AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MARCH 2016 Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking NSF awards in Ceramics Program⚫ Students plan advancement opportunities ⚫ EMA, ICACC 2016 recaps Ceramic Leadership Summit, Ceramics Expo Register Today! 5TH CERAMIC APRIL 24-26, 2016 CLEVELAND, OHIO LEADERSHIP SUMMIT Held in conjunction with the 2nd Ceramics Expo WHAT CRITICAL ISSUES KEEP YOU AWAKE AT NIGHT? WHAT BUSINESS CHALLENGES DO YOU FACE? ARE YOU CURRENT WITH TODAY\'S NEWEST BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES? Ceramic Leadership Summit (CLS 2016) features 14 high-level industry leaders speaking on a wide range of topics pertinent to today\'s business executives and owners. Creating an Innovative Manufacturing Company Mike Murray, chief technology officer, Morgan Advanced Materials Overview of Global Economy and Supply Chain Economics - Susan Helper, former chief economist, U.S. Department of Commerce; professor of economics at the Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University Scaling Up for the Production of CMCs for Gas Turbine Engines - Matthew O\'Connell, industrialization leader, Ceramic Matrix Composites, GE Aviation - Supply Chain Division, composites value stream Business Acquisition Strategy - David Gunderson, global business development director, Advance Ceramics Platform, 3M Find solutions, gain insight, and forge solid business connections with respected, industry leaders. Register today for this innovative meeting. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org *Limited space available-please register early as the Ceramic Leadership Summit is limited to 150 registrants (including Future Leaders Program attendees.) M ceramics.org/cls2016 WHERE BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING MEET STRATEGY ACERS TARGETED LEARNING WORKSHOPS AT 2ND CERAMICS EXPO ARE YOU RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRAINING NEEDS OF YOUR STAFF? ARE YOU AN ENGINEER, SCIENTIST, OPERATIONS PROFESSIONAL OR STUDENT LOOKING TO SHARPEN YOUR SKILLS AND EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE BASE? Continue your education with ACerS Targeted Learning Workshops. Taught by experts, these courses expand on foundational topics and equip attendees with necessary workplace skills. To reserve your spot, select a workshop below or contact Customer Service at 866-721-3322 or 240-646-7054. April 24, 1 – 6 p.m. and April 25, 8 a.m. – 2 p.m. OSHA 10-Hour Industrial Outreach Safety Course Instructor: Douglas Jeter, Verity Technical Consultants, LLC, adjunct professor April 27 | 1 – 5 p.m. April 26 1 – 5 p.m. Capital for High Growth Startups Instructor: Bill Payne, Angel Investor Geary On the Plant Floor: A Practical Guide for Leaders in the Manufacturing Plant Instructors: Bryan D. Geary and Carlton F. Sorrell, OPF Enterprises Sorrell VISIT ceramics.org/expoworkshops2016 FOR MORE INFORMATION. contents feature articles March 2016 • Vol. 95 No. 2 Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking Tom Vert Excerpt selections by Eileen De Guire 22 Selecting refractories for steelmaking operations requires detailed analysis of service environments, knowledge of refractory products and steelmaking operations, and a systematic methodology. National Science Foundation awards in the Ceramics Program starting in 2015.. Lynnette Madsen 30 During fiscal year 2015, the Ceramics Program provided support for 36 new or renewal awards, 14 supplemental awards, and cofunding for several grants managed by other programs. Students plan opportunities for advancement within the ceramics and glass community Lisa Rueschhoff 32 The President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) kicked off its annual business meeting days before MS&T15. Graduate and undergraduate student leaders from across the globe gathered in Columbus, Ohio, to plan for the coming year. cover story Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking Credit: iStock - page 22 meetings EMA 2016 recap and highlights ICACC\'16 recap and highlights 5th Ceramic Leadership Summit. . Ceramics Expo 2016 Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy Innovations in Biomedical Materials and Technologies columns Deciphering the discipline Theresa Davey Expanding my ceramic networks to reach around the world resources New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org ± ± w w w w w 40 41 37 36 34 33 39 48 feature National Science Foundation awards in the Ceramics Program Credit: Boise State University - page 30 departments News & Trends 7777 42 ACers Spotlight. 8 43 Ceramics in Biomedicine 13 44 47 Advances in Nanomaterials .. 14 Ceramics in Energy . 15 Research Briefs 18 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Stephanie Liverani, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board G. Scott Glaesemann, Chair, Corning Incorporated John McCloy, Washington State University C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Fei Peng, Clemson University Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline, Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Kansas State University Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers Mrityunjay Singh, President William Lee, President-Elect Kathleen Richardson, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian contents March 2016 • Vol. 95 No. 2 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss First Cle BOADING ASS 5 10:00 03 bulletin maten election Varsti making In your hand, on the go, when you want it! Want to read the latest issue of the ACerS Bulletin on the go? Download the app from the Google Play store (Android tablet and smartphones) or the App Store (iOS tablets only). Available for iPad on the Get It on GOOGLE PLAY App Store Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and recieve the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news straight to your inbox every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday! Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some recent top posts: Show me the money Science agencies see pre-sequestration federal budget levels in FY 2016 bit.ly/23VdwGO Preventing the high Lucideon\'s nanoporous ceramic pills try to prevent painkiller abuse bit.ly/1RWa5uk Better, lighter, stronger Ceramic nanoparticles infiltrate metal to create lighter, stronger material bit.ly/1TIVpo7 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 95, No. 2, pp 1-48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 RETSCH - New High Energy Ball Mill Emax The Emax is an entirely new type of ball mill for high energy milling. The unique combination of high friction and impact results in extremely fine particles within the shortest amount of time. The high energy input is a result of an unrivaled speed of 2000 min-1 and the optimized jar design. Thanks to the revolutionary cooling system with water, the high energy input is effectively used for the grinding process without overheating the NEW! sample. Due to the special grinding jar geometry, the sample is thoroughly mixed which results in a narrow particle size distribution. www.retsch.com/emax NEW! CARBOLITE - New Compact Modular Tube Furnaces The new 1200 °C E-series of tube furnaces from CARBOLITE offer an extensive range of compact split and non-split tube furnaces for laboratory use. The furnaces are available with heated lengths of 150, 300, 450 and 600 mm and a maximum tube diameter of 60 mm. The split tube furnaces are hinged, allowing them to be opened to reduce the cool-down time. In combination with the fast heat up rates, this results in a high sample throughput. The three-zone models ensures a longer uniform zone compared with a single zone furnace. An easy to use angle adjustment option on the vertical furnaces also allows horizontal and multi-angle configurations. www.carbolite.com/eha VERDER scientific Science for Solids CARBOLITE GERO Chamber Furnaces for High Temperature and Vacuum Applications The HTK range of Carbolite Gero high temperature furnaces consists of metallic furnaces made of Molybdenum and Tungsten. Metallic furnaces have no fibre insulation, permitting the greatest possible purity of the process atmospheres or the best possible final vacuum. CARBOLITE GERO \" The sophisticated designs are employed for specimens requiring treatment in carbon-free atmospheres. They find application in the lighting industry, metal powder injection molding, tempering of sapphires, heat treatment of metals, sintering of pellets in the nuclear industry, manufacture of radar tubes, metallization of ceramic components, high vacuum brazing etc. www.carbolite-gero.com/htk VERDER scientific SCIENCE FOR SOLIDS The VERDER SCIENTIFIC Division of the VERDER Group sets standards in scientific equipment for quality control, research and development of solid matter. It unites the leading manufacturing companies CARBOLITE, CARBOLITE-GERO, ELTRA, RETSCH and RETSCH TECHNOLOGY. www.verder-scientific.com CARBOLITE CARBOLITE IGERO 30-3000C Laboratory & Industrial Furnaces & Ovens up to 3,000°C and for vacuum and other modified atmospheres ELTRA Elemental Analyzers for C, H, N, O, S Retsch Laboratory Mills, Grinders & Sieve Shakers Retsch TECHNOLOGY■ Optical Particle Analyzers from 0.3 nm to 30 mm 1-866-473-8724 www.verder-scientific.com news & trends Tethon 3D moves toward additive manufacturing of stronger, harder ceramics with compression-enhanced 3-D printer Ceramic 3-D-printing company Tethon 3D is making a big move to improve additive manufacturing with challenging materials-the company has filed a United States patent application for a new printer design that seeks to optimize additive manufacturing of ceramics. An object 3-D printed with Tethon 3D\'s new compression-enhanced printer. The object was designed as a sphere, so adjustments are needed to achieve the desired shape and size. \"There has never been a powder-based 3-D printer designed specifically for ceramics before now,\" says Karen Linder, cofounder, president, and CEO of Tethon 3D, in an email. \"Tethon 3D developed Tethonite ceramic powder for 3-D printing and released it in 2014 to solve some of the problems encountered when 3-D printing ceramics. The new printer design that we filed the patent for is the next step in improving the ceramics 3-D printing industry.\" Tethon 3D\'s new printer design incorporates compression into the additive-manufacturing process. The company recently built a prototype design that \"utilizes the compression plate to apply mechanical pressure to the entire build bed in repetitive motions at predetermined intervals,\" Linder says in the email. “The result is a ceramic 3-D printed object that is stronger and more dense than was previously possible.\" Akin to traditional ceramics, comTethon 3D\'s logo. pression is the key to making a strong product. \"The act of compression is essential for producing strong porcelain, stoneware, and earthenware 3-D-printed objects, and this printer design could possibly also improve the production of objects printed in other powder materials,\" Linder says in a PRweb news release. Tethon 3D continues to process strength tests for the new 3-D-printed ceramics, but Linder says in the email that \"early results are good.\" \"Additional printing time is required for the compression sequencing, so we shortened other processing steps to ultimately condense the overall length of time to create a ceramic 3-D printed object while improving its quality,\" Linder adds. After successful testing with the prototype printer, the company is now attempting to patent the design and is evaluating business development partners for engineering and manufacturing of the new 3-D printer design, Linder says. Although the timeline will depend on several factors, she adds that commercialization of the new 3-D printer could happen as soon as 12 months. Credit: Tethon 3D Gorilla Glass goes fast: Automotive version of Corning\'s strengthened glass goes in new Ford GT The 2017 Ford GT will be the first production vehicle to incorporate a windshield of thin-yet-strong Corning Gorilla Glass. The GT will have a windshield, rear window, and rear engine cover made with Gorilla Glass. According to a Corning press release, this will save more than 12 pounds of vehicle weight, while nonetheless providing a windshield five times stronger than standard window glass. The GT windshield has three layers, the interior of which is a specially designed automotive version of Gorilla Glass. The exterior layer is annealed soda-lime glass, with a noise-absorbing thermoplastic interlayer in between. \"The result is a windshield and rear engine cover approximately 32% lighter than competitive vehicles,\" according to a Ford press release. “During development, we tried different glass variations before we found a combination that provided both weight savings and the durability needed for exterior automotive glass,\" Paul Linden, Ford body exteriors engineer, continues in the release. \"We learned, somewhat counterintuitively, that the strengthened interior layer of the windshield is key to the success of the hybrid window.\" The Gorilla Glass hybrid windshield is just 3-4 millimeters thick-compared to the 4-6 millimeters thickness of traditional laminate—making it 25-50% thinner and approximately 30% lighter than traditional glass, according to a Ford press release. \"Plus, the glass is more robust due to advanced processes for contaminant reduction, chemical strengthening, unique edge treatment, and lami4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 nate construction,\" according to the Ford release. More robust indeed-Corning\'s tests show that the glass holds up under assault with a hail gun, which shoots a sizeable ice ball at the glass at 55 miles per hour. An Associated Press video showing the tests is available at youtu.be/3UHzAb8ko24. The new glass\'s reduced weight will improve vehicle handling by lowering the center of gravity and will have a positive impact on acceleration, fuel economy, and braking performance, according to Ford. According to the auto giant, Ford approached Corning to develop automotive applications of Gorilla Glass in response to vehicle lightweighting efforts. The sleek new 2017 Ford GT, which will feature Corning Gorilla Glass in its windshield, rear window, and rear engine cover. \"This collaboration demonstrates what Corning does best-applying our expertise in glass and materials science to help industry leaders solve tough challenges, unleash new capabilities, and enhance experiences for customers,\" Wendell P. Weeks, Corning chairman and CEO, says in the Ford release. Credit: Ford Although Gorilla glass-stronger, thinner, lighter, better-seems like a nobrainer for auto applications, it does not come cheap. According to the Associated discover the healing power of glass BIOACTIVE GLASSES have the ability to bond to soft and/or hard tissue and are biodegradable in the body. Our staff of glass engineers and technicians can research, develop, and produce glass which is custom-made to fit your particular application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org mo.sci CORPORATION 5 6 news & trends Credit: T Verge; YouTube Press story, it costs an extra $2-$4 per pound of saved weight in comparison to traditional glass. And price is not all-there are other issues to consider before Gorilla Glass replaces all vehicle glass. According to the AP story, \"Gorilla Glass doesn\'t work everywhere. The side windows of the GT, for example, are made of tempered glass. Automakers tend to use tempered glass on side windows because it breaks into tiny pieces and doesn\'t have a plastic layer that could hinder someone from exiting the vehicle in a crash. Doug Harshbarger, business director of Corning\'s automotive glass business, says Corning is working on alternate ways of designing Gorilla Glass for use throughout the vehicle.\" The new 600-horsepower Ford GT supercar will begin production in late 2016 and will retail for about $400,000. Five new consumer electronics trends debut at CES 2016 The 2016 Consumer Electronics Show-a global consumer electronics and technology tradeshow held every January in Las Vegas, Nev.-drew more than 3,200 exhibitors from around the world, including manufacturers, developers, and suppliers of consumer technology hardware, content, and delivery, to show off new gadgets the industry will release into the hands of eager techies throughout the year. From virtual reality to auto, to smarter tech across the board, media outlets at the show reported on trends at this year\'s event—and there seemed to be five major consumer technology areas competing for the 2016 spotlight. • Smart home technology gets smarter. The demand for smarter and more efficient homes continues, from basic security monitoring to customized access to appliances, lighting, window coverings, and entertainment systems. CES 2016 showed-off the latest smart home gadgets consumers can expect to see this year. • Revamped virtual reality. CES attendees discovered where digital information and the real world connect to create a unique and all-inclusive experience at this year\'s event. “Through specially designed hardware and software full of cameras, sensors, algorithms, and more, your perception of reality can be instantly altered in context with your environment: sports scores on TV during a match, path of trajectory overlaid on an image, gaming, construction plans, and more,\" teases the CES website. • Robots take center stage. The robotics exhibition at CES showcased the latest intelligent, autonomous machines that are changing the way we live. This year, expect to see robots that can connect to cloud storage and “are controllable by mobile device and capable of seeing, hearing, and reacting to the environment in ways once thought impossible,\" says the CES website. • Advancements in automatic autos. \"Vehicle intelligence explores the road to driverless mobility this year,\" says the CES website. Attendees saw demos of a wide variety of technologies that support the future of automated driving, including features like parking assist, Business news ORNL, Solid Power sign exclusive license for lithium-sulfur battery tech (ornl.gov)... NASA announces public-private partnerships for emerging space capabilities (nasa.gov)...Secretary Moniz awards $125M for transformational energy tech projects (arpa-e.energy.gov)...LTI acquires Remtec Inc. (legacytechnolo gies.com)...Quintus hot isostatic press to support research at ORNL (quintus technologies.com)... Schott\'s ultra-thin glass used in fingerprint sensors in new smartphones (schott.com)...Anderman Ceramics supplies extra-large quartz tube (earthwaterfire.com)...Missouri S&T partners with industry to grow ceramic engineering (mst.edu)...Dow announces transaction to restructure ownership of Dow Corning Corp. (dowcorning.com)... Rio Tinto approves $1.9B Amrun bauxite project (riotinto.com)...PPT accelerates A reporter from The Verge tries out the latest offering from virtual reality tech company Immersit at CES 2016 in Las Vegas. collision avoidance, and automatic emergency braking. • Wearables users actually want to wear. From high-tech smart fashion to bracelets that track moods to the newest augmented reality devices, wearables get more sophisticated this year. The latest technologies debuted features like low energy Bluetooth, cloud computing, 3-D printing, and flexible membranes that will transform this market. time-to-market with spray dryer and emissions control capabilities (pptechnology. com)...Morgan brings its ceramics to HIFU transducers (morgantechnicalceramics.com)...DOE announces $35M to advance hydrogen and fuel cell tech (energy.gov)...Lucideon releases new standard for domestic and hospitality ceramic tableware (lucideon.com)... Sigma Corp. unveils first ceramic-glass filter for DSLR camera lenses (sigmaphoto .com)...Corning and Duke Energy strike 25-year solar energy pact (corning.com)... Alcoa announces multiyear supply contracts with Boeing valued at more than $2.5B (alcoa.com)...Air Products moves forward with Materials Technologies business spin-off to Versum Materials (airproducts.com)... Ceramco launches e-commerce portal for ceramic fasteners (ceramcoceramics.com) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Credit: Susy Morris; Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0 RIEDHAMMER ADVANCED CERAMICS HIGH TEMPERATURE KILN PLANTS - Fast firing light weight design - Up to 1850°C - Low-O₂ technology - Controlled atmospheres (N2/H2/Endogas) Reality television show \"The Great Pottery Throwdown\" brings pottery to primetime and educates viewers on the science behind ceramics. Communicating ceramics through pottery-and primetime TV and an ACerS expert What happens when pottery is added to primetime? In the case of BBC2 reality television show \"The Great Pottery Throwdown,\" the answer is about two million interested viewers. The challenge-style show plots 10 potters against one another to vie for the title of Top Potter in the United Kingdom. Each episode features a different pottery challenge, putting potters on the spot to create porcelain tea sets, bone china chandeliers, and hand-coiled sinks, for example. In addition to entertaining at the potter\'s wheel, however, the show goes one step further-it uses scientific experts to link the show\'s traditional ceramics to the world of more high-tech advanced ceramics. Included in the show\'s cadre of experts is none other than ACerS President-elect Bill Lee. \"My role is to explain some of the technical detail underlying the processes the potters use, such as clay firing and raku firing,\" Lee says in an email. On the show, Lee then links that technical detail to engineering ceramics. \"I have worked in almost all areas of ceramics-including clay-based ceramics (roof tiles, whitewares, porcelain, and bone china), electroceramics, structural ceramics, refractories, nuclear ceramics, ultra-high-temperature ceramics, glass, and glassceramics-so I am very comfortable trying to link traditional with modern advanced types,\" Lee says. \"What the program really highlighted was that the potters\' technology is very much the same as that of the ceramic engineer.\" Lee recently sat down with science communicators at his home institution, Imperial College London, to tape an episode of Imperial\'s podcast about his role as a ceramics superstar. Lee is no stranger to podcasts, so he had no problem putting his role on the TV show in perspective in the Imperial taping: \"You have to highlight what you do and put it in context for people. And there are a lot of people who make pots and have to have an understanding of clay. There are even fewer who have understanding of engineering ceramics-so if you can get those people interested in a technical sense, that\'s got to be good.\" Listen to Lee\'s excerpt from the Imperial podcast at wwwf. imperial.ac.uk/imedia/content/view/5081. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org C TIME MADE NTHE USA ceramics expo April 26-28, 2016, Cleveland, Ohio Visit us at Booth 329 7 acers spotlight Society and Division news Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACers welcomes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. Thanks for joining! For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Mark Mecklenborg at mmecklenborg@ ceramics.org, or visit www.ceramics. org/corporate. MMorgan Advanced Materi CIRIA CIRIA India Ltd. (Morgan Advanced Materials Co.) Noida, India morganadvancedmaterials.com Elan Technology, Elan Technology Midway, Ga. elantechnology.com mmm SAINT-GOBAIN Saint-Gobain Ceramics & Plastics Northboro, Mass. saint-gobain.com © NUTEC BICKLEY Nutec Bickley Santa Catarina, Mexico nutecbickley.com SHARP Sharp Corp. Tenri, Japan sharp-world.com UNION PROCESS® Expanding The Possibilities For Size Reduction Union Process Inc. Akron, Ohio unionprocess.com Larry Hench-inventor of Bioglass and children\'s author― dies at age 77 Larry Hench, ACerS Distinguished Life Member and Fellow, lost his battle with cancer on Dec. 16, 2015, at age 77. In his letter nominating Hench for Distinguished Life Member, Gary Messing says of Hench, \"What a wonderful life ambassador he has been for our discipline.\" Hench leaves an enormous, gently placed footprint in the world of materials science and medical science. Throughout his career, Hench held appointments at the University of Florida, Imperial College London, and, most recently, Florida Institute of Technology. Most of Hench\'s research focused on glasses, especially for biological applications. He is best known for having discovered Bioglass, the first synthetic material that bonds to living tissues. Hench discovered Bioglass in 1969, just five years after earning his Ph.D. from Ohio State University, where he also earned his B.S. Bioglass was the first synthesized material that interacted with the body to initiate healing. Its discovery marked a significant shift in how researchers could think about biomaterials. As recently as the 2014 ACerS Bioceramics meeting, Hench presented his ideas for ways materials could improve quality of life for the aged or injured by replacing or helping to regrow not just bones and teeth, but urethra, trachea, cartilage, and even organs such as kidneys. The scientific challenges of engineering biomaterials appealed to Hench\'s intellect and curiosity, but his generosity and humility drove him to use his unique training and talents to improve the human condition. He embraced that conversation in books, in presentations such as the 2013 Rustum Roy lecture, and in a short course series he recorded for ACerS. Hench published hundreds of papers, books, and proceedings over his long career. However, the publications he talked about most were his six books for children about the adventures of a bionic cat named Boing-Boing. Hench had a big heart, and he touched many lives through his work as a scientist, health advocate, children\'s author, colleague, mentor, and friend. Scientists do not often see directly the impact of their work, but Hench did. He responded with gratitude that his work helped so many people heal and regain health. In memoriam Maynard P. Bauleke Peter Fischer Irwin Gordon Larry Hench Cornelius T. Moynihan Haydn H. Murray Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACers website, ceramics.org/inmemoriam. 8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Every Nanometer counts St. Louis Section/RCD 52nd Annual Symposium: Schedule at-a-glance March 29, 2016 5 p.m. Kickoff event - St. Louis Blues hockey Game March 30, 2016 7:15 a.m. 8 a.m. Registration and coffee Welcome and introductions St. Louis Section Chairman Roger Smith, Imrie-Gielow Inc. Refractory Ceramics Division Chair Ben Markel, Resco Products Co-Program Coordinators Simon Leiderman, U.S. Steel Research and Technology Bill Davis, Harbison-Walker 8:15 a.m. Morning technical sessions • Overview of blast furnace hearth construction • Evolution of anhydrous taphole clay in NAFTA 1970s to present • Use of metals in refractories • Changes in North American blast furnace operations and their effect on casthouse refractory practice - 1970s to present • Trends in clean steel technology and refractory engineering • Raw materials used in tundish linings and their effect on performance 1 p.m. 4:45 p.m. Afternoon sessions • Presentation of T.J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award to Bjørn Myhre, Elkem Silicon Materials • Possibilities to determine refractories\' influence on inclusion formation during clean steel production • Engineering refractory aggregates potentials to facilitate the installation and improve the performance of refractories • New higher temperature resistant microporous insulation for molten iron and steel refractory applications • Development of a novel hybrid method for the production of macroporous foam ceramics RCD annual members meeting Exposition and cocktail hour 5-7 p.m. 7 p.m. Dinner March 31, 2016 6:30 a.m. Refractory Ceramics Division breakfast meeting 8:15 a.m. Morning technical sessions 12 p.m. • Steel related refractory research at the PSMRC • A first approach to in-situ spinel formation in Al₂0₁₂-MgO systems • Slide gate refractories and systems: Adapted solutions for high-quality steel • A study of the kinetics for carbon transfer from magnesia-graphite ladle refractories to ultra low carbon steel • Heat transfer, erosion, and stress analysis for refractory • Steelmaking refractories - 2030 dream scenario Questions and discussion 12:30 p.m. St. Louis Section officer business meeting St. Louis Section/RCD 52nd Annual Symposium: March 30-31 ACerS St. Louis Section and the Refractory Ceramics Division (RCD) will hold their 52nd annual symposium March 30-31. \"Refractories for the ferrous industry: A historical perspective, present, and future directions\" is the theme for this year\'s meeting at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel in St. Louis, Mo. A kickoff event will be held at the St. Louis Blues hockey game March 29. Organizers for the event include Simon Leiderman of U.S. Steel Research and Technology and Bill Davis of Harbison-Walker. Register by March 25 to receive the discounted rate. A discounted block of rooms ($107 per single/double per night) has been reserved at the Hilton. When booking your accommodations, refer to Group Code ACT. All reservations must be received on or before March 7. For more information, contact Patty Smith at 573-341-6265 or psmith@mst.edu. For more event and registration information, including a list of tabletop exhibitors, visit ceramics.org/sections/ st-louis-section. Planje Award Myhre The 2016 Theodore J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award will be presented to Bjørn Myhre of Elkem Silicon Materials in Oslo, Norway, where he works in research and development regarding uses of microsilica and other raw materials for the refractory industry. An ACerS member and member of the Refractory Division, Myhre has authored and co-authored approximately 85 papers on refractory castables, holds one patent, and has two patent applications pending. The new Dilatometer DIL 402 Expedis with revolutionary NanoEye measuring cell Find out more about the new NanoEye technology: www.netzsch.com/n22856 DIL 402 Expedis Supreme NETZSCH Leading Thermal Analysis. and lunch American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) Names in the news Martin P. Harmer, Gregory S. Rohrer, and Elizabeth Holm awarded grant for anti-thermal materials research Harmer The W.M. Keck Foundation has awarded a $1 million grant to Lehigh University to study and discover the mechanisms that govern anti-thermal processes that appear to reverse nature. The grant was awarded to ACerS Fellow and Distinguished Life Member Martin P. Harmer, Alcoa Foundation professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Lehigh, for his project titled \"Antithermal behavior of materials: Reversing the trend of nature.\" Harmer\'s collaborators are Gregory S. Rohrer, ACerS Fellow and associate editor of the Rohrer NEW Journal of the American Ceramic Society, and Elizabeth Holm-both professors of materials science and engineering at Carnegie Mellon University. Raj N. Singh honored for scholarly contributions Raj N. Singh, ACerS Fellow and head of the Oklahoma State University School of Materials Science and Engineering, Singh Williams Companies Distinguished Chair Professor, and director of Energy Technologies programs, was honored recently as an OSU Regents Professor at the University Awards Convocation. The title of Regents Professor recognizes a scholar or creative artist of exceptional ability who has achieved national and international distinction. ACERS-NIST PHASE Version 4.1 of Phase Equilibrium Coming Soon! EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMIC SYSTEMS Version 4.0 contains 25,000 phase diagrams, 637 new figures and 1,000 new diagrams. ORDER TODAY ceramics.org/phase The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST Electronics Division awards top papers, posters winners at EMA 2016 Congratulations to the winners of the best student oral presentations and best student posters during the 2016 ACerS Electronic Materials and Applications meeting in Orlando, Fla. Best Student Oral Presentations • • First place: Kyle P. Kelley, North Carolina State University, “Doping control in epitaxial thin films via reactive RF co-sputtering\" Second place: Jeffrey L. Braun, University of Virginia, \"Thermal conductivity of amorphous silicon thin films: Effects of size and elastic modulus\" • Third place: Steven Brewer, Georgia Institute of Technology, “Effect of top electrode material on radiation-induced degradation of ferroelectric thin films\" Best Student Posters • • • First place: Daniel M. Long, North Carolina State University, \"Band alignment characterization of barium titanate interfaces\" Second place: Gerardo Rodríquez Hernández, University of Oxford, U.K., “Study of Ge₂Sb Te properties for opto-electronic applications\" Third place: Dong Hou, North Carolina State University, \"Temperature-induced average and local structural changes of BaTiO3-Bi(ZnTi₁)O3\" 0.5 2016 Future Leaders Program at Ceramic Leadership Summit Nominate the rising stars in your organization for the ACerS Future Leaders Program. Held in conjunction with the 5th Ceramic Leadership Summit, the ACerS Future Leaders Program provides leadership development training for an elite group of young professionals who are making their mark in the ceramic and glass industry. The program includes full participation in the Ceramic Leadership Summit and opportunities to interact with expert speakers and other high-level participants. A maximum of four future leaders per company may be nominated. Visit ceramics.org/futureleadersprogram for more information. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 10 Student and outreach Winter Workshop creates learning, networking opportunities for global young professionals ACerS first-ever Winter Workshop brought students and young professionals to Florida on January 22-25, 2016. The workshop combined technical and professional development sessions and a trip to NASA\'s Kennedy Space Center, nestled in between participation in two technical conferences-Electronic Materials and Applications 2016 and 40th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites. After getting started on the momentum of EMA\'s concluding day, workshop attendees traveled to the University of Central Florida\'s CREOL College of Optics, where they heard expert presentations on advanced characterization, toured optics and photonics research labs, and participated in professional development sessions. Professionals provided early career guidance on topics including advice on how to perfect the elevator pitch and some thoughts on how to use-and not use-social media to promote a professional identity. Attendees had ample opportunities to network with professionals in academia and industry and with peers, providing a rich experience for students and post-docs to learn, engage, and build their professional paths. | ECerS announces electroceramics summer school in France, June 23-25 The European Ceramic Society (ECerS) will host a summer school program June 23-25 in Limoges, France. This year\'s program will focus on process, microstructure, and properties of electroceramics. Topics include: • Low temperature synthesis, shaping and innovative technologies (3-D printing); • Microstructure-properties relationships in heterogeneous ceramics; American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org • Functional ceramics: Ferroelectric, piezoelectric, multiferroic; and •Industrial issues. The program will take place prior to the ECerS Electroceramics XV conference, which will be held in Limoges, France, June 27-29. ACerS is offering up to $1,500 in travel support to selected students from non-European based universities. Visit ceramics.org/acers-blog/ecers-summer-school-infrance for more information. Nomination deadline for Basic Science GEMS Awards March 15 Sponsored by ACerS Basic Science Division, the annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) Awards recognize the outstanding achievements of up to 10 graduate students in materials science and engineering. The award is open to graduate students making oral presentations in any symposium at MS&T16. If you are interested in these awards, go to matscitech.org and submit your paper by March 15, 2016. ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY GASBARRE PRESS GROUP MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com 11 acers spotlight Student and outreach (continued) Refractories scholarship opportunities The Refractories Institute (TRI) will award a limited number of scholarships for the 2016-2017 academic year based on academic merit and demonstrated experience and interest in the field of refractories. Scholarships will be awarded as one-time grants of $5,000 each and are available to college undergraduate or graduate students studying in North America who are enrolled full-time for the 2015-2016 academic year in pursuit of an undergraduate or advanced degree in ceramic engineering, materials science or similar discipline. Deadline for applications is March 11. For more information, visit refractoriesinstitute.org. CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION First endowment fund established to support ceramic materials students The Ceramics and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) announced its first permanently endowed fund―the Theodore H. Church Student Leadership Fund—to help support ACerS student leadership program the President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). The fund was established by a gift from the Theodore H. Church Foundation, which was founded by Theodore (Ted) H. Church, former president and owner of Superior Technical Ceramics in Saint Albans, Vt. Before his death in 2008, Church was active in many social and professional organizations, including the Association of American Ceramic Component Manufacturers, ACerS, and the National Association of Manufacturers. His foundation was established to continue supporting his many philanthropic interests. \"We are very excited about the Theodore H. Church Student Leadership Fund at CGIF,\" says Brian H. Gold, vice president of Corporate Development at Superior Technical Ceramics, the company founded by Church. \"Ted always held higher education in highest regard. The PCSA represents some of the finest up and coming professionals in our industry. We are proud to participate in their development.\" Lisa Rueschoff, Ph.D. candidate at Purdue University and PCSA chair, expressed gratitude on behalf of the PCSA. \"The PCSA is very grateful for this generous support that will allow us to provide even more outreach, learning, and growth opportunities to young students and leaders in the ceramic and glass materials community.\" The Theodore H. Church Student Leadership Fund will provide the PCSA with a steady stream of support and help increase its ability to attract, inspire, and train the next generation of ceramic and glass professionals. To find out more about the CGIF and to learn how you can help, visit foundation.ceramics.org or contact Marcus Fish, CGIF development director, at 614-794-5863 or mfish@ceramics.org. I Awards and deadlines Deadline for upcoming award nominations is May 15 NEW! Samuel Geijsbeek PACRIM International Award This new award recognizes individuals who are members of the Pacific Rim Conference (PACRIM) societies for contributions to the field of ceramics and glass technology that have resulted in significant industrial and/or academ ic impact, international advocacy, and visibility of the field. Two Geijsbeek awards will be presented at PACRIM 2017. The Geijsbeek Award consists of a certificate and $1,000 honorarium. Glass & Optical Materials: Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award This award recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/or study in glass science or technology. The recipient will receive a plaque, a check for $500, and free MS&T registration. Electronics: Edward C. Henry Award This annual award recognizes an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the ACerS Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. The author(s) will be presented with a plaque and $500 (split between authors). Electronics: Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship The of this $2,000 tuition purpose award is to encourage academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics/materials science and engineering. The 2016 essay topic is: electronic ceramics for electrical or electromagnetic energy control. How to nominate Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at ceramics.org/awards. Contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org with any questions. The deadline to submit nominations for these awards is May 15. www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 ceramics in biomedicine Bioglass goes big: Bioactive glass repairs large bone defects An international team-including researchers from Shanghai Jiaotong University and Tongji University in China and Lawrence Berkeley National Lab in California-has developed a technique for producing bioactive glass scaffolds that alone can repair successfully large defects in load-bearing bones. Precursor + Direct ink writing can deposit bioglass scaffolds layer by layer (left), fabricating intricate and porous structures (middle) that can be implanted in bone. Micro-CT image (right) of a 2B63 scaffold implanted in a rabbit femur bone (* = glass scaffold, # = mineralized callus, + = trabecular bone). \"This is the first demonstration of a synthetic material that can bridge a large segmental bone defect, without using growth factors or bone marrow stromal cells, in a relatively large animal (rabbit) model,\" Qiang Fu, senior author on the paper, says in an email. Fu helped develop the glass scaffolds at Berkley Lab and is now with Corning Incorporated. Using direct ink writing, the team fabricated two types of scaffolds with different bioglass compositions, silicate glass 13-93 and borosilicate glass 2B6Sr. The technique, which builds structures layer by layer, allows precise control of microstructure by creating regular pores in the bioglass scaffold. Before even testing how well the scaffolds could integrate with living bone, however, the researchers demonstrated that the strength of 3-mm cubic samples of their bioglass scaffolds were far superior to previously reported scaffolds. According to Berkeley Lab, the bioglass scaffolds are ~ 100 times stronger than polymer scaffolds and 4-5 times stronger than ceramic and glass scaffolds with similar porosities. Such high strength means that the researchers could implant 6-mm × 10-mm samples of the bioglass scaffolds into rabbit femur bones. Nine months after the rabbits received their bioglass fix, the scientists took a closer look at how well the bones repaired themselves. Compared with the gold standard autologous bone grafts, the bioglass scaffolds repaired bone equally as well. Rabbit cells had infiltrated the scaffolds, which dissolved to help rebuild new bone with their constituent elements. In the paper, the authors explain, “The release of soluble Si, Ca, P, and Na ions as a result of glass surface reaction and degradation is reported to give rise to the osteoinductive and osteogenic properties in bioactive glass.\" The scaffolds resorbed as they did so, leaving behind only repaired bone. Perhaps most importantly, the researchers also showed that after nine months, bioglass-regenerated bone was just as hard as normal bone. Fu says, \"The unique combination of high strength, high porosity, and excellent bioactivity is believed to contribute to their superior performance. Our work opens a new avenue for the reconstruction of large bone defects in both large animal models and clinical practice.\" The paper, published in Advanced Healthcare Materials, is \"Bioactive glass for large bone repair” (DOI: 10.1002/ adhm.201500447). 本 Deltech Furnaces We Build The Furnace To Fit Your Need A Standard or Custom www.deltechfurnaces.com 303-433-5939 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 13 advances in nanomaterials Graphene microphone concept surpasses traditional tech with ultrasonic reach potential Researchers at the University of Belgrade, Serbia, have developed a \"graphene-based microphone that is about 32 times more sensitive than microphones of standard nickel-based construction,\" according to a recent Institute of Physics news release. \"We wanted to show that graphene, although a relatively new material, has potential for real-world applications,\" Marko Spasenovic, one of the researchers, explains in the news release. \"Given its light weight, high mechanical strength, and flexibility, graphene just begs to be used as an acoustic membrane material.\" The team found that using graphene to create a vibrating membrane—the part of a microphone that converts sound to current—increased the microphone\'s sensitivity to 15 dB. Current commercial microphones are capable of frequencies only up to 11 kHz. \"The graphene membrane, approximately 60 layers thick, was grown on a nickel foil using chemical vapor deposition, to ensure consistent quality across all the samples,\" the news release explains. \"During production, the nickel foil was etched away and the graphene membrane placed in the same housing as a commercial microphone for comparison.\" Then the researchers upped the ante using a 300-layer-thick graphene membrane to test potential ultrasonic reach. \"A thicker graphene membrane theoretically could be stretched further, enabling ultrasonic performance, but we\'re just not quite there yet experimentally,\" Spasenovic says. Although the microphone performed as well as the team anticipated, Spasenovic says there are still challenges to overcome regarding graphene production-especially the costs associated with it-before their microphone can be produced at scale. \"At this stage there are several obstacles to making cheap graphene, so our microphone should be considered A new graphene microphone concept could where traditional microphones cannot reach-into the ultrasonic range. go more a proof of concept,\" Spasenovic says. \"The industry is working hard to improve graphene production-eventually this should mean we have better microphones at lower cost.\" The paper, published in 2D Materials, is \"Multilayer graphene condenser microphone\" (DOI: 10.1088/20531583/2/4/045013). Chewing gum and carbon nanotubes stick together to create new stretchable, wearable sensor Inspiration for innovations in materials science can come from unexpected sources. For example, scientists are developing a new stretchable, wearable sensor made from something found stuck to the bottom of a shoe on an unlucky day: chewing gum. Scientists report in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces a unique sensing device made of chewing gum and carbon nanotubes that can move and bend with the body and accurately track vitals, such as breathing. \"Most conventional sensors today are very Credit: Matthew Keefe; Flickr CC BY 2.0 many are made out of metal. That means when they\'re twisted or pulled too much, they stop working. But for sensors to monitor the full range of a body\'s bending and stretching, they need a lot more give,\" according to an American Chemical Society news release about the study. To increase the flexibility factor, other researchers have turned to using stretchable plastics and silicones. “But what they gained in flexibility, they lost in sensitivity,\" the release explains. Malcolm Xing, professor of engineering at the University of Manitoba in Canada, and his colleagues found that chewing gum could make an effectively supple sensor. To make the sensor, a team member chewed a typical piece of gum for 30 minutes, washed it with ethanol and let it sit overnight. Then, the team added the sensing material—a solution of carbon nanotubes. \"Simple pulling and folding coaxed the tubes to align properly. Human finger-bending and head-turning tests showed the material could keep working with high sensitivity even when strained 530%,\" the release explains. The sensor also could detect humidity changes, a feature that could be used to track breathing, which releases water vapor each time a person exhales. The paper, published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, is \"Gum sensor: A stretchable, wearable, and foldable sensor based on carbon nanotube/chewing gum membrane\" (DOI: 10.1021/ acsami.5b08276). sensitive and detect the Chewing gum\'s stretchability has inspired a new wearable slightest movement, but sensor. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Credit: Bodie Strain; Flickr CC BY 2.0 ceramics in energy Jülich ceramic fuel cell sets world record with 70,000 hours of continuous service Researchers at Forschungszentrum Jülich research center (Jülich, Germany) have made a significant advance—they have set a world record for the longest continually running solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), a major achievement for fuel cells everywhere. The Jülich fuel cell began its experiment on August 6, 2007, and has been running ever since. That is longer than 8 years, or more than 70,000 hours, of continuous runtime. 305 4002-37 PM. 2018 W. A. SOFT MP 23 Weltrekord! Nabertherin Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation held the previous world record with its tubular ceramic fuel cell, which ran for a continuous 69,000 hours. Instead of tubular, the Jülich cell is flat, providing lower internal resistance that allows higher power density at reduced temperatures, according to a Jülich press release. Jülich scientists responsible for the record accomplishment (from left): Ludger Blum, Norbert H. Menzler, Jürgen Malzbender, Bert de Haart, and Margaritis Nikolaos. Like most SOFCs, the Jülich-developed cell runs off hydrogen, but also can adapt to methane fuel sources. According to the release, the cell\'s continuous operation has used hydrogen to generate 3,400 kilowatt hours of electricity, \"enough to supply a household with electricity for a year.\" High-temperature fuel cells, such as the Jülich cell, can deliver high electrical efficiencies of up to 60%, but, to do that, the cells heat up to temperatures of around 700°C. So, if the cell is to continually withstand that heat, its materials must be chosen carefully—luckily, ceramics are perfect materials for such a demanding environment. The Jülich researchers used more than 20 years of SOFC research experience to innovate their record-breaking fuel cell. Jülich, which holds 95 patents for SOFC components, developed many of the cell\'s components in-house. \"These include the ceramic cells, the contact layers, and a special glass-ceramic that is used because of the high temperatures for sealing,\" according to the release. One exception is the stack\'s intermediate plate material, which was developed by Plansee SE (Reutte, Austria). Although SOFCs can theoretically run as long as fuel is supplied, the cells age with time-their materials degrade with continual cycling, decreasing performance. This motivates the challenge of maintaining a fuel cell for 5-10 years of runtime, the cutoff to make the technology economically viable. Significant aging of fuel cells can prohibit the units from reaching that target time. Measurement of the Jülich cell put its aging rate at just ~0.6% per 1,000 hours of operation. But, the researchers say they can do much better-the team refined its fuel cell stack after the initial experiment was launched in 2007. That new fuel cell formulation began its own trial run in American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Forschungszentrum Jülich 2010. Researchers say the refined stack, after ~34,500 hours, has aged only half as fast as the record-breaking cell, indicating even more hope for the future of fuel cells. Thermcraft incorporated eXPRESS-LINE Laboratory Furnaces & Ovens • Horozontal & Vertical Tube Furnaces, Single and Multi-Zone • Box Furnaces & Ovens • Temperatures up to 1700°C • Made in the U.S.A. • Available within Two Weeks SmartControl Touch Screen Control System www.thermcraftinc.com • info@thermcraftinc.com +1.336.784.4800 15 ceramics in energy New solar cell design uses \'invisible\' nanowires to harness power potential of reflected light A recent development in the race to improve the efficiency of solar cells, developed by scientists at Stanford University (Stanford, Calif.), suggests a novel method for redirecting sunlight that is otherwise reflected away and lost in standard solar cells. \"A solar cell is basically a semiconductor, which converts sunlight into electricity, sandwiched between metal contacts that carry the electrical current,\" a Stanford News article about the research explains. \"But this widely used design has a flaw: The critical but shiny metal on top of the cell reflects sunlight away from the semiconductor where electricity is produced, reducing the cell\'s efficiency.\" The new solar cell is designed to hide the reflective upper contact and funnel that light directly into the semiconductor for added power potential. \"Using nanotechnology, we have developed a novel way to make the upper metal contact nearly invisible to incoming light,\" Vijay Narasimhan, lead author of the study who conducted the work as a graduate student at Stanford, says in the article. “Our new technique 00000 00000 could significantly improve the efficiency and thereby lower the cost of solar cells.\" Narasimhan and his team created nanosized pillars of silicon that are taller than the surface of the gold film. This design allows the sunlight to be redirected to the semiconductor before it has a chance to hit the metallic surface and be reflected away and lost. And after trial and error, the team found that creating silicon nanopillars was a simple, one-step chemical process. \"We immersed the silicon and the perforated gold film together in a solution of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide,\" Thomas Hymel, Stanford graduate student and study coauthor, says in the article. \"The gold film immediately began sinking into the silicon substrate, and silicon nanopillars began popping up through the holes in the film.\" Within seconds, the silicon pillars grew 330 nm in height, transforming the shiny gold surface to a dark red coloran indication that the silicon nanopillars were \"funneling light around the metal grid and into the silicon substrate underneath,\" Narasimhan explains. O 00000 000 000 When a new silicon and perforated gold film are immersed in a solution of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide, the gold film sinks into the silicon substrate and nanopillars pop up through holes in the film. Credit: Stanford Precourt Institute for Energy; YouTube the Narasimhan compares the process to way a colander works when filled with water in the sink. \"When you turn on the faucet, not all of the water makes it through the holes in the colander,\" he says. \"But if you were to put a tiny funnel on top of each hole, most of the water would flow straight through with no problem. That\'s essentially what our structure does: The nanopillars act as funnels that capture light and guide it into the silicon substrate through the holes in the metal grid.” The team says this new technique has the potential to improve relative efficiency of solar cells by 10%. Narasimhan explains the process in a Stanford Precourt Institute for Energy video at youtu.be/mJORhZaGH5A. The research, published in ACS Nano, is \"Hybrid metal-semiconductor nanostructure for ultrahigh optical absorption and low electrical resistance at optoelectronic interfaces,\" (DOI: 10.1021/ acsnano.5b04034). Developing chromium capture technology prevents poisoning of solid oxide fuel cells Degradation is a serious problem that threatens long-term use of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)-a necessity for full utility of this alternative energy solution. \"One of the reasons that fuel cells degrade is poisoning of the cathode by chromium contaminants when incoming air flows into the fuel cell,\" says Prabhakar Singh, UTC Endowed Chair Professor and director of the Center for Clean Energy Engineering at the University of Connecticut. Chromium poisoning leads to performance degradation and compromises long-term stability of the fuel cell. \"Although surface coatings and bulk material chemistry modifications have been utilized to reduce the overall evaporation of chromium from the metallic components present in the cell stacks and balance of plant sub systems, the 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 and International Le PRIORITY MAIL For Domestic UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE From PRIORITY L ㅎ Labai 20 Jary 2008 POISON ARAA A chromium capture technology being developed at the University of Connecticut could help prevent poisoning of fuel cells. approaches add additional cost,\" Singh says. Long-term stability of the coatings is also an issue, Singh says, because the coatings can form cracks and allow inter-diffusion. So Singh and his research group are working on a solution to this chromium poisoning problem by developing a capture technique that can grab the chromium within the fuel cell, preventing it from reaching and poisoning the fuel cell cathode. The technology uses complex oxides, “formulations of which are based on thermodynamics of reaction processes,\" Singh says. The project is funded by the United States Department of Energy. \"We are very excited with the experimental validation of the concept in our laboratory,” Singh adds. “The team developed the concept, synthesized the materials, fabricated the device, and tested them under SOFC systems operating conditions. The device termed a \'chromium getter\' has shown excellent chromium capture efficiency during transpiration and electrochemical tests.\" According to Singh, the chromium getter is cost-effective and will work for different SOFC system designs and beyond, such as high temperature electrochemical systems. Singh recently presented the team\'s latest findings at ICACC\'16. Some of the past data, presented at the 16th Annual SOFC Worskhop in July 2015, can be accessed at 1.usa.gov/1QYRv3V. The team has filed a U.S. patent application for the chemistry, fabrication, and SOFC application of the getters. The scientists are currently working to scale-up the fabrication process and hopes to eventually tests samples of its technology with SOFC industry partners. Credit: romana klee; Flickr CC BY-SA 2.0 W Alumina ♦ Fused Quartz ♦ Sapphire ♦ Zirconia Ceramic Membranes ♦ CeO2 Polishing Powder Crucibles Tubes & Rods ♦ Plates & Discs Alumina & Sapphire Sample Pans for Thermal Analysis Ceramic Membranes Quartz Cuvettes CeO, Polishing Powder Agate Mortar Custom Components ADVALUE TECHNOLOGY 3470 S. Dodge Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85713 Tel: 520-514-1100 Fax: 520-747-4024 sales@advaluetech.com www.advaluetech.com A AdValue Technology 24-hour Shipment of Many In-stock Standard Sizes Custom Fabrication for Special Requests Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR-- 50 years of service and reliability 50 1964-2014 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 17 Oresearch briefs What works for penguins could work for airplanes: Secrets of the feather show how to prevent ice formation New research shows that when it comes to anti-icing surfaces, the animal world\'s most dapper creatures have a few tricks on their flippers. The research, presented at the recent 2015 meeting of the American Physical Society\'s Division of Fluid Dynamics, shows that penguin feathers are uniquely suited to prevent ice formation when in contact with water. Using scanning electron microscopy, researchers showed that the feathers of Antarctic gentoo penguins contain tiny pores, or \"nanosized pits,\" and are coated in a special oil that together prevent water from sitting on the surface of the penguins\' coats. Most birds, and particularly aquatic species like penguins, produce preen oil in a gland at the base of their tails. The birds apply this hydrophobic oil to their feathers during preening, in which they collect the oil on their beaks and apply it across their entire black-and-white bodies. Combining the porous structure of the feathers with the penguins\' hydrophobic coating of preen oil lets them glide in and out of frigid waters without a thought about ice formation, because the combination makes penguin coats superhydrophobic. \"The combination of the feather\'s hydrophobicity and surface texture is known to increase the contact angle of water drops on penguin feathers to Research News Gentoo penguins on Cuverville Island, Antarctica. more than 140° and classify them as superhydrophobic,\" according to the meeting abstract. That superhydrophobicity makes water droplets ball up on the surfaces of the penguins\' coats. According to an APS press release, the researchers hypothesize that the spherical shape of the balled-up droplets on a superhydrophobic surface are precisely what prevents ice formation, because \"heat has a hard time flowing out of the water droplet if the droplet does not make much contact with the surface.\" Pirouz Kavehpour, lead researcher of the study and mechanical and aerospace engineering professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, likens that explanation to traffic in the release. \"Heat flow could be compared to traffic. If you have a freeway that turns into a tiny, two-lane road, the traffic will back up. Similarly, heat does not flow well from the large cross-section of the middle of the drop to the small cross-section where the drop makes contact with the feather.\" Comparing gentoo penguin feathers with those of warmer-climate Magellanic penguins that live in South America gave the researchers confidence that it is the combination of feather porosity and preen oil that make the difference Low-cost nickel-based catalyst shows promise for fuel cells Researchers at the University of Delaware (Newark, Del.) recently reported a breakthrough that promises to bring down the cost of hydrogen fuel cells by replacing expensive platinum catalysts with less expensive ones made from metals like nickel. The researchers achieved the breakthrough by switching the operating environment from acidic to basic, and they found that nickel matched the activity of platinum. The hydroxide exchange membrane can offer high-performance fuel cells at an unprecedented low cost, according to the researchers, which ultimately will make fuel cell vehicles more affordable. For more information, visit udel.edu. 18 Tunable materials clear the way for advanced optics A multi-institutional team of researchers, including those at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has developed a way to precisely engineer the temperatures at which vanadium dioxide will undergo phase transition. The researchers not only changed vanadium dioxide\'s intrinsic shift point from 155°F to below 70°F, but they successfully tuned its transition across a variety of specific temperatures. Additionally, because optical and physical properties result from the same underlying physical principles, vanadium dioxide\'s thermal and electrical conductivities also shift with the transition. The work could lead to new types of tunable materials for optics, camouflage, and thermal regulation. For more information, visit engr.wisc.edu/news. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Credit: David Stanley; Flickr CC BY 2.0 in cold weather. The scientists found that those warmerclimate birds do not have the same small feather pores and that their preen oil is not as hydrophobic as that of the coldclimate gentoos. Because surfaces influence how a material reacts with the rest of the world, engineered surfaces can tailor how a material performs in particular environments. For example, the researchers hope that their insight into penguin coats can help discover anti-icing solutions for our society, too, especially in the big business of de-icing airplane wings. Ice accumulation on airplane parts-—think wings, rudders, flaps, etc.-changes with the craft\'s precise aerodynamic design, disrupting airflow and critical principles of physics, like oh-so-important lift. Engineered superhydrophobic airplane surfaces that are designed to prevent ice formation could help reduce the problems that airplanes encounter in winter weather, while also reducing the vast amounts of chemical de-icers that are currently used in the airline industry. \"It\'s a little ironic that a bird that doesn\'t fly could one day help airplanes fly more safely,\" Kavehpour says in the release. \'Martian concrete\' could be key to future human colonization on Mars Materials scientist Lin Wan and her colleagues at Northwestern University\'s Center for Sustainable Engineering of Geological and Infrastructure Materials in Evanston, Ill., have developed a method for making Martian concrete using materials that are available in generous supply on Mars and without using water-a resource that will be limited and precious on the planet. The starring element in waterless Martian concrete is sulfur. The team explains in their open-access paper that Mars long has been considered a sulfur-rich planet, so they developed new construction materials composed largely of simulated Martian soil and molten sulfur that compares in strength to Making the thinnest plates that can be picked up by hand Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, Pa.) have created the thinnest plates that can be picked up and manipulated by hand. Despite being thousands of times thinner than a sheet of paper and hundreds of times thinner than household cling wrap or aluminum foil, these corrugated plates of aluminum oxide spring back to their original shape after being bent and twisted. The researchers\' plates are 25-100 nm thick and are made of aluminum oxide, which is deposited one atomic layer at a time to achieve precise control of their thickness and distinctive honeycomb shape. For more information, visit news.upenn.edu. A global view of Mars\' Valles Marineris. TA struments Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization ⚫ DSC/TGA • Dilatometry Rheology Calorimetry ⚫High Temp Thermal Conductivity & Viscometry Thermal Diffusivity Featuring our new line of vertical dilatometers with furnace options up to 2300°C www.tainstruments.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 19 Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech research briefs conventional cementlike concrete on Earth-but it is highly anticorrosive and completely recyclable. The sulfur-based concrete strength reaches similar levels to conventional cementitious concrete. The Martian concrete is fast curing, has low-temperature sustainability, is acid and salt environment resistant, and is 100% recyclable, all appealing superior characteristics, the authors explain in the paper\'s abstract. The team heats the sulfur until it reaches 240°C and liquefies, then mixes it with aggregate-simulated Martian soil and lets the mixture cool. As the sulfur solidifies, it binds the soil and hardens the material to make concrete. Using compression testing, the team found that Martian concrete reached a compressive strength of 50 MPa or more, thanks to the strong chemical bonds sulfur makes with the Martian soil during curing. That is compared with standard concretes used in buildings on Earth that have a compressive strength of about 20 MPa, the authors explain. And that improved compressive strength will be necessary on Mars, because the planet\'s atmospheric pressure and temperature range so widely compared with Earth\'s more hospitable conditions. The potential to make concrete on Mars without having to ship raw materials by space shuttle from home base means that creating structures on site might be easier, cheaper, and more straightforward than ever imagined. Research News The open-access paper, available on the preprint server arXiv, is \"A novel material for in-situ construction on Mars: Experiments and numerical simulations.\" Bifunctional material affords chiton shells strength and visibility with built-in eyes Researchers now show that marine mollusks called chitons have an interesting feature they use to adapt to their life under the sea-hundreds of tiny eyes integrated in and scattered across their strong aragonite shells. Chitons are a prey species that live attached to hard surfaces, such as rocks. So eyes allow chitons to detect approaching predators, which allows them to clamp tightly onto those hard surfaces to hopefully prevent being dislodged and eaten. Although the chitons\' tiny eyes-each just 0.1 mm in diameter-had been previously identified and were thought to perform a photosensory function, a recent Science paper is first to report that the eyes can form focused images. The authors include researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Close-up image of a part of a chiton shell shows the eyes (dark bumps with shiny centers) that cover the shell surface. The small bumps with black centers are sensory organs called aesthetes, and the protective mounds in the shell are visible. Ceramic particles supply digital X-ray plates \'from an aerosol can\' Researchers at the Leibniz Institute for New Materials (Saarbrücken, Germany) and collaborators have developed new materials to manufacture X-ray detectors inexpensively and on a large scale with greater image resolution. To do so, they embedded ceramic particles in a conductive plastic. The components of these \"composite detectors\" can be stirred into a solvent and then applied like paint by spraying. Detectors convert the light into an electric current, which is registered by the X-ray apparatus. This means that it might be possible to manufacture X-ray detectors inexpensively and on a large scale with greater image resolution. For more information, visit leibniz-inm.de/en. Defects could improve solar cells Scientists at the National Renewable Energy Lab (Golden, Colo.) are studying what may seem paradoxical-certain defects in silicon solar cells may actually improve their performance. Theoretical research suggests that defects with properly engineered energy levels can improve carrier collection out of the cell, or improve surface passivation of the absorber layer. Scientists ran simulations to introduce defects within a thin tunneling silicon dioxide layer and within an aluminum oxide layer next to the silicon cell wafer. In both cases, specific defects were identified to be beneficial. For more information, visit nrel.gov. 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Credit: MIT Harvard University, and the University of South Carolina. \"A lot of people thought the eyes were so small, there was no way this small lens would be capable of forming an image,” MIT researcher Matthew Connors says in an MIT News article. According to the Science paper, “Chitons are the only known group of extant mollusks to have living tissue integrated within the outermost layer of their shells.\" And that could mean big things for understanding and designing manufacturable multifunctional materials. The team took an up-close look at one particular species of chiton, Acanthopleura granulate, using high-resolution microscopy and crystallography techniques. It showed that the lens-although composed of the same mineral as the chiton\'s shell is structurally different. The lens contains large aragonite crystal grains that are uniformly aligned, whereas the shell contains a more granular and scattered orientation of smaller crystals. The researchers speculate in the paper that larger grains reduce grain boundaries to minimize light scattering in the lens, making those regions transparent, whereas the rest of the shell is opaque. Testing individual lenses underwater proved that chitons indeed have the ability to see through these see-through eyesthe lens could resolve a 20-cm object from a distance of about 2 m. In an intact, alive creature, that image projected through the lens would pass underneath the shell into a photoreceptive chamber that allows the chiton to sense its environment. But visibility comes at a price. Mechanical tests show that the eyes are less structurally stable than the rest of the shell, perhaps informing why the eyes are tucked in between mounds in the shells. Locating the structurally weaker eyes within these valleys may help protect the eyes and maintain overall shell strength. \"High-resolution structure and property studies of the chiton system provide fascinating discoveries into materials-level tradeoffs imposed by the disparate functional requirements, in this case protection and vision, and are key to extracting design principles for multifunctional bio-inspired armor,\" Christine Ortizsenior author on the paper and the Morris Cohen Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and MIT\'s dean for graduate education-says in the MIT article. The paper, published in Science, is \"Multifunctionality of chiton biomineralized armor with an integrated visual system\" (DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1246). Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday Online research, papers, * policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations WINNER TECHNOLOGY in KOREA Choose among the MoSi2 Heating Elements!! 1700°C, 1800°C, and 1900°C from Korean-made. Synthesis of atomically thin metallic boron, borophene, expands 2-D materials Scientists from Argonne National Lab (Lemont, III.), Northwestern University (Evanston, III.), and Stony Brook University (Stony Brook, N.Y.) have created a 2-D sheet of boron—a material known as borophene. Borophene is unusual because it shows many metallic properties at the nanoscale, even though bulk boron is nonmetallic and semiconducting. Although other 2-D materials look more or less smooth at the nanoscale, borophene looks like corrugated cardboard. The researchers also noticed that borophene likely has a higher tensile strength than any other known material. For more information, visit northwestern. edu/newscenter. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Winner-Super 1900 For R&D High Temperature Sintering For Dental Sintering Furnace For Stable and Longer Life W WINNER TECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD JCR CR T E L: +82-31-683-1867~9 FAX: +82-31-683-1870 Email: info@winnertechnology.co.kr Homepage: www. winnertechnology.co.kr Address: #581-17, Geumgok-ri, Anjung-eup, Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea 21 bulletin I cover story Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking By Tom Vert, Excerpt selections by Eileen De Guire Selecting refractories for steelmaking operations requires detailed analysis of service environments, comprehensive knowledge of refractory products and steelmaking operations, and a systematic methodology. There are three key rules that are applicable in refractory design/selection: 1. You can never select/design the perfect solution, but you can be optimal! 2. If you do get to an optimal solution, the operation parameters will change, and you will have to start the process again! 3. It will always be interesting! ―Tom Vert, Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking Editor\'s note― \"If you\'re in the refractory business, you\'re in the steel business.\"-Conventional Wisdom. A typical steel plant uses hundreds of types of refractories, each engineered for specific applications. Those responsible for specifying refractories must understand the diverse and demanding service environments, refractory product portfolio, and business drivers—and never compromise on safety to personnel, plant, and environment. It is a daunting task. Vert has been there as the refractory selection engineer and as the expert training others. Vert\'s new book, Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking, grew out of training materials he developed for new engineers to teach the fine art of refractory selection for steelmaking. Vert takes the reader/practitioner through his tried-and-true methods for establishing refractory selection goals. He reviews refractory types and available materials. He guides the reader through specific applications in the steel plant, and he pulls it all together with a chapter on refractory purchasing strategies. To illustrate the increasing market value of the refractories industry and some salient statistics on its biggest downstream market-the steel industry-see ACerS\' infographic on pg 29. At a glance, see trends in the worldwide production of crude steel and learn about the top five steel-producing countries and companies. Because the book was in production at the time this excerpt was prepared, it may vary slightly from the published book, but will match in its essentials. Credit: Wiley; Vert chapter 1 Editor\'s note-A steel plant\'s refractory selection team must balance safety, energy efficiency, environmental impact, steel quality, and cost. The \"total cost of ownership\" approach accounts for factors beyond the vendor invoice that impact the true cost of refractories selected. Safety Safety at any industrial facility is paramount and, in the case of making steel, is absolutely critical. The operation deals with molten liquids over 1,600°C in close proximity to people, which, therefore, requires a high amount of diligence. In refractory design, everything we do from a design point of view, we take into account safety. Total cost of ownership Total cost of ownership (TCO) is an analysis methodology that tries to capture all the costs associated with a refractory in use from purchase to disposal, including the impact to the process itself. From a basic point of view, it starts with what is the total cost/tonne of refractory, including all costs (refractory, process, etc.) divided by the total tonnage produced. An example of a TCO for the BOF furnace, which will be used to demonstrate how these calculations are done and the actual impact, is shown as follows. There are six major areas: 1. Actual main refractory purchase; 2. Logistical costs; 3. Installation and demolition costs; 4. Refractory maintenance costs; 5. Refractory energy costs; and 6. Operational impact. Refractory material purchase The first and most obvious cost and the one that draws the most attention is the purchase cost itself—this can represent \"sticker shock\" in some cases, whereby a BOF lining can be over $1 million in a one-time purchase. Therefore, it will always draw attention of those in the purchasing process as an area of opportunity to drive down costs. Localized eddy current and wear Fig. 1.15. Localized wear caused by varying material thickness. This purchase cost is then broken down by the following equation: Total price of the refractories ($) weight of material needed (kg) × price of the material ($/kg) The weight of the material needed is a function of the design of the vessel, and the only way to change this is to make the lining thinner in areas in which it has low wear without risking undermining other areas, as presented in Figure 1.15. The price of the material is the other variable, and this is influenced by the material selected (e.g., fused grain, material purity, and supplier). Note that the materials must always be chosen first to match the TMC (thermal-mechanicalchemical) design analysis (discussed in Chapter 2) and not to have a lower price per kg for low price purposes only! This will always be a key pressure point with people who purchase the refractories with a mindset of it being a commodity rather than an engineered material. (Which of course we know it is not!) Steelmaking glossary Adapted from American Iron and Steel Institute www.steel.org BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (BOF) A pear-shaped furnace, lined with refractory brick, that refines molten iron from the blast furnace and scrap into steel. Up to 30% of the charge into the BOF can be scrap, with hot metal accounting for the rest. Scrap is dumped into the furnace vessel, followed by hot metal from the blast furnace. A lance is lowered from above, through which blows a high-pressure stream of oxygen to cause chemical reactions that separate impurities as fumes or slag. Once refined, the liquid steel and slag are poured into separate containers. BLAST FURNACE (BF) A towering cylinder lined with refractory brick to smelt iron from iron ore. The name refers to the \"blast\" of hot air and gases forced up through the iron ore, coke, and limestone that load the furnace. ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE (EAF) A steelmaking furnace where scrap is generally 100% of the charge. Heat is supplied from electricity that arcs from the graphite electrodes to the metal bath. Furnaces may be either alternating current or direct current. Direct current units consume less energy and fewer electrodes, but they are more expensive. CONTINUOUS CASTER (CC) Steel from the BOF or electric furnace is poured into a tundish (a shallow vessel that looks like a There is always a tradeoff between performance and cost. See Figure 1.16 as an example. As the purity increases, the price per kg increases exponentially. This is true for most components, i.e., MgO, graphite, etc. The final part of this equation is, of course, the cost/tonne of refractories following the equation: Cost/tonne = cost of the refractories ($)/steel produced through the campaign (tonnes) Steel produced (tonnes) = number of heats made × average heat size (tonnes) Therefore, in order to reduce the cost/tonne, there are only three options: 1. Reduce the cost of the refractories; 2. Increase the campaign life or number of heats on the production unit (longer life)-(less downtime); and 3. Increase the average heat size (usually restricted by design of vessel or cranes). In case of design, all three options have been and continue to be utilized: 1. Example: Redesign the materials in a BOF in low-wear areas or in the ladle bathtub) atop a continuous caster. As steel flows from the tundish down into the water-cooled copper mold of the caster, it solidifies into a ribbon of red-hot steel. At the bottom of the caster, torches cut the continuously flowing steel to form slabs or blooms. LADLE A \"bucket\" lined with refractory brick, used to transport molten steel from process to process in a steel plant. TUNDISH The shallow refractory-lined basin on top of the continuous caster. It receives liquid steel from the ladle, prior to the cast, allowing the operator to precisely regulate flow of metal into the mold. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 23 Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking Price Purity Fig. 1.16. Effect of material purity on price. slagline (lower purity MgO, lower purity graphite, etc.), which maintains heat life and heat size but lowers the initial cost. 2. Example: Redesign an EAF bottom to go from 500 heats to 1,200 heats through a change in construction with same brick sizing and costs, but longer life leading to a lower cost/tonne. 3. Example: Redesign a ladle to increase average heat size-thinner safety linings, higher ladle shell-same life of the ladle, same refractory cost-but lower cost/tonne. All options are available, although some are more restricted based on steel plant design itself. specialists are used for this, because metallurgists usually understand the steelmaking process but do not understand refractory properties and, therefore, cannot appreciate the effect of the former on the latter. supThe TMC analysis is then compared against the refractory properties in order to select the material. Note that proper it is important to comment that the current state of plier data sheets is useless, giving only the information that won\'t help you. Supplier data sheets are weak, because, firstly, they give overall chemistry, which is misleading (and usually any key components will be left off), and, secondly, most of the important tests, such as slag testing, have no standard. An ideal situation, as a customer perspective, we would like to know the minerals used, their placement in the particle size distribution, and the engineering properties, such as hot modulus of rupture at temperature, work of fracture, and thermal expansion curves, not just point values. Based on this discussion, it is critical for the end user to take an active role in the refractory material selection process-but more about this in Chapter 5! In closing, the age-old adage, “What is the problem?\" is the key to starting in refractory material selection. Editor\'s note-Phase diagrams are essential tools for the refractory engineer. Vert presents industrially important phase diagrams and walks the reader through correct interpretation. The chapter addresses fundamental wear mechanisms and consequent engineering decisions. These concepts tie together by coming back to TMC analysis. The last section of this chapter deals with three key topics: 1. Interactions of TMC analysis; 2. Saturday night designing (see sidebar); and 3. Rubble pile analysis (see sidebar). The review of all three topics will pull everything together and essentially leave readers at the point that they can understand what we stated in the first section-the key to refractory selection is #1-\"What is the problem?\" What is the wear you are trying to solve once the goals have been determined in Chapter 1? Interactions of TMC analysis For all existing refractory problems or any new installations that are being designed, a full TMC analysis is the first step to be done, and we have reviewed the key components of the first section\'s CHEMICAL chapter 2 Editor\'s note-\"Thermal-Mechanical-Chemical Analysis\" provides a method to systematically specify refractory performance. TMC analysis overview The first thing you want to think about is what material and installation method will solve the problem. This will not be discussed until Chapters 3 and 4 on purpose-because the key to refractory selection is #1-\"What is the problem?\" What is the wear you are trying to solve once the goals have been determined in Chapter 1? For all existing refractory problems or any new installations that are being analyzed, full TMC analyses (Table 2.1) are the first steps to be done. These and their combinations are the wear mechanisms of refractories, and their analyses are essentially an examination of the process under which the refractories are submitted. A key to this analysis is also to analyze from a refractory perspective. Refractory High temperature Chemical dissolution Chemical penetration Accelerated corrosion High AT Spalling of sections Mechanical abrasion THERMAL Figure 2.53. Interactions of TMC analysis. Mechanical impact MECHANICAL 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Credit: Wiley; Vert charts with details on thermal, mechanical, and chemical key wear mechanisms. Let us now review the interactions between these phenomena as shown in Figure 2.53. In reality, this diagram, although messy, is much more reflective of what actually happens in service, with multiple interactions and never one single wear mechanism. A good example would be a ladle slide gate: • High abrasion environment with sliding refractory surfaces; • High thermal shock from pouring of steel to shut off; and • High chemical attack from calcium vapour for calcium steels. So, if we are to design for abrasion and use very hard and strong materials, then we will fail quickly from thermal shock, because we need soft flexible materials. If we design strictly for thermal shock, than the abrasion will wear the plates quickly. If we try to put very dense material with tight pore size for corrosion or use a magnesia-type material, the plate will fail because of thermal Table 2.1. TMC analysis Peak temperature (T) Main mechanism Thermal Mechanical Submechanism Mechanism Examples Design parameter Tapping temperatures Material chemistry and physical Thermal shock (AT): Frequency Holding temperatures properties (purity, sizing, etc.) Thermal expansion properties, toughness Lip skull cleaning, force of metal stream impact Strength/elasticity and work of fracture of material Stirring energy, impact of dust Density, strength/toughness, ratio and amplitude of the temperature change Impact Abrasion particles Applied stress Mass of bricks sitting on the Chemical (and thermochemical) Dissolution Thermomechanical Penetration Strain of thermal expansion Chemical mechanical Spalling of the penetrated (and thermomechanical zones lowest layer of bricks (BF stove) Slag matrix attack at high temperatures Fluid slag penetration Expansion of large precast shapes Ladle barrel brick spalling thermal expansion mismatch of penetrated zone vs original material shock within a heat or two! There is no perfect answer, and the process variability in a shop from heat to heat and day to day adds additional challenges. matrix/grains Strength/creep Minimize pore size and optimize pore size distribution, raw material purity. Freeze plane is moved to the surface Thermal expansion properties, and heat flow design Minimize pore size and optimize pore size distribution, raw material purities, use of non-wetting materials, moving freeze plane close to the surface, minimize thermal expansion So what do we do? We compromise, we balance-I like to compare it to the fairy tale \"Goldilocks and the Three Bears\" it is a balanced approach. Tips, tricks, and steel plant wisdom \"SATURDAY NIGHT\" DESIGNING The statement of \"Saturday night\" designing is a simple one and basically tries to focus on keeping in mind worst case scenarios and ensuring full risk is built in. If you are designing an application based on average temperatures, average AT, average chemistries, etc., then it will be prone to premature failure. The worst case scenario for a steel plant usually happens on Saturday night when there is little supervision. The operators are pressed to make steel when things like \"hot heats\" with tap temperatures of 1,700°C or superheated slags tend to take place. Saturday night designing needs to be taken into account a wise old refractory guru once said, \"If you design for Saturday night, the rest of the week will be fine!\" RUBBLE PILE ANALYSIS Refractory selectors will never be able to get to optimum designs/costs unless they are willing to get dirty! To truly understand wear mechanisms, you must be willing to wade into the rubble piles in the steel shop. A laser analysis of a steel ladle slagline thickness will tell you a wear rate, but if you get into the ladle, you will find so much more. If you dig a brick or two out by jackhammer, pry bar, or brick hammer, you will possibly notice: • Softness of the brick from oxidation of the bond that you can feel when you dig it; • White back face from oxidation of gases coming up the back side during preheat and/or during the process cycling; • Vertical, horizontal cracks-How many? Where? How deep from hot face? Corners vs whole face?; • Slag/steel penetration of the joints; • Depth of penetration of the slag (thin/thick); and • Dissolution of the matrix or the grains or both. All of this will tell you 10 times more about the wear mechanism than any data scan or computer analysis of the process. It also gives you the keys to then design around wear mechanisms! American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 25 Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking chapter 3 Editor\'s note-Phase diagrams and fundamental materials science concepts explain and demonstrate wear mechanisms for major steelmaking refractory compositions. Magnesia (MgO) overview Magnesia is probably the key ingredient in steelmaking refractories in the world today, and an understanding of its key characteristics is critical to improvements and cost/value for any steel shop. It has a high melting point of ~2,800°C in its most pure form and is manufactured from either minerals in the ground or some type of seawater. Importance of magnesia purity Note that the key components of MgO are 1. MgO concentration; 2. Crystal size; 3. Impurities; 4. Sintered/fused ratio; and 5. MgO concentration. Why do we care? - Performance, purity, and price are all related; - We want to be working in the \"sweet spot\" between purity and price, as shown in Figure 3.6; and - Goal in life (as a refractory engineer): To find the sweet spot! Impurities There are three important things to check with impurities-the total amount, the level of B2O3, and the C/S (or lime/ silica ratio). Total amount of impurity compounds includes: Al2O3, CaO, SiO2, B2O3, and FeO, Fe2O3 As the total number of impurities increases, the crystal size decreases, and, then, the wear rate increases, as shown in Figure 3.12. Percent B₂O At steelmaking temperatures (1,600°C), even with small amounts of B₂O, (less than 0.001%), a liquid will form at 1,155°C as shown in the phase diagram in Figure 3.13. It forms along the grain boundaries, as shown in Figure 3.14. So, even if you have >98% MgO, it doesn\'t matter. The amazing crystal will pop out because of the weakness of the small amount of liquid phase forming. 26 Performance (wear rate) Purity, % Fig. 3.6. Relationship of performance and raw material purity. The ideal is to work in the \"sweet spot.\" T. °C Credit: Wiley; Vert Wear rate Low Wear High Wear 0 1 Impurities 2 3 Fig. 3.12. Relationship between wear rate and impurities for MgO grains. Numbers are not accurate-but the relationship is similar and depends on the application. 1500 Liquid 1412° M+Liq. 1300 Two Liquids M₂B Liq. 1100 M₂B+Liq. & 0 MB₂ Liq. MgBO, (MB) 20 1312° M.B + Liq. 1146° M,B+M 995° MB₂+ M₂B MOB₂O (MB) Mg,B₂O (MB) 1333° 40 60 80 100 MgO Wi% Fig. 3.13. B₂O and MgO binary phase diagram. MgO Grains with B₂O, (or >1% impurities) phase MgO Grains with B₂O, (or >1% impurities) melt earlier than MgO at 1155°C. The liquid phase forms on the grain boundaries B₂O, (or >1% impurities) liquid phase formation causes MgO crystal to detach Fig. 3.14. Liquid formation in MgO grain boundaries with the presence of B₂O3. Credit: Wiley; Vert www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 chapter 4 Editor\'s note-Refractory selection requires knowledge of refractory products and their properties as well as proper installation methods. The refractory portfolio includes brick, monolothics, castables, specialty refractories, and installation hardware, which combine in a complex, highly engineered system for safe and economic steel production. Refractory dryout and anchoring overview Why is the choice of installation method so important to the selection of refractories? Why do we focus on it so much? Material properties and lining performance can be affected by installation and manufacturing of the products. I like to compare it to Mark Twain saying: \"Golf is a good walk spoiled.\" Well, refractory installation is good raw materials possibly spoiled. You can\'t make the raw materials better, but you can devastate properties with poor installation. In order to discuss installation, we need a basic overview of refractory manufacturing. Refractory making is at first a series of crushing, sieving, and mixing of the different raw materials. Although simple, the refractory supplier process should be controlled to fit the chemical formulation and also the grain size distribution. If the grain size distribution is not correct, the physical properties, such as a higher porosity/permeability, and lower mechanical strengths, will be strongly affected. The rest of the making process depends on the type of refractory: • Brick are required to be made into a designated shape and must have a curing treatment to get enough mechanical strength for handling and transportation (unfired brick). If refractory is fired, brick go through a tunnel shaft or furnace for typically 24 hours at 1,200°C to as high as 1,800°C. Carbon-free refractoTable 4.1 (adapted). Refractory manufacturing/installation methods Manufacturing Installation method Definition Brick Castable-precast Castable - vibrated Castable - self flow Shotcrete (wet gunning) Gunning Plastic Ramming material Mortar Insulation board Insulation blanket Gunning Shaped refractory made with a press with tightly defined dimensions-cured or fired to a high temperature-made to be installed in a prescribed manner by a skilled mason. Shaped refractory made using a castable with water into a mould with tightly defined dimensions-cured or fired to a high temperature—made to be installed as a one-piece unit. Unshaped refractory made using a castable with water into a mould with tightly defined dimensions, vibrated with attached motors or pencil vibrators-dried on site. Unshaped refractory made using a castable with water into a mould with tightly defined dimensions, self flow, into the space-dried on site. A castable that is mixed and then pumped to a gunning nozzle, and, at the nozzle, an accelerant is added to have an instant set on the mix and the shape of castable is maintained without slumping. A dry refractory material that is mixed and then forced by air to a gunning nozzle, and, at the nozzle, water is added to have \"plastic\" mass of refractory attach to a surface. A formed refractory in the form of \"slices\" that can be put into a space and have a rammer densify them. An unformed refractory in the form of loose material that can be put into a space and have a rammer densify it. An unformed refractory mix usually premixed with water in a pail and used for brick joints (can also come in powder form to be mixed with water on site). A formed refractory in the form of \"boards\" that can be installed on the wall or surface usually as an insulation material for thermal properties but not necessarily refractory in nature. A formed refractory in the form of a blanket that can be installed on the wall or surface usually, but not necessarily, as an insulation material for thermal properties. Dry material Gunning hopper Pneumatic and fly wheel conveyer Hose Nozzle Final gunned product Shotcreting Air Accelerator Accelerator pump Water Dry material Mixer Swing valve pump Hose Nozzle Final shotcreted product Water Casting/self flow Dry material Mixer Vibration Water ry is fired in air, but resin-bonded pieces, Fig. 4.3. Monolithic installation schematics. such as slide gates, are fired in coke-filled boxes and in oxygen-deficient environments. By firing, the aggregates sinter together, making a ceramic bond. • For monolithic refractory, such as castable, mortar, and plastics, the shaping method will depend on the installation location, skills needed to install, and local site issues, as shown in Table 4.1. This means that refractory properties rely on the installation and \"setting\" rules (water addition, mixing, casting time, drying) so that hydraulic bond develops with the hydration of the highAl2O3 cement. Rheological behaviour of the mixed castable is also of utmost importance: It is controlled by the presence of some percentage of active components (accelerators/retarders and Air Final cast or self-flow product ultrafine particles, the recipe of which makes the core of the supplierknowhow). If not correct or in case of unusual impurities brought by other raw materials, rheology and final properties of castables will be strongly affected. Figure 4.3 shows a comparison of three key monolithic refractory installation methods. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 27 Credit: Wiley; Vert 28 Credit: Wiley; Vert Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking chapter 11 Editor\'s note-Final refractory selection combines technical and operations requirements with business considerations. Employing the analysis methods introduced throughout the book, especially the total cost of ownership, the refractoryselecting engineer will be well equipped to make a final recommendation to the purchasing team. Purchasing strategies Selecting and purchasing refractories is a very interesting part of the total business. Recall that in Chapter 1.6 we talked about TCO-Total Cost of Ownership. This is an analysis methodology that tries to capture all the costs associated with a refractory in use from purchase to disposal, including the impact to the process itself—i.e., life, productivity, yield, quality, etc. It should take into account all components of the buy to make the most rational, logical decision on an individual buy basis. However, what if there is a \"preferred\" supplier who is not the one chosen that is requested to be used? What if the vendor selected is on the corporate “black list”? What if choosing one supplier will gain a big savings at a sister plant? There are other key questions as well. Should we buy the refractory by the pound? By the piece? By the cost per tonne of steel produced, or by some other method? Also, should purchases be made on consignment (invoiced when used) or on a ship-and-bill basis (invoiced when shipped by the supplier)? All of these are key questions that the refractory selector must also take into account and which will be discussed here. Another important thing that must be remembered is that the refractory selector does not normally have the final decision-this is done in combination with the operators, purchasing people, etc., as shown in Figure 11.1. Note: Each of these groups has a role to play, However, it should be noted that the final decision should reside with the operations/process managers, because they are responsible for safety, production, and cost within the plant— Operations management - Stable, predictable process -Advanced notification of key process changes Refractory service group -Installation and coordination of refractory linings Procurement group - Local and/or global purchasing team Final team Evaluated purchase decision Fig. 11.1. Key input to refractory purchase decisions. all others have key input, but the production/process managers are ultimately accountable. Also, we must remember that selecting refractories is a highly complex and highly technical decision-we are selecting engineered ceramics, not everyday industrial commodities! This is crucial and not just a statement to keep nontechnical decision makers out of the final decision, but instead to ensure the lowest TCO decision is correct. For example, it once took one plant 12 months of trials to design and select the proper mortar for installing ladle argon plugs and nozzles. It had to have the right chemistry, the right consistency, and it had to bond quickly for installation but have some friability for removal. This took multiple trials with different bonding systems and mineralogy to get the right mix. Many would think an 80%-alumina mortar was just a commodity material and the lowest price for a 25-kg pail would be the deciding factor, but this would be totally wrong. Does this mean Refractory Refractory suppliers R&D personnel - Manufacturing personnel - Sales & marketing -Possible installation team Refractory technical selection -Design and material approval -Trials, testing of new products that there are not some refractories that are not commodities? No! Does this mean that we can\'t commoditize the refractories to help our purchasing agents negotiate? No! But it does mean that the right technical work must be done first with the team to get the right product! About the author Tom Vert is vice president-manufacturing at ArcelorMittal Dofasco in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Contact Vert at tom.vert@arcelormittal.com. Material Selection for Steelmaking Thomas Vert, P.Eng., M.B.A Foreword by Dr. Jeff Smith The book will be published by Wiley-Acers in May 2016. For details, visit bit.ly/1Ke1iBZ www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 thousand tonnes REFRACTORIES STEEL 70% of refractories are used in the steel industry $33.7 BILLION 2020 global refractories projected market value 3.9% growth per year $ Fastest growing sector: monolithic refractories Fastest growing end-use industry: glass TOP 5 5.6% 4.9% 4.4% US Russia 28.3% India 6.8% Japan STEEL PRODUCING COUNTRIES other countries China 2015 worldwide crude steel production: 1.599,484 THOUSAND TONNES trends from where? from who? TOP 5 $1.3 TRILLION Market value 50.2% STEEL PRODUCING COMPANIES 1. ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg) 2. Nippon Steel&Sumitomo Metal (Japan) 3. Hebei Iron & Steel (China) A. Bansteel (China) 5. POSCO (South Korea) Worldwide crude steel production 1,650,354 1,648,729 1,538,003 1,560,131 1,599,484 1,433,433 1,348,108 1,343,429 2013 2014 1,250,098 1,238,755 2011 2012 2015 1,147,975 2010 2007 2008 down 2006 2009 2005 2.9% Created by April Gocha using Piktochart.com. Sources: Reportsn Reports, \"Global and China Refractory Material Industry Report, 2014-2016\"; MarketsandMarkets, \"Refractories Market-Trends & Forecasts to 2020\"; Visiongain, \"Steel Market Forecast 2015-2025: Future Opportunities for Leading Companies\"; World Steel Association statistics, available at worldsteel.org. Piktochart INSE he National Science TH Foundation is an independent federal agency that serves as a funding source for basic research conducted at America\'s colleges and universities. NSF is divided into seven science and engineering research and education directorates. The Mathematical and Physical Sciences Directorate is home to the Division of Materials Research, which includes the Ceramics Program. The Ceramics Program supports fundamental scientific research in ceramics (e.g., oxides, carbides, nitrides, and borides), glass-ceramics, inorganic glasses, ceramic-based composites, and inorganic carbon-based materials. The objective of the program is to increase fundamental understanding and to develop predictive capabilities for relating synthesis, proNational Science cessing, and microstructure of these materials to their properFoundation awards in the Ceramics Program ties and ultimate performance in various environments and applications. Research to enhance or enable the discovery or creation of new ceramic materials is welcome. Development of new experimental techniques or novel approaches to conduct projects is encouraged. During fiscal year (FY) 2015, the Ceramics Program provided support for 36 new or renewal awards, 14 supplemental awards, and cofunding for several grants managed starting in 2015 by other programs. New or renewal awards are listed in By Lynnette D. Madsen Table I, but more information on any NSF award is available by searching the NSF awards database or by adding the seven-digit award number to the end of www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=. At : any given time, one can generate a map or list of active awards from the Ceramics Program homepage at 1.usa.gov/1Ylk9RH. Although FY 2016 began in October 2015, the first awards probably will appear in spring of 2016. About the author Lynnette D. Madsen has been the director, Ceramics Program, at NSF since 2000. Contact her at Imadsen@nsf.gov. References \"L.D. Madsen, \"NSF\'s CAREER Class of 2015 in ceramics and crosscutting programs,\" Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 94 [8] 36-39 (2015). 30 30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Collaborative Research Collaboration research can include more than one investigator at the same institution or at multiple institutions. For multiple institutions, there can be one proposal with a subaward to the other institution(s), or mul tiple coordinated proposals can be submitted as a joint project. See NSF\'s Grant Proposal Guide (1.usa.gov/10yPUfv) for further details, including responsibilities. Sustainable Chemistry, Engineering, and Materials (SusChEM) The SusChEM initiative (1.usa. gov/11TJ79P) addresses interrelated challenges of sustainable supply, engineering, production, and use of chemicals and materials. Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) The CAREER (1.usa.gov/1E4FrZn) solicitation is restricted to single investigators who are assistant professors. The two awards made in FY 2015 are detailed in the ACerS Bulletin.¹ Early-concept Grants for Exploratory Research (EAGER) \"The EAGER funding mechanism may be used to support exploratory work in its early stages on untested, but potentially transformative, research ideas or approaches.\" Full details are provided in the Grant Proposal Guide (1.usa.gov/1TSnOQu). Grant Opportunities for Academic Liaison with Industry (GOALI) GOALI (1.usa.gov/1mpWVsv) promotes university-industry partnerships by making project funds or fellowships and traineeships available to support universities working with industry. One of these Ceramics Program projects also was funded under the Optics and Photonics area of interest (1.usa.gov/1Pb9ymt). Companies engaged in the 2015 Ceramics Program projects are Corning Inc., Translucent Inc., and Fiberguide Industries Inc. Table I. List of NSF Ceramics Program Awards made in FY 2015 Title (award no.) Synthetic multiferroic oxides prepared by gel collection (1461499) Electron-rich oxide surfaces (1507812) Understanding the impacts of impurities on processing (1505902) Vibrational and electronic properties of complex metal oxides by spectroscopic ellipsometry (1505172) BaSno, as a transparent mixed ionic-electronic conducting material-Utilizing novel in situ methods to advance understanding of structure-processing-property relations (1507047) Hardness and elastic properties of superhard and ultrahard materials (1508577) Link between temperature-dependent elasticity and viscosity of glass-forming liquids (1508410) Principal investigator (PI), organization; co-PI(s) Stephen O\'Brien, CUNY City College Michele Pavanello, Rutgers University Newark; Huixin He Guozhong Cao, University of Washington Stefan Zollner, New Mexico State University Harry Tuller, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Steven Jacobsen, Northwestern University; Craig Bina Liping Huang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Yunfeng Shi Mechanical behavior of novel metal oxide composites with hierachical Helen Chan, Lehigh University; Richard Vinci microstructures: Effect of scale and interfacial structure (1507955) Nanostructured electrochemical materials (1507955) Oxide surfaces, from bulk to nanoparticles (1507101) Probing and manipulating strained interfaces with oxide superconductors (1508494) Real-time X-ray scattering studies of oxide epitaxial growth (1506930) Science of electron-conducting filaments in ion-conducting chalcogenide glasses (1507670) Statics and dynamics of spatially and dimensionally constrained oxides (1507810) Collaborative Research: Bulk synthesis of stishovite near ambient pressure and temperature (1463948, 1463974) Collaborative Research: High-throughput quantification of solid-state electrochemistry for next-generation energy technologies (1505103, 1505116) Collaborative Research: Integrated computational and experimental studies of solid oxide fuel cell electrode structural evolution and electrochemical characteristics (1506925, 1506055) Collaborative Research: On the origin of atomic layer deposition enhanced activity and stability of nanostructured cathodes for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (1464112, 1464111) SusChEM: Collaborative Research: Experimental and computational study of structure and thermodynamics of rare-earth oxides above 2000°C (1506229, 1505657) SusChEM: Nanoscale insight into electric fatigue of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (1465254) SusChEM: Rational design and synthesis of stable strain- and defectrich Cu/ceramic nanocomposites for efficient CO, reduction (1465254) CAREER: Defect-driven metal oxides for enhanced energy storage systems (1454984) CAREER: Understanding surface redox activity of atomically flat electroceramics (1455369) EAGER: Biocompatibility of nanocrystalline YSZ transparent cranial implant (1547014) EAGER: Fabrication and characterization of 3-D ceramic-coated polymer scaffolds (1547014) Wenzhi Li, Florida International University; Chunlei Wang Laurence Marks, Northwestern University Judy Wu, University of Kansas Center for Research Randall Headrick, University of Vermont & State Agricultural College; Matthew Dawber Gang Chen, Ohio University; David Drabold Vinayak Dravid, Northwestern University Kai Landskron, Lehigh University Peter Kroll, University of Texas at Arlington Sossina Haile, Northwestern University Ichiro Takeuchi, University of Maryland College Park Scott Barnett, Northwestern University Katsuyo Thornton, University of Michigan Ann Arbor Kevin Huang, University of South Carolina at Columbia Xinhua Liang, Missouri University of Science and Technology Alexandra Navrotsky, University of California-Davis; Sergey Ushakov Axel van de Walle, Brown University Xiaoli Tan, Iowa State University Tewodros Asefa, Rutgers University Hui (Claire) Xiong, Boise State University William Chueh, Stanford University Guillermo Aguilar, University of California-Riverside; Javier Garay Bridget Rogers, Vanderbilt University GOALI: OP: Incongruent growth of single-crystal 3-D architecture for Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University; Daniel Nolan, new optical functionalities in glass (1508177) Volkmar Dierolf GOALI: Zintl engineering of epitaxial ceramic films on gallium nitride John Ekerdt, University of Texas at Austin; Alexander (1507970) Demkov, Rytis Dargis GOALI: Nanostructured sapphire optical fiber for sensing in harsh environment (1506179) GOALI: Atomistic understanding of non-Newtonian flow and related phenomena in chalcogenide glass-forming liquids (1505185) GOALI: Collaborative Research: Understanding composition-structure -chemical durability relationships in multicomponent oxide glasses: Influence of mixed network former effect (1508001, 1507131) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Henry Du, Stevens Institute of Technology; Narciso Dominguez Sabyasachi Sen, University of California-Davis; Bruce Aitken Jincheng Du, University of North Texas Ashutosh Goel, Rutgers University; Nicholas Smith, Randall Youngman 31 Students plan opportunities for advancement within the ceramics and glass community The President\'s Council of Student Advisors T (PCSA) kicked off its annual business meeting days before MS&T15, where graduate and undergraduate ceramic student leaders from all over the world gathered in Columbus, Ohio, to discuss plans for the upcoming year. Delegates for the 2015-2016 year planned outreach, programming, and professional development events to engage students worldwide as leaders in the ceramics community and encourage participation in ACerS. At the meeting, delegates elected an overall council chair and chairs for each of the five PCSA committees, in addition to discussing and planning opportunities for the advancement of ACerS students. Delegates elected Lisa Rueschhoff, a graduate student at Purdue University, to succeed the previous chair, Jessica Rimsza. The outreach committee, chaired by Kara Phillips, a graduate student at the University of California by Lisa Rueschhoff at Irvine, is working toward completing a set of extensive ceramic materials lesson plans that will be available for download by summer 2016 (see inset). In addition, the committee filmed instructional videos of the existing student laboratory and teacher demonstration kits, which are available at ceramics.org. Theresa Davey, graduate student at Imperial College London, chairs the communications committee, which works to promote PCSA and student activities within ACerS. The committee presents the \"Deciphering the Discipline\" column and coordinates a special focus on students in the June/July Bulletin. Check out the PCSA Facebook page for biweekly updates on student accomplishments and ACerS Division events. The programming committee, led by Megan Wilson, graduate student at the University of Virginia, organized the Schott glass competiCeramic and glass materials lesson plans PCSA\'s new ceramic and glass materials lesson plans, designed by the current and previous outreach committees, will debut summer 2016 and will feature interactive student activities as well as teacher demonstrations that will help students learn more about processing, structure, and properties of ceramics. Lesson plans will provide step-by-step instructions to perform laboratory exercises and demonstrations as well as follow-up questions to lead discussions with students. Hands-on activities outlined in the lesson plans teach students about the structural differences between amorphous glass and crystalline ceramic materials by building models of each structure. Examples of each class of material and its structure illustrate differences in bonding and, subsequently, materials properties. The new kits also outline how to build an electrical circuit using batteries, various modified silicate glasses, and LED lights, an exercise that demonstrates how structure affects glass\'s electrical properties. This experiment demonstrates the effect of modifying ions in glass\'s structure and how those modifications affect the material\'s electrical properties. Using the lesson plans, students also study mechanical properties—in compression and tension-of glasses and ceramics compared with metals to discover the dependence of those properties on atomic structure and bonding. In addition, lesson plans explore sintering experiments using low-melting-point polymers to study the mechanisms of sintering and the dependence of starting spheres on size. These experiments serve as a foundation to introduce students to the importance and implications of sintering ceramics. PCSA hopes its new lesson plans, outlining these experiments and more, will be used in classrooms, science fairs, and student activity fairs across the world to introduce students to-and spark interest in― the world of ceramics and glass. I 32 Lisa Rueschhoff holds a ceramic tile on which a penny is heated up during a demonstration to students. tion at ICACC\'16; is planning a new creative competition for ceramics students; compiles regional activities pamphlets for major materials conferences; and, with the help of ACerS Young Professionals Network and ACerS staff, held the first Winter Workshop for ceramic students and young professionals from around the world during January 2016 (see more on page 11 and page 48). The finance committee, chaired by Mark Hornak, graduate student at The Ohio State University, builds relationships with donors and raises funds to support student travel to the PCSA annual business meeting. All past and current delegates of PCSA are grateful to the generous donors, who make PCSA programming, outreach, and networking opportunities possible. PCSA continually looks forward—the recruitment committee is on the lookout for 35 ceramic student leaders to join PCSA as delegates for 2016-2017. PCSA offers immense opportunities for students to become involved and network with other students and ceramic leaders. Interested undergraduate and graduate students from around the world are encouraged to apply. More information can be found at ceramics.org/ PCSA, and questions can be directed toward the recruitment committee chair, James Steffes (james.steffes@uconn.edu), graduate student at the University of Connecticut. PCSA delegates are grateful for the foundational work of last year\'s committee chairs, Sapna Gupta and Brian Donovan. PCSA owes its success to the multitude of ACerS advisors, liaisons, and staff that makes all its work possible― thanks to Geoff Brennecka, Kristen Brosnan, Valerie Wiesner, Jessica Krogstad, Andrea MullerHoff, David Shahin, and Tricia Freshour. Lisa Rueschhoff is chair of the 2015-2016 PCSA and is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Materials Engineering at Purdue University (West Lafayette, Ind.). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2016 delivers a buzz by connecting leaders and ideas in electronic materials (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Haiyan Wang (center), one of the EMA 2016 organizers, poses with a couple of conference attendees during a coffee break. ACerS PCSA members (left to right) Brian Donovan, Giorgia Franchin, and Theresa Davey. The 2016 edition of Electronic Materials and Applications—the meeting\'s seventh annual installment—took place in sunny Orlando, Fla., Jan. 20-22. T EMA is all about electronics—the meeting covers emerging needs, opportunities, and key challenges within the field, highlighting the latest advances in electronics, sensors, energy generation and storage, photovoltaics, and light emitting diodes. ACerS Electronics Division and Basic Science Division jointly program the meeting. And with more than 300 international attendees (a record attendance!), the conference is sized just right-big enough to feature a variety of high-quality research and countless networking opportunities, yet small enough to get to know fellow attendees. In addition to high-quality technical talks spanning all electronic topics, a buzzing poster reception, expert tutorials, and the not-to-be missed special symposium dedicated to learning from failed research, this conference also consistently delivers highquality plenary lectures to get each day humming. This year\'s plenary speakers were Darrell Schlom, Herbert Fisk Johnson Professor of Industrial Chemistry at Cornell University (Ithaca, N.Y.); James Warren, technical program director for materials genomics at the National Institute of Standards and Technology\'s Material Measurement Laboratory (Gaithersburg, Md.); and Thomas Detzel, senior manager of gallium nitride technology at Infineon Technologies Austria AG (Villach, Austria). EMA 2017 will continue the tradition of bringing top-level research and speakers to Orlando, Fla., Jan. 1820, 2017-join us for this opportunity to connect and network with the electronic materials community. The evening poster session was packed with eager attendees and cutting-edge research on electronic materials and applications. American ACerS president Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh welcomes attendees during the conference banquet. Jon Ihlefeld (far left) awarded student presentation winners at the conference banquet dinner. ICACC program chair Andy Gyekenyesi welcomes attendees on Monday to the opening session. Jubilee ΑΞ C TH 40 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES January 24-29, 2016 ICACC 2016 scrapbook. All images by ACerS. Epic snowstorm only part of the story at 40th ICACC in Daytona Beach A t the 40th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites opening reception, almost all conversations began with a version of \"Did the storm affect your travels to Daytona Beach?\" The storm was Winter Storm Jonas, which ravaged the eastern United States with several feet of snow and ice. Driving was treacherous, and airports across the entire eastern seaboard were closed for at least two days. Obviously, those who were most affected were not there to answer the question. The storm\'s lingering impact was most noticeable on Monday afternoon when symposia sessions started, with many talks cancelled or rescheduled because of travel delays. Eventually, about 1,080 attendees from 42 countries arrived and, besides participating in the technical program, celebrated the 40th jubilee anniversary of this conference. Program chair Andy Gyekenyesi says, \"The fact that around 50% of attendees are international, representing 42 countries, demonstrates that this is truly an international event.\" According to former ACerS president Jim McCauley, ICACC grew out of the \"Refractory Composites Workshop,\" first held 41 years ago in Cocoa Beach, Fla. That success led the Ceramic-Metal Systems Division to establish ICACC. CeramicMetal Systems later evolved into today\'s Engineering Ceramics Division. In 2007, ICACC moved north to Daytona Beach to accommodate higher attendance, and now it ENGINEERED Alastair Cormack of Alfred University displays his copy of the book produced in honor of the 40th Jubilee. ACerS president Mrityunjay Singh and his wife Gita join plenary speaker Sanjay Correa (center), GE Aviation, and Jeffrey Wadsworth (right), Battelle Memorial Institute, at the opening reception. Wadsworth was the ECD Mueller Award recipient for 2016. Jim McCauley delivered his talk to \"open\" the 40th Jubilee Symposium on Tuesday instead of Monday. Winter Storm Jonas wreaked havoc on Monday\'s afternoon schedule. 34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 \" ACerS president Mrityunjay Singh (left) and Do-Heyoung Kim of Chonnam National University in South Korea signed a Memorandum of Understanding that establishes a rotation of the Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy conference between the two countries. Kim represented the Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers at the signing. Patrick Henry, Daytona Beach city commissioner, welcomed banquet attendees on behalf of the city of Daytona Beach. consistently attracts more than 1,000 attendees from around the world. ICACC also serves as the annual meeting for the ECD, which held its business and committee meetings here in addition to the technical conference. Although the conference is entering its \"middle age\" years, its programming for students and young professionals remains strong with the Global Young Investigators Forum―now in its fifth year-student networking events and receptions as well as a \"Survival Skills for Scientists\" mentoring lunch. Gyekenyesi says, \"It\'s a pleasure to see expanding FURNACE EQUIPMENT LAB SCA PRODUCT TEMPERATURES 3000 Soshu Kirihara (left), ECD chair, awards ECD\'s Bridge Builder Award to Hai-Doo Kim, president of the Korea Institute of Materials Science. ICACC attendees appreciated being appreciated at a reception hosted by the Daytona Beach Visitors Bureau in honor of the conference\'s 40th anniversary. Bill Lee, ACerS president-elect, and Valerie Wiesner (right) youthful participation. Because the conference keeps growing each year, it\'s obvious the field is expanding and in need of a new generation of researchers.\" To mark the 40th anniversary, a 40 th Jubilee Symposium featured previous ECD Mueller and Bridge Building Award winners. Plans were for Jim McCauley to kick off the symposium on Monday after the plenary opening session. However, Storm Jonas pushed the talk to Tuesday. Also marking the milestone was a conference banquet and a commemorative book, Engineered Ceramics-Current Status and Future Projects. Finally, the Daytona Beach Convention and Visitor\'s Bureau sponsored a special reception in honor of the anniversary and to thank ICACC for its business. What\'s better than a handshake at the conference expo? Two handshakes! Mark Sowerbutts (center) and Steve Toomey (right) of AVS make two new friends. Engineering Ceramics Division Welcomes You www.ceramic Scheduled breaks provided valuable networking time. look on as Lisa Rueschhoff, PCSA chair, welcomes students and young professionals to Monday\'s reception. The Society conducted some business, too, signing a Memorandum of Understanding with the Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers to collaborate on the Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy conferences. MCARE will alternate between ACerS (2016, 2018, 2020) and KIChE (2017, 2019). The MOU builds on a collaboration between the societies that led to MCARE 2015 on Jeju Island, Korea. A banquet on the final evening featured reminiscences, a steel band, and Carribean stilt dancers to celebrate ICACC\'s 40 years. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY\'S 5TH CERAMIC LEADERSHIP SUMMIT WHERE BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING MEET STRATEGY Held in conjunction with the 2nd Ceramics Expo The Ceramic Leadership Summit (CLS), held in conjunction with the second Ceramics Expo, in Cleveland, Ohio, explores opportunities, emerging technologies, and critical issues that challenge the ceramics and glass materials community. CLS attendees enjoy the intimate setting, discussing business challenges, and networking without distraction. On the last day of CLS, attendees switch venues, joining the enthusiastic second annual Ceramics Expo at the IX Center. Featured speakers: Vertical Innovation Process for Product and Business Development - John Nottingham, Nottingham Spirk Supply Chain for Innovation - Timothy Major, supply management director of science & technology, Emerging Innovations Group, Corning Incorporated Scaling Up for the Production of CMCs for Gas-Turbine Engines - Matthew O\'Connell, industrialization leader, Ceramic Matrix Composites, GE Aviation - Supply Chain Division, composites value stream Customers: The Importance of Market Validation and Sales Channels - Vladimir Ban, CEO, PD-LD Incorporated Overview of Global Economy and Supply Chain Economics - Susan Helper, special advisor to the undersecretary for economic affairs of the U.S. Department of Commerce; former chief economist, U.S. Department of Commerce; Carlton Professor of Economics at the Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University Creating an Innovative Manufacturing Company Michael Murray, chief technology officer, Morgan Advanced Materials Business Acquisition Strategy - David Gunderson, global business development director, Advance Ceramics Platform, 3M Commercialization of Technology/Business Development Bill Payne, Angel Investor WHERE BUSINESS AND MANUFACTURING MEET STRATEGY Register by March 24 to save $150! ceramics.org/cls2016 APRIL 24-26, 2016 | CLEVELAND, OHIO The 36 American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 C ceramics April 26-28, 2016 expo Cleveland, Ohio, USA the manufacturing tradeshow for ceramic materials and technologies Plenary Session - The future of the ceramics industry | April 26 | 10:30 - 11:30 A.M. Main Stage Ceramics Expo - IX Center The leader\'s debate will provide attendees with the perspectives of the largest global ceramic manufacturers in the world. Market growth and manufacturing challenges will be discussed, along with future expected trends of \"onshoring\" in relation specifically to the manufacturing of technical ceramics and glasses in North America. Future Leaders Program at CLS | April 24 – 26 Know individuals at your company, institution, or university who are rising stars? Nominate them to be part of the Future Leaders Program. Input from executives, R&D leaders, researchers, engineers, and academicians will be used to design this program to help high-performing young professionals gain a fuller understanding of their leadership abilities, including their strengths and development areas within the materials science world. Contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org for special pricing information and to nominate a young professional. The American Ceramic Society\'s TARGETED LEARNING WORKSHOPS ceramics.org/expoworkshops2016 Increase your knowledge with ACerS Targeted Learning Workshops, held in conjunction with Ceramics Expo in Cleveland, Ohio Are you an engineer, scientist, operations professional, or student looking to sharpen your skills and expand your knowledge base? Continue your education with ACerS Targeted Learning Workshops. Taught by experts, these courses expand on foundational topics and equip attendees with additional skills needed for the workplace. To reserve your spot, go to ceramics.org/expoworkshops2016 to select a workshop, or contact Customer Service at 866-721-3322 or 240-646-7054. April 24, 1-6 p.m. and April 25, 8 a.m. - 2 p.m. OSHA 10-Hour Industrial Outreach Safety Course Instructor: Douglas Jeter, Verity Technical Consultants LLC, adjunct professor This course provides an introduction to general industry safety as well as health hazard identification, avoidance, control, and prevention. Workers, supervisors, and managers who have not previously had formal training in safety or OSHA regulations will benefit from this course. April 26, 1-5 p.m. Capital for High-Growth Startups Instructor: Bill Payne, Angel Investor This half-day workshop is an important event for emerging or startup entrepreneurs who know that understanding the scope of financing available to them is a key to success of new companies. Best practices on how to finance a startup business will be described and discussed interactively. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org April 27, 1-5 p.m. Geary Sorrell The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org On the Plant Floor: A Practical Guide for Leaders in the Manufacturing Plant Instructors: Bryan D. Geary and Carlton F. Sorrell, OPF Enterprises This half-day course helps you become a more effective leader and manager in the manufacturing operation. Designed as a practical guide to actual problem solving and culture building at all levels in the manufacturing plant, real-life solutions to real-life problems are offered. This course is practical-short on theory and long on the reality of life in a factory, and is especially valuable for recent graduates or anyone new to life on the plant floor. Offered by ACers Manufacturing Division 37 onference @ceramics expo April 26-28, 2016 Cleveland, Ohio Conference @ Ceramics Expo offers a twotrack conference focusing on various ceramic and glass applications and manufacturing processes. Register today and attend the industry\'s ONLY free-to-attend conference. full agenda LATEST SPEAKERS CONFIRMED INCLUDE: available online MMorgan Advanced Materials Rolls-Royce Don Bray, Vice President, Technology, North America, Morgan Advanced Materials Dr. Jay E. Lane, Engineering Fellow Ceramics and Composites, Rolls-Royce James M. Free, Director, NASA - Glenn Research Center SIEMENS Gε NASA Honeywell Gary B. Merrill, Senior Expert Engineer, Manufacturing Development and Development, Siemens Michael Peretti, Director Advanced Programs, Advanced Manufacturing and Materials, GE Aviation Dr. Dennis Eichorst, Principal Engineer, Honeywell FM&T BOEING Daniel Elliott Sievers, Ceramics Engineer, Boeing 3M Science. Applied to Life.\" Dr. Anatoly Rosenflanz, Lead Research Specialist, 3M Company LANCER Robert Cook PhD, Business Area Manager - Composites, Lancer Systems Secure your free seat online today www.ceramicsexpousa.com ceramics.org/gomd2016 2016 GLASS AND OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING may 22-26, 2016 register now! The Madison Concourse Hotel and Governor\'s Club | Madison, Wis., USA Technical sessions consisting of oral and poster presentations, led by technical leaders from industry, national laboratories, and academia will provide an open forum for glass scientists and engineers from around the world to present and exchange findings on recent advances in various aspects related to glass science and technology. The 16-session technical program emphasizes emerging research in glass, optical and electronic materials and devices, and glass technology. Early-bird savings end April 10, so register today to secure your $150 discount. PROGRAM CHAIRS SCHEDULE Liping Huang Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute John Kieffer University of Michigan Sunday, May 22, 2016 Registration 4:00 p.m.-7:00 p.m. Welcome reception 6:00 p.m.-8:00 p.m. TECHNICAL PROGRAM S1: Fundamentals of the Glassy State Session 1: Glass Formation and Structural Relaxation Session 2: Fundamentals and Applications of Glass Crystallization Session 3: Structural Characterization of Glasses Session 4: Computational and Theoretical Studies of Glasses Session 5: Mechanical Properties of Glasses Session 6: Non-oxide and Metallic Glasses Session 7: Glass Under Extreme Conditions S2: Larry L. Hench Memorial Symposium on Bioactive Glasses S3: Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices— Fundamentals and Applications Session 1: Amorphous lonic and Electronic Conductors: Materials and Devices Session 2: Optical Fibers Session 3: Optical Materials for Components and Devices Session 4: Laser Interactions with Glass Session 5: Glass-Ceramics and Optical Ceramics S4: Glass Technology and Crosscutting Topics Session 1: Glass Surfaces and Functional Coatings Session 2: Liquid Synthesis and Sol-Gel-Derived Materials Session 3: Challenges in Glass Manufacturing Session 4: Waste Immobilization-Waste Form Development: Processing and Performance S5: Festschrift for Professor Donald R. Uhlmann OPTIONAL EVENTS Short Courses Instabilities in Glass | Sunday, May 22, 2016 Instructor: Arun Varshneya Nucleation, Growth, and Crystallization in GlassesFundamentals and Applications Instructor: Edgar Zanotto Saturday, May 28 - Sunday, May 29, 2016 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Monday, May 23, 2016 Registration Stookey Lecture of Discovery Concurrent Sessions Lunch on own GOMD general business meeting Poster session & student poster competition Tuesday, May 24, 2016 Registration George W. Morey Award Lecture Concurrent sessions The Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars Lecture Lunch on own Conference banquet Wednesday, May 25, 2016 Registration Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Concurrent sessions Thursday, May 26, 2016 Registration Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture Concurrent sessions 7:00 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. 8:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 9:20 a.m. 5:40 p.m. 12:00 p.m. - 1:20 p.m. 5:45 p.m.-6:30 p.m. 6:30 p.m.-8:30 p.m. 7:30 a.m. 5:30 p.m. 8:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 9:20 a.m. - - 6:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m.- 1:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m.- 1:30 p.m. 7:00 p.m. - 10:00 p.m. 7:30a.m.5:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 9:20 a.m. 5:40 p.m. 12:00 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. 1:30 p.m. - 5:40 p.m. 7:30 a.m. 12:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 9:20 a.m. 12:00 p.m. THE MADISON CONCOURSE HOTEL AND GOVERNOR\'S CLUB 1 W. Dayton St. | Madison, WI 53703 ACers group rate $163 plus tax. Available on or before April 22 or until the block sells out. Rooms will go fast-don\'t wait to book a room! To make a hotel reservation call 800-356-8293 39 MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY Register by March 17 to save $150! April 17-21, 2016 Hilton Clearwater Beach | Clearwater, Fla., USA Materials Challenges in Alternative Renewable Energy (MCARE 2016) addresses emerging materials for a sustainable global society. This cutting-edge international conference brings together leading global experts from universities, industry, research and development laboratories, and government agencies to collaboratively communicate materials technologies that advance affordable, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and renewable energy conversion technologies. MCARE\'s engaging atmosphere promotes student and research participation, providing an open forum for idea exchange with leading researchers. Organized by: Endorsed by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org ö KIChE ceramics.org/mcare2016 The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers The extensive technical program features plenary and invited talks, thematically focused technical sessions, and poster presentations, enabling delegates to network and exchange ideas with professional peers and acclaimed experts. S1 Functional Materials for Photoelectrochemical and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production S2 Spectral Conversion Materials for Energy Applications S3 Ferroelectrics and Multiferroics for Energy Applications S4 Material Challenges in Nuclear Energy S5 Material Challenges in Fuel Cells PROGRAM COCHAIRS Sanjay Mathur, University of Cologne, Germany Steven Tidrow, Frostburg State University, USA S6 Critical Materials for Energy S7 Emerging Materials for Next-Generation Photovoltaics S8 Self-Power Generators S9 Direct Thermal-to-Electrical Energy Conversion Materials and Applications S10 Batteries and Energy Storage S11 Hydrogen Materials and Economy HILTON CLEARWATER BEACH 400 Mandalay Avenue, Clearwater Beach, FL Phone: (727) 461-3222 | (800) 753-3954 Rates Single/Double: $179 Government: Current Per Diem Rate Cut-off Date: On or before March 15, 2016 H.T. Lin, Guangdong University of Technology, China 40 40 Yoon-Bong Hahn, Chonbuk National University, South Korea Register today for this forward-thinking conference! www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 ceramics.org/bio2016 INNOVATIONS IN BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS 2016 CALL FOR PAPERS Submit your abstract by March 14, 2016 Ceramic and Glass Materials for Medical Implants, Medical Devices, and Tissue Engineering July 29-31, 2016 | Rosemont Hyatt, Chicago, III., USA The Innovations in Biomedical Materials 2016 meeting will emphasize collaboration between R&D, medical practitioners, and biomedical materials manufacturers/ marketers to better develop emerging technologies into marketable products. Three keynote speakers will be highlighted, immediately followed by an expert panel session where the audience can interact with renowned experts in the biomedical field. The six-track technical program provides a forum for scientists, engineers, medical professionals, and industrial researchers to discuss recent advances in the field of biomedical materials. PROGRAM CHAIRS: TRACKS: TRACK 1: Orthopedic Application - Where Are We? Where Do We Need to Go? Track 2: Dental and Maxillofacial Track 3: Track 4: Applications Material Needs for Medical Devices Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Track 5: Power Sources, Energy Harvesting, Power Transmission, and Telemetry Track 6: Implantable and Wearable Sensors Roger Narayan University of North Carolina, USA Alessandro Alan Porporati CeramTec GmbH, Germany ENDORSED BY: Markus Reiterer Medtronic PLC. USA Society For Biomaterials ELERS American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 41 new products Custom ceramic products he Rubis-Precis/Micropierre/High The a range of wear-resistant custom products made of ceramic materials, including zirconia, alumina oxide, silicon nitride and carbide, Zerodur, Macor, boron carbide, quartz, and sapphire. The company also offers custom machining of hard ceramics and other materials. Products include wire guides for metallic wires; cutting blades for abrasives textiles; wear components for space, aeronautic, and chemical industries; and various wear parts used in harsh conditions. Rubis-Precis/Micropierre/High Tech Ceram (Charquemont, France) rubis-precis.com +33-3-81-68-27-27 Heated thin-film applicator \"QC\'s new heated perforated vacuum TOC\'s new heated perforated va smooth and consistent thin films of paint, lacquers, and other materials on sample specimens. The aluminum vacuum table is anodized in hardcoat flat black to provide a durable and inert surface with absolute flatness. The table surface is perforated with a grid of small holes that holds the test specimen for proper drawdown when attached to a vacuum. The vacuum table has a built-in, digitally controlled heating mat that evenly heats the table to 100°C above ambient temperature. Paul N. Gardner Co. Inc. (Pompano Beach, Fla.) gardco.com 954-946-9454 Explosion-proof disperser offers Rexplosion-proof high-speed dispersers suitable for use in hazardous environments with flammable vapors, liquids, solids, or dusts. Mixers include safety systems that ensure the vessel is properly grounded before the agitator is allowed to operate. The sawtooth blade of the disperser creates vigorous flow in low- to medium-viscosity formulations under 50,000 centipoise. It generates a vortex on the liquid surface into which dry ingredients are added for quick wet-out. Charles Ross & Son Co. (Hauppauge, N.Y.) mixers.com 800-243-ROSS 113,2 με Fe Wireless coating thickness measurer lektroPhysik\'s \'s new SmarTest thickElektrophy\'s new Smart includes an app and a wireless sensor to measure coating thickness. The sensor combines exceptional precision in measuring and resistance to interference with the advantages of wireless technology. Digitally generated readings on the sensor are relayed by Bluetooth to a smartphone or tablet. An accompanying SmarTest app evaluates measurements, replacing conventional coating thickness gauges. Ceramco Inc. (Center Conway, N.H.) ceramcoceramics.com 603-447-2090 42 Centrifugal screen replacement ason\'s new K-Series replacement screen program is for all makes and models of centrifugal sifters. The company offers two types of replacement screens: K-Centri screen cylinders of durable wire or synthetic screen mesh for general purpose applications; and K-Duracyl screen cylinders of heavy-duty wedgewire screen or perforated plate screen for severe-duty jobs involving high material loadings, abrasive materials, high- and low-temperature conditions, and corrosive environments. New replacement screens are available, or damaged screen cylinders can be stripped and rescreened. Kason Corp. (Millburn, N.J.) kason.com 973-467-8140 Sapphire wafer carrier eller Optics\' new custom-fabricatally suited for thinning gallium arsenide and other semiconductor materials. The wafers, which have Moh 9 hardness, feature uniform thickness and parallelism and are available in diameters of 2-6 inches. Sapphire wafers are chip and scratch resistant, are impervious to solvents and etchants, can be produced as thin as 0.018 inch with 1.2 micron uniform thickness, and can be custom perforated to fit fixtures. Meller Optics Inc. (Providence, R.I.) melleroptics.com 800-821-0180 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 resources Calendar of events March 2016 6-11 Electric Field Assisted Sintering and Related Phenomena Far From Equilibrium – Tomar, Portugal; www.engconf.org/conferences 7-9 EDKG Annual Meeting and Symposium on High-Performance Ceramics - Freiberg, Germany; www.dkg.de/en/events 28-April 1 2016 MRS Spring Meeting and Exhibit - Phoenix Convention Center, Phoenix, Ariz.; www.mrs.org/spring2016 29-31 St. Louis/RCD 52nd Annual Symposium - Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; www.ceramics. org/sections/st-louis-section April 2016 3-6 5th Int\'l Directionally Solidified Eutectic Ceramics Workshop: DSEC V - Warsaw, Poland; www.dsec5.com 5-6 ACMA Composites Executive Forum - Washington, D.C.; www.acmanet.org 7-11 ICG XXIV Int\'l Congress Shanghai, China; www.icglass.org 17-21 MCARE 2016: Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy - Hilton Clearwater Beach Resort, Clearwater, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 25-29 43rd ICMCTF: Int\'l Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films - - San Diego, Calif.; www2.avs. org/conferences/icmctf 26-28 2nd Ceramics Expo - IX Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa.com 26-28 5th Ceramic Leadership Summit - Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramics.org May 2016 28-31 Structural Clay Products Division Meeting - Embassy Suites, North Canton, Ohio; www.ceramics. org/2016-scpd-nbrc-meeting 8-11 ➡ ICCPS-13: 13th Int\'l Conference on Ceramic Processing Science - Nara, Japan; unit.aist.go.jp/ifmri/tl-int/iccps13 10-12 78th Annual PEI Technical Forum - Louisville, Ky.; www.porcelainenamel.com 18-22 WBC2016: 10th World Biomaterials Congress - Montreal, Canada; www.wbc2016.org 22-26 Glass and Optical Materials Division Meeting 2016 - The Madison Concourse Hotel and Governor\'s Club, Madison, Wis.; www.ceramics.org/gomd2016 23-25 27th AeroMat Conference and Exposition - Meydenbauer Center, Bellevue, Wash.; www.asminter national.org/web/aeromat-2016 June 2016 19-24 PDC Workshop: Membranes, Coatings, Fibers, and Composites - Boulder, Colo.; www.polymerceramics.weebly.com 26-30 HTCMC 9 and GFMAT: 9th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites and Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development 2016 - Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada; www.ceramics.org 27-29 Electroceramics XV Limoges, France; www.electroceramics15.com July 2016 3-6 ➡ Microwave Materials and Their Applications - Seoul, South Korea; www.mma2016.com 11-13 7th Advances in Cement-Based Materials - Northwestern University, Evanston, III.; www.ceramics.org/7thadvances-in-cement-based-materialscements-2016 5-8 12th European SOFC and SOE Form: 20th Conference in Series with Exhibition - Kultureund and Kongresszentrum Lucerne, Switzerland; www.EFCF.com 10-13 3rd Int\'l Congress on 3D Materials Science 2016 - Pheasant Run Resort, St. Charles, III.; www.tms. org/meetings/2016/3DMS2016 17-21 6th Int\'l Conference on Recrystallization and Grain Growth Omni William Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.tms.org/meetings/2016/ ReXGG2016 25-26 Diversity in the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Professions Northwestern University, Evanston, III.; www.tms.org/meetings/2016/ diversity2016 28-31 Innovations in Biomedical Materials and Technologies Rosemont Hyatt, Chicago, III.; www.ceramics.org/biomed2016 31-Aug. 5 Gordon Research Conference on Ceramics and Solid State Studies - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 43 classified advertising Career Opportunities custom finishing/machining QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services consulting/engineering services DELKIC & ASSOCIATES High Temp Insulation CUSTOM MACHINING Machining of Advanced Ceramics Since 1959 Precision Machinery • Complex Shapes . INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS Exacting Tolerances • • Worldwide Services • • Energy Saving Ceramic Coatings & Fiber Modules ⚫ FERIZ DELKIĆ Ceramic Engineer P.O. 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DVD courses · Bioceramics: Advances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare .Sintering of Ceramics Surface Chemistry and Characterization of Bioactive Glasses Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety ⚫ ACerS-GMIC\'s Glass Melting Furnaces and Glass Melting Furnace Air Emissions Onsite short courses and targeted learning workshops . OSHA 10-hour Industrial Outreach Safety Course · Capital for High Growth Startups . On the Plant Floor: A Practical Guide for Leaders in the Manufacturing Plant Instabilities in Glass Nucleation, Growth and Crystallization in Glasses-Fundamentals and Applications Online tools ⚫ ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams database · ACers Bulletin archive · Technical Publications from ACerS - Wiley ceramics.org/learning The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Reliability, Competence & Innovation.... 110+ Years Designing and Manufacturing Technical Ceramic Components Oxide & Non-Oxide Materials TRADITION PROGRESS INNOVATION Visit us at: www.rauschert.com SONIC-MILL MACHINING THE UNMACHINABLE Your best source for: Multi-Hole Drilling-Ideal for gas discharge plates used in plasma etching and related applications. Whether it\'s ten holes or thousands of holes, we machine them perfectly and precisely. Deep-Hole Drilling-Ideal for optical fiber preforms and similar applications. We can drill high-quality, pre-polished, long, deep holes in most technical ceramics and glass materials. Machine Sales-Acquire your own drilling capabilities when you invest in Sonic-Mill® sinker or rotary ultrasonic drilling equipment, custom suited to your manufacturing applications. Located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 505.839.3535 www.sonicmill.com www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 32 Years of Precision Ceramic Machining • Custom forming of technical ceramics •Protype, short-run and high-volume production quantities • Multiple C.N.C. 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Connected and Experienced Globally Tel: +1 (810) 225-9494 sales@mohrcorp.com www.Mohrcorp.com Based in Brighton, MI USA maintenance/repair services CENTORR Vacuum Industries VI AFTERMARKET SERVICES Spare Parts and Field Service Installation Vacuum Leak Testing and Repair Preventative Maintenance Used and Rebuilt Furnaces 55 Northeastern Blvd, Nashua, NH 03062 Ph: 603-595-7233 Fax: 603-595-9220 sales@centorr.com www.centorr.com/cb Alan Fostier - - afostier@centorr.com Dan Demers ddemers@centorr.com CUSTOM HIGH-TEMPERATURE VACUUM FURNACES 46 Thermal Analysis Materials Testing Dilatometry Firing Facilities ■Custom Testing Glass Testing ■DTA/TGA Thermal Gradient ASTM Testing Refractories Creep ■Clay testing HARROP INDUSTRIES, INC. 3470 E. 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Ceramic/Materials Engineer, Research Engineer, Ceramics Instructor, Plant Manager, Maintenance Supervisor, Ceramic Salesperson, Glass Technologist, Furnace Designer, Kiln Superintendent, Ceramic Machine Shop Supervisor, Used Equipment... Place Your Ad in the Bulletin\'s Classified www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 ADINDEX *Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2016 Buyer\'s Guide DISPLAY ADVERTISER AdValue Technology* American Ceramic Society, The American Elements* Deltech Inc.* Gasbarre Products (PTX Pentronix) I Squared R Element Co. Inc.* Mo-Sci Corp.* Netzsch Instruments North America LLC+ Riedhammer GmbH TA Instruments* Thermcraft* www.advaluetech.com www.ceramics.org MARCH 2016 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin 17 Inside Front and Back covers, 10, 44 www.americanelements.com www.deltechfurnaces.com www.gasbarre.com www.isquaredrelement.com www.mo-sci.com www.netzsch.com Outside Back Cover 13 11 17 5 9 www.riedhammer.de 7 www.tainstruments.com 19 www.thermcraftinc.com 15 Winner Technology Co. Ltd. www.winnertechnology.co.kr 21 www.verder-scientific.com 3 Verder Scientific CLASSIFIED & BUSINESS SERVICES ADVERTISER Advanced Ceramic Technology 45 4444 www.advancedceramictech.com Bomas Machine Specialties Inc. www.bomas.com Centorr/Vacuum Industries Inc.* www.centorr.com/cb 46 Ceradyne, a 3M Company* www.3m.com/ceradyne 45 Delkic & Associates 904-285-0200 44 Detroit Process Machinery www.detroitprocessmachinery.com 46 Geller Microanalytical Laboratory Inc. www.gellermicro.com 46 Harper International Corp.* www.harperintl.com 45 Harrop Industries Inc.* 45,46 46 45 46 45 JTF Microscopy Services Inc. MayIn Industrial Ceramics Inc. Mohr Corp.* Netzsch Instruments North America LLC* PPT - Powder Processing & Technology LLC Quality Executive Search Inc.* Rauschert Technical Ceramics Inc. Sem-Com Company Sonic Mill Specialty Glass Inc. West Penn Testing Group Zircar Zirconia Inc. www.harropusa.com www.jtfmicroscopy.com www.malyn.com www.mohrcorp.com www.netzsch.com www.pptechnology.com www.qualityexec.com www.rauschert.com www.sem-com.com www.sonicmill.com www.sgiglass.com www.westpenntesting.com www.zircarzirconia.com 45 44 44 45 4 4 4 4 4 45 44 45 46 44 Call for Book Authors and A Editors CerS-Wiley seeks new authors or volume editors for textbooks, handbooks, or reference books on ceramics and glass related topics. Examples topics include, and are not limited to: oxides, non-oxides, composites, environmental and energy issues; fuel cells; ceramic armor; nanotechnology; glass and optical materials; electronic/functional ceramic technology and applications; advanced ceramic materials; bioceramics; ceramic engineering, manufacturing, processing, and usage; ceramic design and properties; and health and safety. Authors and editors of new, original books receive royalties on worldwide sales of their books, while editors of proceedings volumes receive complimentary copies of their books. In addition, all authors and editors are entitled to a discount on Wiley books. To learn more or to share an idea, please contact: Anita Lekhwani Senior Acquisitions Editor John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 Tel: 201-748-7740 Fax: 201-748-8888 E-mail: alekhwan@wiley.com Greg Geiger Technical Content Manager The American Ceramic Society 600 N. Cleveland Ave., Suite 210 Westerville, Ohio 43082 Tel: 614-794-5858 Fax: 614-794-5882 E-mail: ggeiger@ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-891-8960 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Marianna Bracht mbracht@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org WILEY 47 O deciphering the discipline A monthly column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). Theresa Davey Guest columnist Expanding my ceramic participated in the workshop. networks to reach around the world International conferences are a great opportunity to present to the wider community, network with individuals who are solving similar problems, and travel to new countries and institutions. As a Ph.D. student, attending conferences and workshops has been one of the most formative parts of my development as a graduate researcher. Because many ceramics graduate programs are small, students often do not have the opportunity to encounter other students with similar research interests. International meetings and workshops, however, provide opportunities to interact with peers from all over the world and build useful contacts and support networks. This is why ACerS Winter Workshop, held between the EMA and ICACC meetings in January 2016, was the most valuable meeting I have experienced. The Winter Workshop was incredibly international-students and young professionals from 27 institutions in 17 countries participated in the workshop, demonstrating the global extent of ACerS and the ceramics community. Graduate student and young professional attendees at various stages of their graduate careers As an attendee at the workshop, I had the opportunity to attend afternoon sessions on the final day of EMA 2016. I don\'t work with electronic materials, so I would not have attended this conference otherwise-but it was enlightening to attend technical sessions in a completely different field and to experience the personality of another meeting. EMA\'s concluding symposium, \"Failure, the greatest teacher,\" provided a welcome, yet unexpected, experience that enhanced student perspectives of the world of research. Workshop attendees also attended ICACC\'16 plenary lectures, which provided global insights into diverse themes of ceramics research. In addition to exposure to the technical meetings, Winter Workshop included informative technical lectures and professional development sessions. ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors and Young Professionals Network organized the professional development sessions, which helped bridge the terrifying gap between graduate studies and the world of work. As someone who is involved in ACerS student activities, I was able to discover additional resources available for the next stage of my career in ceramics. Winter Workshop sessions took place at CREOL, the College of Optics and Photonics at the University of Central Florida in Orlando. Many of the international students never had visited an American university campus and were blown away by its size and scalealthough it was reassuring to notice the same wood paneling that is apparently familiar to universities worldwide. The first Winter Workshop was undoubtedly a huge success. Attendees reiterated that it was the best opportunity that they have had to meet other students in ceramics and learn about their research. Although many attendees first interacted with ACerS through the workshop, they left wanting to become more involved in the Society. In addition, the European Ceramic Society supported many of the students at the workshop, enabling such a global experience that represented the diversity of the ceramics community. I\'m grateful that I had this invaluable opportunity to expand my peer network, socially and professionally. Theresa Davey is in the final year of her Ph.D. studies in the Department of Materials at Imperial College London in the United Kingdom, where she calculates phase diagrams of ultra-hightemperature ceramics. She is the communications chair of PCSA and is on the Executive Committee for the Global Graduate Researcher Network. Davey is an editor of the Imperial College student newspaper and plays women\'s rugby for the university team. Attendees at the ACers Winter Workshop 2016 gather at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Fla. 48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 95, No. 2 Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 16 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CALL FOR PAPERS SUBMIT YOUR ABSTRACTS BY MARCH 15, 2016 2 +ax 3 MATSCITECH.ORG Themes for 2016 include: Additive Manufacturing Biomaterials Ceramic and Glass Materials Electronic and Magnetic Materials Energy Fundamentals, Characterization, and Computational Modeling Iron and Steel (Ferrous Alloys) Materials-Environment Interactions Nanomaterials Processing and Manufacturing Special Topics SALSAL ENTERCITY SALT PALACE CONVENTION CENTER OCTOBER 23 - 27, 2016 Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY ASM INTERNATIONAL AIST. TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY AMERICAN 田 ELEMENTS metamaterials THE MATERIALS SCIENCE MANUFACTURER ® medicine electrochemistry nanorib catalog: americanelements.com cerium polishing powder yttrium atomic layer deposition crystal growth H thin film dysprosium pellets nanodispersions solid vanadium high purity silicon ro tant He surface functionalized nanoparticles semiconductors B 10.811 Boron 12.0107 Carbon N 14.0067 Nitrogen 15.9994 Oxygen 18.9984032 Fluorine 1.00794 refractotals ite catho con 19 Li Be 6.941 Lithium Na 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium diele Rb 85.4678 Rubidium CIGS CS rod 132.9064 Cesium Fr (223) Francium 12 20 38 88 9.012182 Beryllium Mg 24.305 Magnesium Ca 40.078 Calcium Sr 87.62 Strontium Ba 137.327 Barium 21 39 Sc 44.966912 nuclear Scandium Y 88.90585 Yttrium La 138.90547 Lanthanum Ra Ac 22 40 72 104 Ti 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium Hf 178.48 Hafnium Rf 23 41 73 V 50.9415 Vanadium Nb Niobium Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 42 106 Cr palladium shot 99.999% ruthenium sphere 51.9961 Chromium 25 43 27 28 Zn Mn Fo Co Ni Cu Z 54.938045 Manganese Mo Tc 95.96 Molybdenum W 183.84 Tungsten 75 107 (98.0) Technetium Re 186.207 Rhenium Db Sg Bh 44 108 Iron RU Ru 101.07 Ruthenium Os 190.23 Osmium Hs 77 109 Cobalt Rh 102.9055 Rhodium Ir 192.217 Iridium Mt 46 110 58.6934 Nickel 47 63.546 Copper 48 65.38 Zinc Pd Ag Cd 106.42 Palladium 107.8682 Silver 112.411 Cadmium Pt 195.084 Platinum Au Hg 196.966569 Gold 112 200.59 Mercury Ds Rg Cn 13 31 49 81 113 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum Ga 69.723 Gallium In 114.818 Indium TI 204.3833 Thallium Uut 14 32 50 82 Si 28.0855 Silicon 15 33 P 16 F CI 30.973762 Phosphorus 32.065 Sulfur Ge As 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead 114 FI 51 83 115 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth Uup 116 SS Se 78.96 Selenium Te 127.6 Tellurium Po (209) Polonium Lv (226) Radium (227) Actinium Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium (276) Meitnerium (281) (280) Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium (284) Ununtrium (289) Flerovium (288) Ununpentium (293) Livermorium photovoltaics Ce 140.116 Cerium spintronics super alloys Th 232.03806 Thorium nanofabrics platinum ink 91 europium phosphors 61 62 quantum dots 69 Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 140.90765 144.242 Praseodymium Neodymium Pa 231.03588 Protactinium (145) Promethium 94 150.36 Samarium 95 151.964 Europium 157.25 Gadolinium 97 158.92535 Terbium 100 53 85 117 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine 10 18 36 54 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon cerme anode iron lump liqui At Rn ionic (210) Astatine Uus 2 118 (222) Radon Uuo (294) (294) Ununseptium Ununoctium es neodymium foil 70 Yb Lu 167.259 Erbium 168.93421 Thulium solar energy 101 102 173.064 Ytterbium 103 174.9668 Lutetium 162.5 Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 93 98 U Cf 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) Plutonium (243) Americium (247) Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium Np Pu Am Cm Bk rare earth metals laser crystals anti-ballistic ceramics optoelectronics Nd:YAG macromolecules Es Fm Md No nickel foam titanium robotic parte biosynthetics nan Lr nano gels LED lighting tungsten carbide TM REINTENTED! 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