AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MARCH 2014 Microspheres for energy applications Atomistic simulation of fission products in ceramic fuel ⚫ Refractories-Important but unknown products • ICACC and EMA meeting highlights • Ceramic Leadership Summit ⚫ submit abstracts by march 31st 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTROSPINNING August 4-7, 2014 | Westin San Francisco | San Francisco, CA Electrospin 2014 is a biennial event created to provide a platform for researchers, engineers and students to exchange knowledge and advance the field of electrospinning, nanomaterials and their applications. The conference topics will address theory, all materials including polymers, metals and ceramics, applications in energy storage and harvesting, filtration, materials for sustainability, biomedical applications and more. Special focus will be given to the fast growing field of ceramic nanomaterials. Submit your abstract by March 17th to present. Proposed Sessions: • Advances in electrospinning theory and modeling • Energy storage and harvesting with electrospun or sprayed materials • Novel developments in electrospinning and other nano fiber fabrication technologies • Ceramic and composite nanofibers • Polymer nanofibers • Biomedical applications of electrospun materials • Filtration and textiles ⚫ Electrospinning for green materials and sustainability Organizers: Wolfgang Sigmund University of Florida Phone: +1-352-846-3343 Younan Xia Georgia Tech Phone: +1-404-385-3209 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org/electrospin2014 contents feature articles Letter to the Editor March 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 2 3 Tribute to Pat Janeway 3 Eileen De Guire Pat Janeway retires from ACerS after long career as editor and associate publisher Microspheres for energy applications.. Thorsten Brandau, Egbert Brandau, and Rick Rehrig 22 Microspheres and microcapsules offer new solutions for solar, nuclear, and oil and gas recovery techniques. cover story Microspheres for energy applications (Credit: Brace, GmbH.) Role of atomistic simulations in understanding fission product accommodation in ceramic nuclear fuel …… - page 22 28 Susan B. Sinnott and Blas Pedro Uberuaga Design of longer lived nuclear fuel pellets requires accurate understanding of how microstructures accommodate fission products. Refractories―The world\'s most important but least known products… …. . Charles E. Semler 34 A summary of highlights from the plenary lectured delivered at UNITECR\'13, including business and market trends, technical advances and successes, and future directions and needs for refractories and the refractory industry. meetings 4th Ceramic Leadership Summit Schedule of events Speakers and panelists Technical program Hotel information DGG-ACerS GOMD 2014 40 40 41 42 43 44 44 45 Conference Information Technical program Innovations in Biomedical Materials: Focus on Ceramics . 46 Technical program 46 Call for presentations. 46 Electronic Materials and Applications 2014 highlights. 47 Highlights from the 38th ICACC 48 feature article Role of atomistic simulations in understanding fission product accommodation in ceramic nuclear fuel (Credit: JACers.) - page 28 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org ceramics in biomedicine PZT films for biologically-powered medical devices (Credit: Rogers, UIUC.) - page 19 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Associate Editor Jessica McMathis, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Andrew Gyekenyesi, Chair, Ohio Aerospace Institute Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Megan Bricker, Dir. Marketing & Membership Services mbricker@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Dir. Technical Publications & Meetings mmecklenborg@ceramics.org contents March 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 2 departments News & Trends • Inaugural Ceramics Expo trade show set for Cleveland 4 • 3D printing industry poised to reach $3.7B by 2015 • GE\'s James Bray talks about industrial applications for electronic materials at EMA Progress on the search for lead-free piezoceramics and electronics for building systems • America Makes announces additive manufacturing project award winners ACers Spotlight 9 • New from ACerS: Materials science outreach resources now available • Graduate student poster contest at MS&T\'14 • Contest announcement: PCSA Ceramics-in-Writing competition • Electronics Division names best student papers, posters of EMA\' 14 PCSA accepting applications for 2014-2015 class Students: Refractories scholarship opportunity • GEMS Award call for papers • 50th St. Louis Section/RCD Symposium March 25-27 • Names in the news • For materials world, and those in it, the future looks bright Ceramics in Energy. . 17 Black, white and \'green\'-When it comes to the most cost-effective roof, what does it all mean? Ceramics in Biomedicine ... 18 • Novel methods of synthesizing amorphous calcium phosphate for biomedical applications • PZT films for biologically-powered medical devices 20 Research Briefs. • New coextrusion process for making 3D highly porous materials thinks glass science research can drive economic growth Corning group columns Deciphering the Discipline... Brad Richards What scholarly preparation cannot prepare for resources 56 Officers David Green, President Kathleen Richardson, President-elect Richard Brow, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 50 51 52 55 250 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2014. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 93, No. 2, pp 1-56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 letter to the editor Ms. De Guire, I was astonished and angered by your choice of phraseology in your article in the January/February issue, “Shale gas recovery-Engineering a big business,\" when you chose to describe fracking as \'politically controversial,\' while saying nothing about the practice\'s known negative environmental consequences. Most informed members of the public are aware that fracking has been repeatedly demonstrated to be an environmental hazard of unknown but potentially massive negative consequences, to aquifers, drinking water, even earthquakes, in spite of the fracking industry\'s attempts to deny, minimize, or cover up these harmful consequences. Responsible/ethical engineering requires an accurate, unbiased assessment of risk, whether it is safety of an individual or small group, or to the public and society as a whole. You chose to ignore the major risks to the public good that are a potential/actual outcome of fracking, by characterizing those who express concern about the environmental impact as having ‘political\' motives. Your readers deserve better! - Robert Fisher Many media outlets cover the environmental issues and other risks that may be connected with hydrofracturing. Instead, we looked at the issue from the perspective of the role of materials engineering. Hydrofracturing is already happening—the question is how can good materials science maximize the benefit while minimizing the negative impact? The purpose was to provide context for the scale of the shale gas and oil recovery industry as an introduction to John Hellmann\'s article on engineered proppants. Hellmann\'s article shows that environmental impact can be reduced by converting cullet, slag, and even borehole drillings into proppants. This reduces local waste piles and eliminates the current practice of trucking proppant sand across hundreds of miles. This is just one instance where materials engineering can make a difference. We agree that risk must be assessed thoroughly. We also feel strongly that knowledgeable, informed engineers must engage in the political process for the benefit of our country\'s energy needs as well as the communities that will bear the consequences. - Ed. Pat Janeway retires from ACerS after career as editor and associate publisher In 2006 Charlie Spahr (then publisher of the ACerS Bulletin) asked Bulletin editor Pat Janeway to take on a new role as associate publisher of the magazine. This was a most unusual request. Generally, there is little crossing of the editorial-sales line. Pat, after more than 30 years in journalism, was up for the challenge. She wrote in her last column as editor, \"There\'s a brand new world developing for ceramic materials, and I\'m anxious to turn the page and reach out to new opportunities to promote the value of the Bulletin and The American Ceramic Society.\" In her column she also paid tribute to several individuals whom she says helped instill a passion for the “magic of ceramics.\" For many Bulletin readers, though, it is Pat who instilled the \"magic\" in us. Several generations of ceramic engineers kept up with the latest technology, business trends, career moves, and Society activities under Pat\'s expert editorial guidance. She continued to advocate for the ceramics and glass industry as associate publisher, working directly with companies to promote the industry through advertising and exhibit space. I am even more aware (and grateful) now of how much of my career as a young ceramic engineer and as the current occupant of the editor\'s chair traces back to Pat. Pat retired at the end of December. Spahr, now ACerS executive director, says, \"Pat\'s wealth of knowledge has been invaluable to the Society and to the ceramics and glass industry. She served the industry and the Society extremely well in both her roles, as editor and as associate publisher. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org We will miss her and wish her well.\" Asked about her plans for retirement, Pat said, \"After 40 years I\'m looking forward to not being on a deadline!\" Mona Thiel takes over as ACerS national sales director. Pat Best wishes and thank you! Eileen De Guire, Editor ACers staff and Pat—at ICACC\'14 in Daytona Beach, Fla. Seated from left: Pat Janeway and Mona Thiel. Standing from left: Mark Mecklenborg, Charlie Spahr, and Eileen De Guire. 3 news & trends booth sales have begun. Sign up for the ceramics Ceramic Expo e-Newsletter for the latest expo Inaugural Ceramics Expo trade show set for Cleveland Ceramics Expo is a new industryfocused trade show produced by UK-based Smarter Shows and ACerS. \"Ceramics Expo establishes a crucial marketplace for ceramic and glass manufacturing and supply chain products and services under one roof,\" says Charlie Spahr, executive director of ACerS. In an interview published in the inaugural Ceramics Expo e-Newsletter, ACerS director of meetings, Mark Mecklenborg, said, “Often hidden, ceramic components are critical in nearly everything that makes modern life possible from computers, cell phones, jet engines, and armor, to buildings, the Internet, and hip replacements.... We think that Ceramics Expo will help the Society better reach individuals, companies, and industries that use ceramic materials and technology but who currently do not think of themselves as part of the ceramics and glass community.\" Vendors will display their products from all points along the manufacturing supply chain from raw materials suppliers to processing equipment OEMs to quality-control instrumentation specialists all specifically for the ceramic and glass manufacturing base. According to the Ceramics Expo website, \"This is a unique, invaluable opportunity for the industry to discover brand new potential applications for ceramics materials and components that have not yet been fully understood.\" The Ceramics Expo will be held in Cleveland, Ohio, on April 28-30, 2015. It is free to attend, and exhibit 4 updates on vendors and other Expo activities at www.ceramicsexpousa.com. 3D printing industry poised to reach $3.7B by 2015 3D printing received its own dedicated exhibit area at the 2014 International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) for the first time in January. CES welcomed more than 150,000 attendees to Las Vegas to visit more than 3,200 exhibitors showcasing the latest in consumer electronics. According to 3D news and CESwatcher, 3ders.org, CES expanded the area three times to accommodate demand for the sold-out floor space. Among the vendors were some of the most familiar names in the 3D world, including Stratasys, Mcor Technologies, MakerBot, and 3D Systems. Along with the show, there was a conference track on 3D technologies. The track included \"Impact of the 3D Printing Revolution,” a panel discussion featuring founders and CEOs of 3D companies, including Mcor Technologies and MakerBot. One session, titled \"Don\'t Believe the Hype? 3D Printing Uncovered,\" looked at whether 3D really is a game-changer, how and why, and who is leading the charge. According to CES, \"worldwide sales of products and services are poised to reach $3.7 billion by 2015 in a field that is moving in many directions.\" That is a lot of money-read opportunity and explains some other activity rippling around materials science. The market research company, Market Research, just released a new report analyzing the 3D industry from every angle and offering forecasts into 2018. The report covers plastics, metals, and ceramics. In addition, the legal skirmishes have begun. Gigaom recently reported that Stratasys sued Afinia claiming infringement on four patented technologies: heated platform, extruder, seam hiding, and infill rate and pattern. According to the report, \"If Afinia is found to have violated any of these patents, it would spell trouble for other 3D printing companies. All four are ideal features to have in a 3D printer, and there are likely more companies out there in Afinia\'s boat. A ruling in Afinia\'s favor, or even a large settlement, would dampen work being pursued by smaller 3D printing companies.\" Smaller enterprises smell opportunity, too. A small shop called Boots Industries out of Quebec City, Canada, turned to Kickstarter to finance their 3D printing kit that they say consumers can assemble themselves in less than an hour. Kits will start shipping to investors this year. 3D printing at the National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute in Youngstown, Ohio. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Credit: ACerS.) Made the same way since 1942. Including all the years we made it better. Fiberfrax UNIFRAX When you choose the original FiberfraxⓇ brand, you get more than leading refractory ceramic fiber products. Thanks to the shared expertise and support of our customers, distributors and employees, you also get ORIGINAL FRAX BRAND 70 years of comprehensive experience in the development of high temperature solutions for demanding industrial, emission control and fire protection applications. Over 50 Fiberfrax product forms, as well as our InsulfraxⓇ and IsofraxⓇ soluble fiber products are backed by our experienced application engineers, customer service team and extensive distributor network to deliver the support you need wherever you\'re located in the global market. Choose Fiberfrax and our other original Frax Brand products for innovative heat management and energy saving solutions of unparalleled quality, performance and value. For more information contact Unifrax at 716-768-6500. UNIFRAX www.unifrax.com Onews & trends GE\'s James Bray talks about industrial applications for electronic materials at EMA James Bray, chief scientist for electrical technologies and systems at General Electric Global Research, opened January\'s Electronic Materials and Applications conference with the plenary talk \"Electrical and Electronic Materials for Industrial Application.\" Bray outlined the materials challenges GE has identified for three product categories: electrical insulation, energy storage, and power electronics. A common theme that emerged across all three was the need for materials that allow devices to operate at elevated temperatures. Also on the wish list were materials that will allow devices to operate at higher voltage, higher efficiency, with lower losses, and more cheaply. Bray spent most of his time discussing energy storage and power electronics, which present some interesting opportunities and commensurate materials challenges. He characterized the area of energy storage as increasingly important. For example, as hybrid vehicles gain popularity, automakers feel increasing pressure to reduce battery size. Interestingly, he pointed out that GE founder Thomas Edison and early GE engineer Charles Steinmetz (aka Karl Steinmetz) drove electric cars. Besides transportation, renewable energy storage technologies drive materials research efforts. The transient nature of renewable energy \"jerks the grid around,\" he said. \"If do that too much, the grid you blacks out and nobody likes that.\" Telecommunications providers and facilities such as hospitals cannot afford to be without power and comprise a market for uninterrupted power supply systems. Bray outlined materials requirements for next-generation capacitors, solid oxide fuel cells, and batteries that are needed to meet energy storage needs. 6 On the topic of power electronics, James Bray, chief scientist for electrical technologies and systems at GE Global Research, talked about materials for industrial application at the Electronic Materials and Applications conference. (Credit: ACerS.) Bray discussed semiconductors, thermal management, photovoltaics, white organic LEDs, microelectromechanical systems, and superconductors. Thermal management is a field with \"lots of opportunities, and they are never going to end,\" he said. Once device designers optimize device performance for one set of parameters, they will start looking for the next increment of improvement, which will certainly bring them back around for another improvement in heat management, he says. Bray noted that processing is a key consideration—and sometimes the deciding factor in whether a material is selected for an application—and cited high-temperature oxide superconductors as an example. Today\'s MRI instruments use NbTi superconductors, which superconduct at liquid helium (4 K) temperatures. Oxide superconductors operate at liquid nitrogen temperatures (>20 K), but they are so expensive to process that they are not feasible for commercial products—yet. EMA was held in January in Orlando, Fla. This meeting, a collaboration between the Electronics Division and the Basic Science Division and now in its fifth year, welcomed nearly 300 scientists and engineers from the United States and abroad. Progress on the search for leadfree piezoceramics and electronics for building systems Also at the Electronic Materials and Applications conference in Orlando, Fla. in January, Jürgen Rödel, professor of materials and geoscience at Technische Universität in Darmstadt, Germany, delivered a plenary talk about lead-free piezoceramics. Of the $1.2 billion piezoelectric actuator market, piezoceramics account for only 0.1%. Despite the small market share, the European Union\'s enactment of Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and end of live vehicles (ELV) directives launched a global search to replace lead-containing compounds, such as lead zirconate titantate (PZT) and lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT). Manufacturers are exempted from complying with the directives until July 2016. Consequently, researchers have been aggressively searching for a substitute for more than a decade. Rödel surveyed candidate replacement materials, such as bismuth-based titanates, potassium sodium niobate, barium calcium titanate, and barium zirconate titanate, their properties, and progress to date. \"There is no simple replacement of PZT,\" Rödel said. Rather, \"There are potential replacements in separate market segments,\" and scientists will be more Jürgen Rödel, professor of materials and geoscience at Technische Universität in Darmstadt, Germany, talked about lead-free piezoceramics at the Electronic Materials and Applications conference. (Credit: ACerS.) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 likely to succeed if they focus on materials for specific applications. He expects the transition to lead-free piezoceramics will be evolutionary, not revolutionary. In responding to a question about when new piezoceramics will start to be used in products, he suggests that will depend on market and regulation drivers. Regarding the latter, he said, \"EU legislation is so difficult to predict,\" and it is difficult to predict whether regulations will be enforced in the next few years or beyond another decade. In a separate plenary talk, Joseph Mantese from United Technologies Research Center talked about \"Functional electronic materials in integrated commercial buildings and aerospace systems.\" Throughout his talk he drew parallels between the adoption of increasingly sophisticated technology in cars with a similar progression of developments in the building industry. Like cars, buildings are systems of subsystems. For example, the first collision avoidance system consisted of headlights and a horn. The latest systems include photonics devices that can help us see beyond 300 feet of pavement while traveling at 60 mph. Technologies for building systems are undergoing a similar evolution, Mantese says. Two trends drive innovation for building systems: reducing energy consumption and security. In the United (Credit: ACerS.) Joseph Mantese from United Technologies Research Center talked about functional electronic building materials at the Electronic Materials and Applications conference. States, buildings comprise 39% of national energy consumption—roughly evenly split between residential and commercial buildings. About one-third of building energy goes into HVAC systems alone. If ventilation systems could be adjusted for the number of people in a room, up to 15% of energy spent on HVAC could be saved. It sounds simple, but counting bodies with sensors gets tricky. Sensors that measure carbon dioxide emission tend to drift and are unreliable. Heat sensors based on pyroelectric focal plane arrays or passive infrared detectors present challenging issues of cost, power Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. . Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\"kiln for your specific needs • Robust, industrial design and construction • After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 7 Onews & trends supply, and reliability for 10 or more years in-service. Photonic devices are expected to play a major role in buildings, Mantese said. There also is the issue of cool versus creepy. For example, it might be possible to develop a device that would detect and count cell phones in a room to estimate occupancy-cool. However, because of the enormous amount of personal data cell phones contain, data mining and tracking could allow a device to collect more information than we would give willingly-creepy. Ventilation is an issue on airplanes, too, and many of the same problems to developing technology exist. In addition, sensors are needed to monitor air quality and aircraft systems, including detecting corrosion. The key is to recognize and understand technology drivers in the building and aerospace industries. Mantese expects regulations similiar to the automotive industry, such as LEEDS certifications, will provide the first drivers for building technology innovations. Reducing energy consumption in both industries will incentivize companies to innovate. Eventually, market demand for safety and security will drive development of further innovations, just like it did in the automotive industry. 8 Business news Surmet wins three-year DARPA funding for fabrication of ALON optical ceramics (www.surmet.com)... New advanced ITO film from 3M provides alternative solutions for touch screen manufacturers (www.3M.com)... US Navy awards Lockheed Martin $84 million contract for production of Paveway II Enhanced Laser Guided Training Rounds (www.lockheedmartin.com)...Kyocera to supply solar modules to soccer stadium in The Hague, Netherlands (www.kyocera.com)... Apple details pressure-sensitive iPhone America Makes America Makes announces additive manufacturing project award winners The Youngstown, Ohio-based America Makes—the National Additive Manufacturing Innovation Institute― announced the 15 winners of its applied research request for proposals from last fall. According to the press release, America Makes \"will provide $9 million in funding toward these projects with $10.3 million in matching cost share from the awarded project teams for total funding worth $19.3 million.\" Of the 15 projects, 13 are metalsbased. Despite the lack of ceramicsbased projects, it may be beneficial to work out problems in systems that are easier to work with (i.e., metals) and then translate those lessons learned to the more complex composition of ceramics. In addition, one of the partners on the Case Western Reserve University project is rp+m, whose new director of R&D is ceramic scientist Edward Herderick. The press release announced the following awards: \"In-Process Quality Assurance (IPQA) for Laser Powder Bed Production of Aerospace Components\" General Electric Aviation \"Developing Topology Optimization Tools that Enable Efficient Design of AM touchscreen in patent filing (www.apple. com)...Ceram leads EU-funded €5.874M project to develop new biomaterials and new arterial stents (www.ceram. com)...Plibrico Materials Division focuses on West Coast growth (www.plibrico. com)...Air Products dedicates new Florida LNG heat exchanger manufacturing facility (www.airproducts.com)...TAM Ceramics will expand operations (www. tamceramics.com)...Boeing closes 2013 with record commercial deliveries (www. boeing.com) Cellular Structures\" University of Pittsburgh \"AM of Biomedical Devices from Bioresorbable Metallic Alloys for Medical Applications\" McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh \"Refining Microstructure of AM Materials to Improve Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI)\" EWI \"Development of Distortion Prediction and Compensation Methods for Metal PowderBed AM\" GE Global Research \"Development of a Low-Cost \'LENS Engine\"\" Optomec \"Development of Knowledgebase of Deposition Parameters for Ti-6Al-4V and IN718\" Optomec \"Automatic Finishing of Metal AM Parts to Achieve Required Tolerances and Surface Finishes\" North Carolina State University \"Electron Beam Melted Ti-6Al-4V AM Demonstration and Allowables Development\" Northrop Grumman Corporation \"3D Printing Multi-Functionality: AM for Aerospace Applications\" University of Texas-El Paso \"Metal Alloys and Novel Ultra-Low-Cost 3D Weld Printing Platform for Rapid Prototyping and Production\" Michigan Technological University \"Accelerated Adoption of AM Technology in the American Foundry Industry\" Youngstown Business Incubator \"A Database Relating Powder Properties to Process Outcomes for Direct Metal AM\" Carnegie Mellon University \"High-Throughput Functional Material Deposition Using a Laser Hot Wire Process\" Case Western Reserve University \"Optimization of Parallel Consolidation Method for Industrial Additive Manufacturing\" Stony Creek Labs Visit www.namii.org. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 acers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Member! ACerS recognizes companies that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on Corporate Membership, contact Tricia Freshour (tfreshour@ceramics. org) or visit the ACerS Corporate Membership web page at www. ceramics.org/corporate. BOROPTIKO Engineering Ceramics Company Boroptik Ltd. Sti. Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey www.boroptik.com New from ACerS: Materials science outreach resources now available Do you participate in STEM outreach activities? If so, be sure to check out the new materials science and engineering (MSE) outreach kits developed by ACerS\'s President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). These new resources—along with the 13 comprehensive and interactive lessons available online at ceramics.org at no charge are designed for teaching a broad range of MSE concepts to students grades 7 through 12. Ten of these lessons are grouped into two different kits and include most of the materials necessary for classroom implementation. They are available for purchase online for $80 per kit. Corporate and industry representatives: These kits offer a unique opportunity to promote materials science in your area and connect students with the ceramics industry. For $100 your company can purchase a kit with a prominently placed label recognizing your company as the donor. Simply provide the name of the school to which you would like to donate a kit, and ACers will send it directly to the school on your behalf. For more information, including downloadable versions of the lessons, sponsorship details, and pricing information, visit ceramics.org/ pcsasciencekits. Abrasive It all points to Alteo for high performance alumina Our unique and expanding product range ensures that we can supply all the high-quality aluminas needed by refractory producers: Calcined alumina, with an unmatched capacity Technical ceramic Refractory Flame retardant Reactive aluminas, the most economical and high-performing Tabular, fused and zirconia aluminas. Tile www.alteo-alumina.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Special glass Meet ALTEO at the RCD 50th Annual Symposium >>> in St. Louis alteo A NEW WORLD OF ALUMINA 9 sharkydesign.com acers spotlight Graduate student poster contest at MS&T\'14 Do you plan to submit a poster abstract for MS&T\'14? The Graduate Student Poster Competition is open to any graduate student who submits a poster abstract. Winners of the competition, which recognizes superior research performed during graduate study, will be announced during the opening poster session. First, second-, and third-place prizes are $250, $150, and $100, respectively. All graduate students are eligible to enter the contest, which is organized by ACerS\'s Student Activities Committee. Those interested should submit an abstract prior to the March 15, 2014 call-for-papers deadline for MS&T\'14. (MS&T will be held in Pittsburgh, Pa., Oct. 12-16). For more information on the contest, visit http://materialadvantage.org/financial-opportunities/contests/. Hedgehog reigns at ICACC\'14 Congratulations to the winners of the ICACC\'14 shot-glassdrop competition, sponsored by Schott. Pictured above, Team Igel (\"hedgehog\" in German) — which included Stefanie Wiesner, Aachen University-Surface Engineering Institute; Erik Skiera, Forschungszentrum Jülich; Ralf Berger, Access Materials and Processes; and Anke Kaletsch, Aachen University, Institute for Materials Applications in Mechanical Engineering-took top honors during the 2014 contest. Contest announcement: PCSA Ceramics-in-Writing competition Students: Here is your chance to be published in the June/July issue of the Bulletin and score an ACerS logo gift set! The Ceramics-in-Writing Competition, sponsored by the President\'s Council of Student Advisors, is open to all fulltime university-level students (graduate or undergraduate). To enter, submit an original work of creative writing, prose, or poetry based on the inspiration micrograph above by 5 p.m. PST on March 31, 2014. Entries will be judged on originality, style, creativity, and execution. For questions or to submit an entry, email ceramicsinwriting@ceramics.org. 5 pm Scanning electron micrograph of a polycrystalline α-Al2O3 surface containing nickel metal particles exposed to a water vapor-rich environment at high-temperatures. Weblike structures believed to be NiAl₂O̟ formed during oxidation. 4 (Credit: Jesse P. Angle, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine..) Electronics Division names best student papers, posters of EMA\'14 The Electronics Division presented awards for outstanding student work during the January 2014 Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA) meeting in Orlando, Fla. Congratulations to the following students: Best Student Oral Presentations First Place Brian Foley University of Virginia \"Glasslike Thermal Conductivity of (010)-Textured Lanthanum Doped Strontium Niobate Synthesized with Wet Chemical Deposition\" Second Place Brian Donovan University of Virginia \"Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity of Nano-grained Barium Titanate\" Third Place Russell Maier Pennsylvania State University \"Investigation of Defect Dipole Kinetics in the Ferroelectric and Paraelectric Phases of AcceptorDoped BaTiO, Single Crystals\" Best Student Posters First Place Shin Ik Kim Korea Institute of Science and Technology \"Non-volatile Control of 2DEG Conductance at Oxide Interfaces\" Second Place Dhruv Seshadri Case Western Reserve University “Lithium Titanate as Anode Material in Lithium-Ion Batteries\" Third Place Lisheng Gao Pennsylvania State University \"Steps Toward Cofired Multilayer Ceramic Batteries for Safe Electrochemical Energy Storage\" 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 PCSA accepting applications for 2014-2015 class The President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) is currently looking for dedicated and motivated undergraduate and graduate students who are eager to help promote ceramics and participation in The American Ceramic Society (ACerS). Interested students should visit ceramics.org/pcsa and click on the \"Apply for PCSA\" link to complete an application by the April 15, 2014 deadline. Composed of ceramic-focused students, PCSA is ACerS\'s student-led committee that seeks to engage students as active and long-term leaders in the ceramics community, as well as to increase participation in ACerS at the local, national, and international levels. Students: Refractories scholarship opportunity The Refractories Institute (TRI) will award a limited number of college scholarships to high-achieving students pursuing an undergraduate or advanced degree in ceramic engineering, materials science, or similar discipline. Based on academic merit and the applicant\'s demonstrated experience and interest in the field of refractories, the scholarships will be presented as one-time $5,000 grants. They are available only to North American college undergraduate or graduate students who will be enrolled full time for the 2014-2015 academic year. The deadline for applications is March 14, 2014. For more information, visit www.refractoriesinstitute. org. GEMS Award call for papers The annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) Award recognizes the outstanding achievements of up to 10 graduate students in materials science and engineering. The award is open to all graduate students who are making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at MS&T\'14. All papers must be submitted by March 15, 2014. For more information on the GEMS Awards, sponsored by ACerS\'s Basic Science Division, or instructions on submitting a paper, visit ceramics.org/awards. TURBULA® SHAKER-MIXER For homogeneous mixing of powdered materials. Excels with oxides and other blends with varying densities. A MILL FOR EVERY JOB! Specializing in lab/ pilot size jet mills, ball mills, planetary ball mills, hammer mills, mortar & pestles (electric too!), centrifugal mills, cross beater mills, dish and puck mills, etc... Call: 973-777-0777 Glen Mills INC. 220 Delawanna Ave., Clifton, NJ 07014 Fax: 973-777-0070 www.glenmills.com staff@glenmills.com sional member of ACerS who demonstrates exceptional leadership and service to ACerS. May 15, 2014: Glass and Optical Materials Division\'s Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award This $500 award encourages and recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, or study in glass science or technology. June 1, 2014: Electronics Division\'s Edward C. Henry Award This award is given annually to an outstanding paper Take note: Upcoming award nomination deadlines reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Although January 15 may have been the deadline for the majority of the Society award nominations to be presented at MS&T\'14, there are some with later deadlines worth nothing. The awards below are listed in order of deadline date, all of which will be presented at MS&T in October 2014. April 1, 2014: Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship Award This $3,000 scholarship is awarded to an undergraduate student pursing a degree in ceramics or materials science. Du-Co Ceramics Young Professional Award This $1,500 honorarium is awarded to a young profesAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Society or the Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Electronics Division\'s Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship The purpose of this $2,000 tuition award is to encourage academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics or materials science and engineering. The 2014 essay topic is \"Solid-state ceramic electrolytes for energy applications.\" Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at ceramics.org/awards, or by contacting Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. 11 acers spotlight 50th St. Louis Section/RCD symposium March 25-27 ACerS\'s St. Louis Section and the Refractory Ceramics Division (RCD) celebrate the golden anniversary of their annual symposium Mar. 25–27. \"Refractory Bonding Systems\" will serve as the theme for this year\'s meeting at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel in St. Louis, Mo. Organizers for the event include coprogram chairs Bill Headrick of Missouri Refractories Co. and Josh Pelletier of Kerneos Inc. Members will want to attend a special reception hosted by ASTM International C-8 Committee on Refractories (ASTM C08) that will help kick off the event on the evening of March 25. There will also be a special celebratory dinner banquet on March 26 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the St. Louis Section Schedule at-a-glance March 25, 2013 Refractories Symposium and the 100th anniversary of ASTM C08. A discounted block of rooms ($104 per single/double per night) has been reserved at the Hilton for this meeting. When booking your accommodations, please refer to Group Code MUS. All reservations must be received prior to the March 2 deadline. For more information, contact Patty Smith at (573) 341-6265 or psmith@ mst.edu. Tabletop Expo Participants in the expo include: Almatis, AluChem, Alteo, The American Ceramic Society, BassTech International, Calucem Inc., Christy Minerals, Cilas Particle Size, DIFK GmbH, Du-Co Ceramics Company, Great Lakes Minerals, IMERYS Refractory Minerals, Kerneos Inc., Kyanite Mining, LAEIS GmbH, Lancaster Products, Missouri S&T Welcome Reception and Cocktail Hour March 26, 2013 Registration and Coffee Morning Technical Sessions • A Review of Refractory Bond Systems for Monolithic Refractories • Effect of Additives on the Properties of Magnesium Phosphate Cement University, Orton Ceramic Foundation, Possehl Erzkontor N.A., PQ Corporation, Refractory Minerals, TAM Ceramics, Velco GmbH, and Washington Mills. Planje Award Smith The annual Theodore J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award will be presented to Jeffrey D. Smith. An associate professor in the department of Ceramic Engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology, Smith, has taught courses on phase equilibria and refractory ceramics for more than two decades, earned numerous faculty awards and served as a Division, Section, and seven-time symposium chair. An ACerS member since 1987, Smith also is a Fellow of the Society. I 5 p.m. 7:15 a.m. 8 11:45 a.m. • Cement Hydration and Strength Development—How Can Reproducible Results be Achieved? . Comparison of the Properties of Cement and Cement-Free Castable Bond Systems Luncheon Banquet Presentation of the T.J. Planje Award Afternoon Technical Sessions • How do Steelmakers Choose Refractories—the Role of Bonding Systems 11:45 a.m. 1 p.m. 1 - 1:30 p.m. 1:30-4:45 p.m. • Findings on Relationships between Particle Packing, Ultrafines and Rheology of Refractory Castables • Activated Alumina Binders in Refractory Compositions • A 50-Year History of Contract Refractory Dryout/Heatup Services RCD Annual Members Meeting Closing Remarks Exposition and Cocktail Hour Celebratory Dinner Banquet 100th Anniversary of ASTM C08 on Refractories 50th Anniversary of the St. Louis Section Refractories Symposium March 27, 2013 RCD Executive Breakfast Meeting Morning Technical Sessions 4:45 p.m. 5 p.m. 5-7 p.m. 7 p.m. 6:30 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 12 • Refractory Castable Binder Engineering • The Use of Phosphates as Binders and Additives for Refractories • Bonding System in MgO–CaO–Fe2O3 Refractory for EAF Furnace Bottoms • Correlation between Measured Thermophysical Data and Mineralogical Refractories • GUNMIX-A New Moistening System to Improve Bonding in Dry Gunning Closing Remarks Noon St. Louis Section Officer Business Meeting 12:30 p.m. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 Names in the news Singh receives international recognition Singh Mrityunjay Singh, chief scientist at the Ohio Aerospace Institute in Cleveland, Ohio, and Fellow, director, and presidentelect nominee of the Board of ACerS, recently received four international awards in recognition of his contributions to science, engineering, and applications of advanced ceramic and composite materials and technologies. The Chinese Academy of Sciences presented Singh with the Einstein Professorship award, given each year to 20 distinguished international scientists who are actively working at the frontiers of science and technology around the world. In 2013, the Indian Institute of Technology, where he completed his doctorate in metallurgy, recognized Singh as the Distinguished Alumnus in the government category. Additionally, Nagaoka University of Technology in Japan awarded him an honorary doctorate. Singh serves as special advisor to the university. Adding to his honors, the Indian Institute of Ceramics (IICERAM) awarded Singh an honorary fellowship. Boccaccini presents at ICV fall lecture Aldo R. Boccaccini, head of the Institute of Biomaterials at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (Germany) and a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society, presented the 2013 Fall Lecture of the Institute of Ceramics and Glass (ICV) of Madrid, Spain. During his lecture, \"Bioactive Glass Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Advances and Challenges,\" Boccaccini presented the latest progress on the design, processing, and applications of biomaterials for bone implants and scaffolds with focus on bioactive glasses. Boccaccini Boccaccini has authored or coauthored more than 450 scientific papers and 15 book chapters. Madsen among honorees at 2013 Waterloo Engineering Awards dinner The University of Waterloo (Canada) awarded Lynnette D. Madsen, program director of ceramics for the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., the Alumni Achievement Medal for Professional Advancement during their 2013 Engineering Awards dinner. Madsen-who earned a BS in electrical engineering and a BA in psychology from the university-manages NSF\'s $11-million portfolio of science funding and is the primary provider of national funds for the fields of ceramics and electronic ceramics. NEW! CHAD W Alumina ♦ Fused Quartz ♦ Zirconia ♦ Sapphire Crucibles Furnace Tubes Thermocouple Insulators Rods Plates & Disks ◆ Quartz Cuvettes Alumina & Sapphire Sample Pans for Thermal Analysis Custom Components ADVALUE TECHNOLOGY 3470 S. Dodge Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85713 Tel: 520-514-1100 sales@advaluetech.com Fax: 520-747-4024 www.advaluetech.com A AdValue Technology 24-hour Shipment of Many In-stock Standard Sizes Custom Fabrication for Special Requests A leader in new cooperative activities with European researchers in materials, Madsen has been instrumental in forwarding NSF programs and initiatives on nanotechnology, manufacturing, sustainability, education, and diversity, and has an active independent research program. She has received numerous awards for her work, published 90 journal, conference, and magazine articles, and been awarded two patents. ORNL governor\'s chair elected APS fellow The American Physical Society has recognized Steven J. Zinkle, formerly of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and now a University of Tennessee-ORNL (UT-ORNL) Governor\'s Chair, as a fellow. Madsen Zinkle Zinkle, an authority on the effects of radiation on materials in fission and fusion reactors, was honored \"for significant contributions to the fundamental understanding of radiation effects in metallic and ceramic materiAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 13 acers spotlight als.\" Named UT-ORNL Governor\'s Chair for Nuclear Materials in 2013, Zinkle\'s numerous awards include the Department of Energy\'s E.O. Lawrence Award. Crolius passes TRI baton Crolius Robert Crolius, former president of The Refractories Institute (TRI), will step down from the organization at the end of March. Crolius— who was named a Distinguished Life Member of the Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR) at its September 2013 meeting in Victoria, Canada—is a 2011 winner of the Theodore J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award and recently celebrated his 20th anniversary with TRI. Crolius has been serving in an advisory role since January 1 when Craig Addington assumed the position as executive director, reflecting the appointment of the group\'s management duties to Thomas Associates, an association management firm headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. Nair retires after storied career Nair K. Mani Nair recently retired from DuPont after more than 35 years with the American chemical company. ics, including glass, glass-ceramics, and thick-film technology for developing electronic circuits. Prior to his years at DuPont, he served on the faculty of materials science and engineering at the University of Cincinnati and worked in the development of ceramic nanopowder technology. Nair holds 20 US patents, served as editor for 15 Ceramic Transactions volumes, and was the main organizer for the Advanced Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices symposium and the International Symposium on Multilayer Electronic Ceramic Devices for three decades. He retires having published more than 25 papers, and editing or coeditAn ACerS Fellow, ing 24 books on topics including glass, glass-ceramics, dielectric materials, process development, and thick-film electronic materials and circuits. Nair has served numerous leadership roles in the Electronics Division. Nair worked in the area of electroceramFor materials world, and those in it, the future looks bright By Geoff Brennecka Chair, Education Integration Committee Many of us in the ceramics community chose the field because of a fascination with the ability to alter macroscale properties by manipulating chemistry and structure on the atomic, nano, and micro scales. Occasionally, though, it is important to pull our heads up from the atoms and take a broader look around. I did this just recently, and what I saw was encouraging even to a cynic like me. Sure, the ceramics and materials world continues to face challenges ranging from the tightening of research budgets and the continued narrowing of margins, to the loss of dedicated ceramic engineering academic departments across the educational world. But there are plenty of encouraging signs as well. Everywhere you look, materials 14 and material-focused technologies are shedding their unsung hero status and attracting attention as critical components to continued progress and innovation. For example, the Materials Genome Initiative and an increased focus on innovative and additive manufacturing represent two of the most prominent― and heavily materials-focused recent thrusts of United States government more prominent roles in energy, environment, and economic policymaking in countries across the globe, including Japan and China. Perhaps the most exciting develop6000 4000 6000 Data from ASEE UG 5000 MS 5000 PhD 4000 3000 2000 funding agencies. Additionally, the 1000 United Kingdom and European Union have placed large bets on graphene, and materials are beginning to play Enrollment 0 田 --BS MS PhD 3000 2000 Year 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 1000 0 Degrees conferred Figure 1. Education trends for metallurgical and materials engineering programs in the US. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Credit: Brennecka.) ment has been in the renewed attention on advanced materials and related capabilities. One need look no further than the 2014 Consumer Electronics Show to acknowledge the critical and differentiating product features for portable electronics, automotive technologies, and more. Closer to home, ACerS has just launched the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, and, as represented in this space each month, the member groups of the Education Integration Committee have renewed and increased their energy and activities. All of this comes at the right time, too. As data from the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)¹ shows, enrollment in metallurgical and materials engineering programs in the US has continued to rise in dramatic fashion over the past decade (Figure 1). Perhaps this is just wishful thinking, but I like to believe that this trend reflects, in part, an increased public appreciation for the interesting and important challenges—as well as the associated opportunities to be addressed through materials innovation. So while the coming years hold much promise—and our future appears infinitely bright—the opportunity to train the ceramic and material scientists and engineers of the future certainly makes for a truly exciting \"present.\" ¹B.L. Yoder, \"Engineering by the Numbers,\" Profiles of Engineering & Engineering Technology Colleges, ASEE 2012. Shipping partnership offers ACerS members big savings ACerS has partnered with some of the best shipping carriers in the industry, including UPS, YRC Freight, FedEx Freight, and Estes, to develop a program specifically designed to lower your shipping costs. As a member of ACerS, you are eligible to receive valuable discounts of up to 34 percent off select UPS air, ground, and international shipping services, and at least 70 percent off LTL (less-than-truckload) freight shipments over 150 lbs. For an overview of some of the products and services available, visit ceramics.org/member-services/member-benefits. Enrollment is free, and there are no minimum shipping requirements. In Memoriam Kajal K. Mallick George Y. Onoda, Jr. Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Thermcraft incorporated eXPRESS-LINE Laboratory Furnaces & Ovens • Horozontal & Vertical Tube Furnaces, Single and Multi-Zone • Box Furnaces & Ovens • Temperatures up to 1700°C • Made in the U.S.A. • Available within Two Weeks SmartControl Touch Screen Control System www.thermcraftinc.com info@thermcraftinc.com +1.336.784.4800 CERAMIC TECH TODAY Couldn\'t make it to Florida? No worries. We have full coverage of ACerS meetings and more on the CTT blog. Daily updates and biweekly emails on breaking news and more, including: - ICACC and EMA, in recaps and photos - Sochi\'s ceramic ski jumps - Robert Solow\'s economic theory - ACerS\'s Ceramic Leadership Summit www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 15 ceramics expo April 28-30, 2015 Cleveland, Ohio The manufacturing tradeshow for ceramic materials and glass technologies 2015 exhibition & sponsorship opportunities now open Ceramics Expo Ceramics Expo offers a comprehensive marketplace for ceramic materials and component manufacturing. The event provides a shop floor for all equipment, products and services used throughout the ceramic and glass supply chain. Contact our team today to find out how you can participate. Email us at info@ceramicsexpousa.com or call us toll free: +1 855 436 8683. Founding Partner The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org \"Ceramics Expo establishes a crucial marketplace for ceramic manufacturing and supply chain products \" Charlie Spahr, Executive Director, The American Ceramic Society Register online today for a free pass www.ceramicsexpousa.com ceramics in energy Black, white, and \'green\'-When it comes to the most cost-effective roof, what does it all mean? Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab have compared the economic costs and benefits of three roof types-black, white, and “green” (vegetated) and found that white roofs are the most cost effective. In their report, \"Economic Comparison of White, Green, and Black Flat Roofs in the United States,\" authors Julian Sproul, Benjamin Mandel, and Arthur Rosenfeld of Berkeley Lab and Man Pun Wan of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore compared the economic trade-offs between three roof types by analyzing 22 US commercial flat-roof projects that included a 50-year life cycle cost analysis. \"White roofs win based on the purely economic factors we included, and black roofs should be phased out,\" Rosenfeld, distinguished scientist emeritus of the Berkeley Lab and former commissioner of the California Energy Commission, said in a Berkeley Lab press release. Green roofs, which have grown in popularity for aesthetic and environmental reasons, provide certain benefits not captured in the study, including stormwater management and green space for those who live or work under rooftop gardens. Regardless, these vegetated roofs do not offset climate change like white roofs, which reflect roughly three times more sunlight, and offset a portion of the warming effect from harmful greenhouse gas emissions. White roofs reigned supreme in the study\'s 50-year cost analysis, which found that even the most inexpensive green roof costs $7 per square foot more than black roofs and that white roofs save $2 per square foot compared with black ones. However, the study included only economic results, and in their news release, the Berkeley Lab team acknowledged the need to consider other factors—such as health and environment-in future analyses. Net present value of a 50-year life cycle savings ($/m²) $450 Storm water avoided fee Error bars show 16 of net savings Reduced power plant emission Global cooling (CO, offset) $350 1-time storm water equipment down sizing Storm water avoided maintenance 1-time AC down sizing $250 Energy savings (AC+ heating) Roof maintenance Roof replacement Roof 1st installation $150 $44.7 $22.2 $21.8 $36.0 $1.6 $50 $2.2 Net saving $25.4/m² $11.5 Net saving $96.3/m² $1.2 $69.2 $150.7 $20.1$0.5 ($50) ($150.7) ($150) ($69.2) Net savings ($70.9)/m² $2.8 $2.2 $8.9 ($0.5) ($44.7) ($11.2) ($10.3) ($36.0) ($22.2) ($250) Green-Black White-Black White-Green Cost-effective analysis of green, white, and black roof types show how each compares over a 50-year life cycle. \"We have recognized the limitations of an analysis that is only economic,\" Mandel said. \"We would want to include these other factors in any future study.\" For example, in cities where summer temperatures soar, black roofs pose major health risks. It is why, according to Rosenfeld, policymaking is so important. Rosenfeld is a supporter of \"cool\" roofs which include white roofs that reflect sunlight, reducing energy costs and addressing global warming, and are used in roughly two-thirds of new roofs or roof-reinstallations. He was coauthor of a 2009 study that found that making roofs and pavements more reflective could offset 44 billion tons of CO₂ emissions. Another study with similar results found that these cool roofs could offset emissions of roughly 300 million cars for 20 years. Green roofs, like this one atop Chicago City Hall, have gained popularity, but they may not be the most cost-effective according to economic analyses. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 17 (Credit: TonyTheTiger; Wikimedia Creative Commons license.) (Credit: Berkley Lab.) ceramics in biomedicine Novel methods of synthesizing amorphous calcium phosphate for biomedical applications Titanium alloys are the preferred biomedical substrates for many orthopedic and dental applications because of their durability and strength, but are limited in their bioactivity. Calcium phosphate coatings, however, can improve the integration of titanium implants with existing bone and tissues. Because current methods for generating these coatings present some shortcomings, novel methods are needed to improve the efficacy of calcium phosphate coatings on biomedical implants. A. Cuneyt Tas, a visiting scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, recently showed that he can coat titanium with X-ray-amorphous calcium phosphate using a simple method published in Materials Science and Engineering C. He took alkali-treated titanium plates and incubated them at 37°C in an inorganic formulation of Dulbecco\'s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), a solution used to support cell culture applications, that did not contain the vitamins, amino acids, and glucose of standard DMEM. However, the solution did contain inorganic salts present in DMEM. Tas explained in an email that the \"high-purity,\" inorganic-only form of DMEM mimics the composition of human blood plasma. Amorphous calcium phosphate coated the titanium plates within a week in DMEM and within 24 hours in the inorganic solution. 1.00um Amorphous calcium phosphate nanospheres synthesized at 65°C in an inorganic solution similar to DMEM cell culture media. Tas said in an email: “At 37°C there is quite a low driving force for crystallization in this inorganic solution rich in HCO3 and Mg2+ ions, which are both amorphous calcium phosphate stabilizers. This is also why one obtains calcium phosphate nanoprecipitates with a BET surface area of 900 m²/g in a blood plasma-like solution with 27 mM HCO3- when decreasing the incubation temperature of that solution to 4°C (Materials Science and Engineering C). We found the coating thickness on titanium after one day was about 200 nanometers, and after seven days the coating was about 800 nano500nm Amorphous calcium phosphate deposited at 37°C on alkali-treated titanium in one day in an inorganic solution similar to DMEM cell culture media. 18 (Credit: A Cuneyt Tas, UIUC.) meters.\" In a separate publication in the Journal of Materials Chemistry B, Tas showed that X-ray-amorphous calcium phosphate could deposit onto glass slides from an inorganic solution similar to the inorganic composition of DMEM when incubated at 37°C. Amorphous calcium phosphate is a precursor to mineralized hydroxyapatite, the primary component of human bone and teeth. Interestingly, when this inorganic solution was incubated at 65°C with agitation, monodisperse nanospheres of amorphous calcium phosphate formed. The nanospheres are promising for drug delivery applications. Although previous studies have shown that certain DMEM solutions could coat materials with forms of calcium phosphate, this report is the first to document synthesis of amorphous calcium phosphate. Amorphous calcium phosphate is more soluble than hydroxyapatite, making it ideal for biomedical applications. The papers are “Grade-1 titanium soaked in a DMEM solultion at 37°C,\" Materials Science and Engineering C (DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.11.045) and \"X-ray-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) synthesis in a simple biomineralization medium,\" Journal of Materials Chemistry B (DOI: 10.1039/ C3TB20854K). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Credit: Tas, UIUC.) PZT films for biologically-powered medical devices Despite significant technological advancements, current biomedical electronic devices, such as pacemakers, heart monitors, and neural stimulators, continue to rely on batteries. Those batteries eventually die and need to be replaced, and, in the case of implantable devices, battery-replacement surgeries are costly and put patients at risk of complications and infections. An article published in the February 4, 2014, issue of the Proceedings of the National Academies of Science reports on a biomedical electronic device that can convert mechanical energy from the body\'s autonomic functions into electrical energy. This new device, called a \"mechanical energy harvester,\" or MEH, could eliminate the need for batteries in biomedical electronic devices altogether. MEH devices harness the body\'s natural mechanical energy by converting the motion of a beating heart, inflating lungs, or a contracting diaphragm into electrical energy. The MEHs are composed of thin ribbons of layered lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sandwiched between titanium/ platinum and chromium/gold electrodes and encapsulated in a biocompatible polyimide coating, allowing adherence to the unique surfaces of individual organs. PZT converts mechanical strain to electricity, so the natural rhythms of a beating heart, for example, generate energy that the devices can capture and store in an onboard chip-scale rechargeable battery. That energy then can power devices, such as pacemakers, eliminating routine battery-changing procedures. The research team, a collaboration between University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Northwestern University, University of Arizona, and Tsinghua University in China, tested the devices on the organs of sheep, pigs, and cows, which are similar in size to human organs. The next steps will be to test the devices in long-term applications and prepare them for the move to human bodies. Although they are not quite ready for clinical trials, senior author of the study John Rogers, professor of materials science and engineering at UIUC, noted their work represents important advances. \"We established a theoretical framework for quantitatively understanding the device operation, to enable optimized construction,” he said in an email. The paper is \"Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm,\" by Canan Dagdeviren, Byung Duk Yang, Yewang Su, Phat L. Tran, Pauline Joe, Eric Anderson, Jing Xia, Vijay Doraiswamy, Behrooz Dehdashti, Xue Feng, Bingwei Lu, Robert Poston, Zain Khalpey, Roozbeh Ghaffari, Yonggang Huang, Marvin J. Slepian, and John A. Rogers (DOI: 10.1073/ pnas.1317233111). Flexible thin films containing gold PZT ribbons can adhere to internal organs for mechanical energy harvesting. www.ceramics.org/bioceramics2014 Innovations in Biomedical Materials: Focus on Ceramics July 30-August 1, 2014 | Columbus, Ohio The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS Participate in the inaugural \"Rapid-Fire Preview Presentation\" session. Presenters will give a three-minute talk on their poster using two PowerPoint slides. Submit by May 15th. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 19 (Credit: John Rogers, UIUC.) research briefs New coextrusion process for making 3D highly porous materials A group out of South Korea reports on a new approach for building bonelike porous materials in the January 2014 issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. The method, which the authors call \"3D-CoEx,\" combines coextrusion with layer-by-layer buildup to create a composite structure with macrochannels and interconnected porosity between them. Porous materials have many applications, such as catalytic converters, reverse osmosis, diesel particulate filters, ion exchange, sensors, enzyme immobilization, refractories, absorbents, metal filters, and bioceramics. Features, such as directionality and interconnectedness, are tailored depending on the application. For example, catalytic converter substrates and diesel particulate filters have cellular structures, but gasses must be able to pass through the cell walls in order to trap particulates, whereas gasses can pass straight through converters. Likewise, mean pore size varies according to application. The mean pore size for a diesel particulate filter is in the of 10 range whereas that of an ion exchanger is in the range of 10 nm. um, Biomedical materials are challenging because nature itself is an excellent engineer and builder of porous materials, and any effort to replicate or create substitutes must conform to nature. Bone, for example, has highly aligned unidirectional macrochannel porosity. The channeled unidirectional morphology arrests crack growth and probably offers other protections, too. Bone tissue researchers have struggled to find a process that duplicates cancellous bone structure. Cancellous bone, sometimes called trabecular bone, is the porous, spongy, interior part of the bone. The ends of long bones, for example, are cancellous. The porosity of these bones varies from 50% to 90% and is challenging to make independent of the body. The Korean group mixed an alumina and camphene (CH) slurry that they 20 20 (a) 3-D Coextrusion (b) Unidirectionally macrochanneled ceramic Alumina/camphene shell Camphene core 3D-CoEx consists of 3D coextrusion of alumina-camphene slurries and assembly into arrays for building composite porous structures that mimic cancellous bone. coextruded into tubes with camphene cores surrounded by the composite slurry. These tubes were gently stacked and lightly pressed together to make an arrayed structure. Besides providing a support structure for the green bodies, camphene crystallizes into a dendritic structure under low-temperature heat treatment (43°C for 6 h). Freeze-drying removed the camphene, leaving a structure of alumina with interconnected porosity surrounding macrochannels. This delicate green body was sintered at 1,600°C for 3 h to densify the alumina walls without losing porosity. The resulting structure is remarkably similar to cancellous bone structure. The researchers investigated three levels of alumina content (by volume)-15%, 20%, and 25%. The corresponding overall porosities ranged from 84 to 68 vol% and alumina wall porosities varied from 76 to 57 vol%both within the range of typical cancellous bone porosity. But the compressive strengths of the structures strikingly differed. The 15 and 20 vol% structures had compressive strengths of 2.3 and 6.3 MPa, respectively. However, the compressive strength of the 25 vol% alumina structures climbed to 28.3 MPa, although perpendicular strength was only 5.2 MPa. The group notes that using camphene to create three-dimensional interconnected porosity \"can be tailored simply by adjusting initial alumina content in alumina/camphene slurries.\" Although they are most interested in making bone scaffolds, they say the technique \"can be applied to a variety of materials, including ceramics and metals, which thereby would fit numerous useful applications in diverse fields.\" The open-access paper is \"ThreeDimensional Ceramic/CampheneBased Coextrusion for Unidirectionally Macrochanneled Alumina Ceramics with Controlled Porous Walls,\" by Young-Wook Moon, Kwan-Ha Shin, Young-Hag Koh, Hyun-Do Jung, and Hyoun-Ee Kim (DOI: 10.111/ jace.12634). Corning group thinks glass science research can drive economic growth Industry and academia have an implicit deal. Colleges and universities educate and train young minds for a life of inquiry and productivity. Industry hires graduates who contribute to the economic welfare of the country (and maybe the university) through the products and services they produce on behalf of their employer. The economy grows, profit flows to the company, relevance of academic research is proved—and, ideally, supported—and students are attracted to interesting research that will reward them with a fulfilling career. But is there evidence that the deal is working? Industry depends on universities to educate a workforce, but it does not have much direct say in what happens www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Credit: Moon, et al, JACerS, Wiley.) at universities. Some academic research is funded by industry, but most academic research is federally funded by agencies such as the National Science Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Energy. But the agency-based model of funding means that the research is not appropriable—the benefit, or return on investment, does not go back to the investor. Through open literature publication, research is disseminated globally for anyone to use. Last fall, Science published an address given by former American Association for the Advancement of Science president William Press. The address, entitled \"What\'s so special about science (and how much should we spend on it?),\" discussed the issue of appropriability of science research funding. Press said that R&D investment in the United States \"has largely kept pace with the size of the US economy.\" In his speech, Press attributes up to 85% of the economy\'s growth to theories developed by Nobel Prize winning economist Robert Solow. Solow\'s work showed that only a fraction of economic growth could be explained by production-related growth, such as more capital investment and more human capital. The unattributed growth the \"Solow residual\"- -comes from technological progress―innovation. Press explains, “As a factor of production, technology produces wealth and produces more technological progress, enabling a virtuous cycle of exponential growth.\" In other words, more people want tablets, smartphones, and flat screen TVs. In turn, manufacturers invest in more production capacity and labor to continue the virtuous cycle, and the economy grows. So it is no wonder that the folks at Corning Incorporated, who are on the front lines of the \"technological progress\" relating to tablets, smartphones, and flat screen televisions, worry about finding scientists and engineers who help the company continue to drive innovation and new product development. A group of Corning scientists led by ACerS member John Mauro turned to the literature to evaluate whether university glass research programs are preparing students the next generation of innovators adequately for careers in industry, where they can drive technological progress and create new products. They evaluated the literature to get an overview of glass research trends at US universities since 2007 and reported their findings in the International Journal of Applied Glass Science. Corning\'s fusion process needs glass scientists and engineers who really understand the factors that determine glass properties and how to control them. In an email, Mauro said Corning is struggling to fill its open positions, partly because too few research programs focus on silicate glass systems, which are the most industrially important. Even at the undergraduate level, he said, students enter the job market with too little ceramic and glass knowledge. He and his coauthors hope to build a healthy pipeline of students for the glass industry. think this should have a nonlinear benefit: As more talented students enter the workforce, the rate of technical innovation should only accelerate, thereby growing the industry further,\" Mauro said. And that is classic Solow economic theory. The classified 925 papers pubgroup lished between 2007 and 2013 according to type of glass system, type of study (properties, processing, applications, etc.), and correlation of number of papers published to level of NSF funding for glass science research. The group concluded that there has been too little research into areas of industrial interest. \"If research in the field of glass science is not sufficiently focused on topics of technical relevance for future industrial applications, it will become increasingly difficult to meet the challenges faced by the US glass industry and less likely that future researchers in this field will have the required skills and expertise needed to enable the US glass industry to compete globally,\" they wrote. The is \"Glass Science in the paper United States: Current Status and Future Directions,\" by John C. Mauro, Charles S. Philip, Daniel J. Vaughn, and Michael S. Pambianchi (DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12058). find your vendors with ceramicSOURCE ceramicsource.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 21 O bulletin cover story (Credit: Brace GmbH.) Drip-casting head with 100 nozzles. Microspheres for energy applications By Thorsten Brandau, Egbert Brandau, and Rick Rehrig Microspheres and microcapsules offer new solutions for solar, nuclear, and oil and gas recovery technologies. ociety today consumes a huge ☑amount of energy. As second- and third-world countries progress and first-world countries integrate more technology into their lifestyles, conservation efforts are not enough to slow energy consumption. Fossil fuels, such as natural gas and oil, are increasing in importance. Nuclear energy continues to be important, even though some countries, such as Germany, have announced plans to replace it with renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources continue to improve and will be important in the future energy portfolio. Microspheres and microcapsules long have been used in the pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, chemical, and livestock feed industries. Advances in energy generation technology call for new approaches to maximize efficiency and safety-microspheres and microcapsules offer effective solutions. may Microspheres and microcapsules for energy applications include several forms, such as encapsulated chemicals in selfhealing coatings over ceramics, high-temperature insulation, and proppants for shale oil and gas recovery. In some cases, they can be the energy source itself, for example, as nuclear fuel or solar cells. Granules produced with conventional processes, such as spray drying or cooling, spheronization, extrusion, or dripping, have drawbacks, such as, broad size distribution, shape irregularity, low density, “onion shell” structure, difficult scale-up, and cost control. All these problems can be overcome with a versatile, scalable, and cost-efficient process for producing unimodal particles of highly spherical shape out of almost any imaginable material. 22 224 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 Figure 1. Microspheres and microcapsules contain a variety of core contents to suit specific applications. From left: Microcapsule with a solution core, microcapsule with a cell suspension core, and microsphere with a matrix-encapsulated active agent. Fusion process for producing microspheres and microcapsules Today, there are increasing applications for microspheres and microcapsules produced using the laminar flow dripcasting, or vibrational nozzle, process. Brace GmbH (Karlstein, Germany) has been applying Rayleigh\'s theorem of droplet formation of laminar liquid flows to industrial-scale manufacturing for more than 25 years. This process produces microgranules in many sizes and materials as well as matrix-encapsulated microspheres and core-shell-encapsulated microcapsules (Figure 1). The main difference between microspheres and microcapsules is the release profile. Microspheres usually have diffusion-controlled release profiles with a permanent release rate that is kinetically controlled by the particle size. In contrast, microcapsules expel their content in a single burst as the shell breaks. Vibrating nozzles break up laminar flow of the feed liquid to produce microspheres and microcapsules. Unlike similar processes, such as rotating disk or rotating cylinder laminar flow breakup, the vibrating-laminar setup is comparatively simple and robust. In addition, the vibration offers much better control over the particle size compared with uncontrolled laminar flow breakup processes. The vibrating-laminar process produces particles with diameters between at least 50-6,000 μm in unimodal grain-size distributions with a single sharp maximum. For example, d/d values less than 1.10, 1.05, or min\' max even 1.01 are common for spherical granules produced with this process (Figure 2). A wide range of shell materials can be used with this highly scalable technology. The processes combine low space and energy consumptions with high throughput and very high flexibility of the feed materials to be used as well as low maintenance. The process can be tailored to meet all (Credit: Brace GmbH.) necessary requirements, such as good manufacturing practice (GMP), good laboratory practice (GLP), FDA, pharmaceutical, food, nuclear, chemical, or other industrial standards. Particles can be made from a wide variety of materials, and process parameters vary depending on the application and raw materials. Figure 3 shows the basic principle for making particles via the melt process. A liquid feed is pumped from a feed tank (3) to the nozzle head (5), where the vibrating device (2) induces breakup of the flow into uniform droplets, which surface tension forms into spheres. The droplets solidify as they fall through the solidification area (9) by cooling, chemical reaction, or drying, depending on the material or solidification system. Process control is maintained visually with a stroboscopic lamp or with a camera (for remote control) and with electronics (1). For melt-processing applications for example, silicon for solar cells a heating chamber attaches to the top of the unit. In other proMicrosphere production fusion process 2 3 PIC 5 7 TI 6 TV 8 1 Control cabinet 8 70 8 00 Volume (%) B 99 50 R 10 D 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Particle diameter (μm) Figure 2. Typical size distribution of microspheres made by laminar flow drip-casting with a 150-μm vibration nozzle. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Brace GmbH.) 2 Vibrator unit 3 Feed tank 4 Fine-pressure adjustment 5 Nozzle plate 7 Stroboscope 6 Heating cabinet 8 TV camera connection device 9 Coagulation line Figure 3. Schematic diagram of fusion process for microsphere production. 23 Credit: Brace GmbH.) Microspheres for energy applications Re 13 Re≤ 2,100 5 ≤ We ≤ 810 4.4 x 10-3≤ Oh ≤ 2.7 x 10-2 Oh Figure 4. Ohnsorge-Reynolds plot showing region where liquid laminar flow can be broken into regular droplets (We is Weber number, Re is Reynolds number, and Oh is Ohnsorge number). cesses, where the starting materials are powders for example, for proppant production the process runs at room temperature and droplets solidify in a reactive solution. Other materials, including metal solutions for various applications, such as catalyst carriers and nuclear fuel, make use of a sol-gel reaction, where the metal solution solidifies by reacting with gas during the fall. Theoretical basis Liquid extruded through an orifice by gravitational force alone produces droplets with diameter x determined by the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid and not related to the diameter of the orifice. However, as the flow rate accelerates, there is a minimum flow rate for the transition from “dripping\" to \"flowing,\" where flowing refers to a constant flow of liquid extruding from the nozzle. This minimum flow or critical flow rate is a function of the surface tension, viscosity, and nozzle orifice. When the liquid flow reaches a critical speed v surface tension compresses the liquid thread and leads to an instability with a minimal wavelength of real 4.5D, where D is the diameter of the orifice. crit\' This instability disrupts the thread into liquid cylinders that surface tension forms into spherical droplets. Assuming an identical volume for droplet and cylinder, an ideal droplet diameter corresponds only to the nozzle diameter according to x = 1.89D, 24 24 (Credit: Brace GmbH.) assuming that the flow is laminar and within the laminar flow breakup range of the Ohnsorge-Reynolds plot (Figure 4). This drip-casting is a two-step process: First, it generates a laminar flow with a speed determined by the material properties; and, second, it forms a spherical droplet by the surface tension of the material, where the diameter of the droplet is a function of the nozzle diameter. Disruption of the flow can lead to so-called satellite droplets that have a diameter of x ≥0.1x. Their quantity is comparably small (0.1%-1%), but they increase the total surface area of the spray. Because droplet diameters have various falling speeds, the distance the droplets fall is no longer constant, and droplets can coalesce. This leads to the \"noseforming\" found in nonoptimized processes. Viscosity, for all practical purposes, ranges between 10-3 and 10 N/m. Consequently, the Ohnsorge number (Oh) can range over seven orders of magnitude. Therefore, the effect of the viscosity is quite high. Materials with higher viscosity produce longer instability wavelengths and, therefore, larger droplets. The maximum viscosity usable for the laminar flow breakup process is determined by the requirement for laminar flow to be obtained. In practical terms, an upper limit of 5,000 mPa·s is reasonable. Applying external vibration to the flow avoids problems, such as satellite formation and noseforming. The vibration can be in the direction of the flow or perpendicular to it. It controls the flow breakup and leads to uniform droplets determined by the frequency of the external vibration. It is not important how the vibration is brought into the liquid (vibration of the nozzle or the liquid, vibration in the flow axis or perpendicular to it). However, experience shows that a vibrating nozzle with a vibration in the flow axis performs better. Microspheres for silicon solar cells-Two approaches The majority of solar cells available commercially are made via a metallurgic route, which is inexpensive, uncompliated, and inefficient. In some countries, including Germany, electricity generated by solar energy is highly subsidized, allowing for an underwritten economic profit. One disadvantage of flat-panel solar cells is that they must angle toward the sun for optimum performance. Another drawback is that they are packed into layers of polymers, glass, and protective housings, which makes the panels thick, decreases the energy yield, and leads to end-of-life recycling problems. Spherical solar cells-each of which is a single round solar cell-could be a possible solution to these problems. Because of the round shape, solar cell spheres are independent of the incident angle of the sunlight—any angle will do for high energy efficiency. In addition, such spherical particles resist mechanical stress, and, thus, they do not need to be protected. A unimodal size distribution of silicon microspheres prepared from molten silicon can be made into tough, efficient, lightweight solar panels. By optimizing cooling parameters, it is even possible to produce singlecrystal or almost-single-crystal microspheres, which decreases downstream processing costs dramatically. Figure 5 shows a laboratory unit for making silicon spheres. Figure 6 shows how drip-casting forms droplets of silicon microspheres. The embodied energy of silicon microspheres is low compared with other processes, because the silicon has to be molten once (unlike www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.2 (Credit: Brace GmbH.) Suspensions contain about 5 wt% binder and are prepared at room temperature. Microspheres are made by drying silicon-binderwater spheres and sintering them at 1,300°C-1,450°C to remove the binder and densify the initial fine powders into large, high-purity silicon microspheres. Highpurity spheres are possible because the purity of the binder determines the purity of the resulting silicon microsphere. The binder process offers several advantages over a melt unit: Throughput is much higher, it operates at room temperature or slightly above, it is easier to control the size of the spheres, and it is easier to avoid impurities. Figure 5. Laboratory unit for drip-casting microspheres from molten silicon. ribbon or tube-pulling processes where a ribbon or tube is pulled from a melt of silicon), and the purity is very high. The process and the spherical shape of the particles allow for efficient and fast continuous handling. Finally, the dripcasting process converts almost 100% of the raw material into microspheres, which decreases in-process recycling costs to previously unseen values. Although the melt process is a good way to produce spherical silicon microspheres for solar cells, it is a high-temperature process, and molten silicon is very corrosive. An alternative approach combines fine silicon powder left over from the metallic silicon foundry process with a binder in a slurry. Byproduct silicon powders have particle sizes <100 μm and are expensive to discard, but are ideal for engineering into microspheres. The carbon content of the powders is not necessarily higher than in “pure” silicon spheres. However, by choosing proper sintering parameters, carbon content can be decreased to a level suitable for solar cell manufacturing. In summary, both processes offer unique advantages. The melt process is optimal when molten silicon is available. It is deposited easily into a dripcasting unit without energy-wasting solidification and remelting steps. Also, the melt process can accommodate larger scraps or material with nonuniform shapes for a fast and efficient route to produce microspheres. On the other hand, in situations where space is insufficient for largescale production, or when fine silicon dust powder is available, the binder process has the advantage. As a lowenergy, low-space-consuming process, it can be installed almost anywhere. However, the raw silicon needs to be available as fine powder. Nuclear fuel microspheres Nuclear fission of uranium, thorium, and plutonium is an important source of CO₂-free energy. One system-the pebble bed high-temperature reactorhas an extremely low risk of a core melt, can incorporate (and thus remove) weapons-grade plutonium, and produces significantly less waste than pressure or steam reactor nuclear power stations. The system uses “tennis-ball-shaped” fuel instead of rods. The nuclear fuel pebbles, with a diameter of 60 mm, contain about 40,000 microspheres of UO₂ or ThO2 with 300-μm diameters (Figure 7). These fuel microspheres also can contain plutonium, which degrades during the course of the fission process and returns into the fuel cycle. A uranium- and thorium-based solgel process produced the microspheres shown in Figure 7. Nuclear fuel microspheres now can be made using a binder process. The binder process offers several advantages, including easier process control and a more generalized approach. Some metals form hydroxide sols. Low-viscosity sols, such as zirconium, hafnium, or aluminum hydroxide, stabilized with organic compounds, such as polyalcohol, or with pore formers, such as urea, extrude easily through a nozzle system. A gas reaction with ammonia transforms sol to gel during the initial falling period. After this initial solidification, the gel solidifies completely in an ammonia solution. Starting sols can be made from any metal solution where the metal forms Figure 6. Drip-casting of molten silicon for solar cell application. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 25 25 (Credit: Brace GmbH.) Microspheres for energy applications Figure 7. Uranium dioxide microspheres (as sintered). an insoluble hydroxide (preferably one that peptisizes during gel formation). For these solutions, the pH is adjusted close to the gelation point to accelerate and control the gas reaction more precisely. If gel formation of the solution is not strong enough, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or other organics can be added and removed completely in later process steps. Sol-gel synthesis of ThO2 and UO₂ microspheres (\"kernels\") starts with solutions of thorium nitrate and uranyl nitrate with PVA as a gelling aid. Gelling after molding has to be adjusted exactly. A short presolidification with gaseous ammonia is the first step to obtain a permeable, solidified shell for subsequent reaction in an ammonia solution. The entire solidified sphere must be porous to allow diffusion of water and NH_NO, during washing and drying of the spheres. The purity advantages of the solgel process diminish somewhat by the necessary extensive washing of the beads to remove traces of counterion nitrates and carbonates, which degrade during the heat-treatment steps and fracture the microspheres. Also, using ammonia solutions and ammonia gasses poses environmental issues that have to be fully handled, for example, with sensors, air scrubbers, and operator training. 90 Alternatively, we developed a binder process for producing actinide oxide fuel microspheres without using ammonia gas and ammonia solutions that involves drip-casting a fine powder suspension of the metal oxide. The starting powder should have a sufficiently small grain size-doo < 3 μm is preferred-and a temporary binder, such as a hydrocolloid, PVA, or similar material. The solidification route depends on the binder, and it is important to minimize the risk of adding impurities. For example, a suspension with an alginate binder and solidified with CaCl2 could result in a calcium content that might cause problems during fuel recycling. However, a range of technical solutions to this problem is available. Figure 8. Nuclear fuel microsphere size reduction during process from as-formed (topmost), dried, calcined, and sintered (bottom). 26 (Credit: Brace GmbH.) Both synthesis processes require washing of the microspheres to remove unwanted components. For the sol-gel case, the unwanted constituents are mainly nitrates, carbonates, and chlorides, whereas for the binder process, these are excess reactive ionic solutions plus their corresponding chloride counterions. The initial washing uses purified water. It is followed by one or more alcohol washes usually isopropyl alcohol-that remove the water, harden the microspheres, and decrease the volume. The washed microspheres are dried and calcined in air to remove residual organics, such as liquefiers and binders. Sintering in hydrogen decreases the particle size to about half that of the green microspheres. The sintering results in a density of 96%-99% of the theoretical density of the oxide ceramic (Figure 8). Microsphere proppants for oil and natural gas recovery Although the term “fossil energies\" gives the impression of an outdated technology, fossil-based energy provides for our living standards today. Besides energy, gas and oil also provide the basis for many nonenergy products. The amount of available gas and oil is finite, and much of what remains is trapped in rock formations that require new technologies for economical recovery. The North American shale gas reservoirs are a current focus of attention, but natural-gas shale areas in Europe and Asia and oil reservoirs at the sea bed level also are being developed. Technology called hydrofracturingor fracking is used to open up and provide a porous pathway to extract the oil and gas from shale reservoir rock. A water mixture under high pressure is forced into the borehole and creates fissures in the rock formation. However, enormous geostatic pressure on the rock will cause the fissures to close quickly unless they are held open with particulates known as proppants. Proppants are a major economic factor in hydrofracturing technology. For example, chemicals that decrease the viscosity of oil and facilitate its flow to the surface work more efficiently when used in conjunction with proppants. Typically, sand proppants hold the fissure open to allow natural gas and oil to flow to the surface as the water pressure recedes. Although sand proppant is sieved for proper sizing (Figure 9 (a)), its irregular form fills the fissures, and its crush resistance is low, both of which www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.2 (a) (b) (c) Figure 9. (a) Irregularly-shaped sand proppants can pack too tightly into a shale fissure. (b) Unimodal proppants hold open a fissure, but do not fill it efficiently. (c) Optimized mixture of variously-sized microspheres keeps fissures open. can decrease the possible borehole yield. As the demand for high-quality proppants increased, suppliers investigated artificial or synthetic particles, for example, Al₂O, microspheres, which are very stable. However, the rawmaterial price was higher than other natural sources. Thus, development focused on alternative raw materials. Researchers found a wide selection of natural materials, mostly based on bauxite or clay materials, that offered a good compromise between stability and cost. Unfortunately, they were supplied as powder and not as uniformly-sized particles. Drip-casting processes can be used to manufacture an optimized, perfectly unimodal distribution of ceramic microspheres with high crush strength on a large scale at economical prices. Also, drip-casting is flexible enough to accommodate variations in the rawmaterial supply, whether they occur from differences in the same mine or between suppliers. The production process has the advantage of scalability: All process parameters are identical between small laboratory-sized units up to large-scale production units with more than 20,000 kg/h capacity. Vibrational drip-casting processes can produce between 1,000 and 20,000 kg/h of ceramic or clay-type proppants. The size control during processing helps increase the borehole yield. If a single-sized particle is used, fissures can be held open to the specific size of the particles (Figure 9 (b)), leaving a large free area. Because unimodal spheres cannot enter the entire fine structures of fissures, small gaps reclose quickly. A mixture of two or more unimodal, spherical proppants allows the smaller particles to settle in the fine-scale regions of fissures and the larger ones to fill and hold open the wider part of the cracks (Figure 9 (c)). This decreases the specific gap between the microspheres, and smaller microspheres fill the spaces between. However, there is greater total void space and more gas or oil flows from the fissures. Credit: Brace GmbH.) The required ratio of particle sizes is specific. Theoretical calculations show that a particle-size ratio of 1:5 to 1:8 gives the best results. In the field, a ratio of 1:6 or 1:6.5 is used widely. Another advantage of spherical particles is the ceramic types tend to break in stable fractions of a sphere and continue to prop the fissure partly open. Sand proppants, in contrast, crumble to fine, irregular particles and close the fissure completely. In addition to size, particle density is a factor that determines how deep a microsphere can penetrate a fissure. The tendency is to investigate lowdensity particles-about 1 g/cm³, which is approximately the density of water— because it is the water that pushes them into the fissure. Microsphere density can be tailored using the drip-casting processes by producing highly porous or hollow particles (Figure 10). Ceramics are not the only option for proppants, and several organic compositions are being investigated. Conclusion Energy and energy-related processes present challenges. Some can be solved by using highly spherical, unimodal, and controlled size distribution particles, such as microspheres and microcapsules. Both types of particles can be made by laminar flow drip-casting with a vibrational nozzle. The process offers the opportunity for total control over particle size, flexibility to manufacture a wide variety of raw materials into microspheres, and scalability. Already, many industries rely on them, offering better products to sustain a better world for everyone. About the authors Thorsten Brandau is president at Brace GmbH in Karlstein, Germany. Egbert Brandau is senior consultant at Brace. Rick Rehrig is principal at R2 Consulting. Contact: Rick Rehrig at rrehrig@verizon.net. Figure 10. Hollow ceramic microspheres. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 27 (Credit: Brace GmbH.) 28 Soluble fission products Grain-boundary Fission gas bubble Metallic precipitate Oxide precipitate Figure 1. Nuclear fuels accommodate fission products in a variety of ways, depending on the chemical and physical characteristics of the products. These include soluble species, insoluble fission gases that form bubbles, metallic precipitates, and oxide precipitates. Microstructural features, such as grain boundaries and dislocations, can aid in the nucleation of fission product aggregates. (Credit: Sinnott and Uberuaga.) Role of atomistic Po ower from nuclear reactors is an important contributor to the energy portfolios of many countries, including the United States, because of its high efficiency and lack of greenhouse gas emissions. Most nuclear fuels are in the form of ceramic pellets, with a majority of these composed of uranium dioxide (UO2), its oxygen-poor (hypostoichiometric) or oxygen-rich (hypersimulations in stoichiometric) phases, or its alloys. Under normal operating conditions, the uranium understanding transmutes to produce a wide range of chemifission product have short lifetimes and some of which have accommodation insoluble noble gases that form gas-filled cavcally distinct fission products, some of which long lifetimes. Fission products range from ities to other elements that are either soluble in ceramic in the nuclear fuel matrix or that separate nuclear fuel into new oxide phases or metallic precipitates (Figure 1). Over time, the production and accumulation of these products causes the nuclear pellets to degrade and ultimately By Susan B. Sinnott and Blas Pedro Uberuaga requires that they be replaced, with some Design of longer lived nuclear fuel pellets requires accurate understanding of how microstructures accommodate fission products. inevitable accompanying loss of efficiency. Understanding the fission generation process and the various mechanisms by which these products are accommodated by the nuclear fuel microstructure is critical to design longer-lived pellets. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 Atomic number (fission product) (a) 882>23:2£8281582–2 3 200 400 600 Concentration (ppm) 800 1000 (b) IA IIA Li Be IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB BCNOFNe NaMA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd PmSm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md NoLw Figure 2. (a) Concentration of various fission products after 1% burn up in a pressurized water reactor. (b) Typical chemical state of the various fission products as they are incorporated into the fuel. Gray indicates metallic precipitates; blue, oxide precipitate formers; orange, volatile fission products; and green, fission products. All are soluble within the matrix. Fission products with more than one color can take multiple forms. The top color indicates the preferred form. (Data from Ref. 5; figures courtesy of Christopher R. Stanek) The fission process occurs when an actinide atom, such as uranium, captures a neutron and splits—or fissions resulting in many chemically distinct daughter products of lighter elements that somehow must be accommodated within the fuel, hundreds of megaelectron-volts (MeV) of energy that ultimately generate power, and neutrons that go on to continue the process. The specific types and amounts of fission products produced depend on the type of reactor, the composition of the fuel, and other details of the operating conditions. Additionally, the fission products, which chemically span much of the periodic table, vary in their ultimate fate within the fuel. Nonetheless, some general trends have been observed. Figure 2(a) shows the elements produced during fission generally cluster around two ranges of atomic numbers that correspond to krypton to palladium (atomic numbers 36-46) and tellurium to samarium (atomic numbers 52-62). The behavior of the fission products within the nuclear fuel depends on their physical and chemical properties and their interaction with the evolving microstructure of the fuel under the high temperatures of ~600°C-1,200°C that exist across the fuel pellet (Figure 2(b)). Thus, as the fuel burns, its chemistry changes significantly compared with its as-synthesized state. Furthermore, the way in which these fission products influence the thermomechanical properties of the fuel differs depending on the fission product in question and its distribution within the fuel matrix. Atomistic simulation of microstructures The fuel\'s long-lived radioactivity complicates experimental characterization of how it accommodates fission products. Therefore, standard methods, such as optical and electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry, are used with shielding to protect the operator from radiation emanating from the sample. In most cases, experimental characterization examines only samples that have undergone extensive fission with cyclical heating and cooling, providing highquality micrometer-scale information correlating the distribution of fission product aggregates (such as bubbles and precipitates) with the microstructure of the fuel. However, to understand at a fundamental level how the fuel accommodates fission products within the crystal structure, it is necessary to examine behavior of fission products on the atomic scale. Atomistic simulations are an attractive and ideally suited approach for performing such studies, providing details about the accommodation of fission products during the initial stages of their production. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Two atomistic simulation techniques are applied primarily to the problem of fission products in nuclear fuels such as UO2. The first, electronic structure methods, explicitly treats the electrons and the nuclei of atoms to solve the ionic and electronic structure of the material. These approaches are selfconsistent in that they numerically solve a quantum-mechanics-based equation for the energy of the electrons in an iterative manner. Recent advances provide the ability to describe even the complex electronic structure of the f-electron actinides present in fuels. Thus, using these methods, we are able to understand the complex interactions between the atomic and electronic structure, interactions that are particularly important when examining fission products within a ceramic crystal. However, the main drawback of electronic structure methods is their high computational expense, which necessitates the study of very small amounts of matter (~1 nm³) on very short time scales (1 ps). Thus, examination of the interaction of fission products with microstructural features, such as dislocations and grain boundaries, is typically challenging with these types of methods. A second approach that circumvents this problem is to use an effective description of the interaction between atoms that subsumes the electronic 29 Role of atomistic simulations in understanding fission product accommodation . . . behavior into an empirical relationship of the interatomic interaction. These so-called interatomic potential methods are significantly less computationally expensive and, thus, allow for the simulation of much larger sizes (up to ~150+ billion atoms, or ~1 μm³) and longer times (~1 µs directly, or longer using specialized techniques, such as accelerated molecular dynamics). This approximate description of the interactions readily allows for the examination of microstructure effects, but at the cost of accuracy. In practice, both approaches are used together to provide a more complete picture of how fission products behave in nuclear fuel. When investigating the behavior of fission products as they interact with the actinide atoms within the fuel, it often is critical to account correctly for the electronic structure of those actinides. Only recently have electronic structure methods attained the ability to describe accurately correlated f-electron systems. This is a consequence of greater computational resources, but also advances in first-principles methodology that circumvent past approximations that failed to describe such complex electronic systems. In particular, researchers have found that it is critical to account for electron correlation and exact Pauli exchange to predict the electronic structure of these systems and calculate interaction energies. (Highly correlated materials have electrons whose behavior depends quantum mechanically on influences from other electrons in the structure.) This is particularly important for these systems, because the way in which fission products incorporate into and diffuse through the fuel crystal is especially sensitive to how the electrons of the actinides respond to the fission products. Failure to describe this interaction correctly inaccurately predicts the behavior. Solution and incorporation of fission products Understanding the behavior of fission products within the fuel at the atomic scale requires determining several essential atomic scale properties. 30 30 These include the type of defect trap within which the fission product resides and the way in which it interacts with microstructural features, such as dislocations and grain boundaries. One goal of atomistic modeling is to understand how the fission products incorporate into the fuel in order to predict their influence on the properties of the fuel. The fission process creates fission products and creates damage within the lattice-a consequence of the large amount of kinetic energy imparted to the fission products during the fission process. These atoms are propelled through the nuclear fuel, disrupting its native atoms and creating a myriad of point defects (interstitials and vacancies) and defect clusters. These add to any thermal defects that likely already exist. These defects are ideal trap sites for fission products that are insoluable in the fuel or have a strong preference for other phases. Because each fission product is chemically distinct—with unique bonding characteristics, ionic size, and charge they evolve within the fuel in vastly different ways (Figure 2(b)). This evolution can be separated broadly into two distinct regimes: a dilute limit where fission products do not interact; and a nondilute limit where they begin to interact with each other. of Within the dilute limit, where fission products can be viewed as essentially isolated from one another, the first question that results is the type defect trap state that will accommodate the fission product. Defect trap sites are ionic defects within the crystal, and these vary with respect to local bonding characteristics, electrostatic charge, and associated free volume. Furthermore, the nature of the predominant traps depends on the stoichiometry of the nuclear fuel cations and the irradiated state of the fuel. Thus, to predict how fission products are incorporated, we must determine the nature of the trap sites and how various types of fission products interact with those traps. The pioneering work of Grimes and Catlow² identified the important trap sites in UO, and predicted how various of fission products are accommotypes dated into each using empirical potentials. Electronic structure calculations are invaluable for refining such studies, because they allow for the consideration of complex chemical interactions that are otherwise difficult to assess. For example, together, such calculations have revealed that large insoluable noble gas atoms, such as xenon, prefer large open spaces within the lattice and, thus, prefer the so-called bound Schottky defect, an agglomeration of uranium and oxygen vacancies. 3,4 In contrast, more chemically active fission products, such as cesium and strontium, prefer smaller complexes, such as isolated uranium vacancies, because these have the oxygen coordination necessary to form chemical bonds with the matrix to stabilize the fission product. The details also depend on the stoichiometry of the fuel. As the fission product content increases, fission products migrate through the ceramic fuel lattice and eventually begin interacting with one another. The consequences of this interaction depend greatly on the nature of the fission product, as indicated in Figures 1 and 2(b). For example, some fission products, such as the noble gases, are completely insoluble and form gas-filled cavities-bubbles-in the matrix, often at microstructural imperfections, such as dislocations and grain boundaries. In contrast, other insoluble fission products form more complex precipitates. Metals can either precipitate into so-called five-metal precipitates an alloy of metallic fission products such as, molybdenum, palladium, rhodium, technetium, and tellurium or as oxide phases within the UO₂ matrix. An example of this is the so-called gray phase, an oxide consisting mainly of barium-zirconium-uranium (the blue elements in Figure 2(b)). Finally, some fission products, such as strontium, yttrium, niobium, and the lanthanides, remain in solid solution within the fuel.5 How each of these evolves has important consequences for fuel properties and performance. For example, fission gas bubbles can lead to fuel swelling, pellet—clad interaction, and mechanical failure of the fuel clad. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.2 Other precipitates change the thermal conductivity and mass transport characteristics of the fuel. To predict how the fuel will evolve within the reactor, all of these interactions must be understood. Thus, atomic-scale modeling, which can examine the fundamental mechanisms of fission product incorporation and evolution, is critical in developing physical models of fuel performance. However, in many of these scenarios the precipitation of fission products within the insulating matrix of the fuel represents a complex interaction of various types of bonding (metallic or covalent interactions within an ionic matrix). Therefore, most empirical potentials are not adequate to provide a realistic description of the system. Although it often is appropriate to treat isolated fission products as ionic species within the ionic matrix, even small clusters of two or three metallic fission products can exhibit strong metallic behavior, 6 demonstrating the need for more sophisticated approaches that explicitly account for the electronic structure of the atoms. Segregation energies to grain boundaries As the fission product concentration increases, it segregates to those portions of the nuclear fuel lattice that can most readily accommodate them, such as at microstructural features, including voids, dislocations, and grain boundaries. Experimental characterization indicates that nuclear fuels contain a variety of grain-boundary types. Calculations with empirical potentials indicate that many types have similar interfacial energies, despite their atomic-level structural differences, as indicated by Figure 3 and Table 1. These differences in the grainboundary structures influence their ability to accommodate fission products. For example, in the case of xenon fission products, experiments and calculations indicate that xenon preferentially segregates to all microstructural features, such as dislocations and grain boundaries, regardless of type or structural details, because they have more free space to accommodate the xenon 23 Tilt Σ5 Twist Σ5 Tilt 25m Figure 3. Experimental characterization shows that polycrystalline UO₂ has a large variety of grain boundaries, including Σ3 (highlighted in red) and Σ5 (highlighted in yellow). Atomistic models of representative grain boundaries are used to examine the relationship between grain-boundary structure and fission product segregation tendencies.7 than the regular lattice. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that, in the case of edge dislocations and tilt grain boundaries have lower calculated segregation energies at sites under tensile strain, whereas sites under compressive strain with less free space are predicted to be energetically unfavorable for segregation. However, given a choice, the xenon prefers to segregate to randomly structured grain boundaries than to either tilt or twist boundaries. One detail that the atomic-scale calculations readily provide is the correlation between the interfacial energy of the grain boundary and the segregation energy. This correlation between energies could prove to be an important predictive tool for designing longerlived nuclear fuel pellets. In the case of other fission products, calculations show size and electronic charge contribute to segregation to sites American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Table 1. Energies calculated for four UO, grain boundaries following relaxation in classical molecular dynamics simulations. Three of these are shown prior to relaxation in Figure 3.7 Boundary type Grain boundary energy (J/m²) Σ3 tilt Σ5 twist Σ5 tilt Asymmetric 1.04 1.17 1.58 1.86 within grain boundaries. Figure 4 shows that some fission products prefer to bond to open sites with more free volume, while others are drawn to closed sites that allow them to form strong bonds to neighboring oxygen atoms.³ These factors also govern accommodation into defect trap sites. Analysis of electronic structure calculations indicates that it is less favorable for fission products that have radii and oxidation states similar to that of the native uranium to segregate to grain boundaries, 31 (Credit: Nerikar, et al.; JACerS.) Role of atomistic simulations in understanding fission product accommodation . . . Segregation energy (eV) Ce4+ Rb1+ Sr²+ Ba²+ Cs1+ 0 Zr+ La 3+ Y3+ Ru³+ ▾ -2 Ru -3 ☐ Open: a-site Closed: b-site U4+ 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 lonic radius (Å) Figure 4. Segregation energies of fission products to sites within a tilt grain-boundary in UO2.8 but, as the size of the fission products increases, it becomes energetically more favorable. As the charge on the fission products decreases, it generally is less energetically favorable for them to segregate to the grain-boundary as well, with the details sometimes depending strongly on the nature of the binding site within the boundary. These findings indicate a complex relationship between size and electrostatics. Implications and future outlook The field of nuclear energy is mature, but, as this overview indicates, computational methods promote discovery of many fundamental physical and phenomenological relationships. In particular, these insights enable engineering of the microstructure and texture of nuclear fuel pellets to better accommodate fission products and to last longer. Longer-lasting fuels improve the economy and safety of future reactors. The simulations provide an improved physical picture of the fundamental issues associated with fission product accommodation that can lead to immediate improvements to continuum level codes that are used to estimate nuclear fuel lifetimes. Although this overview focuses on fission product behavior, similar considerations are important for understanding how dopants, such as sintering aids, change sintering processes in microstructured ceramic nuclear fuels. Acknowledgments Reprinted with permission from Journal of Applied Physics. Copyright 2013, AIP Publishing LLC.).) We are happy to acknowledge the contributions of our colleagues, including Pankaj Nerikar, Minki Hong, Simon Phillpot, David Andersson, and Christopher Stanek, on the work that is reviewed here. We also acknowledge funding from the Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program. About the authors Susan B. Sinnott is director, Cyberinfrastructure for Atomistic Simulation (CAMS), and Alumni Professor of Materials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Blas Uberuaga is a materials scientist, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M. References \'V.I. Anisimov, F. Aryasetiawan, and A.I. Lichtenstein, \"First-principles calculations of the electronic structure and spectra of strongly correlated systems: The LDA+U method,\" J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 9 [4] 767-808 (1997). 2R.W. Grimes and C.R.A. Catlow, \"The stability of fission products in uranium dioxide,\" Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London A, 335 [1639] 609–34 (1991). 3P.V. Nerikar, X.Y. Liu, B.P. Uberuaga, C.R. Stanek, S.R. Phillpot, and S.B. Sinnott, \"Thermodynamics of fission products in UOJ. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 21 [43] 435602 (2009). 4T. Petit, G. Jomard, C. Lemaignan, B. Bigot, and A. Pasturel, “Location of krypton atoms in uranium dioxide,\" J. Nucl. Mater., 275 [1] 119-23 (1999). 5H. Kleykamp, “The chemical state of the fission products in oxide fuels,\" J. Nucl. Mater., 131 [2-3] 221-46 (1985). \'M.K. Hong, S.R. Phillpot, C W. Lee, P. Nerikar, B.P. Uberuaga, C.R. Stanek, and S.B. Sinnott, \"Solubility and clustering of ruthenium fission products in uranium dioxide as determined by density functional theory,\" Phys. Rev. B, 85 [14] 144110 (2012). \'P.V. Nerikar, K. Rudman, T.G. Desai, D. Byler, C. Unal, K.J. McClellan, S.R. Phillpot, S.B. Sinnott, P. Peralta, B.P. Uberuaga, and C.R. Stanek, \"Grain boundaries in uranium dioxide: Scanning electron microscopy experiments and atomistic simulations,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 94 [6] 1893-900 (2011). 8M.K. Hong, B.P. Uberuaga, S.R. Phillpot, D.A. Andersson, C.R. Stanek, and S.B. Sinnott, \"The role of charge and ionic radius on fission product segregation to a model UO2 grain boundary,” J. Appl. Phys., 113 [13] 134902 (2013). \'M. Hong, B.P. Uberuaga, D.A. Andersson, C.R. Stanek, S.R. Phillpot, and S.B. Sinnott, \"Role of electronic effects on the incorporation of Cr at a Σ5 grain boundary in UO,\" Comput. Mater. Sci., 78, 29-33 (2013). 32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.2 Sintering of Ceramics Short Course on DVD NEW! 12 hours of instruction! The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Learn sintering fundamentals at your own pace, or host multi-person training sessions at your facility. Taught by Dr. Mohamed N. Rahaman, the course covers sintering basics; diffusion and defect chemistry; solidstate, viscous and liquid-phase sintering; microstructure development and control; and much more. List: $665 ACers Member: $595 www.ceramics.org/sinteringdvd RefractoriesThe world\'s most important but least known products Semler By Charles E. Semler Selected business and market trends, and examples of technical advances and successes highlight future directions for refractories and the refractories industry. R efractories range from traditional pressed or cast and fired materials to sophisticated engineered ceramics. Driven by the ever-increasing requirements and needs of the user industries, the trend toward development of more novel and advanced, value-added refractories will continue for decades. A changing refracThis article presents highlights of the author\'s plenary lecture delivered at UNITECR\'13 in Victoria, British Columbia. 34 (Credit: ACerS.) tory workforce of new graduates and experienced technologists grounded in the principles of chemistry, physics, mineralogy, ceramics, materials science, and engineering, who work together with others who specialize in sales, marketing, finance, management, and other disciplines, will be needed to serve the global industry. The backbone of industry So what qualifies \"refractories\" as the world\'s most important product? Simply stated, all iron, steel, aluminum, copper, glass, cement, gasoline, and other important commodities, produced in million- and billion-ton quantities each year worldwide, would not be produced without refractories. Because of www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 (Credit: ACerS.) their critical status, refractories support a major portion of the world economy, and, as stated by William McCracken (Refractarios Peru (REPSA), retired), \"Life as we know it would not be possible without refractories.\" But, despite their mega-importance, the existence and uses of refractories are practically unknown by the general public. By far the major users of refractories are the iron and steel and cement industries, which consume 65%-75% and 8%-12%, respectively, of the annual production of refractories worldwide. Figure 1 shows the increasing trend in global production of steel and cement since 1995, which was made possible by the cost-effective performance of refractories. The production of steel and cement increased by 3.5% and 3%, respectively, in 2013, which also bodes well for the refractories industry. Because the refractories industry and steel industry are so closely tied, their importance correlates directly with one another as well. For example, the World Steel Organization¹ (www.worldsteel. org) website says, “Steel is a key driver of the world\'s economy and touches every aspect of our lives. Steel directly employs more than two million people worldwide. So, as a key supplier to many industries, the steel industry is a source of employment for more than 50 million people.\" Likewise, the refractories industry supplies many nonsteel industries, providing products and services that make it possible for them to manufacture their products efficiently and profitably. Because steel and other important commodities could not be made without refractories, a case can be made that the refractories industry is the largest facilitator of jobs and business worldwide and, thus, is among the largest contributors to the world economy. Refractory industry production and revenue China\'s steel production surpassed that of Japan and the United States in 1996, and its share of world production has increased rapidly since then. In 2013, China produced 49% of the world\'s total steel. Thus, it is not surprising that China also is the world\'s leading refractory producer, with 28.2 million metric tons (mmt) in 2012. Figure 2 shows the annual production of steel and refractories by China since 2000. Rigaud and Zhou³ calculated the world demand for refractories as 30.4 mmt in 2000, based on a consumption rate of 25 kg/(ton of steel produced) Steel production (million metric tons) 1800 1600 worldwide. Using the assumptions of Rigaud and Zhou, but using an estimated current range of consumption rates, 20 and 15 kg/(ton of steel produced), the calculated demand for refractories in 2012 is 32.6 to 43.4 mmt, respectively. In March 2013, the Freedonia Group projected that refractory demand in 2016 would be 46.3 mmt.4 Three companies dominated the 4 3.5 Steel 3 2 1400 1200 1000 ✓ Cement 2.5 800 600 400 200 0 1 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 Year 1.5 Figure 1. Worldwide annual production of steel and cement since 1995. The production of steel and cement depends entirely upon the availability and use of refractory products. 1,2 Steel production (million metric tons) 800 700 600 Steel 500 400 300 200 100 Refractories → 4 40 30 20 20 0 10 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Year Figure 2. Increasing trends in steel and refractories production by China since 2000. Sources-World Steel Organization\' and China\'s Refractories staff. Cement production (billion metric tons) Refractories production (million metric tons) (Credit: Semler.) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 35 Refractories―The world\'s most important but least known products global refractories market in 2012, as shown in Table 1. The many larger refractory companies in China (~150 are members of the Association of China Refractories Industry) together account for an estimated 37% of the global refractories market. Trends in the refractories industry Continuous advances in refractories technology have resulted in products with longer life and better performance. The decades-long continual decrease in refractories consumption by the steel industry illustrates this point well. Between 1950 and 2010, the average rate of refractory consumption by the steel industry worldwide decreased from 61 to 15 kg/(ton of steel produced).6 In 2013, the most efficient steel plants in some countries consumed refractories in the 7 to 8 kg/(ton of steel produced) range. Countless examples of improvements have resulted in major increases in the Refractories production (million metric tons) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 service life of refractory linings or components, with increased online production time and big cost benefits for the user industries, including the following: • Basic oxygen furnace, US-1,800 heats in 1986 to 48,000 heats in 1996; • Basic oxygen furnace, China— 1,900 heats in 1992 to 10,000 heats in 1998; . Torpedo ladle, Japan-820 heats in 1981 to 2,202 heats in 1992; • Steel ladle, Japan—150 heats in 1990 to 470 heats in 2001; • Steel ladle, bottom argon plugs, Canada 11 heats in 1997 to 40 heats in 2005; and • Glass furnaces, worldwideCampaign life increased from 8 to 14-15 years. In contrast, refractory performance can sometimes decline, usually involving more severe operating conditions, such as higher temperature, longer residence time, more oxygen reblows in steelmaking furnaces, and more Table 1. Facts for the three largest refractory manufacturers in 20125 Company Market share (%) Employees Revenue (billion of dollars) Vesuvius-London, UK 10% 1,200 $2.45 RHI-Vienna, Austria 9% 8,040 $2.36 Magnesita-São Paulo, Brazil 5% 6,430 $1.21 Monolithics (unshaped) Brick 0.4 0.2 0 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Year 68% 32% 2012 Figure 3. Annual production of monolithic refractories surpassed brick in 1993 in Japan. In 2012 the monolithic production was 68% of the market, which was more than twice that of brick production. The estimated annual monolithic production in the US, China, and India is 52%, 40%, and 28%, respectively. Source-Technical Association of Refractories Japan (TARJ). 36 chemical additives. For example, a Voestalpine steel plant in Germany experienced increased ladle life with a monolithic lining, but the life decreased when it changed to a brick lining 116 heats in 2005 to 128 heats in 2008, then 114 heats in 2012.7 Such cases offer a challenge for refractory technologists to determine the cause(s) and recommend improvements. Another important trend in the refractories industry is the decreased use of pressed and fired brick in favor of unshaped monolithic refractories. Extensive research since the 1980s resulted in monolithic products and processes, such as high-tech castables (low-, ultralow, and no-cement types), shotcasting, novel gunning methods, gunned plastics, and more precast shapes. Figure 3 depicts the change in brick versus monolithic refractory production in Japan since 1980. A further indication of the increasing interest in monolithic refractories can be found by reviewing the UNITECR technical program. There were 22 papers on monolithic refractories during the first UNITECR meeting in 1989 and 70 during the 2011 meeting. Considerations for advancing technology As stated previously, most of the general public does not know that refractories exist, nor how critically important they are to the global economy. Among those who have heard of refractories, some probably assume that they are still mainly traditional, clay-based products made in dusty, dirty plants with old equipment. In reality, some traditional-type refractories still are produced. However, as the decades of continual decrease in the consumption rate of refractories show, there has been a huge improvement in the quality, properties, and performance of refractories. The new image of the industry, with a big increase in the number of high-tech, engineered refractory (ceramic) products, is of a product line made in modern, highly computerized plants, with automated batching, robot assistance, mechanized transfer vehicles, and other systems for maxiwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.2 mizing manufacturing efficiency and quality production. Besides manufacturing advances, numerous other factors have contributed to the ever-increasing base of engineering and scientific knowledge for advanced refractories technology. A few of the factors are • More and better raw-materials choices, including higher purity and more synthetics; • Increased awareness of packing benefits related to particle size, shape, and surface roughness; • Designed mixes according to the Furnas continuous particle-size curve for maximum density, or quantifying optimized particle sizing using the calculation method of Andreasson; • Increased awareness of the benefits possible with single or multiple additives, for example, the increase in hot strength achieved by adding metal powder(s) to MgO-C refractories; • Use of in-situ mineralization for densification, increased strength, thermal shock resistance, and other property and service life improvements; • More use of refractories with nonoxide materials and bonding; . Ability to combine and bond various materials, such as Al2O3-C and ZrO2-C, to gain localized wear benefits in various regions of pouring tubes for the continuous casting of steel; • Availability of more sophisticated analytical instruments for microscopy, chemical analysis, particle sizing, thermal conductivity, etc., and increased use of computer modeling for batch optimization, lining design, field simulation, and many other purposes; • Invention and improvement of test methods that permit development of new and improved refractories; • Ability to design engineered microstructures based on increased knowledge of the features that need to be controlled, including coarse and intermediate aggregate, which can have pores, macrocracks and microcracks, and grain boundaries; bonding matrix, which can have fine, ultrafine, and/ or nano grains; pores, macrocracks and microcracks in the bonding matrix; and aggregate-to-matrix interface. Two recent examples show that we can alter long-accepted principles, which should prompt studies of more materials and systems to search for other significant discoveries. First, Bradto discovered that the large thermal expansion (~15 vol%) of kyanite at 1,400°C could be changed by attrition milling. Bradt found that milling for 1 h decreased expansion to 6.5 vol% at 1,300°C and that milling for 12 h CALL FOR PAPERS COMING SOON! decreased expansion to 2 vol% at temperatures less than 1,300°C. Second, Tamura determined that nanocarbonbonded MgO-C brick had a modulus of elasticity (MOE) versus strength relationship that differed from the typical linear relationship for conventional MgO-C brick. That is, it is possible to develop higher-strength brick that has lower MOE than conventional theory would predict. 5th Advances in CementAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling & Sensing July 9-11, 2014 Tennessee Technological University Cookeville, Tennessee The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org/cements 2014 37 Refractories―The world\'s most important but least known products Number of programs 16 14 12 10 10 0 CO + 2 Alfred Univ. Ohio St. Univ. Alfred Univ. Clemson Univ. Georgia Tech Iowa St. Univ. N. Carolina St. Univ. Ohio St. Univ. Pennsylvania St. Univ. Rutgers Univ. Univ. of Florida Univ. of Illinois Univ. of Missouri-Rolla Univ. of Utah Univ. of Washington Virginia Tech 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 Year Alfred Univ. Missouri S&T 1990 2000 2013 Figure 4. Timeline showing the growth and decline of ceramic (and refractories) engineering education and research programs at US universities from 1900 to 2013. Only Alfred University and Missouri University of Science and Technology (formerly University of Missouri-Rolla) now offer these The list below shows a few examples of recent studies that may merit further consideration, or provide ideas for other advanced studies, to expand our technical know-how and perhaps yield improved or new products that will benefit manufacturers and users. • Layered carbides and nitrides, such as Ti,SiC and Ti₂AIN; • • bles; . Ti(Si,Al)C, doped with tungsten; Spinel-coated graphite for casta• Hollow, spherical Ti-Al-C clusters; Simple method for applying nanostructured coatings; • Carbon nanofiber addition to MgO-C brick; • ticles; Al2O3-TiC composite nanoparNanoparticles produced by flamespray pyrolysis; • Coated, fused Al2O3 particles; and • Cement-free, alumina-based, oxycarbide castable. The improvement of refractories and the advancement of applicable technology continues despite the general decline in refractories education in the US and other countries of the world. Figure 4 shows the rise and fall of ceramic (and refractories) engineering education and research in the US. There were two ceramic engineering 38 programs. programs in 1900, 14 in 1950-1960, and four in 2006. Now there are two accredited ceramic engineering programs in the US, six in metallurgical engineering, and 60 in materials science and engineering. 12 A consequence of the decline in ceramic and metallurgical engineering programs is that very little current university research focuses specifically on refractories in the US. By sharp contrast, China, the world\'s leading refractory producer, has multiple universities with large programs emphasizing refractories education and research. For example, in 2013, Wuhan University of Science and Technology graduated 493 BS, 101 MSc, and 30 PhD students who specialized in refractories. Examples of refractories research in China can be found in the quarterly publication, China\'s Refractories, sponsored by Sinosteel Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research (Luoyang, China). The global refractories community also has addressed the lack of trained refractory engineers with the establishment of a collaboration between 10 universities in eight countries and 17 companies in 11 countries directed by the nonprofit Federation for International Refractory Research and Education (FIRE), headquartered in Canada (www.fire.polymtl.ca). Since 2007, 40 students have graduated from the program with experience in cuttingedge technology and multinational interaction. Engineered refractories-Looking to the future The need for improved and new refractories, based on practical and scientific research, will continue unabated into the future. New and improved characterization instruments and testing equipment will boost the research effort. For example, there is a continuing need to develop engineered microstructures. In a paper published in 2010, Harmer¹³ showed that control of the rate of atomic transport along and across grain boundaries is necessary to control the microstructure and properties of inorganic materials. Additives are a very effective means of modifying the grain-boundary transport rates. The characterization of grain boundaries remains a formidable challenge. But, as high-temperature atomic resolution electron microscopy improves, it will be possible to do in-situ characterization of structures at high temperature using transmission electron microscopy. Unlimited opportunities exist for creative studies that will expand the body of knowledge, provide practical benefits, and answer remaining questions. Multidisciplinary collaboration promotes new ideas and developments, cost savings, problem solving, etc., based on the diversity of background and experience. Therefore, refractory researchers and product developers need to monitor the full range of scientific and materials research worldwide to discover ideas that are applicable to refractories. A few topics for research with the potential to make valuable contributions to the advancement of refractory technology include • Spinel—in-situ, prereacted/sintered, prescription, novel compositions; • Nanomaterials-powders, rods, tubes, wires, fibers, etc.; • Treatment of and detailed attention to aggregates and powders and their sizing; • Bendable, flexible refractories and castables; www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No.2 • Self-healing, self-repairing refractories; • Engineered microstructures and functional refractories; • Monolithics, gunning, shotcreting, hot repairs; • Clean steel, molten-steel filtration, inclusion reduction; and • Hot testing and modeling. Also at UNITECR\'13, Thomas Vert (Arcelor-Mittal-Dofasco) emphasized in his plenary lecture that, in the shorter term, the steel industry wants detailed product data sheets (especially hightemperature data) and more testing and modeling for life prediction. Other steel personnel indicate that the two mostneeded refractories products are more durable MgO-C brick to prolong basic oxygen furnace lining life and improved submerged entry nozzles for better steel flow control. The day is coming when millions of tons of molten steel will flow and be filtered through sophisticated, engineered refractories, which will have to have outstanding properties and unfailing high quality to resist the extreme thermal, chemical, and mechanical forces imposed on them, so as to give acceptable service life without risk of unexpected catastrophic failure. Given the critical importance of raw materials to refractories, refractory companies are acting to gain more control over their raw-materials supply and costs, and to use recycled raw materials. Issues of raw-material quality, price, and availability are such compelling signals that action is needed, especially with the control and influence that China holds over the main refractory rawmaterials market worldwide. Improved selection and grading of used refractories, followed by milling and thermal or chemical treatment, can enhance the beneficiation of recycled materials. Development of new processing capabilities will enable increased use of recycled materials in refractory mixes. But, to help promote the use of refractories containing recycled materials, users will need to be educated regarding the material properties and quality. Refractory technology and knowhow have reached a level where it should be possible to develop optimized, or prescription, refractories for virtually any application. The general sequence of steps could include the following: determine complete details of service conditions; review the user\'s refractory use experience; conduct postmortem analysis; expose candidate materials in the actual environment; evaluate and compare candidate materials; and repeat exposure and testing of candidate materials as needed. Successful completion of such work can result in significant benefits for the supplier and the user with cost savings, longer service life, increased production, and profits. Concluding comments • Refractory science, technology, and know-how have evolved to a very high level. • The UNITECR Proceedings (since 1989) provide an excellent record of refractories technology and trends. . Optimized, prescription refractories can be developed for most applications. • The advancement of refractories technology is documented by the continual decrease in the rate of consumption of refractories in all industries. • Monitoring the activities, developments, and innovations in other fields worldwide, with in-depth communication and interaction with customers, will benefit the refractories industry. • The theme of IREFCON\'14 (India) \"Refractories Solutions through Innovation\"-describes well the path forward for the refractories industry. • Education and recruiting of Millenials (18 to 30 years old) to careers in the refractories industry must be promoted. About the author Charles Semler has been an independent refractories consultant for 28 years based in Columbus, Ohio and now in Phoenix, Ariz. He is a Fellow of ACerS, Distinguished Life Member of UNITECR, recipient of the T.J. Planje St. Louis Refractories Award, and the Tredennick Award of The Refractories Institute. Contact: CESemler@aol.com. References World Steel Organization website: www. worldsteel.org. 2US Geological Society website: Cement annual report, www.usgs.gov. ³M. Rigaud and N. Zhou, “Major trends in the refractories industry at the beginning of the 21st century,\" China\'s Refractories, 11 [2] 3-8 (2002). www.freedoniagroup.com. 5www.slideshare.net/Magnesita. 6W. Lee, \"Challenges and opportunities for the refractories industry,\" Proceedings, IREFCON\'10, Kolkata, India, 7–17 (2010). 7J. Pischke, VDEh, 55th Aachen Colloquium on Refractories, Germany, Sept. 2012. 8C. Furnas, \"Grading aggregates I: Mathematical relations for beds of broken solids of maximum density,\" Ind. Eng. Chem., 23, 1052-58 (1931). \'A. Andreason and J. Anderson, “Ueber die beziehung zwischen kornabstufung und zwischenraum in produkten aus losen Kr nern (mit einigen experimenten),” Kolloid-Z., 50, 217–28 (1930). ¹ºR. Bradt, “Fabrication of shrinkage-free porous,\" J. Ceram. Process. Res., 6, 271-75 (2005). 11S. Tamura, B. Mishra, P. Moharatra, and V.K. Panda, \"Effect of small quantity additives on the properties of ...,\" Taikabutsu Overseas, 29 [2] 144-47 (2009). 12R. Brow, American Ceramic Society, St. Louis Refractories Symposium, March 2013. 13M. Harmer, \"Interfacial kinetic engineering: How far have we come since Kingery\'s inaugural Sosman Address?,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93 [2] 301-17 (2010). \"\"Refractories\' isn\'t just a profession, it is a FAMILY\" -Mark Stett, March 2013 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 39 TAX WATER TAXI WATER FAIR Where Business and Manufacturing Meet Strategy 4TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT APRIL 7-9, 2014 | BALTIMORE, MD. www.ceramics.org/cls2014 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org If your work relies on the business end of ceramics, you cannot afford to miss the 4th Ceramic Leadership Summit. This unique and powerful meeting focuses on the most important strategic issues confronting the ceramics and glass community. Invited speakers include some of the most respected leaders in the ceramic and glass community, and the highly interactive format maximizes the expertise in the audience. Sign up today! schedule MONDAY, APRIL 7, 2014 CLS Registration GENERAL SESSION: Additive Manufacturing Technologies - Gregory Morris, GE Aviation 3-7 p.m. CLS Registration 5-7 p.m. Welcome Reception and Networking Event WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9, 2014 7:30 a.m.-4:30 pm. 8:30 9:25 a.m. TUESDAY, APRIL 8, 2014 7 a.m. - 6 p.m. CLS Registration Coffee 9:25 - 9:45 a.m. 9:45 11:40 a.m. Coffee 8:30 9:30 a.m. 9:30 10:55 a.m. 11 11:45 a.m. GENERAL SESSION: Business Climate Overview James Meil, Eaton; Katharine Frase, IBM Corporation KEYNOTE ADDRESS: Strategic Open Innovation Andrew Zygna, NineSigma 11:45 a.m.1:15 p.m. Networking Lunch 1:15-2 p.m. 2-3:30 p.m. 3:30 4 - 4 p.m. 4-5:30 p.m. 7-9 p.m. GENERAL SESSION: Strategic Manufacturing: Sustainability - Frank O\'Brien-Bernini, Owens Corning GENERAL SESSION: Strategic Manufacturing: Opportunities - Al Lubrano, Materion Technical Materials and National Association of Manufacturers Coffee GENERAL SESSION: Strategic Manufacturing: Workforce Development - Eric H. Urruti, Schott North America; Lora Cooper Rothen, Du-Co Ceramics Company; R. Allen Kimel, Pennsylvania State University; Wayne G. Butscher, Bio Technical Institute of Maryland Inc. CONFERENCE DINNER CONCURRENT TRACKS Innovation Track - Martin J. Curran, Corning Incorporated; Steven M. Ritchey, Thompson Coburn LLP Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability Track - Daniel E. Tipsord, Trans-Tech Inc.; Bud Cass, Bud Cass Consulting LLC; Petra Mitchell, Catalyst Connection 11:45 a.m. – 12:55 p.m. Networking Lunch 1-2:55 p.m. 3:15 - 4:30 p.m. CONCURRENT TRACKS Innovation Track - Anthony Nickens, Ceramatec Inc.; Michael Silver, American Elements Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability Track Richard Norment, National Council for PublicPrivate Partnerships; Richard K. Brow, Missouri University of Science and Technology WRAP-UP SESSION THURSDAY, APRIL 10, 2014 Optional Tour - THE WALTERS ART MUSEUM CLS attendees will have the option of taking a tour of the Walters Art Museum, which is about one mile from the hotel. In addition to the museum\'s science lab, visitors may tour Ikebana, an exhibit of contemporary Japanese vases and flowers. 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 register now! speakers & panelists CLS 2014 focuses on business and technology leadership by connecting attendees with other leaders who can help grow your organization. The impressive speaker lineup grows each day. Andrew Zynga, CEO, NineSigma Katharine Frase, VP, CTO, global public sector, IBM Corporation Al T. Lubrano, president, Materion Technical Materials and chairman, NAM\'s Small to Medium Manufacturers Petra Mitchell, president and CEO, Catalyst Connection James P. Meil, VP, chief economist, Eaton Frank O\'BrienBernini, VP, chief sustainability officer, Owens Corning Eric Urruti, VP, research & technology development, SCHOTT ΝΑ Marty Curran, executive vice president and chief innovation officer, Corning Incorporated Anthony Nickens, vice president, energy and new business, Ceramatec Inc. Lora Cooper Rothen, CEO, Du-Co Ceramics Company Wayne G. Butscher, director, BioSTART and Lab Associates Program, BioTechnical Institute of Maryland, Inc. R. Allen Kimel, assistant professor and associate head for Undergraduate Studies, Pennsylvania State University Gregory Morris, lead, strategy and business development for additive technologies, GE Aviation Richard Norment, executive director, National Council for Public-Private Partnerships Richard K. Brow, curators\' professor of ceramic engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology Steven Richey, partner, Thompson Coburn LLP Daniel E. Tipsord, director of engineering, Trans-Tech Inc., a subsidiary of Skyworks Solutions Inc. Bud Cass, managing member, Bud Cass Consulting LLC, and former president and chairman of Advanced Cerametrics (ACI) Michael N. Silver, CEO, American Elements American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 41 APRIL 7-9, 2014 | BALTIMORE, MARYLAND www.ceramics.org/cls2014 4TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT technical program TUESDAY, APRIL 8, 2014 Business Climate Overview | 9:30 – 10:55 a.m. CLS 2014 Introduction Moderator: David W. Johnson Jr., Journal of the American Ceramic Society Perspectives on Manufacturing: US Competitiveness Today, and Prospects Ahead Speaker: James Meil, vice president, chief economist, Eaton Technology Trends Speaker: Katharine Frase, vice president, CTO, Global Public Sector, IBM Corporation Keynote 11- 11:45 a.m. Strategic Open Innovation - Connecting with the Outside World to Advance Your Company\'s Technology and Product Innovation Speaker: Andrew Zygna, CEO, NineSigma Strategic Manufacturing: Sustainability, Manufacturing Opportunities, and Workforce Development 1:15-5:30 p.m. 1:15 – 2 p.m. | Sustainability – The Path to Wealth Creation Speaker: Frank O\'Brien-Bernini, vice president, chief sustainability officer, Owens Corning 2-3:30 p.m. | Manufacturing in the United States of America... A Vehicle for National Economic Prosperity Speaker: Al Lubrano, president, Materion Technical Materials; chairman, National Association of Manufacturers\'s Small to Medium Manufacturers 4-5:30 p.m. | Finding and Developing Engineering Talent Panel Members: Eric Urruti, vice president, research and technology development, SCHOTT NA; Wayne G. Butscher, director, BIOSTART and Lab Associates Program, BioTechnical Institute of Maryland Inc.; R. Allen Kimel, assistant professor and associate head for Undergraduate Studies, Pennsylvania State University; Lora Cooper Rothen, CEO, Du-Co Ceramics Company WEDNESDAY, APRIL 9, 2014 Strategic Manufacturing: Additive Manufacturing Technologies 8:30 9:25 a.m. | Additive Manufacturing Technologies Speaker: Gregory Morris, lead, strategy and business development for additive technologies, GE Aviation Innovation Track | 9:45 a.m. - 2:55 p.m. Track Leader and Moderator: Christine Heckle, Corning Incorporated 9:45 – 10:40 a.m. | Innovation Strategies to Leverage Your Business Speaker: Martin J. Curran, executive vice president, innovation officer, Corning Incorporated 10:45 – 11:40 a.m | Patent Law in 2014: Act Fast or Get Left Behind Speaker: Steven M. Ritchey, partner, Thompson Coburn LLP 1 – 1:55 p.m. | Ecosystem Approach to Disruptive Innovation Speaker: Anthony Nickens, vice president, energy and new business, Ceramatec Inc. 22:55 p.m. | Material Sourcing Challenges and Strategies Speaker: Michael Silver, CEO, American Elements 42 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 register now! Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability Track Manufacturing and Workforce Sustainability Track 9:45 11:40 a.m. Track Leader and Moderator: Lora Cooper Rothen, Du-Co Ceramics Company 9:45 – 10:40 a.m. | Global Manufacturing Panel Discussion Speaker: Daniel E. Tipsord, director of engineering, Trans-Tech Inc., a subsidiary of Skyworks Solutions Inc. Maximizing the Benefit of Manufacturing Outside the US while Protecting Intellectual Property Speaker: Bud Cass, managing member, Bud Cass Consulting LLC and former president and chairman of Advanced Cerametrics The Plusses and Minuses of Expanding Outside of the US. Where? Why? and When? 10:45 - 11:40 a.m. | The Resurgence of Manufacturing, Including Four Trends You Should Not Ignore Speaker: Petra Mitchell, president, CEO, Catalyst Connection 1- 2:55 p.m. Track Leader and Moderator: Richard Weber, Materials Development Inc. 1 – 1:55 p.m. | Public-Private Partnerships to Build a Competitive Workforce Speaker: Richard Norment, executive director, National Council for Public-Private Partnerships 22:55 p.m. | A New Role for The American Ceramic Society: Educating Engineers Before and After that First Job Speaker: Richard K. Brow, Curators\' Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology Moderators Panel - Review and Next Steps 3:15-4:30 p.m. Moderator: David W. Johnson Jr., Journal of the American Ceramic Society hotel information SHERATON INNER HARBOR HOTEL 300 S. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21201 410-962-8300 Room Rates $179 plus tax - Single/Double/Triple/Quad $147 plus tax - Government Cutoff Date: March 12, 2014 Make reservations online at www.ceramics.org/cls2014. When making a reservation by phone, mention The American Ceramic Society room block to secure your reservation at the conference rate. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 43 44 registration coming soon! DGG-ACerS GOMD 2014 AA Aachen, Germany | May 25-30, 2014 The German Society of Glass Technology and The American Ceramic Society will host the 88th DGG annual meeting and GOMD 2014, together with the 10th International Conference on Advances in Fusion and Processing of Glass (AFPG) and the 2nd International Glass Fiber Symposium. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 The technical program will cover Advances in the Fusion and Processing of Glass Energy Applications of Glass-Fundamentals and Application Health, Medical, Biological AspectsFundamentals and Application Fundamentals of the Glassy State and Amorphous Materials Optical Materials and Devices-Fundamentals and Application 2nd International Glass Fiber Symposium www.dgg-gomd.org Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Matthieu Micoulaut, professor, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Title: Reversibility in Glasses Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture TJ Kiczenski, research associate, glass research group, Corning Incorporated Title: TBA George W. Morey Award Stephen R. Elliott, Cambridge University Title: TBA Accommodation Participants of the conference can book their accommodation online, by April 25, 2014. Visit the web for booking information. Conference location Eurogress Aachen Monheimsallee 48 D-52062 Aachen http://www.eurogress-aachen.de/ Points of contact: Steve W. Martin Iowa State University of Science & Technology, Ames, Iowa swmartin@iastate.edu Gang Chen Ohio University, Athens, Ohio cheng3@ohio.edu Norbert J. Kreidl Award Peter J. Lezzi, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Title: TBA American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org & The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 45 45 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Innovations in Biomedical Materials: Focus on Ceramics July 30-August 1, 2014 Hilton Columbus Downtown, Columbus, Ohio Bioceramics 2014 brings together applied researchers, medical practitioners, and medical ceramic materials manufacturers and marketers to better develop emerging technologies, treatments, and products and devices. Confirmed speakers: Larry Hench, University of Florida Steve Jung, Mo-Sci Corporation Ted Day, Mo-Sci Corporation Orville Bailey, Covalent Coating Technologies LLC Markus Reiterer, Medtronic Aditya Sukthankar, MDI Consultants Dale Mitchell, Captiva Spine Charanpreet Bagga, Prosidyan Inc. Sunil Saini, Integra LifeSciences Corporation Peter Ulrich, Titan Spine David Greenspan, Spinode Consulting Lynda Bonewald, University of Missouri, Kansas City Delbert Day, Missouri University of Science & Technology Technical program: - Plenary: Healthcare Environment Panel Discussion: New Products/Technology Panel Discussion: Regulatory - Plenary: Clinical Applications Panel Discussion: Clinical Applications I Panel Discussion: Clinical Applications || - Plenary: Materials Characterization Panel Discussion: Biomaterials Testing Panel Discussion: Clinical Testing - Plenary: Surgical Trends Panel Discussion: Radiotherapeutics Panel Discussion: Clinical Applications III CALL FOR RAPID-FIRE PREVIEW PRESENTATIONS Participate in the inaugural \"Rapid-Fire Preview Presentation\" session hosted Wednesday, July 30 from 4:30 to 6 p.m. Presenters will give a three-minute preview of their poster prior to the welcome reception and poster session. In addition to the talk, presenters may use two PowerPoint slides to highlight their research. Submit your poster abstracts by May 15 to participate in this unique event. 46 46 Sponsor: moosci CORPORATION www.ceramics.org/bioceramics2014 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 F CLECTRONIC MATERIALS CAND APPLICATIONS 2014 Deep freeze no match for hot science at Electronic Materials and Applications 2014 T The deep freeze and severe snowstorms afflicting North America dipped into the Central Florida, but did not interrupt i success of the fifth Electronic Materials and Applications conference in Orlando, Fla., January 22-24. The conference is a collaboration between the Electronics Division and the Basic Science Division and also serves as their Division meetings. 2 Nearly 300 scientists and engineers from the 1 United States and abroad attended. Organizing (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Committee chair Steven Tidrow says, \"The highly cordial atmosphere at Electronic Materials and Applications continues to attract an increasing number of participants, including a significant number of international participants from a broad spectrum of countries.\" Both Divisions engage students with a special symposium for undergraduate students to present their research work, as well as “best poster” and \"best paper\" competitions. \"Personally, my favorite portions of the conference are the student presentation and poster competitions that culminate in recognition of students through presentation of awards at the conference dinner,\" says Tidrow, who is on the faculty of University of Texas-Pan American. Also at the banquet, Joel Moskowitz founding chair of the new Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation introduced the CGIF and its goals to the attendees. Finally, organizers of last year\'s popular, postconference \"Failure Symposium\" reprised the event. Because failure cuts across technical topics, everyone in the audience could relate to the humorous retelling of lab escapades generously offered by this year\'s \"failure experts,\" Jon-Paul Maria from North Carolina State University and Sylvia Johnson of NASAAmes Laboratory. 7 8 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 1 Steven Tidrow opens the conference and welcomes attendees. 2 One sure sign of a successful talk is a queue of audience members with follow-up questions. EMA\'s opening plenary speaker James Bray (blue shirt) answers a question from ACerS president David Green (yellow sweater). 3 Full plenary sessions started each day. 4 ACerS president David Green (left) at the Young Professionals reception. Also pictured from left are Ed Gorzkowski, David Cann, and Alp Sehirlioglu. 5 University of Virginia\'s Brian Donovan fields a question after his talk at the student research 5 symposium. Donovan received one of the \"Student Best Oral Presentation\" awards at the conference banquet. 6 Keeping in touch online and in person. University of Florida undergraduate Clayton Cozzan checks his email, while Adam Scotch (left, Osram-Sylvaina) and Bryan Huey (right, University of Connecticut) chat. 7 The poster session and reception generated some intense discussions. 8 Pennsylvania State University professor Susan TrolierMcKinstry and Georgia Institute of Technology assistant professor Nazanin Bassiri-Gharb take a break between technical sessions. 47 0201 10 102 3/04/05/06/07/01 38TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Plenty of good science makes up for lack of sun in Daytona Beach, Fla., at 38th ICACC T he frigid 2014 winter pushed into Daytona Beach, Fla., and caused several blustery, rainy, cold days during ICACC. However, attendees scarcely noticed as they networked, attended technical sessions, and met vendors at the exhibit hall. Sujanto Widjaja, chair of the Engineering Ceramics Division, says this year\'s ICACC attracted more than 1,030 participants from 42 countries and \"provided an environment for learning and exchanging ideas, and for developing new collaborations.\" He said student participation was up, too. \"This year we\'ve seen more young people than we\'ve seen before. Professors are bringing more of their students, and those students are not just attending, but contributing with presentations and posters.\" The ECD continued its successful International Engineering Ceramics Summit, with its second focus on the Pacific Rim. Also, the Global Young Investigator Forum presented its first GYIF Award to Eva Hemmer, a postdoctoral researcher at INRS-Centre EMT, Canada. The conference exhibition drew more than 50 exhibitors to the Ocean Center arena. According to Widjaja, the exhibition is an important aspect of the conference. \"Exhibitors return year after year for the opportunity to introduce their products and service solutions to potential customers, update old customers, and reach international customers,\" he says. The exhibition marked the official launch of the Ceramics Expo trade show. ACerS is partnering with UK-based Smarter Shows on the event that will take place April 28-30, 2015, in Cleveland, Ohio. Adam Moore, event director of Ceramics Expo, says, \"The exhibitors we\'ve met here are very excited about this new show. Already we have had several vendors sign up for booths at the Ceramics Expo.\" I 3 2 1 ACers staffer Greg Geiger (seated) checks in attendees to the 38th ICACC. 2 Engineering Ceramics Division leaders and guests from India. From left: Tatsuki Ohji, Gita and Jay Singh, Jaswant Minhas, Lalit Kumar Sharma, Dileep Singh, Sanjay Mathur, Michael Halbig, and H.T. Lin. 3 ACerS former president George Wicks (left) greets ACerS president David Green (right). 4 Planning out the week. 5 ECD chair Sujuanto Widjaja (left) and ICACC\'14 technical program chair Michael Halbig (right) present the first Global Young Investigators Forum lecture award to Eva Hemmer. 48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 5 Engineering eramics Division Welcomes You 7 8 6 A packed lecture room on Monday morning enjoyed Sheldon Wiederhorn\'s James I. Mueller Award lecture and Jose Verela\'s Bridge Building Award lecture before the plenary talks. 7 Willard Cutler, technology director at Corning International, presented a plenary talk on porous materials. Ulrich Simon from RWTH Aachen University, Germany, spoke on nanostructured metal oxide gas sensors. 8 ICACC serves as an international technical meeting space. Here Johannes Homa from Vienna, Austria, discusses additive manufacturing with Francis Cambier of Mons, Belgium. Cambier also serves as secretariat CEO of the European Ceramic Society. 9 Charles Birks (left) and Reto Fehr from Keith Company are ready with solutions for hightemperature processing problems at the conference expo. 10 George Quinn and Richard Bradt teamtaught a dozen students in a short course on the fundamentals of mechanical properties of ceramics and glass. 11 The look of business. 12 Food, drink, and games-of-skill like Jenga provided the right setting for students and young professionals to get to know each other. 13 Expo! Vendors talked with attendees about their products and services at the Ocean Center exhibit hall during an event that included receptions, poster sessions, and the annual Schott glass dropping contest. 10 12 13 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org KEITH THE KILN AND FURNACE SYSTEMS PEOPLE 11 Leves & 3 COM 49 49 new products High-resolution X-ray microscope igaku\'s X-ray microscope, Rigaku Anano3DX, measures relatively large samples at high resolution. The nano3DX images samples from multiple angles and can reconstruct 3D images at 0.27-μm resolution. Its highpower rotating anode, high-resolution optics, and submicrometer CCD technology provide fast and optimized data acquisition, while its design allows improved instrument stability to prevent smearing. The instrument\'s ultrawide field of view allows it to deliver measurable volumes up to 25 times larger in a single scan compared with other systems. Primary anode materials used in the nano3DX are copper, chromium, and molybdenum, which provide the flexibility to optimize X-rays for penetration and contrast based on the varying atomic weights of materials present in the sample. Rigaku Americas Co. (The Woodlands, Texas) www.rigaku.com | 281-364-3628 incorporate a high-performance semiconductor detector for excellent sensitivity, resolution, and throughput. The system increases throughput up to 10 times that of the previous models. In addition, the detector is electronically cooled to eliminate the need for liquid nitrogen, reducing operating costs and maintenance requirements. The EDX7000 provides a measurement range of 11Na to 92U, while the EDX-8000 has a range of 6C to 92U. Both systems are equipped with five primary filters that enable highly sensitive analysis of trace elements and an observation camera for precise sample positioning. A large chamber accommodates virtually any sample type, small or large, including thin films, powders, slurries, emulsions, and liquids. Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Columbia, Md.) www.ssi.shimadzu.com | 800-477-1227 Applicators are available for either glass, paper, or metal substrates or foils. All models can be used in combination with either standard block-type film applicators, such as bird and baker models, or spiral bar-type film applicators (wire-wound rod-type). TQC Thermimport Quality Control (Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands) www.tqc.eu | +31 0 10 7900100 Chistian Ngo Maicel Van de Voorde ALAMIA HEL Nanotechnology in a Nutshell From Simple to Complex Systems Fluorescence spectrometer The Shimadzu Scientific Instruments Th new energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometers EDX-7000/8000 Nanotechnology book tlantis Press offers a new book, A from TOC Automatic film applicator \"QC\'s automatic film applicator Stabilizes miable factors, including variations in speed, pressure, and direction of draw, to apply more even film coatings and minimize irregularities. The applicator produces uniform and reproducible films and can produce many identical laboratory precision draw downs in a short period of time. a Simple to Complex Systems, by Christian Ngô and Marcel Van de Voorde. The professional resource provides an overview of nanotechnologies now and their applications in a broad variety of fields, including information and communication technologies, environmental sciences and engineering, societal life, and medicine. The book shows where nanotechnology is now and addresses present and future developments as well as many new industrial and research opportunities. Printed books and e-books are available. Springer (Berlin, Germany) www.springer.com | 800-777-4643 50 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 resources Calendar of events March 2014 2-6 6th Int\'l Symposium on Advanced Plasma Science and Its Applications for Nitrides and Nanomaterials / 7th Int\'l Conference on Plasma-Nano Technology and Science - Maijo University, Nagoya, Japan; http://www.isplasma.jp 8-9 Int\'l Conference on Materials Processing and Characterization - Griet, Hyderabad, India; www.icmpc.com 8-9 Gordon Research Seminar: Batteries - Four Points Sheraton/ Holiday Inn Express, Ventura, Calif.; www.grc.org/programs. aspx?year=2014&program=grs_batt 9-13 SPIE Smart Structures/NDE 2014 San Diego, Calif.; www.spie.org/ x12228.xml 10-14 10th Int\'l Conference on the Science of Hard Materials - Grand Coral Beach Cancun Resort and Spa, Cancun, Mexico; www.icshm10.org/index.htm 25-27 St. Louis Section/RCD 50th Annual Symposium – Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; www. ceramics.org April 2014 7-9 4th Annual Ceramic Leadership Summit - Sheraton Inner Harbor Hotel, Baltimore, Md.; www.ceramics.org/ dates-deadlines/4th-ceramic-leadershipsummit 7-9 Nanomaterials for Industry Crowne Plaza San Diego Mission Valley, San Diego, Calif.; www.executive-conference.com/conferences/nano13.php 7-10 Advanced Material for Demanding Applications - Glyndwr University, St. Asaph, UK; www. amda2014.iopconfs.org/home 28-May 2 Int\'l Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films San Diego, Calif.; www2.avs.org/conferences/ICMCTF May 2014 25-28 ISSNOX4: 4th Int\'l Symposium on SIAIONS and Non-oxides - Nagahama Royal Hotel, Shiga, Japan; http://ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/ISSNOX4 28-31 MMA2014: Microwave Materials and Their Applications - Boise Centre, Boise, Idaho; www.mma2014. com June 2014 1-5 American Conference on Neutron Scattering - Crown Plaza, Knoxville, Tenn.; www.mrs.org/acns-2014 8-13 CIMTEC 2014: 13th Int\'l Ceramics Conference - Montecatini Terme, Italy; www.cimtec-congress.org/2014 15-20 6th Forum on New Materials - Montecatini Terme, Italy; www.cimteccongress.org/2014 22-25 Hydrometallurgy 2014: 7th Int\'l Symposium - Victoria, BC, Canada; http://web.cim.org/hydro2014 August 2014 17-21 ICC5: Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Beijing Int\'l Conference Center, Beijing, China; www.icc-5.com 24-28 ISNOG 2014: Int\'l Symposium on Non-oxide and New Optical Glasses - Ramada Plaza Hotel, Jeju, Republic of Korea; www.isnog.org September 2014 22-25 Int\'l Commission on Glass XXIII Int\'l Congress - Parma, Italy; www. icglass.org 28-Oct. 1 COM 2014: 53rd Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Hyatt Regency Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada; http://web.cim.org/COM2014/ October 2014 5-10 EPD 2014: 5th Intl Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Schloss Hernstein Seminar Hotel, Hernstein, Austria; www.engconf.org 12-16 ➡ MS&T\'14: Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition -Materials 2014 - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org 12-16 ACerS Annual Meeting and Awards Banquet - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.ceramics.org 21-24 Glasstec 2014: Int\'l Trade Fair for Glass Production - Düsseldorf, Germany; www.glasstec-online.com 26-29 ISHA2014: 4th Int\'l Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Conference Bordeaux, France; www.isha2014.univbordeaux.fr July 2015 7-10 ➡ICCCI2015: 5th Int\'l High Quality Advanced Materials Conference - Fujiyoshida City, Japan; http:// ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/iccci2015/index.html August 2015 23-26 COM 2015: 54th Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Toronto, Ontario, Canada; www.metsoc.org September 2015 7-10 Int\'l Commission on Glass Annual Meeting - Bangkok, Thailand; www. icglass.org October 2015 20-23 CERAMITEC 2015 - Messe Munich, Munich, Germany; www. ceramitec.de Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. 51 classified advertising Career Opportunities I University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of Engineering LECTURER The Department of Materials Science and Engineering (www.matse.illinois.edu) invites applications for a full-time, untenured position at the rank of Lecturer. We are looking for a dynamic, motivated individual who will contribute to the educational mission of the department. The Lecturer will develop and teach courses in hard materials and mechanics that will be targeted to undergraduate students. In addition, successful applicants will be expected to be involved in undergraduate and masters research programs, capstone design projects and student advising. The position requires a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering or a relevant engineering/ scientific field. Prior experience with teaching at the college or university level is preferred. The position is a full-time, 9 month academic year (9-month service basis paid over 12 months) appointment. Salary is competitive and based on experience. The desired starting date is August 16, 2014. The initial appointment will be for one year with the possibility for renewal on an annual basis thereafter based on funding and performance reviews. The closing date is March 31, 2014. Interviews may be conducted before the closing date but no decision will be made until after the closing date. To apply, please create a candidate profile at https://jobs.illinois.edu and upload a Curriculum Vitae with the names and contact information for three professional references and a letter of interest which includes teaching interests and evidence of innovative teaching in a university setting. For further information about the application process, please contact the department by e-mail at mse@illinois.edu or by telephone at (217) 333-1441. Illinois is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer and welcomes individuals with diverse backgrounds, experiences, and ideas who embrace and value diversity and inclusivity. (www.inclusiveillinois.illinois.edu). We have an active and successful dual-career partner placement program and a strong commitment to work-life balance and family-friendly programs for faculty and staff (http://provost.illinois.edu/worklife/index.html). QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. 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Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 .merican Ceramic Westerville, OH 43082 ociety www.ceramicso American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 55 O deciphering the discipline What scholarly preparation cannot prepare for When I started graduate school at the University of Virginia, I received one of my first tasks to select and procure equipment for my research. However, unlike purchasing a dilatometer or lab furnace, I needed to find an air plasma spray (APS) system and the lab space where it would reside. If you are unfamiliar with APS, I often describe it to friends as a massively glorified arc welder that generates a high-temperature plasma jet to deposit coatings. No amount of scholarly preparation prepares you adequately for some things in life. The thermal spray industry, which consists primarily of APS, exceeds $1 billion annually. Individual research-grade APS base equipment costs more than $300,000, not including any facilities modifications. It is an entire discipline in its own right—and Brad Richards Guest columnist one in which I had no experience. What follows are some salient points that I learned through this experience. The first challenge encountered when procuring equipment is environmental and occupational health departments, such as EHS and OSHA. The research analog of the expression \"happy wife, happy life\" is spray cell is one of many components to the air “happy EHS, happy research- plasma spray system. er,\" particularly for work at The a university. Prepare a script, because that highly technical piece of lab equipment may need to be explained multiple times. The second challenge is facilities. Understand the minimum space required in every dimension for the equipment, and then double that in every space dimension. Do not compromise on facilities, as this will impair any effort to modify or evolve your equipment. I have found this out the hard way. The third challenge is ordering and installing the equipment. It is valuable to become involved in its setup and installation there is no substitute for this experience. I learned more in a week of setup than I could have during a year of standard use. Further, buying a large piece of equipment can initiate a mutual relationship with the vendor. Researchers frequently have unique applications for the equipment of which the manufacturer is unfamiliar, and those developments, discoveries, and trials can lead to beneficial exchanges. Finally, the golden rule from kindergarten still applies: If you treat others kindly and listen to what they tell you, things often happen as you wish. Order Your Materials Science Kits Today! www.ceramics.org/pcsasciencekits ACers\' PCSA presents materials science teaching kits The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org President\'s Council of Student Advisors Materials science demonstration and laboratory kits give 7th to 12th grade students an introduction to the basic classes of materials. Order your kits today! Brad Richards is a PhD candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of Virginia. He completed his undergraduate work in aerospace engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He has served numerous roles in the University of Virginia Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Student Board and PCSA\'s Communications Committee. (Credit: Richards, UVa.) 56 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 2 Organizers: www.matscitech.org AiST ASM INTERNATIONAL The Materials Information Society TMS The . & Maramain Sarata MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 Cosponsor: NACE Ⓡ David L. Lawrence Convention Center Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA The leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing and performance across the materials community. call for papers March 31, 2014 The technical program covers: • . . • Biomaterials UPMC • Ceramic and Glass Materials Characterization Electronic, Optical, and Magnetic Materials • Fundamentals • Green Manufacturing and Sustainability • Iron and Steel (Ferrous Alloys) • Materials Behavior and Performance • Materials-Environment Interactions • • Nanomaterials Processing and Product Manufacturing • Surface Modification • Special Topics nodium spong strontium doped lanthanum III-IV nitride materials organo-rHllics tantalum alloys cerium polishing powder prosium pellets atomic layer deposition Li Be crystal growth cobalt metamaterials thin film Hepsynthetics semiconducto B C N 0 F Ne battery lith Na Mg ovskite rospace ultra-light alloys iridium crucible candium-aluminum green technology erbium Al Si P S CI Ar single crystal sil > Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Mn Fe Co Ni cones mischmet K Ca Sc Ti cathode uperconducto Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te solar ener vanadium Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Xe buckey balls = Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn tantalum macromolecu uropium phosp CIGS super alloys Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut FI Uup Lv Uus Uuo optoelectronics yttrium foil Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu liquid gallium arsenide Th Pa gallium lump diamond micropowder U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr gold nanoparticles spintronics laser crystals rare earth metals targets silicon carbide dielectrics AMERICAN 田 ELEMENTS fuel cell materials hafnium tubing ultra LED lighting iron Now Invent™ germanium windows The World\'s Manufacturer of Engineered & Advanced Materials um 99.999% ruthenium spheres platinum ink quantum dots anti-ballistic ceramics erbium doped fiber optics nickel foam ultra high purity metal alternative energy osmium catalog: americanelements.com photovoltaics Nd:YAG shape memory alloys © 2001-2014. 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