mechanization. Michael Owens, a self-trained engineer working for Libbey Glass, took on this challenge. With his trademark phrase—“It can be done\"-he drove a team of engineers to create the first automated, commercial machine to make glass bottles. The first bottle-making machine could produce nearly 10 times as many bottles in one day as a shop of six men. This was a breakthrough for the scale and economics of making glass bottles, reducing the price of bottles by an order of magnitude. This price reduction enabled glass to expand the use of containers from special, high-value items (e.g., whiskey flasks, drugs, and vials) into everyday products, such as beer, milk, soda, and food.² The ability to provide food and beverages in clear, sealed, stable, and low-cost packages, combined with the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act (which banned adulterated or mislabeled food, drugs, and other consumables and spurred creation of the United States Food and Drug Administration), significantly improved food safety. Companies such as CocaCola and Heinz began to put their products in glass containers featuring unique shapes that remain iconic to this day. Today, glass remains a timeless substance that provides food and beverage brands with beauty, durability, prestige, and sustainability. A single modern production line can make up to 600,000 bottles per day, with one factory containing 2-15 production lines. How to Read a Glass Bottle Glass packaging is pure, made from natural elements. Out of fire and sand, iconic O-1 glass containers take shape. We create our glass packaging using the highest quality standards and expertise developed through our rich history of innovation. Part of our process is to mark each bottle that we produce to ensure quality and traceability. BOTTLE CODE N29; 0-1: 12; DV-2; 40 N29: Region, Plant Identification Wonder where your bottle was made? This letter and number combination shows which 0-1 manufacturing plant made your bottle. Region codes are A Asia Pacific E Europe N North America $ South America 00-4: Bottle Manufacturer Mark Cavity Identification These Braille-like bumps on the heel and/or rings on the bottom enable our inspection equipment to read the bottle identification information. 12: Year Manufactured DV-2/40: Mould Equipment Identification Number A mould is a hollow metal part on our bottle making machines used to form the shape of each bottle. Finish Neck Shoulder Sidewall or Label Panel Heel Base Coding sometimes varies by region or customer, and may include information on capacity (for example: 750 ml) or how far to fill the containerffor example: 370 mill Figure 1. Diagram of a glass container, showing markings that allow the bottle to be traced to the manufacturer, plant, year, mold, and cavity where it was manufactured. Owens-Illinois Inc. (O-I), founded by Michael Owens, is the world\'s largest manufacturer of glass packaging, producing approximately 12 million tonnes of glass per year. O-I operates 78 plants in 23 countries, which its glass containers can be traced back to from markings stamped in the glass (Figure 1). As an example of scale, the Industria Vidriera de Coahuila plant located in Nava, Mexico (a joint venture between O-I and Constellation Brands), produces Corona and Modello bottles excluAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org sively for the U.S. market. This year, it will become the largest glass container factory in the world with the completion of its fifth furnace-melting about 2,000 tonnes of glass per day, which equates to daily production of up to 9.8 million bottles. Modern glass manufacturing The composition of glass for consumer packaging has changed surprisingly little in the 110 years since the breakthrough of the automated forming 19 Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Glass innovation in the grocery store Figure 2. Example of post-consumer cullet that has been color-sorted into flint and is ready for reuse in a glass container furnace. machine. Container glass has a similar formula to window glass within the sodalime-silica family (Table 1). Soda-lime-silica strikes a balance in availability of materials, cost, durability, and ease of manufacture. The most notable difference in container glass composition over the last several decades is that formulas now contain less sodium oxide to match the faster speeds of current bottle-making machines. The focus in container manufacturing today is to prepare a soda-lime-silica glass formula with minimal impact to the environment and at a competitive price. Glass is unique from other packaging materials in that the major raw materials used for glass, such as sand and limestone (Table 1), are widely available throughout the globe and require minimal processing from the mine. This is in contrast to plastic and aluminum, which are extracted from the earth as petroleum or bauxite ore in cerTable 1. Generic soda-lime-silica glass compositions Oxide(s) Approximate Primary source concentration Sio₁₂ 73% Sand Na₂O 13% CaO 11% Soda ash Limestone Al2O3 2% Fe2O3, Cr₂03, COO, CuO <1% Commodity oxides SO3 <0.5% Saltcake 20 20 Feldspathic minerals, sands, or slag tain geographies, transported to processing facilities, significantly refined to prepare a pure feedstock, and later shaped into packaging by secondary processors. Because the raw materials for glass are so ubiquitous, glass can be converted from mined minerals into a container within the same factory. Utilizing cullet, or post-consumer recycled bottles, is a major focus for industrial glassmaking. The recyclability of glass is one of its most unique and beneficial characteristics from a sustainability perspective. Cullet is desirable because its use lowers melting temperature, reducing energy use (up to a maximum of about 25 percent versus mined materials). Cullet also reduces CO₂ emissions due to the lower melting energy and because it contains no carbonates (versus limestone or soda ash). Cullet is 100 percent recoverable upon remelting, with no degradation of properties. Further, the high melting temperature burns off small amounts for container glass Purpose Primary glass network; mechanical and chemical durability Lower melting temperature; longer forming time Lower viscosity at high temperature; chemical durability Chemical durability Color Removing bubbles; color Owens-Illinois of organic contaminants, such as labels and residual food. For these reasons, the glass container industry generally seeks to use as much quality recycled cullet as the market will bear (Figure 2). In 2018, O-I used an average of 37 percent post-consumer recycled glass globally. The amount of cullet used varies widely based upon color and production site. In Europe, as much as 80 percent of the glass in a container comes from post-consumer material, whereas rates are lower in the Americas. This is driven by local recycling practices, which are shaped by consumer habits, governmental regulations, and logistics to handle and clean materials in the recycling stream. A recent review of glass recycling in the U.S. stressed the importance of consumer collection methods on the likelihood of glass being remelted and made into another bottle. In the U.S., if glass is separated from other materials at the point of collection, it has a 90 percent chance of being recycled into glass. However, if glass is recycled in a single stream with other materials such as paper and metal, only 40 percent is converted back into glass. Composition and color Commercial glass must meet dozens of quality requirements that are continually monitored. The glass must be homogeneous, free of bubbles, have no inclusions, and be within a specified color range. The container must have the correct weight, volume, and shape and be free of cracks or other flaws. For this reason, metals and ceramics cannot be present in cullet and must be removed during the cleaning process. Metals such as copper or aluminum also melt at glass melting temperatures and form metallic droplets in the glass. These droplets sink to the bottom of the melt, corroding the furnace\'s refractory and producing bubbles in the glass. Ceramics such as pottery, porcelain, and glass-ceramic cookware (such as Visionware) also must be eliminated from the cullet stream because they do not melt in soda-lime-silica glass furnaces and pass through as crystalline inclusions in the final product. Paper and other organics in the cullet must be measured and tracked because they can change a key property called \"redox.\" www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Redox-the balance of oxidation/ reduction states of transition metals in the glass-is an essential factor to control glass chemistry at an industrial scale. Glasses that are \"oxidized\" have a higher concentration of oxygen than glasses that are \"reduced.\" Compounds that release oxygen upon heating, most commonly Na₂SO or CaSO4, oxidize the glass. Carbon or other compounds that strip oxygen from the surrounding atmosphere and glass melt reduce the glass. Redox is fundamental for two key quality parameters: removing bubbles and achieving the proper color.* Sodium and calcium sulfates are used to remove bubbles from molten glass, a process called fining and refining. These compounds yield either SO32 in oxidized glasses or S² in reduced glasses. As glass moves through a furnace, the temperature increases toward a maximum temperature of about 1,500°C (2,732°F). Above temperatures of about 1,200°C (2,192°F), sulfur becomes less soluble and exsolves out of the glass into any remaining bubbles, which become larger and more buoyant, eventually rising and being released from the molten glass.5 Oxidizing and reducing conditions must be controlled to make different colors of glass. For example, flint (clear) emerald green (e.g., bright green beer bottles), and Georgia green are oxidized colors. Reduced colors include amber (brown) and earthy greens such as champagne used for wine products (Figure 3). Within a given color, such as amber, the darkness of the color can be controlled with both redox and glass composition. The transition metals present in the glass, their concentration, and oxidation state, are essential in establishing the perceived glass color. In particular, the role of iron in glass color cannot be understated. Iron can be present in either the oxidized ferric (Fe3+) state, which has a straw yellow color, or the reduced ferrous (Fe²+) state, which has a light blue color. Both oxidation states are typically present, which is why most clear glass has a slight green tint when viewed from the side. For very clear glass, such as that used for high-end spirits, the total iron content should be as low as possible. Flint Champagne Green Emerald Green Amber Georgia Green Figure 3. A selection of typical commercial glass colors. Many additional colors are also possible and controlled by composition and redox. In amber glass, sulfur needs to be in the reduced state. The interaction of S2 with Fe3+ in the glass produces a chromophore that strongly absorbs ultraviolet, violet, and blue light-producing a reddish-brown color. Blocking these wavelengths of light is advantageous for many food and beverage products, such as beer, which have flavor compounds that break down when exposed to these wavelengths of light. While flint glass is typically perceived to have no color, this property is carefully managed by glass scientists using redox and color mixing. Iron and chrome are common impurities in raw materials and cullet and introduce a green hue to the glass. For premium products such as liquor bottles, the cullet used must be carefully cleaned to remove pieces of amber glass (which contributes Fe2O3 impurities) and green glass (which contributes Cr₂O3). Low-iron raw materials are often used to further reduce impurity levels. It is preferable to have any remaining iron in the oxidized, ferric state because it is a weaker colorant in the visible wavelength range. To balance the slight yellow/green color of these impurities, red colorants are added at a parts per million level. The result is a glass that has a “neutral” perceptible color.? Glass furnace The furnace is the engine of the glass factory (Figure 3). The furnace melts raw materials and cullet into homogenous molten glass that can later be molded into various shapes. Glass melting is a continuous process, and furnaces generally remain in operation and at high temperature during their entire lifetime. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org Industrial container glass furnaces typically range in production capacities from 180-500 tonnes per day, with a melting area of 60-120 m² (650-1,300 ft²). These furnaces typically feed several lines of forming machines, each line able to make a different container shape. Glass furnaces operate at temperatures above 1,500°C (2,732°F). At these temperatures, molten glass is extremely corrosive and necessitates the use of fused cast alumina-zirconia-silica (AZS) refractory blocks in the furnace. Variables that affect melting operations include batch mixing, raw material particle size, use of cullet, fining additives, and size and shape of raw material piles and cullet that float on the surface of molten glass. Some furnaces are \"boosted\" with electrodes inserted into the molten glass. The purpose of these electrodes is to locally heat the glass and establish a convection current within the molten glass that provides longer residence time and proper mixing. Usually the average residence time in a furnace is around 24 hours. A key process parameter in the furnace is depth (or level) of glass in the tank. Molten glass is typically about 1.4-m (4.6-ft) deep and controlled to a fixed level within millimeters. The reason for this precision is to ensure glass entering the forming process is consistent. Glass depth impacts the head pressure downstream, where the molten glass passes through a ceramic plate with holes. The glass stream is then cut into discrete pieces called gobs before entering the forming machine. Fluctuation in molten glass level produces fluctuation in container weight, which needs to be controlled within a tight 21 Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Glass innovation in the grocery store Regenerator Crown Melter Upperstructure Meter Crown. Throat Charging Endwall Refiner Ports Throat Endwall Radial Alcove Alcove Forehearth Forehearth Feeder Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Figure 4. Schematic of a side-port, regenerative furnace. In this design, raw material and cullet enter in the rear, and combustion of air and natural gas takes place from left or right sides (alternating every 20-30 minutes). Note the person at left as a reference for scale. range to produce an accurate shape. For example, a narrow-neck 12-oz/355-mL beer bottle is controlled to within +/- 1 gram. Automated process control adjusts feeding of raw materials into the furnace based on sensors that continually measure glass level. The gob of glass then enters the forming machine, which performs two functions. First, it puts the glass in the correct geometry to make a container. Second, it acts as a heat exchanger to cool and stiffen the glass. Timing and tolerances within this process are tightly controlled. In approximately 5 seconds, the forming machine converts that flowing gob of glass, which has a viscosity of about 103 Pa·s, into a container stiff enough to stand up on its own with a viscosity of about 107 Pa·s. During this short time, the glass cools by about 500°C (930°F).8,9 The forming process happens in two major stages. The first step is to shape a preform called a parison, either by pressing or blowing glass into a mold called a blank. The mouth or opening of the container (also called the finish) is created in this first step. The parison is then inverted into the blow mold, where compressed air expands the glass into its final shape. Depending on the size of the container and specific process, up to four gobs can be processed within the same cycle of the forming machine (Figure 4). The dramatic change in temperature and viscosity requires precise timing of the forming process. Forming machine developments in the past several decades have focused largely on operator safety, quality, productivity, and container lightweighting. For example, the narrow-neck press and blow-forming process widely implemented in the latter part of the last century provided precision that allowed oneway containers to become lighter weight and thin-walled.8 The speed of bottle production is closely tied to weight of the glassware. Smaller containers, such as baby food jars, are produced several times faster than larger shapes, such as wine bottles. The difference is due to the forming machine\'s role as a heat exchanger. Larger masses of hot glass introduce more heat, which must be removed by cooling through contact with the cooled mold. For this reason, lightweight, thin-walled containers are advantageous because they can be produced faster. 22 22 Figure 5. Parisons entering the final blow mold of a forming machine. This is a quad machine, meaning that four bottles (from four gobs) are simultaneously made in one section of the machine. Advances in technology For glass packaging to be functional, it must meet very specific design tolerances. Mold equipment is designed using computeraided design (CAD) tools and specified to within a few microns (thousandths of an inch) to ensure that the glass container has even wall thickness, that caps and lids fit properly, and that beverages fill to the same level within the vessel. For example, the internal volume of a 12-oz/355-mL beer bottle typically varies by no more than 0.05 oz/1.5 mL (or about 25 drops of liquid). Computer modelling is used to design new containers and molds. Finite element analysis is used to evaluate bottle designs to optimize weight of containers, predict how they will bear weight while sitting on a pallet, and predict stresses they will experience once filled with a carbonated product. A lighter weight bottle can save shipping costs and emissions. Computer modeling is also used to evaluate new furnace designs. For example, computational fluid dynamics is used to ensure that glass will flow properly through the melter without \"shortcuts\" that would cause unmelted sand or bubbles to pass downstream into the forming process. Glass container production has been automated for more than a century. Throughout the decades, incremental improvements have increased productivity of the glass factory, optimized speed and weight of making bottles, extended life of refractories, and gained a better understanding of how to melt and refine glass. Today\'s challenge is to consistently deliver glass with consumer appeal in the most environmentally friendly way possible. Cullet, which is fully recyclable and infinitely reusable, is key to increasing the sustainability of container glass. Balancing the chemistry between cullet and mined raw materials is a continual focus for industrial glass scientists. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Innovation at our core In addition to playing a leading role in the development of modern-day glass manufacturing, O-1 is setting the course for future innovations. In 2013, 0-1 built the Innovation Center, a 25 tonne/day pilot plant in Perrysburg, Ohio. This state-of-the-art pilot production facility provides several unique advantages. First, it serves as a training ground for safe manufacturing operations. Second, it allows faster evaluation and sampling of new container designs for customers. And third, it enables testing of new glass processing concepts at a pilot scale without interrupting commercial production. The Innovation Center has been used to evaluate new equipment, bottle designs, raw materials, and glass recipes. Two case studies illustrate how a focus on innovation led to unique new glass container products that help brands stand out in the marketplace. Case study: Yogurt jars with direct-to-glass foil seal Glass packaging has a unique ability to differentiate products from the competition on the store shelf. Yogurt is one example of a competitive, crowded market. When 0-1 was approached by Yoplait to make a new, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly yogurt container out of glass, there were several challenges―the biggest of which was how to effectively seal a glass jar. A peel-off foil lid is familiar to consumers of single-serving yogurt. But a peel-off foil lid on a glass container requires understanding how to make a reliable seal between the glass and foil-a very different challenge than for plastic containers. The surface of glass presents different chemical species that, untreated, are difficult to adhere to. This necessitated development of a proper glass pretreatment and foil layer combination to form an adequate bond to the glass. 10 O-l\'s Innovation Center was the testbed for glass scientists and packaging engineers to optimize glass surface treatments. These treatment processes were then scaled-up and replicated into production plants to produce glass jars for Yoplait, which can be found in supermarkets in the U.S. and Europe today (Figure 5). Case study: Red glass bottles One recent example of new color development is red glass for commercial containers. Historically, alchemists were fascinated by red glass as a way to create false rubies. In glass science, a brilliant red color can be developed by a heat treatment process known as \"striking.\"11 During this process, when glass is heated above its transition temperature, electrons transfer between transition metals to produce About the authors Scott Cooper is global glass and materials science group leader in R&D at Owens-Illinois Inc. (Perrysburg, Ohio). Contact Scott at scott.cooper@o-i.com. Dan Swiler is senior glass scientist in R&D at Owens-Illinois Inc. References: \'Toledo Museum of Art. 2Q.R. Skrabec, Glass in Northwest Ohio, Arcadia Publishing (2007). 3M. Jacoby, \"The state of glass recycling in cerice Figure 6. Foil-sealed glass Yoplait yogurt jars (left) and a 12-oz commercial red glass bottle (right). Both products were piloted in O-l\'s Innovation Center prior to commercial launch. colloidal metal nanoparticles in the glassy matrix. Glass containing metal colloids scatters incident light at a sharp, well-defined wavelength to produce a pure, ruby red color. Credit: Used with permission of Owens-Illinois Laboratory melting was sufficient to define the range of compositions that could create a brilliant red color. The next challenge was to translate that formula to full-scale, conventional glass melting and manufacturing processes. The Innovation Center allowed 0-1 to focus efforts to optimize the formulation and heat treatment profile to produce a vibrant red glass. A key scale-up factor from lab to pilot plant is the relationship between thermal history and geometry of the glass. In the lab, it is common to melt glass and pour it into forms 10-20 mm thick. But when glass is molded into a bottle shape, it is 1-3 mm thick. The thermal history of glass can be significantly driven by thickness of its form (faster cooling rates when the glass is thin). If thermal history is important in ceramic processing, it is essential for glasses that develop color via striking. Within weeks, the Innovation Center optimized formulation and heat treatment profiles to obtain the right size and number of colloids to create a beautiful, ruby red bottle (Figure 5). In 2016, the process was transferred to one of O-l\'s plants in Brazil to commercialize and fulfill a need for innovation from a large beverage brand. The production plant then fine-tuned glass process parameters to quickly yield stable red glass, without putting valuable production assets at risk during experimentation. the US,\" C&E News, February 11, 29-32 (2019). 4M. Cable, \"A century of developments in glassmelting research,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 (5), 1083-1094 (1998). 5R. Beerkens, \"Redox and sulfur reactions in glass melting furnaces,\" Ceramics-Silikaty, 43 (3), 123-131 (1999). \'J.M. Parker, \"Inorganic glasses and their interactions with light,\" Rev. Prog. Color., 34 (2004). 7C.R. Bamford, Colour Generation and Control in Glass, Elsevier (1977). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 8M. Cable, \"A century of developments in glassmelting research,\" Trans. Newcomen. Soc., 73, 1-31 (2001-2002). \'F.V. Tooley, Handbook of Glass Manufacture, Books for Industry Inc. (1974). 10U.S. Patent Application 2016/0264270, \"Sealing foil liners to containers,\" OwensBrockway Glass Container Inc. (2016). 11U.S. Patent 9,725,354, \"Color-strikable glass containers,\" Owens-Brockway Glass Container Inc. (2012). 23 KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING PROGRAMS Alfred University is dedicated to student centered education, where our students\' personal and professional development is our #1 priority. Our research groups are small, meaning that you\'ll be part of a close-knit, supportive community where your ideas and aspirations are valued. We have outstanding, state-of-the art facilities and strong, world-wide connections to enhance your educational experience. BS PROGRAMS Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Glass Engineering Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering Renewable Energy Engineering MS PROGRAMS Biomaterials Engineering Ceramic Engineering Electrical Engineering Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering Mechanical Engineering PHD PROGRAMS Ceramics Glass Science Materials Science and Engineering Alfred University Office of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 gradinquiry@alfred.edu ZEISS ECELLAR FOXON UNHAM Alfred University OUTSIDE of ORDINARY www.alfred.edu/academics/colleges-schools/engineering/index.cfm KAZUO INAMORI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Our group is interested in the development of a wide range of glass, ceramic, polymeric, and composite materials for a variety of biomedical applications, including bone void-filling, cancer therapy, infection resistance, and the design and synthesis of 3-D printed, patient-specific biomedical materials. Additionally, our group is experienced in the study of glass corrosion and the subsequent development of corrosionresistant coatings for a wide range of applications. Dr. Timothy Keenan, Assistant Professor of Biomaterials Engineering My research interest is located in operation, security and economics of electric power systems, and load analysis, load forecasting, anomalies detection based on machine learning and integration renewable energy into power systems. Dan Lu, Assistant Professor in the Renewable Energy Engineering program at Alfred University We focus on structure property correlations of all types of glasses utilizing most of the periodic table. Applications range from photonics and telecommunications (luminescent, non-linear, and magneto-optical materials), to safety, energy, medicine, and art/ design. We closely cooperate with the School of Art and Design of Alfred University to explore coloring and luminescence effects and study projects in the field of archaeometry. Dr. Doris Möncke, Associate Professor for Glass Science and Engineering Our group focuses on the fundamental research of materials for advanced nuclear fission and fusion energy applications. We specializes in the development of advanced structural materials, the effects of neutron and ion irradiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of metals and ceramics, and multiscale electron microscopy characterizations. In particular, we are currently interested in the 3D printing of metal/ceramic/composite used in advanced nuclear reactors, with emphasis on the processing parameters/microstructure/properties relationships. Kun Wang, Assistant Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Alfred University OUTSIDE of ORDINARY Office of Graduate Admissions Alumni Hall 1 Saxon Drive, Alfred, NY 14802 Ph: 800.541.9229 Fx: 607.871.2198 agradinquiry@alfred.edu www.alfred.edu/academics/colleges-schools/engineering/index.cfm Student perspectives O bulletin annual student section Chair\'s update on PCSA activities and welcome to the student ACerS Bulletin issue By Scott McCormack, PCSA Chair Credit: ACerS PCSA I n the following pages, readers will find a diverse range of interesting and exciting articles related to ceramic engineering and science. These articles range from sustainable, fatigue-resistant, lead-free piezoceramics to educational outreach for next generation ceramists. These articles highlight efforts that are important to The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) and particularly to the President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). PCSA currently consists of 46 student delegates from 30 universities in eight different countries who are all extremely passionate about ceramic materials and ceramics processing. PCSA\'s objective is to engage and excite these students to become active long-term leaders within the ACerS community. The PCSA delegates are dedicated to using their positions to support ACerS mission in \"advancing the study, understanding, and use of ceramic and glass materials for the benefits of modern society.\" Delegates in PCSA are constantly finding new, collaborative, and innovative ways to contribute to the scientific community. One key goal of PCSA is to engage and excite future scientists and engineers in ceramics, and then integrate them into the ACerS community so that they can grow into leaders. This engage26 PCSA business meeting at the PCSA annual meeting at MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. ment is achieved through multiple PCSA projects that target students at varying age groups. These projects include: (i) developing educational tools, (ii) student competitions, (iii) mentoring programs, and (iv) a symposia initiative. The educational tools being developed for outreach missions target a broad age range: K-12, undergraduates and graduates, and young post-graduates. These educational tools include: (i) lesson plans, (ii) educational posters, and (iii) animated videos. The student competitions are aimed at challenging undergraduate and graduate level students to inspire creativity in ceramic engineering and science. The competitions developed and implemented thus far include: (i) SIFT (Student and Industry Forensic Trials) Competition, held at ICACC, (ii) Shot Glass Competition, which is also held at ICACC, (iii) Next Top Demo Competition, (iv) Creativity and μ-Story Competitions, and (v) the Humanitarian Project Pitch Competition, held at MS&T. The mentoring program is currently in its second year and is aimed at establishing strong personal links between undergraduate and graduate level students with professionals in both academia and industry. This program has proven very successful so far for both mentees and mentors. Many new bonds have been formed, strengthening the ceramics community. The symposia initiative is where PCSA is currently hard at work developing and leading new student-organized symposia at future MS&T conferences, targeting undergraduates, graduates, and young professionals. PCSA believes that the implementation of these projects within the community is essential for the growth and development of next generation ceramic leaders. As you explore these articles, I hope that you see the passion, excitement, and scientific contributions that PCSA brings to the ceramic\'s community. Scott J. McCormack is a Ph.D. student in materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. He is chair of the 2018-2019 PCSA and is particularly passionate about expanding the role of educational outreach efforts within PCSA. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Congressional Visits Day 2019 Recap By Yolanda Natividad Acers liaison to the Material Advantage Student Program T he Material Advantage Student Program\'s Congressional Visits Day (CVD) was held on April 1-2, 2019, in Washington, D.C. The CVD annual event gives students an opportunity to visit Washington to educate Congressional decision makers about the importance of funding for basic science, engineering, and technology. The CVD experience began with an opening reception on April 1, featuring informative and entertaining talks by David Parkes of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS); Kei Koizumi, also of AAAS; and Michele Bustamante, the 2018/2019 TMS/MRS Congressional Science and Engineering Fellow. After the talks concluded, students were presented with some role-play in advance of their appointments on the following day. KENNOY KENNEDY PRESIDENT The University of Tennessee, Knoxville group (left to right) Max Neveau, Darby Ker, Eli Darby, Melanie Buziak, and Merilee Rogers, a staff representative from the office of Congressman Steve Cohen (D-Tennessee). As always, the students worked hard to schedule congressional visits with legislators and staffers on April 2, with some groups scheduling up to seven congressional visits. The Washington D.C. Chapter of ASM International and the Washington DC/Maryland/Northern Virginia Section of The American Ceramic Society cohosted a dinner, which gave students an opportunity to network and share their CVD experiences. Additionally, the group was given the opportunity to tour the labs at the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Material Advantage CVD 2019 participants at the event\'s opening reception and training. The Material Advantage CVD event was well-attended this year with a total of 38 students and faculty from the following universities: - California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Case Western Reserve University - Colorado School of Mines Iowa State University - Michigan Technological University - Northwestern University - Purdue University - University of Tennessee, Knoxville - University of Michigan - Washington State University Continued thanks to David Bahr, professor and head of materials engineering at Purdue University, and Iver Anderson, senior metallurgist at Ames Laboratory and adjunct professor in the Materials Science and Engineering department at Iowa State University, for instructing students on how to visit with legislators and for their assistance over the years in helping to coordinate CVD. Bahr and Anderson both serve on the Material Advantage Committee, an advisory committee that provides recommendations and feedback about the program to the four partnering organization\'s leadership. The California State Polytechnic University, Pomona group - (left to right) Ho Lun Chan, Ahmon Brooks-Starks, and Mariah Carray, a legislative assistant with the office of Norma J. Torres (D-California). If you are a student and did not get a chance to participate this year, make sure that you plan to register EARLY for the 2020 event! Or if you are a professor/faculty advisor, plan to gather a group from your university. Visit the Material Advantage website for future updates at www.materialadvantage.org. It is an opportunity that you will not want to miss! \"This was my first time going and I had an amazing time talking with representatives about materials science. I will definitely be recommending CVD to other students!\" - Eric McDonald, Iowa State University This year we received an overwhelming number of applications, and were not able to accommodate all that applied. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 24 The Colorado School of Mines group met with Representative Ed Perlmutter (D-Colorado) (center): (left to right) Elizabeth Palmiotti, Michael Thuis, Emily Mitchell, Casey Gilliams, and Alexandria Mares. 27 28 Student perspectives The interdisciplinary nature of crystal growth: Czochralski growth of Nd:YAG and ß-GaО By Muad Saleh Saleh Single crystals are useful in many applications and in fundamental scientific studies because, compared to polycrystals, they have no grain boundaries and fewer extended defects, which makes them typically have superior electrical and optical properties. However, there are numerous known and unknown parameters that make growing a single crystal, both theoretically and experimentally, a complex and difficult process. Pull rate, rotation speed, and temperature of the seed and crucible are just a few of the numerous parameters that affect a grown crystal\'s properties, composition, purity, and perfection, and modeling such a process requires significant simplifications. In some ways, the complexity and interdisciplinary nature of knowledge involved in crystal growth makes it more of an \"art\" than a \"science.\" I am very lucky to be involved in crystal growth research, as there are few United States universities with the capability to do bulk single crystal growth. In my research, I grow crystals using the Czochralski (CZ) method. The CZ method is widely used industrially to produce single-crystal materials, such as silicon, germanium, and sapphire (Al2O3), for optical, electronic, and optoelectronic applications. The CZ method, as shown in Figure 1, consists of melting the raw materials, followed by dipping a seed crystal in the melt to start nucleation, then pulling the seed up slowly at less than 1-2 mm/hr (up to 10 mm/ hr for some materials). After the crystal is grown to the desired size, it is separated from the melt. The growth rate (and diameter of the crystal) can be controlled by the pull rate, the temperature of the melt, and the temperature of the crystal. Growing various crystal systems using a widely-used industrial process not only gave me tremendous diverse knowledge on crystal growth, but growing our own crystals holds other tremendous advantages as well. Due to the possible system and process variations with CZ, there can be variations within commercial samples, part of which are due to impurities and dopants segregation. Segregation is an undesirable phenomenon common in crystals grown from a melt and is usually treated as an unavoidable effect. Reducing the effect of segregation in CZ-grown single crystals was the topic of my first project as a Ph.D. student. The material was neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), which is one of the most frequently used solid state laser host materials. Nd:YAG is grown in large crystals up to 100-150 mm in length, then rods are cut from the crystal along the growth axis. Due to segregation, neodymium concentration varies along the Nd:YAG rods, which affects their performance. We were able to reduce and effectively control the neodymium concentration by modifying the flow of the molten material in the crucible. The second CZ crystal system that I am working on is B-Ga₂O3, which is an emerging transparent semiconducting oxide material that has seen significant interest and develop2 3 120cm long Nd:YAG Crystal YAG VAG AG Nd:YAG Ga2Os B-Ga2O3 AG Nd:YAG B-Gaz0 B-G: (Left) The general steps of creating Nd:YAG crystals with the CZ method, from top to bottom: pressed material, melting, seeding, pulling and growing. (Top right) a CZ furnace in use; (bottom) examples of grown crystals. ment over the past few years. This project is part of a project funded by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under a Multi-University Research Initiative (MURI) in collaboration with The University of Utah. In this project, I grow B-Ga₂O, crystals to understand the effect of growth conditions on dopants and defects, and on electrical and optical properties. Crystal growth capability is important in this project, as one of the main advantages of ẞ-Ga₂O, over other materials of similar interest is the ability to grow it in bulk form. There are, however, several challenges to growing ẞ-Ga₂O3. This crystal has a tendency to grow spirally (i.e., a spring shape) if no appropriate control over the thermal gradient and insulation design selection is achieved. B-Ga₂O, also decomposes below its melting temperature and requires an oxygen-rich environment to reduce the decomposition. However, oxygen corrodes the iridium crucible, making for yet another challenge. Growth of every crystal system has its own challenges and complexities, and trial and error experiments are needed to gain experience with the system in order to overcome the challenges and produce consistent, high-quality single crystals. I am honored that my research can contribute to this understanding. Muad Saleh is a fourth-year Ph.D. candidate in the materials science and engineering program at Washington State University. Saleh is a PCSA delegate in the Communications Committee. He works on crystal growth and electrical/optical characterization of ceramics. Outside of work, Saleh enjoys swimming and reading. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Credit: Muad Saleh Teaming up to reach out: Inspiring the next generation of ceramists through collaborative outreach By Peter Meisenheimer Meisenheimer Today, materials scientists and engineers play a critical role in the technological evolution of our society, from using advanced computational modeling to guide the development of lighter and stronger metal alloys, to synthesizing self-assembled nanostructures for energy efficient optoelectronics. The trouble is, unlike mechanical or electrical engineering, students are usually not exposed to materials science until well into higher education, and oftentimes never truly learn what it is. Since 2017, University of Michigan (UM) materials science graduate students have been teaming up with engineering diversity and educational outreach experts, physical science education specialists, museum curators, and local teachers to develop and implement materials science curriculum and demonstrations targeting K-12 classes. The purpose of these events is to get young scholars thinking about the world in terms of length scales and atoms and how these things affect what we can see and feel. With outreach, we are trying to instill scientific critical thinking skills to promote life-long learning. To make the outreach program successful, we work with UM physical science education specialist Tim Chambers to create a curriculum that not only introduces materials and physical science concepts, but is tailored to the Michigan science standards,\' which require teachers to hit certain yearly milestones in their classrooms. The team travels to the same K-12 schools several times a year to build rapport with students and to provide teachers with lectures, worksheets, and supplies that were all developed through collaboration at UM. But one group of students, no matter how dedicated, can only do so much. Therefore, we also trained teachers to run these demos themselves and to inteUniversity of Michigan students at the Michigan Science Center running stations showing thermal shock, glass formation, and heat resistance. In this environment, it is important to give visitors a simple message and to make the experiment interactive. grate materials science education into their curricula. The materials science (MSE) outreach program, along with the Center for Engineering Diversity & Outreach (CEDO) and the macromolecular engineering department, organizes REACT, an event at UM that pulls teachers from all over the state of Michigan to run lab tours, develop demos, provide materials, and work on helping educators utilize state-of-the art science to get their students excited about careers in STEM. To do this, lessons need to be modular, inexpensive, and easy to understand and teach, but still satisfy the Michigan science standards. Thankfully, candy makes an exciting analog to many aspects of materials science, from chocolate bar frac tography to making optical waveguides using Jolly Ranchers. Collaboration with local teachers not only allows them to bring materials science to the classbut allows the outreach team to room, understand what teachers need for a lesson plan to be successful. It is important to remember that outreach does not stop at the classroom. We work with individuals outside as well, partnering with the UM Museum of Art (UMMA) to show people how materials science is part of everyday life. UMMA exhibit managers often get questions like “Why does copper rust green?\" or \"Why are some pottery glazes shiny and others matte?\" The goal of this collaboration is to provide exhibit guides with the tools to answer these questions, and to make resources available to the public. To this end, the American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org team has started running training sessions for museum guides, and they have developed signs to attach to exhibits that explain the science taking place, for example, why the sword on display is so corroded. These opportunities to interact with the community outside of the classroom are particularly exciting, allowing for new points-of-view and new challenges to overcome. Collaboration is key to running a successful program, and the UM team would not be what it is now without the help of professionals from both education and other disciplines, facilitating development, feedback, and logistics, as well as teaching about their own audiences and what they want to get out of the outreach program. References \"Michigan | Next Generation Science Standards,\" Retrieved from https://www. nextgenscience.org/michigan, n.d. Accessed 17 April 2019. 2\"Details & Application - Macromolecular Science & Engineering Program,\" Retrieved from https://macro.engin.umich.edu/reactworkshop, n.d. Accessed 17 April 2019. 3\"University of Michigan Museum of Art,\" Retrieved from https://www.umma.umich. edu, n.d. Accessed 17 April 2019. Peter Meisenheimer is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science at the University of Michigan, working on novel magnetic materials and spintronic devices. Peter is a cofounder of the UM MSE outreach program, as well as an avid painter and drummer. Credit: Peter Meisenheimer 29 Student perspectives Networks within research By Katelyn Kirchner Kirchner What is a network? In a broad sense, a network is a system of interconnected objects that allows for the transfer of movement (like transportation networks) or communication (like computer networks). In fundamental materials science research, many scientists explore the networks between atoms to better understand the observed macroscopic properties. In my research, I focus on atomic networks within glass-forming systems. Unlike a crystal, where atomic positions are clearly defined, glass-forming systems are topologically disordered materials requiring statistical distributions to fully describe their atomic network. Due to configurational entropy, glasses have local variations or fluctuations inherent in their structure, bonding configurations, and network topology. These localized fluctuations directly impact the performance of glass-forming systems. For example, the attenuation in low-loss optical fibers is dominated by Rayleigh scattering, which is a function of density fluctuations. Relaxation modes directly relate to atomic scale fluctuations. Nucleation, phase separation, and crack propagation are governed by localized bonding fluctuations. Despite the scientific and technological importance of compositional and topological fluctuations in glasses, very few studies have been conducted to elucidate this subject. To date, most studies focus on mean-field descriptions, i.e., averaging over the fluctuational effects. My research objective is to understand and quantify the topological fluctuations within glassy networks. More specifically, I have created a model linking statistical mechanics and topological constraint theory to quantify topological fluctuations as a function of composi tion and temperature. I then formed a secondary model to investigate glassforming systems\' ability to self-organize 30 J-0.75 3+26])=025+554 \'cally Farand in the presence of stress. Results confirmed that the presence of topological fluctuations is a mechanism enabling atomic self-organization. In future work, I plan to continue quantifying topological fluctuations to help explain observed tically F macroscopic responses, which can then be optimized by modifying glass composition and thermal history. While studying these glass networks is significant and exciting, there is another type of network in my research that I find equally important—the people network of other scientists, mentors, and peers. Through research I have had the privilege to work with some great minds, both at my university and within the global network of glass researchers. Their influence on how I view not only glass science, but research in general, cannot be overstated. With their help, I have published two first-author articles and presented at three conferences over the past two years of my undergraduate studies. These accomplishments are thanks to my supportive network of friends, mentors, and advisors. Listing accomplishments such as publications, presentations, or achieved results easily masks the failures, stress, and long, frustrating hours. Research is inherently frustrating at times, and this frustration is amplified when struggling with self-doubt. One in two graduate students report mental distress, which can lead to an increased risk of anxiety and depression.\' For many researchers these disorders manifest as imposter syndrome, which is the persistent feeling that one does not belong, i.e., the fear of being revealed as a fraud. These struggles with mental health are why people networks in science are just as important as material networks. When people experience anxiety, depression, and/or imposter syndrome, they can have reduced productivity and may feel discouraged from completing their program. Mentors and peers can immensely help combat these self-doubts by fostering open and honest environments. Encouragement from friends, mentors, or research advisors allow budding scientists to develop conTen book bok lowk AS =1 T-T2 เง When researching complex networks in materials, it is important to build a strong people network as well to help support you during times of frustration and self-doubt. fidence in their knowledge level, remain productive, and better handle research setbacks along the way. Katelyn Kirchner A researcher\'s performance is evaluated based on conference presentations or the impact and number of publications. However, we cannot forget that to achieve those accomplishments, we must first and foremost provide a supportive network and environment in which to investigate the complex molecular networks within materials. References \'K. Levecque, F. Anseel, A. De Beuckelaer, J. Van der Heyden, L. Gisle, “Work organization and mental health problems in PhD students,\" Res. Policy., 46, 868-879 (2017). Katelyn \"Katie\" Kirchner is a junior undergraduate student at The Pennsylvania State University studying materials science and engineering. Her research focuses on glass science, specifically modeling fluctuations in the structure and topology of glass-forming systems. Outside of the classroom her passions include woodwork and rowing as a student athlete on Penn State\'s crew team. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Credit: Xi Shi Stay bright while working on the dark side By Xi Shi Shi Ferroelectric ceramics have witnessed extensive applications in actuators and sensors, spanning across automobile industries, biomedical diagnostic, and microelectronics. Amongst them, Na₁₂Bi₁₂TiO3 (NBT) based ceramics have received considerable attention as they are relatively eco-friendly compared to widely-used PbZrTiO3 (PZT), and they have appreciable properties (e.g., large piezoelectric strain, high piezoelectric constant). Furthermore, their properties can be tuned to suit requirements by doping with various compounds, including BaTiO3, KNa₁/2Nb2O3, or aliovalent point defects. All these merits of NBT-based systems triggered a global interest in studying these materials, and they were found to be fundamentally different than classical ferroelectrics. With much smaller domains scaling in nanometers, NBTbased ceramics generally behave as relaxors, a class of disordered ferroelectrics known for having high electrostriction (they change shape under application of an electric field). The reason for a relaxor\'s peculiar properties is believed to lie in compositional disorder originating from homovalent or heterovalent cations sitting at equivalent atomic sites of the crystal structure. Advanced techniques such as synchrotron XRD, neutron diffraction, and electron microscopy have helped develop a much clearer picture of NBT structure in the past decade. Furthermore, structural phase transitions under electric field lead to giant strain output for NBT-based ceramics, which has undoubtedly opened a broader path of implementing \"lead-free\" devices. Device sustainability and stability are of utmost importance to ensure reliable operation and long service life for piezoceramics. Part of my Ph.D. work is focused on investigating electrical fatigue \"failure\" behavior of NBT-based ceramics under different stimuli and environments (Figure 1). We first developed the electricfield-temperature phase diagrams to obtain knowledge about phase transitions in ergodic relaxor (nonpolar, exists above a defined critical temperature T), nonergodic relaxor (nonpolar, exists below T) and ferroelectric (polar) piezoceramics. On Figure 1. A laser beam and reflecting mirror used to measure piezoelectric strain. They are part of a TF Analyzer 2000, a device for analyzing electroceramic materials and devices. the basis of this phase diagram, we evaluated their fatigue behavior under different conditions such as temperature, field amplitude, and frequency. While currently my project is progressing smoothly, this was not the case when I started the project two years ago. As mentioned before, I am essentially working on \"failure\" of ceramics. The experiments are tedious due to frequent sample breakdown and sample variability under harsh fatigue conditions. I felt absolutely lost on whether I should expect them to fail or not after setting up each fatigue test-was it acceptable for me to face failure so many times? Working on property degradation, the \"dark\" side of materials, really made me wonder about the value of time input and the significance of my project. I reached a turning point when I became a part of ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PSCA) in 2018. Since then, I have worked with students from all over the world studying a variety of ceramic topics. By viewing ceramics research on this global level, I have seen broader possibilities of my materials and, more importantly, excellent research habits and attitudes adopted by ACerS researchers. I met prestigious materials scientists during conferences who are full of enthusiasm and long-lasting curiosity; I got to know people working on less popular topics while doing brilliant research in a few years\' time and having a bright smile on their faces. These inspiring examples have gradually changed my life. I am now able to stay neutral and calm during laboratory work, acknowledging that failure is a big part of research experiments and experiments are not meant to always proceed in a pleasant way. Moreover, I am more motivated doing research when I make \"understanding materials\" my starting point instead of “completing tasks.\" Additionally, working in student associations like PSCA offers a break from rigorous research and boosts communication skills. In my case, the collaboration between research and PSCA cultivates my love of and insights into the materials field as an early researcher. Xi Shi is a third-year Ph.D. candidate in the School of Materials Science & Engineering at the University of New South Wales (Sydney, Australia). She is currently the women\'s officer in the Postgraduate Council and the postgraduate representative of equity, diversity, inclusion. She enjoys sketching, baking, and long distance running-she is ready for her first full marathon in 2019. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 31 Student perspectives Unraveling the robust nature of bulk 2D materials and their intrinsic properties By Archana Loganathan Two-dimensional nanomaterials are one group of advanced nanostructured materials that have garnered significant attention since the advent of graphene, the world\'s first 2D material. Since the serendipitous discovery of graphene, a 2D layer of carbon atoms, by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov in 2004,¹ graphene has helped to revolutionize numerous cutting-edge devices in electrical, mechanical, optical, and thermal applications. No wonder graphene is also referred to as a \"wonder material” for its impressive array of unique physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Loganathan The quest for better materials has pushed the research community to look beyond graphene to address new challenges. As a result, other 2D nanomaterials such as boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs; e.g., WS,, MoS2, NbS2), and ternary boron-carbon-nitride (BCN) are being developed and added to the 2D material library. A recent addition to the family of 2D materials are MXenes (MX), which are the 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. Predominantly, the research and properties of 2D nanomaterials are explored in terms of single-layer or multilayered nanosheets, with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometers to 100 nm. When I started my research, I was curious to know if it would be possible to construct a stable superstructure or bulk nanostructure by layering single- or multilayered 2D nanomaterials together. Would a bulk nanostructure constructed this way retain or outpace the properties and performance of individual 2D nanosheets? Previous studies from our research group have demonstrated successful consolidation of multilayered graphene nanosheets in bulk three-dimensional (3D) structure using spark plasma sintering. 2,³ In this process, a pulsed direct electric current is passed through the sample, and the intrinsic anisotropy of 2D materials allows the basal planes of 2D layered nanosheets to assemble perpendicular to the loading direction during consolidation. My research primarily focuses on the preparation of monolithic 2D nanomaterials by spark plasma sintering. Density above 90 percent was achieved for these sintered bulk nanostructured materials, and the initial structure and microstructure of the 2D nanosheets was retained despite a harsh sintering temperature above 1,500°C and pressure above 50 MPa. These observations were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis of bulk BNNS fracture surface, where atomically thin BN nanosheets were stacked layer-by-layer with a preferred orientation of the basal (0002) planes.4 One of the challenges I have addressed in this process of consolidation was achieving dense 3D architecture without Novel Properties and applications Scalable Multi-layered 2D nanomaterial Bulk nanostructured material Single-layer 2D nanomaterial Robust!!! Figure 1. Schematic representation of scalable bulk nanostructured material constructed using single- or multilayer 2D nanomaterials. damaging the 2D nanosheets. Due to this preferred orientation, we were able to unravel the mechanical and tribological properties of the bulk 2D nanomaterials as a function of their orientation; specifically, we found the top surface of the bulk 3D structure (out-of-plane) has higher hardness, superior wear resistance, and low friction compared to the crosssection of the bulk 3D structure (in-plane).4 With the help of my advisor Professor Agarwal, I was able to collaborate with Professor Suwas\'s team at the Indian Institute of Science in Bengaluru, India. We explored the crystallographic texture and interfacial bonding between nanosheets in the bulk 3D structure using a transmission electron microscope. This investigation contributed to the better understanding of individual nanosheet arrangement in the bulk structure. Such collaborative and collective research efforts will help us to move forward in engineering the scalabil ity and robustness of 2D nanomaterials in 3D architecture. References \"K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, ... A.A. Firsov. (2004). \"Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films.” Science, 306, 666-669. 2A. Nieto, D. Lahiri, A. Agarwal. (2012). \"Synthesis and properties of bulk graphene nanoplatelets consolidated by spark plasma sintering.\" Carbon, 50(11), 4068-4077. 3C. Rudolf, B. Boesl, A. Agarwal. (2015). \"In situ indentation behavior of bulk multilayer graphene flakes with respect to orientation.\" Carbon, 94, 872-878. 4A. Loganathan, A. Sharma, C. Rudolf, A. Agarwal. (2017). \"In-situ deformation mechanism and orientation effects in sintered 2D boron nitride nanosheets.\" Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 708, 440. Archana Loganathan is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at Florida International University (FIU) in Miami. She works in FIU\'s Plasma Forming Laboratory under the supervision of Arvind Agarwal and Benjamin Boesl. She likes traveling, painting, and reading novels related to science fiction, history, and culinary arts. 22 32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Credit: Archana Loganathan SAVE THE DATE! Pan American Ceramics Congress JULY 20-23, 2020 PANAMA CITY, PANAMA 98 PACC Pan American Ceramics Congress Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org O bulletin kreidl award abstract Composition fluctuations in silica glass containing water By Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa W ater and water vapor can degrade the mechanical strength of glass, promote crack growth, and cause fatigue. ¹,2 Water has been found to enter through the fracture surface of glasses,3,4,5 indicating that water ahead of the crack tip promotes the growth of cracks. Both structural and stress relaxation? were found to occur faster at the glass surface than in the bulk when exposed to water. Liquid water or water vapor in the air can enter the glass through diffusion. At low temperatures, molecular water can remain in the glass. At high temperatures, most of the diffused molecular water readily reacts with the glass network to form immobile hydroxyls, =Si-OH.8,9 Although the large effect of water on glass properties and relaxation behavior has been observed, the mechanism by which a small quantity of water in the glass can cause this behavior has remained elusive. It is proposed that water entering the glass causes fluctuations in the composition that can lead to dynamic mechanical relaxation 10 and pathways for crack growth. This research will establish the presence of composition fluctuations caused by water in silica glass, the primary network former in many glasses. Composition fluctuations, crack growth, and relaxation Fluctuations may play an important role in both the fracture process and the relaxation process in the presence of water. Zarzycki¹¹ proposed that glass, which has density fluctuations, would have low density domains which would act as pathways for a moving crack or as closed Griffith flaws in the glass. When water is present, this interpretation of crack propagation could be extended to composition fluctuations in which the crack may grow through water-rich pathways. The presence of tensile stress or damaged sites may also promote these composition fluctuations, as will be demonstrated by the formation of bubbles at low temperatures in damaged glass. Water in glass can also lead to dynamic mechanical¹² or delayed elastic behavior representative of a time-dependent modulus giving 34 rise to stress relaxation behavior. The relaxation strength of the glass becomes large as composition fluctuations increase approaching the spinodal temperature. 13 Here, the presence of composition fluctuations in the silica glass-water system was examined through three experiments: the memory effect, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and the formation of bubbles at low temperature. Memory effect The memory effect in glass, where glass \"remembers its past thermal history,\" takes place when glass has multiple relaxation times resulting from composition fluctuations. 14 This effect can be demonstrated through the crossover experiment in which glass is cooled from its equilibrium fictive temperature T=T₁ toward a temperature T₂. When the glass T reaches the crossover temperature T, where T₁<T<T₁, the temperature of the furnace is switched to T. T can be seen to change with time rather than remaining constant because portions of the glass relax faster and slower than the average. The memory effect in glass has been shown to occur in silica glass containing fluorine or OH, but not for pure silica glass. 15 Further confirmation that the memory effect is caused by composition fluctuations rather than density fluctuations can be gained by testing at temperatures approaching the spinodal. 16 2\' f In this study, the memory effect of a silica glass containing 800-1,000 wt. ppm OH was investigated at various T₁, T2, and T (example in Figure 1), with the differences T₁-T₂ and T₁-T constant. The sample tested at higher temperatures showed no discernible memory effect, while samples tested at lower temperatures showed that T initially increases and subsequently decreases following the crossover to T. The presence of composition fluctuations in silica glass containing OH can be confirmed because composition fluctuations increase at lower temperatures. 17 As the temperature of the crossover experiment was reduced, the spinodal temperature was approached, so larger fluctuations in composition led to a noticeable distribution in structural relaxation times for glass containing OH. Small angle X-ray scattering SAXS can demonstrate the presence of density and composition fluctuations in glass. Pure silica glass has only density fluctuations, which give rise to a SAXS intensity at zero scattering vector I(q=0) proportional to temperature. 18 I(0) measured at room temperature can be seen to increase with increasing equilibrium T because the structure of the glass becomes frozen-in upon rapid cooling. The presence of composition fluctuations leads to an additional contribution to I(O), as has been demonstrated for fluorine-doped silica. 19 In order to show the presence of composition fluctuations in silica containing OH, two silica glasses were measured with equilibrium T-900-1,300°C. One glass www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 1025 1020 10151010Fictive temperature (°C) 1005 1000 995T₁-1200°C T₁ = 900°C T₁-1000°C Credit: Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa 1(0) (Arbitrary units) 6Based on q=0.05-0.15Ũ¹ <0.1 wt. ppm OH Credit: Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa (a) 20 μπ Credit: Emily M. Aaldenberg and Minoru Tomozawa 990 0 500 1000 Time (min) 1500 2000 Figure 1. Time dependent T, after crossover to T. Data fit (solid line) estimated from a model of two relaxation times. contained 1,000 wt. ppm chlorine and <0.1 wt. ppm OH; the other contained 800-1,000 wt. ppm OH. The addition of chlorine was found to have no effect on the scattered intensity. 20 I(O) was calculated from a linear fit of the measured region q=0.05–0.15 Ū¹. For a constant T₁, the glass containing OH has a greater scattering intensity (Figure 2). This is consistent with the hypothesis that the OH in the glass causes composition fluctuations. Low temperature bubble formation The previous two experiments involved composition fluctuations for silica glass containing predominantly reacted water, =Si-OH formed at high temperatures. This third study involves the diffusion of water at low temperatures, where molecular H2O is present. A silica sample with a final polish of cerium oxide was found to contain bubbles beneath the glass surface (Figure 3a), following a six-day water diffusion treatment in 250°C saturated water vapor pressure (29,800 Torr). The sample is estimated to have OH and H₂O diffusion depths of about 14 μm.21 Subsurface damage was revealed by etching the surface layer of a separate polished sample in an HF solution (Figure 3b). g g The formation of bubbles typically occurs at temperatures above the glass transition temperature, T. It is surprising, then, that silica glass was able to form bubbles at temperatures so far below T. Bubbles form as a result of supersaturation of diffused water in glass. The subsurface damage may serve as a nucleation site for the bubbles (phase separated regions) to form because without any subsurface damage present, no bubbles formed after the same heattreatment. This type of polishing-induced 2 1000 1200 1400 TĘ (K) 800-1000 wt. ppm OH 1600 Figure 2. SAXS intensity as a function of the glass fictive temperature for two silica glasses. damage, which represents closed cracks below the glass surface, is caused by dragging blunt ceria particles across the surface and is only revealed by etching. 22,23 Fluctuations and phase separation in the silica-water system at low temperatures are especially important because the crack growth and relaxation processes are typically studied at low temperatures, where molecular H₂O is present. Acknowledgements This research was supported by NSF DMR-1265100 and NSF DMR1713670. Aaldenberg\'s graduate study is supported by Corning, Inc. About the authors Emily M. Aaldenberg completed her Ph.D. this spring under the advisement of Minoru Tomozawa in the materials science and engineering department at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Contact Aaldenberg at aaldee@rpi.edu. Editor\'s note Aaldenberg will present the 2019 Kreidl Award Lecture at the Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting in Boston, Mass., on June 11, 2019. References Proctor B.A., Whitney I., Johnson J.W. Proc R Soc A. 1967; 297:534-557. 2Wiederhorn S.M. J Am Ceram Soc. 1967; 50(8):407-414. 3Tomozawa M., Han W.T., Lanford W.A. J Am Ceram Soc. 1991; 74(10):2573-2576. Lechenault F., Rountree C.L., Cousin F., Bouchaud J.P., Ponson L., Bouchaud E. Phys Rev Lett. 2011; 106(16):165504. \"Hirao K., Tomozawa M. J Am Ceram Soc. 1987; 70(7):497-502. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org (b) + ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 20 m Figure 3. (a) Optical microscope image of bubbles formed after heat treatment of silica at 250°C saturated water vapor pressure. (b) Subsurface damage revealed by etching. 6Tomozawa M., Kim D.L., Agarwal A., Davis K.M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2001; 288:73-80. \'Lezzi P.J., Xiao Q.R., Tomozawa M., Blanchet T.A., Kurkjian C.R. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2013; 379:95-106. 8Davis K.M., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1995; 185:203-220. \'Doremus R.H. Diffusion of reactive molecules in solids and melts. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002; p. 85. 10 Tomozawa M., Aaldenberg E.M. Phys Chem Glasses: Eur J Glass Sci Technol B. 2017; 58(4):156-164. \"Zarzycki J. The \"middle-range order\" in glasses. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Glass; 1974 July 8; Kyoto, Japan. The Ceramic Society of Japan; 1974. p. 28-39. 12Reinsch S., Müller R., Deubener J., Behrens H. J Chem Phys. 2013; 139(17):174506. 13Zener C. Elasticity and anelasticity of metals. New York: University of Chicago Press, 2002; p. 97-100. 14Macedo P.B., Napolitano A. J Res Natl Bur Stand. 1967; 71A:231-238. 15Koike A., Ryu S.R., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2005; 351:3797-3803. 16Koike A., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2008; 354:3246-3253. 17Bhatia A.B., Thornton D.E. Phys Rev B. 1970; 2(8):3004-3012. 18 Golubkov V.V., Vasilevskaya T.N., Porai-Koshits E.A. J Non-Cryst Solids. 1980; 38:99-104. 19Watanabe T., Saito K., Ikushima A.J. J Appl Phys. 2004; 95:2432-2435. 20Kakiuchida H., Sekiya E.H., Saito K., Ikushima A.J. Jpn J Appl Phys. 2003; 42:L1526-L1528. 21Oehler A., Tomozawa M. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2004; 347:211-219. 22 Preston F.W. Trans Opt Soc. 1922; 23(3):141-164. 23Suratwala T., Wong L., Miller P., ... Walmer D. J Non-Cryst Solids. 2006; 352:5601-5617. ■ 35 Reimaging windowsInnovations in glass with the potential to transform the built environment By Karma Sawyer, Marc LaFrance, and Chioke Harris Next-generation windows offer many ways to increase occupant comfort and decrease building energy consumption. 36 R 1,2 esidential and commercial buildings. account for more than 40 percent of the nation\'s total energy demand and 70 percent of electricity use, resulting in an annual national energy bill totaling more than $380 billion. The United States Department of Energy (DOE) Building Technologies Office (BTO) is working in partnership with industry, academia, national laboratories, and other stakeholders to develop innovative, cost-effective, energy-saving technologies that could lead to a significant reduction in building energy use and enable sophisticated interactions between buildings and the electric grid. BTO\'s goal is to reduce aggregate building energy use intensity by 45 percent by 2030, relative to 2010 energyefficient technologies. The rapid development of next-generation building technologies, such as windows, are vital to advancing building systems and components that are cost-competitive in the market, meeting BTO\'s building energy use reduction goals, and leading to the creation of new business and industries. Windows are our connections to the outdoors and their thermal and optical performance directly impacts occupant comfort and building energy consumption. Next-generation window technologies can substantially reduce heat transfer compared to typical doublepane, low-E insulating glazing units (IGUs), improving occupant comfort and decreasing the need for heating and cooling in the perimeter zone. The development of thin glass (<1 mm) for electronic displays has enabled the creation of \"thin-triple” IGUs, which incorporate a Extended abstract from International Congress on Glass. Presentation is scheduled for June 13 at 8 a.m. More details at https://ceramics.org/icg2019 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ICG extended abstract Sawyer, LaFrance, and Harris thin glass center lite along with low-cost krypton into a double-pane IGU form factor, surpassing triple-pane IGU performance but with substantially reduced weight and thickness. Vacuum insulated glazing (VIG) have been available for decades, but performance has been lackluster and designs have required rigid edge seals and tempered glass to withstand stresses from thermal expansion. Newly introduced products in the U.S. and China have improved thermal performance. Current early-stage research is exploring solutions that use annealed glass and are compatible with typical glass processing systems to reduce unit costs. VIGS can be combined with an outer lite (\"hybrid\" systems), maintaining a double-pane IGU form factor but achieving thermal performance far exceeding the walls of most existing U.S. buildings. Instead of evacuating the space between the panes of an IGU, it can be filled with another material to reduce heat transfer. That material must be transparent and low haze, have very low thermal conductivity, and be stable in the environment inside an IGU. A range of aerogels and other nanostructured porous materials are currently being researched in an attempt to find a formulation that meets those performance requirements and can be readily integrated into glass and IGU production processes. Beyond highly-insulating windows, other technologies have the potential to transition windows from being a driver of energy use to being energy neutral or even generating electricity in some applications. Dynamic glazing technologies— electrochromics, thermochromics, and others can improve occupant visual and thermal comfort and reduce energy use by actively tuning light levels and solar heat gain. DOE catalyzed early-stage dynamic glazing research that has led to more than $2 billion in private-sector investment. In the future, the adoption of active dynamic glazing can be accelerated with increased switching speeds that provide better glare control, improved (and proven) long-term durability, and neutral (gray) coloration throughout Figure 1. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory\'s advanced thermochromic/PV project. Electron micrograph of a metal halide perovskite (blue) layer deposited on metal oxide blocking (orange) and transport layers (red) in an interdigitated back contact pattern on glass (scale bar = 1 micron). their dynamic range. Technologies that allow independent control over attenuation of near-infrared and visible light wavelengths could increase energy sav ings and offer superior occupant satisfaction. DOE continues to sponsor new research to address these opportunities and facilitate competition that will lead to more affordable products. Photovoltaic (PV) glazing can facilitate electricity generation at the façade; static semi-transparent and transparent PV glazing are available today. Switchable PV glazing materials currently being researched have the potential to deliver much higher power conversion efficiencies than transparent and semi-transparent PV glazing while also incorporating dynamic control over visible transmittance (T)-darkening to generate electricity from incident solar radiation and thus also controlling glare and solar heat gain.3 PV glazing materials could be used to provide power to the building or the electric grid. Novel PV glazing formulations that offer high (or dynamic) T could find application in high-rise buildings that have substantial glazed area but minimal roof area suitable for traditional rooftop solar PV. vis DOE continues to invest in materials discovery and technology R&D to achieve affordable technologies with increased performance and superior thermal and optical properties. Ultimately, tomorrow\'s windows not only have the potential to outperform today\'s walls, but can fundamentally transform the net energy impact of windows in buildings by being energy positive. About the authors Karma Sawyer is program manager and Marc LaFrance is windows technology manager for the Emerging Technologies program in the Department of Energy\'s Building Technologies Office. Chioke Harris is research engineer at the DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Contact LaFrance at marc.lafrance@ee.doe.gov. References ¹U.S. Energy Information Administration. Natural Gas Summary from 2012–2017. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, Release date: July 31, 2018. Accessed April 18, 2019: https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ ng/ng_sum_lsum_dcu_nus_a.htm 2 U.S. Energy Information Administration. Electric Power Monthly with Data for December 2016. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy, February 2017. Accessed April 18, 2019: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/ monthly/archive/february2017.pdf 3 Wheeler, L.M., Moore, D.T., Ihly, R., et al. (2017). Switchable photovoltaic windows enabled by reversible photothermal complex dissociation from methylammonium lead iodide. Nature Communication, 8(1), 1-9. https:// dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-018424 ■ American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 37 Four-dimensional viscous flow sintering of 3D-printed bioactive glass scaffolds By Amy Nommeots-Nomm, Julian R. Jones, Peter D. Lee, and Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai Bioglass products traditionally face a trade-off between good mechanical properties or bioactivity. Glass composition 13-93 may allow for both. Biograft material as it can ioglass® is a leading synthetic bone graft material as it can help regenerate damaged or diseased bone. Invented in the 1970s, its success has been limited to powder or granular forms. Granular Bioglass has been revolutionary in non-load bearing defects; however, to repair and regenerate bone in loaded defects, a 3D scaffold is required to support and guide the bone through repair. To form a 3D construct from glass materials, the traditional processing methods use an organic binder mixed with glass to create a green body of the desired shape; also, a surfactant, space holder, or polymer foam acts as a template. The mixture is then heated, removing the organic binder and fusing the glass particles together by sintering. Bioglass products have not been produced in this manner because when glass is subjected to the sintering heating cycle, it crystallizes. This crystallization affects how glass behaves in biological environments, resulting in a reduction of its bioactivity.¹ Therefore, a compromise needs to be made—either the produced scaffold is well sintered, giving it good mechanical properties but losing some of its bioactivity; or, the scaffold has poor mechanical properties but optimum bioactivity. Over recent years, a host of different bioactive glass composi tions have been investigated by changing glass-forming chemistry: from silica to borates or phosphates, to adding different therapeutic ions, such as silver, copper, and cobalt to stimulate different biological effects. Other elements have been added that can modify temperature behaviours of the glass network, such as magnesium and potassium, resulting in changes to crystallization kinetics. One glass that has good resistance to crystallization while maintaining bioactivity is the composition 13-93, developed in Finland in 1997. Thermographs of 13-93 glass show a distinct gap between the nucleation and growth domains, allowing sintering to occur while resisting detectable crystallization. Glass sintering can be described as the merging and coalescing of particles above the glass transition onset temperature. This process results in a reduction of surface area and in turn reduces overall porosity between particles. Traditional sintering theories, starting with Frenkel\'s original theory, are based upon uniformly packed, spherical particles, and their sintering evolution is understood in 2D. This, however, is unrepresentative of melt-derived bioactive glass powders produced in the lab, which are nonspherical and have wide particle size distributions with a broad number and size of intersecting particle junctions.² Extended abstract from International Congress on Glass. Presentation is scheduled for June 11 at 8 a.m. More details at https://ceramics.org/icg2019 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 ICG extended abstract Credit: Nommeots-Nomm, Jones, Lee, and Poologasune In this work³ we produced 3D scaffolds suitable for bone repair from the 13-93 composition via the 3D printing technique of robocasting. Robocasting is a layer-by-layer extrusion of an organic ink loaded with glass particles. This process allows production of bioactive scaffolds with bespoke geometries, and designed macro- and microporosities. The scaffolds were then sintered while simultaneously conducting continuous 3D tomographic imaging in situ at the U.K. Diamond Light Source (Figure 1a). We present novel insight into the sintering process of nonspherical particles from both a local (particle-particle) and global (scaffold) perspective (Figure 1). Our work presents the global evolution of sintering with respect to change in surface area of both the glass and the \'pore\' phase present within the scaffolds. We track density changes in the glassy scaffold as sintering progresses (Figure 1c) and evaluate how strut surface morphology evolves from a rough particle-particle shape, to a smooth surface with a reduction in cross-sectional area with densification, and finally strut growth, or coarsening, due to overall scaffold shrinkage (Figure 1b and d). (a) (b) X-ray source Pre-sintering Scaffold Relative density/% 888888 200 μm 50 (c) 80 Furnace X-ray detector Post-sintering 700; (d) 3% densification 650 -35% densification-600 550 -5% densification 120 160 200 240 Time/minutes → Temperature/°C Scaffold 200 μm Figure 1: (a) a schematic of the experimental set up used at 113 beamline at the Diamond Light Source U.K.; (b) a 3D render of a presintered robocast (printed) bioactive glass scaffold; (c) graphical representation of the sintering progression with respect to scaffold densification with time and temperature; (d) a 3D render of the scaffold post-sintering. Finally, we evaluate the particle-particle progression during the sintering cycle. We see particle neck formation and densification occurring. Pores form within the struts themselves due to gaps that remain between glass particles after organic binders are burnt away. The heating process aims to remove these spaces during the sintering cycle. Our work shows that pore shape is the key factor affecting their ability to be removed during this process. We track pore changes using the Wadell \'shape factor,\' which is a measure of their sphericity; showing in 3D that once a pore has become spherical, the driving force for its removal is too great, and therefore it can remain as residual porosity within the scaffold. This work is the first to combine in situ sintering with X-ray tomography of bioactive glass scaffolds. It moves away from our theoretical understanding of perfect systems, of spherical particle-particle interactions with perfect packing; it highlights the complexities of faceted nonspherical particles, and multiparticle-particle interactions on sintering in 3D constructs. About the authors Amy Nommeots-Nomm is postdoctoral fellow in the Mining and Materials Engineering Department at McGill University. Julian R. Jones is professor of biomaterials at Imperial College London. Peter D. Lee is professor of materials science at University College London and acting director of the Research Complex at Harwell (U.K.). Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai is fellow in biomaterials and bioimaging at University of Birmingham. Contact Nommeots-Nom at amy.nomm@mcgill.ca References Jones, J.R., Review of bioactive glass: from Hench to hybrids. Acta Biomater, 2013. 9(1): p. 4457-86. 2Oscar Prado, M., E. Dutra Zanotto, and R. Müller, Model for sintering polydispersed glass particles. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 2001. 279(2): p. 169-178. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 3A. Nommeots-Nomm, C. Ligorio, A. J Bodey, B. Cai, J. R. Jones, P. D. Lee, G. Poologasundarampillai, ‘4D Imaging and quantification of viscous flow sintering within a 3D-printed bioactive glass scaffold using synchrotron X-ray tomography,\' Materials Today Advances, in press. 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Ameirican Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. 39 resources Calendar of events June 2019 9-14 25th Int\'l Congress on Glass Boston Park Plaza Hotel and Towers, Boston, Mass.; www.ceramics.org/icg2019 16-18 10th Advances in CementBased Materials - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, III.; www.ceramics.org/cements2019 24-27 ACers Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting – Omni Severin Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind.; www.ceramics.org/scpd2019 July 2019 10-11 Ceramics UK colocated with The Advanced Materials Show - The International Centre, Telford, UK; www.ceramics-uk.com 21-26 4th Int\'l Conference on Innovations in Biomaterials, Biomanufacturing, and Biotechnologies (Bio-4), combined with the 2nd Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development (GFMAT-2) - Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada; www.ceramics.org/gfmat-2-and-bio-4 August 2019 19-23 Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy 2019 (MCARE2019) - Lotte Hotel, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea; www.mcare2019.org September 2019 2-6 Materials Research Society of Serbia Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2019 and 11th IISS World Round Table Conference on Sintering – Herceg Novi, Montenegro; www.mrs-serbia.org.rs 4-6 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS19) - Falls Church Marriott Fairview Park, Falls Church, Va.; www.ceramics.org/ehs2019 22-27 HTCMC10: 10th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Palais des Congrès, Bordeaux, France; www.ht-cmc10.org 23-25 Annual conference of the Serbian Ceramic Society - Belgrade, Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/ index.htm 29-Oct. 3 MS&T19 combined with the ACerS 121st Annual Meeting Portland, Ore.; www.matscitech.org October 2019 13-16 UNITECR 2019: United Int\'l Technical Conference on Refractories Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan; www.unitecr2019.org 27-31 PACRIM 13: 13th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology-Okinawa Convention Center, Ginowan City, Okinawa, Japan; www.ceramics.org/pacrim13 28-31 80th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org November 2019 18-20 Indian Minerals & Markets Forum 2019 - JW Marriott Mumbai Juhu, Mumbai, India; http://imformed. com/get-imformed/forums/indiaminerals-markets-forum-2019 December 2019 1-6 2019 MRS Fall Meeting - Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Mass.; www.mrs.org/fall2019 January 2020 22-24 EMA2020: Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ema2020 26-31 ICACC20: 44th Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/icacc20 April 2020 13-17 2020 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit - Phoenix, Ariz.; www.mrs.org/spring2020 May 2020 17-21 2020 Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, La.; www.ceramics.org/gomd2020 June 2020 7-10 Ultra-high Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications V - The Lodge at Snowbird, Snowbird, Utah; http://bit.ly/5thUHTC August 2020 2-7 ➡Solid State Studies in Ceramics, Gordon Research Conference; Mount Holyoke College; South Hadley, Mass.; https://www.grc. org/solid-state-studies-in-ceramicsconference/2020 Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. SEAL denotes Corporate partner 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Register Today! www.ceramics.org/cements2019 10TH ADVANCES IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS June 16 - 18, 2019 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | Champaign, IL USA Technical program • Additive Manufacturing Using Cementitious Materials • Cement Chemistry, Processing, and Hydration · • Computational Materials Science • Durability and Service-Life Modeling • Materials Characterization Techniques • Smart Materials and Sensors • Rheology and Advances in SCC • Supplementary and Alternative Cementitious Materials • Nanotechnology in Cementitious Materials • Non-destructive Testing www.ceramics.org/brick2019 ACERS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION & SOUTHWEST SECTION MEETING in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting REGISTER TODAY! June 24 - 27, 2019 Indianapolis, IN USA If you are involved in the structural clay industry— and that includes manufacturing, sales and marketing, consultants, and material or equipment suppliers—then join us June 24–27, 2019, at the Omni Severin Hotel in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. This is the third year for combined meetings with ACerS Structural Clay Products, its Southwest Section, and the National Brick Research Center. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 41 TORONTON REGISTER NOW! www.ceramics.org/gfmat-2-and-bio-4 2 nd Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development (GFMAT-2) 4 th International Conference on Innovations in Biomaterials, Biomanufacturing, and Biotechnologies (Bio-4) SOLVING SOCIETY\'S CHALLENGES GFMAT-2 PLENARY SPEAKERS IN TWO IMPORTANT MEETINGS Is sustainability integrated into your research? Are you working on energy-efficient and eco-friendly technologies? Are you studying biomaterials for health-related applications? GFMAT-2/Bio-4 brings together researchers and subject matter experts to address the societal challenges of population growth and the opportunities they present for creating sustainable solutions for energy and health care applications. As the population increases, the goal of sustainability becomes more important as we continue to deplete our natuClaude Delmas, CNRS research director at the Bordeaux Institute of Condensed-Matter Chemistry, University of Bordeaux 1, France Title: From Volta to Solar Impulse: A battery journey Delmas Mrityunjay Singh, chief scientist, Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA Title: Fourth Industrial Revolution and its impact on sustainable societal development Singh ral resources, produce more waste, and discharge additional BIO-4 PLENARY SPEAKERS toxic emissions into the environment. If you are interested in cutting-edge research that addresses these environmental challenges, you will want to attend GFMAT-2. GFMAT-2 symposia include topics like green manufacturing technologies, energy storage applications, and advanced ceramics and composites for energy and environmental applications, to name a few. If you want to hear about the latest advancements and product developments for the health care industry, including orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial applications; or manufacturing technologies, nanomedicine, sensors, and diagnostic devices, plan to attend Bio-4. Bio-4 also includes topics on advanced materials and devices for brain disorder treatments, material needs for medical devices, and nanotechnology in medicine. Pilliar Best Robert M. Pilliar, professor emeritus, Faculty of Dentistry and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada Title: Porous calcium polyphosphates-Biodegradable bone substitutes and beyond Serena M. Best, professor, Materials Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Title: Optimizing bioactive scaffolds: Cellular response to calcium phosphate composition and architecture Xingdong Zhang, professor, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, China Title: Biofunctionalization-A new direction for bioceramics research Mark your calendar now and plan to attend GFMAT-2/Bio-4. 42 Zhang www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Organized by ACerS The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Bio-4 is organized by ACerS and its Bioceramics Division and endorsed by: Society For Biomaterials Giving life to a world of materials BMESBOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF IAOC CERAMIC IMPLANTOLOGY July 21-26, 2019 | Marriott Downtown at CF Toronto Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada TECHNICAL PROGRAM GFMAT-2 BIO-4 G1 Powder Processing Innovation and Technologies for Advanced Materials and Sustainable Development B1 Innovations in Glasses for Healthcare Applications: A Symposium in Honor of Delbert E. Day G2 Novel, Green, and Strategic Processing and Manufacturing Technologies B2 Advanced Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Bioapplications; Materials, Processes, and Systems G3 Crystalline Materials for Electrical, Optical and Medical Applications B3 Clinical Translation of Biomaterials and Biophysical Stimulation G4 Porous Ceramics for Advanced Applications through Innovative Processing B4 Multifunctional Bioceramics: Current and Future Therapy G5 Advanced Functional Materials, Devices, and Systems for Environmental Conservation, Pollution Control and Critical Materials B5 Nanotechnology in Medicine B6 G6 Multifunctional Coatings for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications B7 G7 Ceramics modeling, genome and informatics G8 Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications G9 Innovative Processing of Metal Oxide Nanostructures, Heterostructures and Composite Materials for Energy Storage and Production G11 Smart Processing and Production Root Technology for Hybrid Materials G13 Ceramic Additive Manufacturing and Integration Technologies G14 Advanced CMCs: Processing, Evaluation, and Applications G15 Advanced Luminescent Materials and Their Applications Young Professional Forum II: Next-Generation Materials for Multifunctional Applications and Sustainable Development, and Concurrent Societal Challenges in the New Millennium B9 Advance Materials and Devices for the Treatment of Brain Disorders Materials and Process Challenges to Upscale Fabrication of 3D Tissue Constructs Advances in Production Methods and High-Performance Materials for Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Applications B10 Point-of-Care Sensors and Diagnostic Devices B11 Material Needs for Medical Devices B12 Advanced Bioceramics and Clinical Applications B13 Zirconia Bioceramics in Metal Free Implant Dentistry HOTEL INFORMATION Marriott Downtown at CF Toronto Eaton Centre Hotel 525 Bay St. Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1-416-597-9200 Group rate from $229 CAD + taxes (currently 16%) based upon availability. The cut off is on or before June 18, 2019, or until the block sells out. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 43 3RD ANNUAL ENERGY HARVESTING SAVE THE DATE! SOCIETY MEETING (EHS 2019) SEPTEMBER 4-6, 2019 Falls Church, Virginia USA www.ceramics.org/ehs19 Energy harvesting has become the key to the future of wireless sensor and actuator networks for a variety of applications including monitoring of temperature, humidity, light, location of persons in the building, chemical/gas sensors, and structural health monitoring. EHS19 WILL FEATURE PLENARY LECTURES, INVITED TALKS, AND CONTRIBUTED TALKS WITHIN THE TOPICAL AREAS BELOW. • Energy harvesting (piezoelectric, inductive, photovoltaic, thermoelectric, electrostatic, dielectric, radioactive, electrets, etc.) • . • Energy storage (supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, microbial cells, etc.) Applications (structural and industrial health monitoring, human body network, wireless sensor nodes, telemetry, personal power, etc.) Emerging energy harvesting technologies (perovskite solar cells, shape memory engines, CNT textiles, thermomagnetics, bio-based processes, etc.) Energy management, transmission, and distribution; energyefficient electronics for energy harvesters and distribution • Fluid-flow energy harvesting •Solar-thermal converters • • Multi-junction energy harvesting systems • Wireless power transfer PROGRAM CHAIRS The American Ceramic Society FALLS CHURCH MARRIOTT FAIRVIEW PARK Servall 3111 Fairview Park Dr. Falls Church, Va. 22042-4550 USA 1-800-228-9290 (within U.S.) Mention ACers Energy Harvesting conference to get the conference rate. RESERVATIONS Deadline: August 13, 2019 Single/Double/Triple/Quad/Student: $149/night + tax Shashank Priya The Pennsylvania State University, USA Sup103@psu.edu Jungho Ryu Yeungnam University, Korea jhryu@ynu.ac.kr Yang Bai University of Oulu, Finland Yang.Bai@oulu.fi 44 SPONSOR Polytec MEDIA SPONSORS AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin Applied Ceramic emerging ceramics & glass technology International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science TECHNOLOGY Journal the American Ceramic Society Incorporating Advanced Ceramic Materials and Communications www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 19 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org SAVE THE DATE SEPTEMBER 29 – OCTOBER 3, 2019 PORT LAND ORE GON WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG WHERE MATERIALS INNOVATION HAPPENS AIST ASM ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Sponsored by: ANACE INTERNATIONAL The Worldwide Corrosion Authority® American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 5 | www.ceramics.org 45 classified advertising Contract Machining Service Since 1980 CUSTOM MACHINED INSULATION TO 2200°C Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. 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Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of new products. And much more. All on a secure multi-language \"Mobile Responsive\" platform. dialectric coatings ultra high purity materials borosilicate glass fiber optics MgF2 metamaterial American Elements opens a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! superconductors www.americanelements.com indium tin oxide © 2001-2019. American Elements is a U.S.Registered Trademark
