AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MARCH 2018 Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment DCLA) HPK Downloaded in Sumarchive.ieorg Micromilling for space applications | New NSF Ceramics awards A BROAD RANGE OF SPECIALTY ALUMINAS DESIGNED FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS With 120 years of expertise, ALTEO is a world leading fullyintegrated supplier of specialty aluminas for various markets such as ceramics (technical and tiles), refractories, special glass, flame retardant, etc. Our comprehensive product range incorporates hydrates, calcined aluminas, low soda aluminas as well as other high performance specialties. To ensure the best quality of products and services, ALTEO continuously invests in the latest production equipment, local storage and logistics, applied research and technical expertise. To know more, meet us at CERAMITEC - hall A6, stand 410 www.alteo-alumina.com Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org alteo A NEW WORLD OF ALUMINA contents feature articles application note cover story INSE March 2018 Vol. 97 No.2 21 Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment Refractory linings in glass furnaces are a critical component of glass-based applications, including encapsulation of nuclear waste through vitrification. Careful design of these lining materials can ensure safe and long-lasting methods of nuclear waste storage. by Kevin Selkregg World Materials Research Institutes 29 Forum addresses global materials science challenges Collaboration and cooperation in materials R&D of leading international laboratories enhances rapid employment of new ceramic and glass material technology solutions and products. by Nicholas Barbosa, Stephen Freiman, and Michael Fasolka 30 Micromilling of uniform nanoparticles for space applications Fritsch micromills have enhanced one NASA lab\'s ability to develop optimized ceramic nanoparticulate materials for demanding research projects, including energy storage and thermoelectric device applications. by Curtis W. Hill and Lee Allen 32 National Science Foundation awards in 34 the Ceramics Program starting in 2017 In FY 2017, the NSF Ceramics Program recommended support for 19 awards, 13 supplemental awards, two workshops/conferences, and cofunding of a Solid-State and Materials Research project. by Lynnette D. Madsen Ceramics Expo-A significant meeting of minds, materials, machines, and markets Ceramics Expo-May 1-3, 2018, at the I-X Center in Cleveland, Ohio-champions an industry that continues to make its mark in the enrichment of an array of engineering, manufacturing, scientific, and research communities. departments Letter to the editor 3 News & Trends. Spotlight... Research Briefs 7 11 17 columns Business and Market View .. 10 Radioactive waste management technologies and services projected to reach $21.3 billion by 2020 by Nikos Thomopoulos IMFORMED insights. 20 ........ 2018: Year of the Dog likely to live up to its name for Chinese mineral consumers by Mike O\'Driscoll Deciphering the Discipline ... 48 Glassy hillforts: Geoscience or materials science? Past or future? by Mostafa Ahmadzadeh meetings EAM 2018 recap 39 ICACC18 recap. 40 GOMD 2018. 41 42 MCARE 2018 42 Clay 2018 resources 43 377 New Products. Calendar Classified Advertising. Display Ad Index... 44 45 47 Downloaded from bulletin archief | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Faye Oney, Assistant Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, NASA Glenn Research Center Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Chair, Kansas State University Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Michael Alexander, President Sylvia Johnson, President-Elect William Lee, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 Doreen Edwards, Director 2016-2019 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian http://bit.ly/acerstwitter online www.ceramics.org March 2018 • Vol. 97 No.2 in g+ http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and recieve the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news straight to your inbox every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday! Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. eramic Bulletin BULLETIN BULLETIN bulletin Going Automotive bulletin ERAMIC Energy Hopesting archive introducing... CERAMIC BULLETIN the bulletin archive online! The American Ceramic Society is excited to announce that the entire ACerS Bulletin library—all 96 volumes, dating back to 1922—is now available online. With more than 1,100 fully searchable and downloable issue PDFs, the Bulletin Archive Online is a vast resource for all things ceramic and glass, from slip casting to sanitaryware to superconductors. archive Explore this vast resource today-access is free for ACerS members! www.ceramics.org/bulletinarchive American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 97, No. 2, pp 1- 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 letter to the editor Dear Editor, The title of the article \"Special benefits of bauxite for a stable porcelain microstructure...\", (J. Liebermann, ACerS Bulletin, 96 [7]) is misleading because it implies that porcelain is intrinsically unstable in service. This implication is false and could be detrimental to the porcelain insulator industry. Porcelain has been the industry standard for electrical power insulation for over 100 years and there are well-documented examples of insulators that have been in continuous service for over 50 years. There are several issues that challenge the legitimacy of this article: • Liebermann\'s assertion that crack extension from embedded quartz particles in porcelain is the cause of strength reduction is unsupported. The microstructures he presents are over-etched accentuating quartz-matrix cracking (and the magnification differences cause additional confusion). Evidence for microcrack growth is not presented and has never appeared in the literature-likely because it does not exist. A cursory review of residual stress conditions would demonstrate that crack extension is not expected.¹ • Liebermann misused Ref. 5 to support his argument and changed the figure captions (Figs. 3 & 4 in both articles). Fig. 3 is data from a single manufacturer (not \"various producers” as indicated in his text) and the data in Fig. 4 is from several manufacturers from the same study (not “alumina porcelain,” as indicated-see Table 1). His conclusions are also inconsistent with the results presented in Fig. 4: o Manufacturer “C” in Liebermann (“D” in Ref. 5 and in Fig. 3) extrapolates to ~50-year service lifetime; and o \"A\" and \"B\" extrapolate to over 100 years. o A service lifetime of 50-100 years is certainly “stable.” Frese and Pohlmann concluded that their results confirmed the assumption of long service life and reliability. (The incorporation of bauxite to fix porcelain is unnecessary.) • What causes the reported decrease in strength with time? Any hypothesis must be able to explain the differences between manufacturers and the strength distribution broadening. Degradation due to thermal cycling is impossible as the quartz inversion temperature is >500K above ambient. Ultrasonic velocity results (Ref. 5) stated no discernable differences between the insulators removed from service. This indicates no significant changes in the bulk microstructure. There is one plausible scenario: The glaze chemistry, and thus the chemical durability and resistance to weathering, differed between manufacturers when the insulators were produced (1964-1966–—the “new” data in Fig. 3). Glaze weathering would account for a decrease in strength and a broadening of the distribution, by the migration of the fracture origin from the body to the glaze. Small differences in glaze thickness-the new \"critical\" flaw-broadens the strength distribution. poor This seemingly innocent but ill-informed article could severely damage the electrical porcelain industry by the suggestion of performance and instability. It is understood that there is no peer review process, but poor science cannot be justified. How to address these potential issues in the future likely requires an open discussion. Reference: \'R. W. Davidge, Mechanical Behaviour of Ceramics, Cambridge University Press, Figs. 6.8a & 6.8c, page 87, 1979. William M. Carty, Ph.D. Table 1. Average tensile failure force (in kN) for five insulator manufacturers reported to be of at least 20 specimens (300 test specimens in total). Standard deviations were not provided. (Liebermann renumbered the datasets in Fig. 4, omitting Manufacturer “C”.) Extracted from Ref. 5 in Liebermann. (Thanks for H. Giesche for assistance in translation.) Manufacturer New 20 years 35 years Translated Comments (Original German text) John F. McMahon Professor A 242.9 220.6 224.7 Pure alumina Chair of Ceramic Engineering and Glass Engineering Science New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University (reine Tonerde) B 180.5 167.1 176.3 Quartz porcelain w/aluminosilicate (Quarzp. mit Tonerdeanteil) C 184.5 186.0 217.5 Pure alumina (reine Tonerde) D 182.9 161.0 150.0 Alumina with quartz (Tonerde mit Quartzanteil) E 183.0 178.0 158.7 Pure quartz porcelain Downloaded from bulletin-archief | www.ceramics.org (reines Quartzporzellan) 3 author response Dear Editor, Prof. Carty imputes a statement that was not made and would not be correct, if made. Nowhere in the article is there any hint that the alumina porcelain currently used in high-voltage engineering would be unsuitable, not matching the demands of application. On the contrary, in the introduction it was emphasized that with the transition from quartz to alumina porcelain a material was developed, which from the viewpoint of its initial and long-term strength guarantees the performance of high-voltage insulators on a new level, as required in use. However, this does not rule out the option to purposefully improve the material. It was the only goal and result of the work done to provide such a technical and economical optimization of this material type by use of bauxite, as alumina carrier. The options of optimization were demonstrated and proved. The first of these options consists of further improvement of the body microstructure to reduce the microstructure stresses. They occur in all ceramic materials with a multiphase microstructure containing crystalline and vitreous phases that differ in The American Ceramic Society products REFERENCE RESOURCES Introduction Table of Contents About Aether Retractors for Using CD REFRACTORY CERAMICS bülletin Go to www.wiley.com/ go/ceramics to view all books titles in the ACerS-Wiley series ENGINEERED CERAMICS CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS TATSUKI OHJI+MRITYUNJAY SINGH EDUCATIONAL COURSES... Air Emission Issues in Glass Melting Furnaces UNDERSTANDING WHY CERAMICS FAIL AND DESIGNING FOR SAFETY BIOCERAMICS Arbances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare Short Course Sintering of Ceramics Short Course www.ceramics.argsinteringevd PHASE WILEY Online Refractory Issues in Glass Melting Furnaces Taught by Chip Res PLUS MORE Online USB Online their coefficient of expansion. Additional external mechanical and thermal loads can increase the microstructure stresses, leading to microstructure damageby growth of microcracks, especially. This in turn may result in losses of strength. These phenomena quite undoubtedly appear in ceramics. of Quartz particles are characterized by expansion values and expansion anomalies, which both considerably differ from the other phases. Therefore, in particular, they cause higher microstructure stresses, which have a very negative impact on the long-term behaviour quartz porcelain, as demonstrated on Fig. 3. This is the only conclusion to be made from Fig. 3. On the contrary, Fig. 4 shows that alumina porcelains provide clearly better initial and, especially, long-term strength values. This gives a mechanical guarantee for their good performance in high-voltage insulation. This does not mean, however, that no improvement of mechanical properties can be achieved by further purposeful reduction of the portion of free quartz crystals in the microstructure. As shown by the data of Fig. 3, the use of bauxite as alumina carrier may perhaps be a way to achieve this goal. Furthermore, it was proved that the use of bauxite can give benefits for the firing process and a more economical utilization of raw materials. Thus, it will meet the intention of the paper that from mechanical and economical points of view it seems possible to still improve the properties of alumina porcelain by the purposeful use of bauxite. This was the sole goal and result of the work done. Final note-see also \"History of high-alumina electrical Insulators,\" M. Hartmann, Am.Cer. Soc. Bulletin, April 2014. For more information and pricing visit ceramics.org/products The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Johannes Liebermann Lichtenfels, Germany Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Your Kiln... A CUSTOM FIT! New process, new product? Old kiln no longer fits? When you outgrow your current kiln, call Harrop. Like a fine suit, Harrop kilns are made-to-measure so that they fit your exact needs. Harrop kilns are built to last so that you will enjoy \"wearing” them for years to come. And like a fine tailor, Harrop can often alter your old kiln so that it fits your current needs. Harrop kilns are designed and built at our facility in Columbus, OH. We can install your kiln at your site and provide commissioning and operator training a true turnkey supplier. Contact Harrop when an \"off-therack\" kiln won\'t do. BEEBEEFHE ECCCECE HARROP Fire our imagination Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.harropusa.com 1.614.231.3621 OVER 95 YEARS OF CERAMIC & GLASS RESEARCH AMERICAN SOCIETY Ceramic Bulletin archive BULLETIN AMERICAN THE. ARCHIVE CERAM AMIC FOUNDED 1899 ONLINE SOCIETY COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTION OF CONTENT www.ceramics.org/bulletinarchive Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org news & trends President\'s executive order could mean less dependence on critical mineral imports The United States Geological Survey recently identified 23 minerals, including rare earths, that are essential to the U.S. economy and national security and have the potential to pose a supply risk to the U.S. A quick look at highlights from ACerS Bulletin\'s recent annual commodity summary indicates that eight minerals related to the ceramic and glass industries are on the USGS list-and none are produced in the U.S., with the exception of lithium. But there may be some light at the end of the mineral mine tunnel. Just before Christmas, U.S. President Examples of rare-earth oxides: (clockwise from top center) praseodymium, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, and gadolinium. Donald Trump signed an executive order to \"reduce the nation\'s vulnerability to disruptions in the supply of critical minerals, which constitutes a strategic vulnerability for the security and prosperity of the United States,\" discover the healing power of glass BIOACTIVE GLASSES have the ability to bond to soft and/or hard tissue and are biodegradable in the body. Our staff of glass engineers and technicians can research, develop, and produce glass which is custom-made to fit your particular application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. www.mo-sci.com ⚫573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C . Downloaded from bulletin archiefer | www.ceramics.org mo.sci CORPORATION 7 Onews & trends according to section 3 of the executive order. \"The United States must not remain reliant on foreign competitors like Russia and China for the critical minerals needed to keep our economy strong and our country safe,\" Trump said in a statement reported in The Washington Post. The executive order has four initiatives: • • Identifying new sources of critical materials; • • Increasing supply chain activity-starting with exploration and mining to the end result of reprocessing and recycling; Ensuring that miners and producers have access to advanced geological and topographical data for the U.S.; and Streamlining leasing and permit processes to accelerate exploration, production, processing, reprocessing, recycling, and refining of critical minerals in the U.S. • China currently leads the world in the production of 20 out of the 23 critical minerals identified in the USGS listand that includes rare earth production. \"It is time for the U.S. to take a leading position,\" Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke says in The Washington Post article, referring to the production of minerals. \"And it\'s not that we don\'t have the minerals in the U.S. It\'s likely we do.\" The president asked the secretaries of several departments to provide a strategy for reducing U.S. reliance on critical materials, which includes assessing progress toward developing recycling and reprocessing technologies and creating technological alternatives to critical minerals. Although the federal government wants to do everything it can to increase production of critical minerals in the U.S., there may be hurdles to overcome-including limited availability of domestic reserves of a few minerals, according to commodities reporter William Clarke of Industrial Minerals. And Mountain Pass, the last U.S.owned rare earth mine, purchased by a Chinese consortium last year, still has not reopened. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org CES 2018 unveils latest tech to the world, from voice assist toilets to ceramic 3-D printers In mid-January, some of the world\'s most innovative, influential, and forward-thinking technology companies showcased their latest developments at the Consumer Electronics Show 2018 in Las Vegas, Nevada. With more than 180,000 attendees and 4,000+ exhibitors, CES is one of the largest tech shows in the world-which also means it is a prime place for companies to unveil their newest concepts, gadgets, devices, ideas, and prototypes to try to wow consumers. As far at tech goes, CES has it all-from totally useful to completely impractical, from low tech to extravagantly engineered, from affordable to exorbitant, from real science to pseudoscience, from startups to multimillion-dollar corporations. Impact One of the biggest trends on the 2018 show floor was, not surprisingly, that nearly everything is connected-whether the insole of your shoe, your ukele, or nearly any aspect of your home. Any task that can be automated probably already is, and nearly anything that you would want or not want-to connect to voice assistance probably does. And that includes your toilet. Of course, ceramic and glass materials were pervasively present in the tech on the CES 2018 show floor, although most companies were not focused on the materials themselves. There were exceptions, however, including Kwambio, a company that specializes in 3-D printing user-designed ceramic products. Kwambio just developed their own in-house 3-D printer, called Ceramo One, after several years of development. Kwambio says its binder jet ceramic printer serves the arts, design, Startups unveiled their electronics innovations to the world at Eureka Park at the Consumer Electronics Show 2018 in Las Vegas, Nev. Business news DOE announces funding for new HPC4Manufacturing industry projects (www.energy.gov)...Ghana president inaugurates $77M ceramics factory (www. businessghana.com)...Bricklaying robotics technology set to change the construction industry (https://particle.scitech.org.au)…… Boom in ceramic units in India puts pricing under pressure (https://timesofindia. indiatimes.com)...3M enforces patent rights in metal mesh conductor technology used in touch screens (http://news.3m. com)...Saint-Gobain takes leading position in Middle East insulation market (www. saint-gobain.com)...FutureWeld and Frontier Techni-Kote Industries announce merger (www.frontiergroupco.com)... Allied Mineral Products to own and supply select Graftech refractory products (www. alliedmineral.com)... Chemetall becomes BASF\'s new global brand for innovative surface treatment technologies (www. basf-coatings.com)...American Concrete Institute releases 2018 collection of codes, specifications, and practices (www. concrete.org)...AGC Glass North America to expand operations in Tennessee (www.agcglass.com) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Credit: ACerS NGK Credit: Gillie Rhodes; Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0 aerospace, energy, healthcare, and defense industries through its ability to additively manufacture a variety of ceramic materials for both printed objects and industrial molds. The company is now accepting preorders for Ceramo One, which will ship in the summertime. Major spark plug maker plans to shift focus towards solidstate batteries NGK Spark Plugs, the Japanese company that leads the global spark plug market, is turning its focus away from spark plugs and instead concentrating its efforts to develop solid-state batteries for electric vehicles, according to a recent Reuters article. \"We realized that it was inevitable that the industry would at some point shift from the internal combustion engine to battery electric vehicles, and that ultimately this could make our spark plug MATERIALS SELECTION (2) Q = 4-πT SM (EU) CH3 FAILURE ANALYSIS 0 CH Q&AA -N CH3 CH3 CH oog and oxygen sensor businesses obsolete,\" Takio Kojima, senior general manager of engineering and R&D at NGK Spark Plug, says in the Reuters story. \"Our expertise is in advanced ceramics, and so we have decided to pursue all solid-state batteries.\" NGK says it is working on NGK, a leading producer of spark plugs, recently announced that it will now focus on solid-state battery technology instead of spark plugs. a solid oxide-based ceramic electrolyte battery technology that can be scaled up into larger formats that would support electric vehicles. \"It\'s relatively easy to work in smaller sizes, but when you get to larger sizes it gets very difficult to assemble each layer because it\'s difficult to make each layer the same thickness,\" Hideaki Hikosaka, a member of NGK Spark Plug\'s solid state battery R&D team, says in the article. So NGK has engineered an additional material into the battery to offset those problems. The undisclosed material A QAA \"makes the electrolyte easier to process into larger, thin layers which are compressed, making them easier to stack with anodes and cathodes.\" \"It\'s because of the addition of that material that we\'re able to process layers using compression (rather than sintering) to make a bigger, oxide-based battery cell,\" Hikosaka explains in the story. So far, NGK says it has made a battery cell that is 10 cm x 10 cm, but the company is still developing ways to boost the battery\'s energy density to sufficiently enhance performance, with a target of having a more powerful, lighter, competitively price battery within the next few years. (R) Q = 4 πT SM @ CH3 Q&AA CH3 CH3 CH3 7009 MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION PROCESS OPTIMIZATION INNOVATION QUALITY ASSURANCE With over 100 years\' experience in ceramics and with pilot and manufacturing scale capabilities, our experts work with you to I optimize your current advanced ceramics products and develop those of the future. From materials selection and characterization, quality assurance, and product and process optimization to failure analysis and disruptive technologies, we are the partner you can trust. we\'ll give you the knowledge Downloaded from bulletin-archiefs. 2 | www.ceramics.org TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIPS MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES FLASH SINTERING Find out more at www.lucideon.com/ceramics LUCIDEON Materials Development and Commercialization 9 EAS business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. bcc Research Radioactive waste management technologies and services projected to reach $21.3 billion by 2020 By Nikos Thomopoulos acroeconomic and Ma _statistical data from various organizations estimate that total radioactive waste produced in 2015 reached around 42.4 million cubic meters. Quantities are expected to continue their positive growth rate at a projected five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.4%, reaching 50 million cubic meters by the end of year 2020. The global market for radioactive waste management technologies and services was worth an estimated $18.8 billion in 2015. This figure is expected to continue rising up to nearly $21.3 billion by the end of 2020 at a projected CAGR of 2.5%. The global radioactive waste market is segmented on the basis of technologies and services, including transportation and disposal services, remediation, containment, size reduction, decontamination and decommissioning services, stabilization and encapsulation technologies, and physical, chemical, and thermal technologies. Transportation and disposal technologies dominate the market at almost $3.2 billion, or 17% of total sales in 2015, and is projected to increase at a CAGR of 2.9% through 2020 (Table 1). Physical treatment technologies accounted for the second largest share of the market in 2015 at almost $3.0 billion (16%) due to simplicity of operation and low investment and operational cost. Containment and storage technologies, including traditional and wellDownloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org known methods for radioactive waste treatment, accounted for the third largest share of the market at $2.4 billion (12.8%). The projection for this market share segment is to remain almost constant until the end of 2020. Chemical treatment, decontamination and decommissioning, and thermal destruction and encapsulation technologies together accounted for more than 40% of the global market sales for 2015. Size reduction technologies and remediation technologies, although offering high efficiency, account for 13.4% of global market sales for 2015. converts contaminated soil to stable glass and crystalline solids, was expected to reach $98.5 million by the end of 2015 (Table 2). An estimated CAGR of 2.6% will bring the value of this market to about $112 million by the end of 2020. About the author Nikos Thomopoulos is a project analyst for BCC Research. Contact Thomopoulos at analysts@bccresearch.com. Resource N. Thomopoulos, “Radioactive waste management: Global markets\" BCC Research Report ENV029A, August 2015. www.bccresearch.com. Table 1. Global market for radioactive waste management by type of technology, through 2020 ($ millions) Type of technology Remediation technologies for radioactive waste treatment include six main categories of technologies: in-situ and ex-situ biological treatment, in-situ and ex-situ thermal technology treatment, and finally insitu and ex-situ physical and chemical treatment technologies. The global remediation technology industry reached almost $1.2 billion in 2015. 2015 2020 Transportation and disposal services Physical treatment Containment and storage Chemical treatment CAGR% 2015-2020 3,199.0 3,683.0 2.9 2,996.0 3,455.0 2.9 2,406.0 2,742.0 2.6 2,226.0 2,504.0 2.4 Decontamination and decommissioning 2,053.0 2,321.0 2.5 Thermal destruction 1,821.0 2,014.0 2.0 1,593.0 1,775.0 2.2 1,307.0 1,446.0 2.0 1,195.0 1,345.0 2.4 18,796.0 21,285.0 2.5 Stabilization and encapsulation Size reduction Remediation technologies Total From 2015 through 2020, the remediation technology market is expected to see a moderate growth of 2.4% CAGR, reaching $1.3 bil lion in 2020, because this type of technology will continue to be used for radioactive waste treatment mainly in Europe and North America due to low cost of operational and environmental protection. In-situ thermal treatment is the third largest market of remediation technologies used for radioactive waste treatment. Two main technologies are grouped under the in-situ thermal treatment classification: thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction and vitrification. The global market for in-situ vitrification, which Table 2. Global market for radioactive waste in-situ thermal treatment technologies through 2020 ($ millions) Type of technology Thermally enhanced soil vapor extraction In-situ vitrification Total 2015 2020 CAGR% 2015-2020 129.5 146.0 98.5 112.0 228.0 258.0 2.4 2.6 2.5 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 acers spotlight Society and Division news St. Louis Section/RCD 54th Symposium hotel reservation deadline is March 1 \"Refractories for the Cement, Glass, and Minerals Manufacturing Industry,\" is the theme of the 54th Annual Symposium on Refractories, sponsored by ACerS St. Louis Section and the Refractory Ceramics Division, which is set for March 21-22 at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel in St. Louis, Mo. A kickoff event-a night of food, drinks and games-will be held at the 99 Hops House at the Hollywood Casino on March 20. Program cochairs are Andrew Domann (Bucher Emhart Glass) and Steven Ashlock (Kyanite Mining Corporation). You can book your hotel room at a special rate of $111 (March 19-23) by mentioning the group code \"SCS.\" Call (314) 426-5500 or visit http://bit.ly/54th RCDHotel to make a reservation before March 1, 2018. For details about the event, visit http://bit. ly/54th RCDSymposium. Questions? Contact Patty Smith, psmith@mst.edu or (573) 341-6265. DCM Tech Rotary Surface Grinders March 20, 2018 5:00 p.m. Kickoff Event - 99 Hops House, Hollywood Casino March 21, 2018 7:15 a.m. 8 a.m. 8:15 a.m. 1 p.m. 4:45 p.m. Registration and coffee Welcome and introductions St. Louis Section vice chairman Chris Perry, Christy Refractories Refractory Ceramics Division chair Matt Lambert, Allied Mineral Products Co-program coordinators Andrew Domann, Bucher Emhart Glass Steven Ashlock, Kyanite Mining Corporation Morning technical sessions Afternoon sessions and presentation of the T.J. Planje St. Louis Refractories Award to Nancy E. Bunt, Kerneos Aluminate Technologies RCD annual members meeting 5-7 p.m. Exposition and cocktail hour 7 p.m. Dinner March 22, 2018 6:30 a.m. IG 380 SD Rotary Surface Grinder DCM Tech is a direct-to-consumer manufacturer of Rotary Surface Grinders built to meet our customer\'s requirements. 8:15 a.m. Noon Refractory Ceramics Division breakfast meeting Morning technical sessions Questions and discussion 12:30 p.m. St. Louis Section officer business meeting Est. 1975 Winona, MN EIG 380 SDE DCM MADE THE MADE IN THE USA Ceramics Expo Booth #359 800-533-5339 | www.dcm-tech.com Downloaded from bulletin archive frame. | www.ceramics.org 11 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) Theodore J. Planje Award Bunt | Nancy Bunt, senior market manager and global marketing manager of Kerneos Aluminate Technologies, a Division of Imerys, will receive the 2018 Theodore J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award. Bunt has held several leadership roles in ACerS Refractory Ceramics Division, including chair. She served on ACerS nominating committee and the Corporate Environmental Achievement Awards committee. Western New York Section chapter meeting is March 1 ACerS Western New York Section\'s first meeting of 2018 is scheduled for Thursday March 1, 2:45-7:00 p.m. at the Innovation Center at Praxair Technology Center, Tonawanda, N.Y. The meeting includes two presentations, an infrastructure tour, and buffet dinner. RSVP for the meeting by emailing Victoria Willard, VW2@alfred.edu before February 21. Names in the news Day presented with lifetime achievement award Marquis Who\'s Who presented ACerS past president and Distinguished Life Member Delbert Edwin Day with the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award. The Day award recognizes individuals for leadership qualities, outstanding achievements, career success, and noteworthy accomplishments. Day is Curators\' Professor Emeritus of Materials Science and Engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology and cofounder of Mo-Sci Corporation. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Petrucci appointed director of business development Petrucci Canon Parke EBL Products Inc. has appointed Russell Petrucci director of business development. His 34 years of experience includes design and manufacturing of A-scan and B-scan transducers for medical imaging and industrial NDT applications, as well as growing new global business opportunities for several leading industry piezomaterials manufacturers and suppliers. Paranthaman elected Fellow of National Academy of Inventors The National Academy of Inventors elected ACerS Fellow and Corporate Fellow researcher at Oak Ridge National Laboratory Paranthaman Parans Paranthaman, Fellow. The honor recognizes individuals for outstanding inventions that have made a significant impact on society. Lawson appointed general manager of Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation Lawson Carson Par Mark Lawson replaces Gary Childress as general manager of the Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation as Childress retires. Lawson brings more than 20 years of senior management experience with Elkay Manufacturing, Trigon International, and Tervis. Amine named to Web of Science Highly Cited List Amine Khalil Amine, materials scientist at the U.S. Department of Energy\'s Argonne National Laboratory, has been named to the Web of Science\'s Highly Cited List of 2017, ranking in the top one percent of his peers by citations and subject area. In memoriam Carlos Frick Joseph E. Neely David Griffith Wirth Jr. Some detailed obituaries can also be found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Awards and deadlines Congrats to winners of best student oral presentations and best student posters of EAM 2018! Poster competition First place Freeze casting of LAGP for 3D textured solid-state structured electrolytes, William Huddleston, Case Western Reserve University Second place Shape and size dependent phase transformations and field-induced behavior in ferro electric nanoparticles, Krishna Chaitanya Pitike, University of Connecticut Third place Mesoscale modeling of stress induced band-gap attenuation in ZnO nanowires, Lukasz Kuna, University of Connecticut www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Awards and deadlines (continued) Oral presentation competition First place The influence of electrode geometry on the average and local electrical responses of electroceramics, Richard Veazey, University of Sheffield Second place Understanding electrochemical and structural behaviors of irradiation induced defects in TiO2, Kassiopeia Smith, Boise State University Third place Exploring the rich defect chemistry of amorphous carbon using a combination of experiments and theory, Wesley Surta, Oregon State University Basic Science GEMS Awards deadline is March 15 Sponsored by ACerS Basic Science Division, the annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) Awards recognize outstanding achievements of up to 10 graduate students in materials science and engineering. The award is open to graduate students making oral presentations in any symposium at MS&T18. If interested, visit matscitech.org and submit your paper by March 15, 2018. Three awards have May 15 deadline Three prestigious Division awards have a May 15, 2018 nomination deadline. Award eligibility for each can be found at ceramics.org/awards. Glass & Optical Materials: Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award This award recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/or study in glass science or technology. The recipient receives a plaque, $500, and free MS&T registration. Electronics: Edward C. Henry Award This annual award is recognizes an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the ACerS Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. The author(s) receive a plaque and $500 (split between authors). Electronics: Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship This $2,000 tuition award encourages academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics/materials science and engineering. The 2018 essay topic is \"Tailoring Material Properties through Defect Engineering for Electronic Ceramics.\" Visit www.ceramics.org/awards for nomination forms. Contact Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics.org with any questions. Downloaded from bulletin archief | www.ceramics.org Member spotlight ACerS Fellow continues to learn at age 100 By Faye Oney Rose |ACerS Fellow Ralph Rose may have reached a milestone birthday, but that has not slowed down his memory or curtailed his desire to continue his education. He recently turned 100 years old and was happy to talk about his career, achievements, and especially his time at ACerS. Rose entered Ohio State University during the Depression, and was required to complete four years of ROTC. His interests and strengths lied in physics, chemistry, and math, so he enrolled in the engineering college, initially without a specific major. After exploring job opportunities, Rose chose ceramic engineering. \"We all had to take an introductory course, which was a synopsis of what engineering consisted of,\" Rose recalls. \"I was interested in chemical engineering.\" But before he decided to choose that path, he researched the job market for chemical engineering graduates. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. IR -- Over 50 years of service and reliability 53 1964 - 2017 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 13 acers spotlight Member spotlight (continued) \"I found out that not all of the chemical engineering graduates had been placed in jobs,\" he says. “So I checked out ceramics, and found out that by September after [the previous] graduation year, everyone had a job. So I went into ceramics without knowing much about it.\" Rose remembers there were only three professors in the entire department. \"In those days they educated us to be engineers working in small ceramic companies, where there would be one engineer on staff,\" he explains. After serving in WWII from 19421945, Rose\'s first professional job was as a research engineer for Battelle in Columbus, Ohio, working on sponsored research projects for commercial companies. Since then he\'s held several jobs, but he says his most rewarding was at H.K. Porter and Company, where he was involved in helping to build a plant that extracted magnesia from seawater. \"Process design of the plant and products was the job I enjoyed the most,\" he says. ACers involvement included promoting abstracts Wanting to get more involved in his field, Rose joined ACerS in 1940 as a student, and was a member of the Refractories Division. During his time at Battelle, he became chairman of the Central Ohio Section. When he moved to Philadelphia for a new job, he became chairman of the Philadelphia Section. Although he attended national meetings on a regular basis, he enjoyed being more involved in the local sections. Rose even worked as a paid employee for ACers between 1946-1951, putting together a column in the ACerS Bulletin to promote abstracts. \"The purpose was to give members information on abstracts from technical presentations in local and national meetings,\" he explains. \"I wanted to bring attention to the various projects in different fields.\" Rose holds several patents, including one for development of a glass polishing compound and one for a method of metal cladding for basic refractories. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org He was married for 72 years until his wife Ruth passed away in 2013. They have five children, seven grandchildren, and five great grandchildren. Today, Rose lives outside of Harrisburg, Pa., where his favorite pastime is listening to nonfiction books on tape. \"I\'ve been reading about astrophysics, medicine, and archaeology,” he says jokingly. “I\'m getting my Ph.D. at the age of 100!\" Rose reflects on his life and career with fond memories, knowing it has been one of hard work, family love, striving for education and the American dream, service to his community, and professional achievement. \"All of the jobs I held amounted to problem-solving jobs,\" he says. \"I found it to be a very interesting career.\' \" New Corporate Partner program enjoys successful first year ACerS Corporate Partner program, launched in January 2017, completed its first successful year. The new program, designed to increase member company engagement and exposure in Society activities, provides added value in three key areas: marketing and business development, professional development, and technical resources. Rather than a membership dues structure based on staff size, the new program is based on each company\'s desired level of engagement. “One of our goals is to build stronger partnerships with member companies,\" director of membership Kevin Thompson explains. \"The response has been very positive. We thank all our partners who made the transition from the old program.\" Three levels of corporate partnership include Corporate Partner, Sapphire Partner, and Diamond Partner. Following are Diamond and Sapphire partners, with a complete corporate partner roster on ACerS website, including contact information and company description. To learn more about ACerS Corporate Partnership program, visit http://bit.ly/ CorpPartnership. Diamond Partners ALTEO Gardanne Harrop Industries Morgan Advanced Materials Mo-Sci Corp. National Center for Manufacturing Sciences Saint-Gobain SCHOTT North America Inc. Superior Technical Ceramics Sapphire Partners II-VI Optical Systems Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute CeramTec GmbH Coors Tek Kyocera McDanel Advanced Ceramic Technologies Specialty Glass Inc. Trans-Tech Unimin Zircar Ceramics Welcome receptions introduce new members to ACerS ACerS Member Services Committee introduced new receptions at EAM 2018 and ICACC18 to welcome new ACerS members at each conference. More than 30 new members gathered at EAM 2018 for afternoon refreshments and dessert, while more than 150 were welcomed at ICACC18 with complimentary beverages and appetizers following Monday\'s technical sessions. The receptions gave new members the opportunity to meet and network with one another while learning about ACerS and the many benefits of membership. \"This was a big hit,\" Member Services Committee chair Kristin Breder exclaimed. \"We scheduled it for just one hour, but people stayed for more than 1.5 hours because they were having so much fun meeting and mingling with other new members.\" Based on their successful debut, new member receptions will be a part of future conferences. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Students and outreach TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: • CVD SIC Etch & RTP rings • CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • Sintering, Debind, Annealing Credit: Ashley Hilmas Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com AdValue Technology Sharon Uwanyuze and Mark K. King Jr. beat nearly 20 competitors to win the first SIFT competition. Congrats to competition winners at ICACC18! Sharon Uwanyuze and Mark K. King Jr., both from the University of Alabama, won the first Student Industry Failure Trial (SIFT) competition at ICACC18, hosted by ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors. Materials data were collected for previously failed ceramic parts from industry, which participants analyzed to determine the material and how the parts failed. Students then suggested possibilities for material improvement. Congratulations Sharon and Mark! Show your expertise in ACerS Next Top Demo competition Show off your demonstration skills! Get a group of fellow students together and submit a video of a ceramic or glass outreach demonstration. ACerS Next Top Demo is a virtual competition organized by ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors to help educate the public while advertising the community outreach that you and your university/group already perform. Visit www.ceramics.org/pcsademo to find out how to compete and send video submissions. Deadline is April 27, 2018. Downloaded from bulletin archive frame. | www.ceramics.org Your Valuable Partner In Material Science! Powder Tubing Sapphire Tubing Plate Alumina Crucible Alumina Sample Pan • Boat Sapphire Sample Pan Sapphire Substrates Alumina Powder & Parts Sapphire Products Powder Wool Crucible Tubing Custom Quartz from Sand to Wool & Fused Quartz Components Cerium Oxide Polishing Powders Agate Mortar UV Quartz Cuvettes Zirconia Crucibles Ceramic Membrane Other Supplies for Material Processing and Characterization Http://www.advaluetech.com Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A 15 acers spotlight CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION (Credit all images: ACerS) Winter Workshop at ICACC18 featured ceramics experts, career development, and networking Student Winter Workshop 2018 Ceramic and glass students from around the world had an opportunity to learn, share knowledge, hone professional development skills, and network at ACerS Winter Workshop at ICACC18, January 19-23 at the Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort in Daytona Beach, Fla. This year, the European Ceramic Society (ECerS) provided 16 travel grants for international students. A total of 52 students participated in the event. The Winter Workshop featured experts on the topics of: • • Advanced ceramics-Victoria Blair, Army Research Lab; Armor ceramics-Lionel Vargas-Gonzalez, Army Research Lab; Bioceramics-Marta Cerruti, McGill University; and Ceramic coatings-Bryan Harder, NASA Glenn Research Center Clive Randall of Penn State University delivered a special presentation, \"Humanitarian materials engineering.\" HEROES AND LEGENDS Another session featured speakers and activities on professional development. Ceramics career panelists, ranging from academia to industry, led interactive discussions on career paths taken by successful members of the ceramics field. Participants also enjoyed a tour of the Kennedy Space Center. Winter Workshop participants could attend all ICACC events, which showcased cutting-edge research and product developments in all aspects of ceramics. The Winter Workshop was made possible through the support of the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors, Young Professionals Network, and ECerS. Mark your calendars for next year\'s Winter Workshop, held in conjunction with ICACC19 at Daytona Beach, Fla., January 27-31, 2019. Aste UNITED STATES HAL FAM ING D Winter Workshop participants enjoyed a tour of Kennedy Space Center. Networking with fellow ceramic and glass students is a big part of Winter Workshop. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 research briefs Rethinking optical fiber glasses and what it will take to pump more data into our phones Light is a $7.5 trillion industry driven largely by demand for information transmission and storage, with an estimated contribution of $19 billion from the United States-based photonics industry in 2014. Statistica reports that in 2015, for the first time, the number of cell-phone-only American households exceeded the number of homes with landlines. The trend of trading landlines for wireless phones shows no sign of stopping. However, growing market demand for wireless service and faster transmission of more data is bumping up against the limits of the material properties of optical fibers. \"Present fiber-based communication and high-energy laser systems are limited in the level of optical power that can be propagated,\" says Clemson professor John Ballato in the introduction of a new paper. Limitations in power scalingpushing more light/data through a fiber-arise from optical phenomena such as stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, transverse mode instabilities, nonlinear refractive index, and other phenomena related to wave mixing. ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION O Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac GASBARRE ELECTRIC PRESSES Precision & Efficiency with a Light Footprint HYDRAULIC PRESSES Simple to Complex Parts, Intuitive & Flexible Setup MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing GASBARRE 590 Division Street | DuBois, PA 15801 PRESS GROUP 814.371.3015 | press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com Credit: Clemson University Greenlee Diamond Tool Company Where old fashioned values meet modern day engineering. Clemson University professor John Ballato and former graduate student Stephanie Morris (now a research scientist with Corning International) studying optical properties of a new type of optical fiber. Research News Manufacturing porous silicon carbide Researchers at Technische Universität Wien (Vienna, Austria) have succeeded in developing a method for controlled manufacture of porous silicon carbide. To demonstrate the potential of this new technology, the researchers integrated a special mirror that selectively reflects different colors of light into a silicon carbide wafer by creating thin layers with different degrees of porosity. The technique makes it possible to produce a complex structure of silicon carbide layers with higher and lower levels of porosity, which is finally separated from the bulk material by applying a high voltage pulse. The thickness of individual layers can be selected to reflect certain light wavelengths particularly well, resulting in an integrated, color-selective mirror. For more information, visit www.tuwien.ac.at. Downloaded from bulletin archief | www.ceramics.org For ALL of your diamond grinding Contact us: needs (866) 451-3316 http://www.green leediamond.com/ Innovators since 1946 Come see us at IMTS: North Building, Level 3 Booth: 237207 17 research briefs This collection of “nonlinearities\" creates problems for optical engineers. Thus far, optical engineers have gotten around these materials limitations by manipulating the signals or by distributing light intensity across a larger cross-section to keep intensity below the threshold that stimulates nonlinearities. However, these tactics do not address the root cause of limitations of silica-based optical fibers. Ballato and his team are taking a different approach-searching for new materials and processes to fabricate fibers with intrinsically low optical nonlinearities. \"A materials approach is arguably the more direct and efficient route since the interaction of the light with the material is where the nonlinearities fundamentally originate,\" he says in a new paper. The paper is the first of four new papers in an open-access \"trilogy\" by Ballato and collaborators on their work developing a unified approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fibers. The four-article series communicates a trilogy of ideas. The first paper evaluates the nonlinearities problem by describing thermodynamics of optical scattering. The second and third papers (part 2 of the trilogy) dive into glass science The sheer size of the optical fiber industry means change will be challenging and costly. But which change is more likely-that the market will cease to demand more data transmission, or that industry will change to meet market demand? The articles are all open-access in the International Journal of Applied Glass Science. \"A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. I. Thermodynamics of Optical Scattering\" (DOI: 10.1111/ijag. 12327) \"A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. II. A. Material Additivity Models and Basic Glass Properties,\" (DOI: 10.1111/ijag. 12328) \"A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. II. B. The Optical Fiber, Material Additivity and the Nonlinear Coefficients,\" (DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12329) • \"A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. III. Canonical Examples and Materials Roadmap,” (DOI: 10.1111/ijag. 12336) and additivity models that determine properties and nonlinear- Nanoindentation experiments reveal porous partiity. The fourth paper offers a path forward with examples and a materials roadmap. In the course of the trilogy, Ballato et al. conclude that silica-based glasses still are the best materials for efficient optical transmission. However, the compositional adjustments needed are not compatible with traditional CVD preform processing. Instead, the team proposes a \"molten core\" fabrication process, where a molten core glass surrounded by a clad glass are pulled directly into a fiber. Because the core is molten and quenches so quickly during fiber fabrication, compositions can result that are not feasible using conventional methods. \"The papers are, perhaps not surprisingly, somewhat provocative. For our industry friends, where transitions to new systems/methods is not feasible (or desired), we plan another paper that is more tailored to your processes. That said, the trends discussed, even taken in small increments, could still have beneficial impacts,\" Ballato writes in an email. Research News Structural disorder in oxide semiconductors A research team at Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea has revealed the causes of structural disorder and defects of electrons due to fatigue accumulation occurring when oxide semiconductors are driven at high speed. The team found that asymmetric electron flow disturbance causes fatigue accumulation by applying two methods simultaneously: a reliability evaluation method that injects AC signals similar to the signals applied in an integrated circuit in various frequencies and a method of evaluating the fatigue accumulation phenomenon in integrated devices. The discovery is expected to help develop core technologies that minimize errors in information processing and data transmission in all electronic products. For more information, visit http://en.dgist.ac.kr. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org cle size matters for assembled material toughness Porous particles are important in a host of materials and applications, including drug delivery, insulation, catalysis, chromatography, filler materials, construction materials, and ceramics. But, despite their importance and potential applications, the mechanical properties of such porous particles are often ignored. Now, after collecting extensive data, researchers at Rice University (Houston, Texas) can definitively say that, when it comes to porous nanoparticles, size matters-and, in the process, they have made some surprising discoveries about how size affects the materials\' intrinsic properties. the Using uniformly porous calcium-silicate nanoparticles with diameters ranging 150-550 nm and pore sizes of 2-4 nm, scientists found that larger particles behave differently under pressure than smaller ones. Using a nanoindenter, they tested Topological materials boost thermoelectric efficiency Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.) have discovered a way to increase the efficiency of thermoelectric devices threefold using \"topological\" materials with unique electronic properties. The researchers studied thermoelectric performance of tin telluride, aiming to understand the effect of nanostructuring on its thermoelectric performance by simulating the way electrons travel through the material. The team found that the material\'s ability to conduct electricity under a temperature gradient is largely dependent on electron energy. With smaller grain sizes, higher-energy electrons contribute much more to the material\'s electrical conduction than lower-energy electrons, as they are less likely to scatter against grain boundaries. This results in the ability to generate a larger voltage difference. For more information, visit www.news.mit.edu. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 10 μm 5 μm New Optical Dilatometer Platform ODP 868 The only optical dilatometer featuring a multi-directional optical bench with patented technologies for the most accurate dilatometry, heating microscopy, and fleximetry. Thin (left) and thick films made of porous nanoparticles of calcium and silicate reacted differently under pressure as tested in a Rice University lab. how assembled films and compacted pellets of the variousdiameter nanoparticles held up under pressure. The data, the result of more than 900 nanoindentation experiments, shows that self-assembled films of larger calciumsilicate nanoparticles are 120% tougher than those assembled from smaller particles of the same composition and porousness. \"This means that larger submicron calcium-silicate particles are tougher and more flexible compared with smaller ones, making them more damage-tolerant,\" senior researcher Rouzbeh Shahsavari says in a Rice University news release. Shahsavari completed the study with graduate student Sung Hoon Hwang, who together also recently wrote an interesting article about innovative concretes in the January/February 2018 issue of the ACerS Bulletin. \"Usually the common perception in nanomaterials is that smaller is better (such as in metallic systems), but our results were the opposite,\" Shahsavari explains in an email. “This new knowledge can help to better create and use either individual version of these particles, for example for drug delivery-or their collected behavior, such as in self-healing applications and bone-tissue engineering.\" In addition to size, however, the scientists also showed that assembly of those nanoparticles matters, too. The nanoparticle size effect they measured with self-assembled films disappeared when the researchers tested compacted samples of the nanoparticles, highlighting important intrinsic differences depending on how a material is prepared-even when it is prepared from the same starting nanomaterial. That is an important point for ceramic materials, which are often compacted from small porous particles. \"The results can be helpful in generalizing to any porous particles materials where the relationship between three factors—particle size, pore size, and mechanical properties-are often not intuitive but very important,” Shahsavari writes in an email. \"This interrelationship we found is akin to the role of \'structure-property\' design maps in metallic systems or other material classes. Overall, what we found paves the path for discovering composition-structure-property design maps for porous inorganic materials and ceramics.\" The paper, published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, is \"Intrinsic size effect in scaffolded porous calcium silicate particles and mechanical behavior of their self-assembled ensembles\" (DOI: 10.1021/acsami. 7b15803). Downloaded from bulletin-chief | www.ceramics.org For the complete characterization of raw materials, semifinished products, and process optimization TA www.tainstruments.com Two brand names with trust Growing dramatically NGK through advanced SPARK PLUGS technologies and superior qualities. Harnessing the power of ceramics to make breakthroughs. New values for industries and daily lives. NTK TECHNICAL CERAMICS NGKINTK TECHNICAL CERAMICS SPARK PLUGS NGK SPARK PLUG CO., LTD. IGNITE YOUR SPIRIT 19 O IMFORMED insights A snapshot of ceramic and glass raw material markets and trends from a non-metallic minerals industry expert. Mike O\'Driscoll Guest columnist 2018: Year of the Dog likely to live up to its name for Chinese mineral consumers We are entering the Chinese New Year of 2018-the Year of the Dog-a festival that officially lasts February 16March 2, 2018. Many Chinese ceramic mineral consumers in the West also hope that it will be a time to take stock and perhaps see what might be in store regarding China\'s mineral supply outlook for the rest of the year. Since the mid-1980s, China has been the world\'s dominant supplier of a range of important ceramic, abrasive, and refractory minerals, such as bauxite, fused alumina, fluorspar, kaolin, graphite, magnesia, refractory clays, silicon carbide, talc, and wollastonite. All that may be about to change. The closing months of 2017 witnessed an unprecedented period in Chinese mineral trade, particularly regarding refractory and abrasive export minerals-Chinese producers were struggling to reassure customers that they could maintain future supplies of grades in demand. The problem remains that they cannot-and even the few in a position to continue supply for export markets were having a challenging time trying to fix prices into 2018. This is a nightmare for western traders and consumers, whose normal practice of fixing annual forward contracts simply dissolved as 2017 wore on. Few were lucky to get Q1 2018 contracts concluded. There are three primary causes for this extraordinary state of affairs, driven by the strategy of China\'s president Xi Jinpeng (who was recently rebooted for another five years by the October 2017 Congress). The situation evolved in early 2017 and climaxed towards the year\'s end: a countrywide and robust program of anti-pollution control on industrial plants; a ban on normal provision of dynamite; and an across the board clean-up of illegal and unlicensed operations. The net effect has significantly hit the mineral and ceramics industries, with plant closures (a few refractory mineral plants have reopened since they met environmental standards, but there have been province-wide closures in Shanxi and Henan, which host most bauxite and alumina calcination and fusion plants) and reduced primary raw material availability owing to little or no drilling and blasting at mines. In addition, certain suppliers lacking correct documents, licenses, and tax payments are facing business closure. The upshot has been acute shortages in supply and soaring prices for export minerals, causing panic among traders and consumers. As January 2018 came around, refractory-grade brown fused alumina was pushing through $800/tonne free on board (FOB), with abrasive grades priced at $850/tonne FOB. Calcined bauxite 86-88% Al₂O, ranged $470-500+/ tonne. Fused magnesia remained at >$1,000/tonne FOB. Some fusion plants have reportedly resumed production in January 2018, but the brown fused alumina shortage is expected to last another two or three months at least. Unlike past cycles of Chinese mineral supply ups and downs, which were relatively short-lived, this time is differentforces impacting the mineral industry are driven by the central government and appear to have long-lasting intent. January 2018 witnessed the implementation of a new environmental tax penalizing plant emissions, a new cost input to the complex and unpredictable anatomy of Chinese mineral pricing. End of year feedback suggested that perhaps by the end of the Chinese New Year, or maybe mid-2018, some of the dust may settle and things can clear somewhat. However, others are bracing themselves for a long haul of short supply and high prices through 2018 and into 2019. Indeed, for western Chinese ceramic mineral consumers, the Year of the Dog may seem an apt description for the next 12 months. About the author Mike O\'Driscoll is director of IMFORMED and has over 30 years of experience in the industrial minerals business. IMFORMED has conferences this year covering mineral recycling, magnesia, fluorspar, and China\'s abrasives and refractory minerals-see www.imformed. com for more information. Contact O\'Driscoll at mike@imformed.com. The Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org JVM www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment By Kevin Selkregg 7 Refractory linings in glass furnaces are a critical component of glass-based applications, including encapsulation of nuclear waste through vitrification. Careful design of these lining materials can ensure safe and long-lasting methods of nuclear waste storage. Downloaded from bulletin-archief | www.ceramics.org O bulletin cover story he role of glass in mod☐ ern society is evident everywhere-from windows and wine. bottles to car windshields and durable device touchscreens. Industrial glass manufacturers require highly engineered high-temperature furnaces to contain glass in its molten state (3,000°F-3,200°F, or 1,600°C-1,800°C) so that convections in the melter allow proper mixing as well as melting of incoming raw batch materials. After the refining process, in which dissolved gases are allowed to escape, the glass has a chemical homogeneity ready for formation of the final article. This molten glass must be contained by a refractory lining in the furnace to allow safe operation over an extended time period to economically and efficiently manufacture high-quality glass products. Evolution of glass furnace refractory linings Toward the end of the 19th century, fireclay, a bonded alumina refractory, was the glass furnace refractory lining of choice. This progressed to a better quality of fireclay, and later, the refractory lining package included bonded silica brick, which easily dissolved but did not affect glass quality. However, the furnace life of glasscontact silica refractory was only 8-12 months. In the early 20th century, sillimanite (Al2O3 · SiO2) and then mullite (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) found their way into use as bonded refractory materials that performed better than fireclay and silica bricks.¹² Typically, these refractory materials are pressed with binders to maintain geometry and fired at high temperatures to create a bonding phase for strength. These refractory bonded shapes typically have a porosity (~10-15%) that will severely reduce corrosion resistance in contact with a slag or glass at high temperatures, not to mention high solubility of their components. Enter the advent of a refractory manufactured by fusing molten oxide powders at high temperatures (~3,800°-4,000°F). The process of fusion casting bypasses conventional bonding of refractory bodies mentioned earlier by developing crystalline intergrowths capable of exceptional corrosion resistance due to high density of the body. The batch, after dry blending, is fed to an electric arc furnace for fusion by energy released in arcresistance paths. The furnace melting the material tilts to pour this liquid into molds designed for final applications.3 Monofrax LLC pioneered this technology in the late 1930s with high-alumina fused cast refractory materials and, later, many compositional evolutions. 21 Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment (A) 122 123 125 UN U OV CHARL UGA (B) 13 14 15 16 17 18 (C) Figure 1. (A) New AZS furnace lining during inspection before delivery and installation. (B) Corroded AZS furnace lining after 6.5 years of service in a soda-lime glass furnace. (C) Close-up of a corroded AZS furnace lining panel after 6.5 years of service in a soda-lime glass furnace. After the Second World War, the refractory of choice for lining glass furnaces soon became a material called AZS, an acronym for a composition consisting of alumina, zirconia, and silica. Manufacture of fusion-cast AZS resulted in a refractory material with low porosity (~1%), high density, and good corrosion resistancecritical factors to extend life of the glass furnace. The material increased furnace life from 18 months to 3-5 years, allowing furnaces to operate at higher temperatures and at greater throughput. 1,2 ~ Corrosion resistance of AZS results from its low porosity and high density, as well as the presence of zirconia, a highly insoluble phase. Even though the AZS refractory lining in contact with glass extends high-temperature glass furnace life dramatically over bonded refractory materials, furnace life cannot continue indefinitely. Corrosion and erosion of the lining will occur, eventually curtailing furnace operation until the lining is repaired or replaced. Figure 1A shows a new AZS furnace lining before delivery and installation, contrasted with a corroded AZS furnace lining after 6.5 years of service in a sodalime glass furnace in Figures 1B and 1C. Capsule summary CONTAINMENT Disposal of nuclear waste is a complex problem-one solution is vitrification, in which glass is used as a containment medium to stabilize radioactive waste. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Glass quality in soda-lime, borosilicate, and high alumina-silica glass compositions is critical to achieve clarity and strength because, without these properties, the items of interest will fail in their designed applications. This places high demand for quality refractories in contact with glass to not alter critical properties of the glass by refractory defects and dissolved refractory components. The images in Figure 1 of corroded AZS fused cast refractory lining are a revealing testament to the erosion of refractory linings during a glass furnace campaign. The final glass article, be it a bottle or window, will actually have some trace of the refractory components (e.g., ~0.07% ZrO2) dissolved in its structure, although at a level that does not affect required glass clarity and strength. Refractory lining in a typical glass furnace is designed to account for the types of corrosion encountered at molten glass contact or by corrosive vapor species in nonglass contact regions at temperatures of ≥2,700°F (1,500°C). The philosophy in glass furnace refractory design is to ensure corrosion equivalency of differing refractory DESIGN As with industrial glass furnaces, refractory designs for nuclear waste vitrification melters call for a variety of refractories that corrode equivalently. Refractory linings in the glass furnace are a critical component of molten glass containment for glass articles. materials in the whole furnace, so the term of the campaign is not prematurely interrupted due to a single refractory region failure. There are many compositional varieties of fusion-cast refractories available beyond AZS, such as high zirconia, high alumina, magnesium spinel, and chrome-magnesium-aluminate castings. Monofrax LLC supplies several compositional groups (~12 currently) to diverse glass manufacturing industries, including flat glass, containers, fiberglass, and, more recently, tough, thin glass touchscreen surfaces for electronic devices. AZS fused cast materials such as Monofrax CS-3 and CS-5 are typical glass contact and non-glass contact mateLONGEVITY Nuclear applications have already generated thousands of tons of nuclear waste, and that amount will continue to increase. Although operational challenges still exist in melters, vitrification provides a proven method of nuclear waste storage. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Credit: Monofrax rials, while high-alumina materials such as Monofrax M and H are used in lower temperature glass contact refiner and distributor regions. Chrome/alumina/magnesia-bearing materials, such as Monofrax K-3 and E, are often used in weir walls and throat cover blocks, which require the highest level of corrosion resistance and can tolerate potential chrome coloration. Clarity to containment On December 2, 1942, a team of 49 scientists, led by Enrico Fermi, proved that a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction could be initiated. Conducted under Stagg Field of the University of Chicago, this experiment, called the Chicago Pile-1 reactor, became the integral first step of the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb.4 In the midst of this dash to successfully create a controlled nuclear chain reaction, there is no known reference that any of these scientists foresaw the immensity of the amount of nuclear waste that harnessing such energy in weaponry and power generation would create. However, as of January 2009, the amount of spent nuclear fuel from the 104 nuclear reactors operating within the United States alone reached 64,000 metric tons.5 In the U.S., defense and weapon-related activities are another source of waste, with the largest quantities created in the early days of nuclear weapon development and testing. The U.S. Department of Energy officially discontinued reprocessing spent nuclear fuel in 1992, although the U.S. has generated 347,300 m³ of waste incidental to reprocessing. Most of this liquid high-level waste (HLW) is stored in underground tanks at the Hanford site in Richland, Wash., and the Savannah River site in Aiken, S.C. Another portion of HLW was calcined to a dry powder and is stored at the Idaho National Laboratory in Idaho Falls, Idaho. Weapons-grade plutonium production stopped in the 1980s. However, the consequence of this material lingers on in the form of waste. The current emphasis of nuclear fission is electricity generation in the U.S., but not to the extent of its role in other countries, such as Canada and China. In the public sector, developing uranium fuel to produce power from nuclear plants generates different forms of waste (e.g., mine mill tailings, conversion, enrichment)—which all will need disposal. Rod Ewing? states that “...the complexity of the nuclear waste disposal problem has delayed final choices of waste disposal sites in most countries that have nuclear waste inventories. So much so that, there are, at present, no operating [geologic] nuclear waste repositories for spent nuclear fuel from commercial nuclear power plants or for HLW from the reprocessing of spent fuel.\" Complexity in the disposal of nuclear waste is partially due to the variety of waste compositions that ultimately drive the need for different glass containment formulations. Waste containment plant designs are dictated by radioactive loads, which may require fully remote designs or permit a hands-on approach. At the Hanford and Savannah River sites, HLW is further separated into a smaller volume containing most of the radioactivity and a larger volume of contaminated liquid with much lower Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.02 | www.ceramics.org radioactivity (low activity waste, or LAW), which has a different disposal strategy. However, each facility treats LAW differently-Savannah River grouts LAW, while Hanford vitrifies it. Regardless of the means, nuclear waste must be reduced to a solid form before disposal and must resist leaching. Vitrification The term vitrification connotes involvement of glass, which serves as a host medium to stabilize radioactive waste. Durability is the top priority for containing radioactive waste for thousands of years. This contrasts with other applications, such as commercial glasses designed for optical clarity. Table 1. Soda-lime glass composition typical for flat glass and examples of vitrification melter glass chemistries Soda-lime HLWb WDVREF6 SRL-EA LAWA24e AZ-101f 11 33 W+% SiO2 71.7 44.9 43.5 45.9 35.4 38.47 Al₂03 1.85 5.1 5.4 3.4 12.4 7.84 CaO 7.1 6.7 0.7 1.1 3.3 0.54 MgO 3.9 4.4 1 1.6 0.12 Na₂O 14.1 11.6 8.3 16.9 20.0 17.81 K20 0.7 0.1 5 5.5 0.32 B₂O3 12.3 14.5 11.3 6.1 7.63 Li₂O 2.2 4.1 4.3 1.9 BaO 3.5 0.09 MnO 1.2 1.6 0.33 V₂05 1.5 Fе203 0.1 3.4 12.2 10.8 6.0 17.5 CeO2 1.9 0.19 Cr₂03 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.16 SO3 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.08 NiO 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.1 1.5 0.5 1.3 1.7 0.31 1.4 0.6 3.0 3.97 TiO2 0.9 0.8 0.03 ZnO 3.0 0.02 0.22 0.17 0.62 0.1 0.04 2.3 99.9 99.4 99.6 100.0 Sb₂05 P₂O₂ ZrO₂ La̸203 Nd₂O3 CdO SnO2 Сио Other 99.85 99.5 \"Flat glass industrial furnace, Glaverbel S.A. Belgium. b China simulated HLW waste, Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, Germany.18 \"West Valley, NY.19 d Savannah River, EA Glass.19 * Hanford Low Activity Waste Vitrification Project, 2002.19 *PNNL, glass for research scale melter test. 223 23 Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment (A) (B) Figure 2. (A) A melter box consisting of Monofrax K-3 during inspection before shipment to the Hanford site. (B) Low activity melter unit containing K-3 melter box being readied for use at Hanford. At Savannah River and Hanford sites, radioactive waste is transitioned into a molten borosilicate glass through a variety of steps involving a liquid slurry with dry additives that form a blanket on the glass called a cold сар. The bottom portion of this cold cap melts into a foamy glass and ultimately melts into the pool, which is poured into a robust stainless steel canister (~1-3 m high) and allowed to cool, forming a solid matrix. Containers are welded shut, ready for storage and final disposal. This encapsulation in molten glass and solidification in final storage containers is called vitrification and is a suitable and adequate process for management of ILW and HLW. Figure 2A shows a K-3 melter box in the setup area at Monofrax with a similar layout to soda-lime industrial glass tanks. The melter box contains glass slurry as nuclear waste is encapsulated within the glass. This box is a portion of the larger unit at the Hanford site (Figure 2B). Refractory design experience, philosophy, and technology for melting of industrial commercial glasses (e.g., sodalime, borosilicate, and high-alumina cover glasses) has been transferred in a similar fashion when designing the nuclear waste vitrification melter. In this case, the design uses another property of glass. Unlike the clarity and strength necessary in soda-lime and borosilicate glass, Types of nuclear waste the chemistry of encapsulating glass in nuclear waste treatments is unique in its ability to immobilize radionuclides. Specific oxides determine various properties in soda-lime glass, such as melting point, mechanical properties, or color. For example, iron is incorporated at low levels (0.1-2.0% iron oxide) in soda-lime glass to reduce the effect of harmful UV rays for construction glass.8 Design of the glass composition necessary for nuclear waste encapsulation involves a complicated selection process with non-radioactive glass-forming additives. These chemistries are tailored to create a favorable viscosity-temperature relation, meaning radionuclide volatilities are not in play. In this case, boron has an important role in reducing glass viscosity at temperatures below radionuclide volatility temperatures of >1,200°C. Vitrification is a particularly attractive immobilization route because the glassy product has high chemical durability.10 Borosilicate glass contains waste material through direct chemical incorporation into the glass structure (i.e., dissolution), although some studies also have evaluated the feasibility of physically encapsulating solid wastes. The durability of borosilicate glass allows storage for thousands of years, even under conditions of irradiation by incorporated radioactive materials, which do not crystallize the oxide glass. The temperatures encountered in vitHLW = High level waste-highly radioactive due to reprocessed nuclear fuel ILW = Intermediate level waste-requires shielding when handling LLW = Low level waste-contaminated by radioactive materials, but not inherently radioactive Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org rification melters (~1,050°C-1,200°C) are considerably lower than in commercial soda-lime glass tanks (~1,500°C-1,600°C). Table 1 lists sodalime glass compositions typical for flat glass, alongside some examples of vitrification melter glass chemistries. There are numerous critical components of the vitrification melter used to heat glass to 1,050°C-1,150°C, not the least of which is the refractory lining. Monofrax has manufactured a chromebearing fused cast refractory designed for this lining for over 30 years, since the beginning of the process of encapsulating nuclear wastes. In one instance at Savannah River National Laboratory, the designed life of this lining was estimated to be 2-6 years. However, in actual practice at SRNL, the life of Melter #1 was 8.5 years and Melter #2 was >14 years, eventually shutting down due to mechanical failures that were not refractory related.12 11 Corrosion in soda-lime glass tanks Corrosion kinetics and byproducts of fused cast refractories in contact with soda-lime glasses of the container and flat glass industries are well known. AZS refractories have three microstructural components: zirconia dendrites, a coprecipitate component of zirconia and corundum, and a high-alumina glass. When the AZS lining interacts with molten glass, there is typically a corrosion reaction layer at glass contact that remains attached to the lining. Continued corrosion takes place by erosion of this layer and, in some cases, may “peel” off, creating some glass quality problems. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Credit: Monofrax (A) G Table 2. Chemistry of glass in the AZS glass phase, soda-lime tank glass, and passivation layer W+% AZS glass phase Passivation Sodalime layer tank glass Al₂03 23.2 32.0 1.2 SiO2 68.0 46.0 74.0 CaO 0.2 3.3 10.0 Na₂O 6.5 15.5 14.0 Fe₂03 0.3 0.1 0.0 K₂O 0.3 0.0 MgO 1.0 0.2 ZrO₂ 1.8 1.9 Total 100.0 100.0 99.5 (B) Ewr tank glass Figure 3. Electron micrographs of (A) virgin AZS and (B) corroded AZS. This thin reaction layer, often called the passivation layer (\"G\" in Figures 3A and 3B) because it serves to \"passivate\" further corrosion, is a byproduct of incongruent dissolution into the tank glass. Alumina in the coprecipitate alumina-zirconia component of AZS goes into solution at the glass-refractory interface, creating a layer of highly aluminous glass with undissolved zirconia (Figure 3 and Table 2). Corrosion with soda-lime glass is not restricted to the immediate glass contact, however, as the glass phase component of AZS provides a pathway for diffusing alkali and alkaline earth species, such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. Alkalis are more rapid diffusers than alkaline earths, as observed by Kasselouri et al.13 as well as others—potassium and sodium species migrate to deeper depths than magnesium and calcium. Consequently, alkalis such as potassium and sodium promote corrosion of the corundum primary phase at depths into the AZS body beyond the immediate glass-refractory contact. Corrosion in vitrification melters Facilities active in vitrification of nuclear waste cannot afford failure of the melter due to refractory lining failure either by excessive corrosion or spalling. During the life of the melter, different glasses formulated due to differing waste Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.02 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Monofrax compositions can have a variable impact on the refractory corrosion rate. Care must be taken to not formulate glasses that will be highly aggressive to the refractory. Some of the most corrosion-resistant refractory materials available contain chromium oxide as a major component (e.g., Monofrax K-3 and E). Since the beginning of vitrification of nuclear waste, Monofrax K-3 chrome refractory has been a refractory of choice for lining melters in the U.S. and, in later years, Japan. Chromium oxide is more insoluble than even zirconia in most glasses, making it a desirable component of refractory lining. Potential coloration of the glass by chrome refractories is a concern in soda-lime container and flatglass industries, but is not an issue for nuclear waste glass. What are the chemical and microstructural factors that make a chrome refractory, such as Monofrax K-3, perform so well as the glass contact refractory liner in vitrification reactors? As aforementioned, fused cast materials such as K-3 have low porosity and an interlocking, tight microstructure. The typical microstructure of Monofrax K-3 is a binary phase assemblage primarily of an (Mg,Fe)O.(AlCr)₂O, spinel, and an R₂O3 (Cr₂O-Al2O3 solid solution) phase, with minor glassy phase and low level reduced iron as free metal at grain boundaries. Further, the R₂O3 phase is present as chemically inhomogeneous cored grains, with relatively Cr₂O-rich centers and relatively Cr₂O-poor rims (Figure 4). When in contact with melter glass, Monofrax fused cast chrome materials (K-3 and E) react with glass in an incongruent fashion (as in AZS in contact with soda-lime glass), leaving a byproduct at the glass-refractory interface. Magnesium and aluminum are the most soluble components of K-3, generally leaving the most insoluble component, Cr₂O3, behind at the corrosion interface. Monofrax K-3 in contact with waste glass simulant at the SRNL melter was characterized after service in 1984.14 Nickel and iron in the glass chemically behaved as a spinel former at the interface to create a nickel-iron-chrome spinel layer, somewhat metastable in the melter environment. This layer also inhibits further reaction at the interface by \"passivating\" corrosion rate at the glass contact. This chromium-rich spinel \"skin\" containing nickel is thermodynamically more stable 25 Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment West Valley, NY case study West Valley Demonstration Project in western New York was a site for private reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel as part of a program to make this a commercialized enterprise in the 1960s.A This business venture was set up under a private company called Nuclear Fuel Services Inc., with construction beginning in 1963 and completed in 1966. From 1966-1971, 640 metric tons of fuel from defense and commercial power reactors were reprocessed, more than half of which came from the Hanford nuclear reactor. When operations at this facility halted in 1972 for modifications to increase reprocessing capacity and efficiency, the Atomic Energy Commission at the same time established new regulations for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. These new regulations affected the West Valley facility by dramatically increasing operational costs, making it too costly to continue under its design. Nuclear Fuel Services withdrew from this business in 1977 and turned it over to the state of New York to deal with the site. Eventually it took an \"act of Congress\" in 1980 to create the West Valley Demonstration Project (WVDP) Act to deal with what now became a \"clean-up,\" rather than a business venture of reprocessing spent nuclear fuels. A key requirement and high priority of the WVDP Act was solidification of HLW, because LLW could be dealt with by incorporation into grout and disposal at the Nevada Test Site, which contains 20,000 71-gallon drums. B The consequence of reprocessing 640 metric tons of fuel during its short business operation was to create 600,000 gallons of liquid HLW. Higher-activity waste was mixed with a borosilicate glass frit, melted, poured into 275 stainless Load Cell Canister Access Port Off-Gas Cleaner Passive Cooled Feed Nozzle Of-Gas Fam Cooler Overflow Heaters To SBS Air TURNTABLE ASSEMBLY Schematic of West Valley Demonstration Project melter. Reprinted from: J.D. Vienna, \"Nuclear waste vitrification in the United States: Recent developments and future options,\" Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 1 (3), 309-321 (2010). steel canisters, and solidified-i.e., vitrified-which continued during 1996-2002. Thermocouples Melter Viewing System Meiter Electrodes MELTER ASSEMBLY North Cell Wall Filing Canister Turntable Frame Off-Gas Cleaner Monofrax H Off-Gas Film Cooler lers To SBS Arif Monofrax E Monofrax K3 MELTER ASSEMBLY The melter, shaped like an inverted prism, was 6 feet deep and continuously received a watersaturated feed slurry at a rate of 20 gallons/hour. Wastes and glass formers melted into the glass pool, where they mixed by natural convection at 1,050ºC-1,150°C, with a 2-3 day residence time before being transferred to stainless steel canisters. The melt was slowly poured into these ten-foot canisters over a period of 63 hours. The lining in that melter cavity consisted of Monofrax K-3 fused cast chrome refractory—the first of many applications of Monofrax K-3 in vessels vitrifying radioactive HLW. However, even though most of the lining consisted of K-3, other portions contained other Monofrax fused cast material. Monofrax E (78% Cr2O2) composed two riser blocks of the overflow chambers because of its higher thermal conductivity to maintain a high glass temperature in the externally heated riser. Non-glass contact regions of the plenum area of the melter cavity consisted of high-alumina Monofrax H fused cast material because of its resistance to vapor corrosion and thermal shock. Therefore Monofrax\'s involvement in vitrification of ILW and HLW began in the mid-1980s-currently reflecting more than 30 years of refractory experience in this application. During this period, additional facilities have adopted Monofrax K-3 in melters, including the following, some of which are not yet operational.c • Savannah River Site\'s Defense Waste Processing Facility and the Duratek Duramelter 5000 unit M-Area facility in South Carolina • HLW and LAW treatment melters in Hanford, Wash. Japan Nuclear Fuels Limited HLW melters in Rokkasho, Japan ªD.E. Carl, J. Paul, J.M. Foran, R. Brooks, “West Valley Demonstration Project Vitrification Process Equipment Functional and Checkout Testing of Systems (FACTS),\" West Valley Nuclear Services Co., Contract No. DE-AC07-81NE 44139. September 30, 1990. BJ.P. Curcio, C. Dayton, D. Garber, G. Gorsuch, “Process improvements result in schedule and cost savings for waste shipping campaign - 8456,\" WM2008 Conference, Phoenix, Ariz., February 24-28, 2008 CC.M. Jantzen, K.J. Imrich, J.B. Pickett, K.G. Brown, “High chrome refractory characterization: Part II. Accumulation of spinel corrosion deposits in radioactive waste glass melters,\" Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 6 (2), 158-171 (2015). Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Table 3. Phase compositions present in the glass-K-3 interface at the bottom of the melter Wt% 12 3 4 5 MgO 10.3 6.4 2.5 FeO 18.2 19.3 Fe₂03 39.6 65.7 Al₂03 44.1 81.5 41.4 15.1 1.0 Cr₂03 27.4 18.5 26.5 25.0 4.1 -R₂O NiO 6.4 16.9 28.7 Spinel Мпо 1.0 0.5 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 188 20.0 AMRAY Figure 4. Electron micrograph of Monofrax K-3 showing (Mg,Fe)O⚫ (AlCr)203 spinel phase and the R₂O3 (Cr₂O-Al2O3 solid solution) phase. The R₂O3 phase is present as chemically inhomogeneous cored grains. 58.8x 38.8 kV 3 100pm AMRAY 8000 Credit: Monofrax Figure 5. Scanning electron micrograph of the glass-K-3 interface at the bottom of the melter, revealing secondary phase formation at the reaction layer. Phases 1 and 2 are spinel and R2O3 solid solution, respectively. Phases 3, 4 and 5 are spinels with increasing nickel content and oxidized iron closer to the glass. than original phases containing higher alumina and magnesia. Spinel layer byproduct evolution path formation is as follows. (Mg,Fe)O ⚫ (AlCr)₂O3 (Ni,Fe)O (Cr, Fe, Al)₂O3 Work by Jantzen¹5 at Savannah River Technology Center on the corrosion of K-3 by reducing and oxidizing feeds also found a highly insoluble protective layer of nickel spinel (Ni (Cros Fe02)204) at the K-3-glass interface. 0.8 • • Additional characterization of K-3 involved a research scale melter (RSM) from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) that consisted of a small Monofrax K-3 cylindrical chamber with a 6-inch diameter melt pool. A test Downloaded from bulletin archief | www.ceramics.org Credit: Monofrax with this melter consisted of eleven weeks at temperatures of 1,050°C-1,150°C to observe the behavior of crystals precipitating out of the melt, which potentially can clog the outlet feeder to the holding cylinder. Glass used in the test was a high nickel-iron-borosilicate glass (see Table 1) that resulted from a feed of the simulant liquid slurry mixed with glass formers (referred to as AZ-101 simulant). The scanning electron image in Figure 5 is from the glass-K-3 interface bottom of the melter, revealing secondary phase formation at the reaction layer. Phases 1 and 2 are spinel and R₂O, solid solution, respectively, with chemistries slightly altered from typical K-3 (Table 3). Moving closer to the glass-K-3 interface, the R₂O3 phase dissociates by giving up its alumina portion. The spinel phase experiences oxidation with the FeO component going to Fe2O3, MgO, and FeO replaced by NiO, and alumina dissociating out to the glass as in the R₂O3 phase (spinel phases 3, 4, and 5). The spinel stable phase at the glass-K-3 contact is a nickel spinel in the form: Nio, (Fe, Cr0.110.5)204 Well-formed crystals in the waste glass simulant above the reaction layer are nickel spinel precipitates, which form in the glass and accumulate on the bottom. The chart in Figure 6 tracks the chemical trend of magnesium, aluminum, and nickel from the glass-K-3 interface region towards the interior. This shows nickel replacing magnesium in the spinel phase, with a concomitant decrease in alumina as it migrates to the glass. The “normal” spinel composition for K-3 is found ~1 mm deep, keeping alteration of K-3 within a restricted zone at the glass-K-3 contact. The major phases of Monofrax K-3, spinel, and R₂O, are both solid solution phases and demonstrate the ability to adapt to transition metal levels in the waste glass. The consequence of this adaptability is formation of a secondary protective spinel layer reflecting the glass chemistry and oxidation state. In the PNNL melter, nickel replaces magnesium and reduced iron in the primary spinel of K-3, and ferric iron replaces alumina. Future challenges of nuclear waste containment in glass Operational challenges still exist in melters, specifically involving phase separations in the melter feed. Precipitation of a neph27 Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment 50 50 Mole % 40 30 20 10 A1203 MgO NiO 0 ° 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Microns Figure 6. Spinel chemistry as a function of depth for magnesium, aluminum, and nickel oxides from the glass-K-3 interface region toward the interior (data from spinels in Table 3). eline phase limits waste form performance by reducing chemical durability in the glass. Crystallization of transition metal spinels (Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe) (Fe,Cr)2O4 that accumulate at melter bottoms do not affect glass durability, but can plug outlet tubes, restricting flow to the stainless steel canisters for final disposal. The presence of molybdenum in many oxidation states within borosilicates can decrease the glass\'s ability to prevent leaching in waste forms in longterm disposal sites.16 There is a surprising statistic concerning the number of nuclear reactors currently under construction in the world. The number under construction in Russia, India, the U.S., South Korea, United Arab Emirates, and Japan combined— approximately 30-matches the total under construction in China alone. China is the fastest-growing nuclear energy industry in the world with a 30% growth rate. 17,18 Over the last forty years, nuclear applications have generated an estimated ~80,000 tons of spent nuclear fuel waste. As the number of operational plants increase, the amount of nuclear waste also will increase towards 2050. In particular, the amount of HLW is increasing because, while most of Europe and Asia reprocesses their spent fuel, the U.S. and Canada do not. Therefore, there is a growing need for acceptable and tested methods of nuclear waste storage, which vitrification can provide. About the author Kevin Selkregg is manager of the Analytical and Testing Laboratory at Monofrax LLC. Contact Selkregg at kevin. selkregg@monofrax.com. Acknowledgements The author thanks the following reviewers of the manuscript for their comments and suggested modifications: William Eaton and Mark Hall, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Donna Post Guillen, Idaho National Laboratory; and Kai Xu, Wuhan University of Technology. The sample from the PNNL research scale melter was kindly provided by Albert Kruger, U.S. Department of Energy - Office of River Protection (Richland, Wash.). Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Credit: Monofrax References \'F.S. Thompson, H.M. Kraner, “Refractories for the manufacture of glass,\" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 25 (8), 856-864 (1933). 2Society of Glass Technology, SGT News, 2,1-2 (1999). ³K.H. Sandmeyer, M.A. Miller, \"A fused cast alumina refractory,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 44 (7) (1965). 4Atomic Heritage Foundation, \"Chicago Pile-1,” December 2016. Accessed December 1, 2017. www.atomicheritage.org/history/chicagopile-1 5D. Biello, \"Spent nuclear fuel: A trash heap deadly for 250,000 years or a renewable energy source?,” Scientific American, January 28, 2009. ❝International Atomic Energy Agency, “Estimation of global inventories of radioactive waste and other radioactive materials.\" Vienna, Austria, June 2008. 7R.C. Ewing, R.A. Whittleston, B.W.D. Yardley, “Geological disposal of nuclear waste: A primer,” Elements, August 2016. 8L. Galoisy, \"Structure-property relationships in industrial and natural glasses,\" Elements, 2 (5), October 2006. \'B. Grambow, \"Nuclear waste glasses-How durable?,\" Elements, 2 (6), December 2006. 10M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee, “Glassy wasteforms for nuclear waste immobilization,\" Metall. Mater. Trans., 42A, 837-851 (2011). \"M.M. Reigel, K.J. Imrich, C.M. Jantzen, “Corrosion evaluation of melter materials for radioactive waste vitrification.\" In Advances in Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV: Ceramic Transactions, Volume 253 (2015). 12C. Jantzen, SRL. Personal communication. November 2, 2017. 13V. Kasselouri, N. Kouloumbi, L. Mendrinos, “Effect of glass melt on corrosion of the lining of an industrial glass furnace,\" Glass Technology, 43 (2), 75-79 (April 2002). 14K. Selkregg, \"Analyses of Monofrax K-3 after service in the large slurry fed melter at DuPont\'s Savannah River Facility,\" Monofrax Internal Technical Report, October 23, 1984. 15C.M. Jantzen, K.G. Brown, K.J. Imrich, and J.B. Pickett. “High Cr203 refractory corrosion in oxiding melter feeds: Relevance to nuclear and hazardous waste vitrification,\" Westinghouse Savannah River Company. Presented at American Ceramic Society Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1998. 16R.J. Short, R.J. Hand, N.C. Hyatt, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 757, 141-146 (2003). 17K. Xu, L. Liu, M. Chen, F. Wang, L. Wu, Y. Qiao, Q. Liao, P. Lin, X. Zhao, “Recent progress of nuclear waste vitrification in China.\" Presented at The 12th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology, May 24, 2017. 18K. Xu, \"Overview of China nuclear waste vitrification.\" Presented at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics/International Atomic Energy Agency Workshop on Fundamentals of Vitrification and Vitreous Materials for Nuclear Waste Immobilization, November 7, 2017. 19H. Gan, X. Lu, A.C. Buechele, M.C. Paul, I.L. Pegg, \"Corrosion of chromium-rich oxide refractories in molten waste glasses,\" Vitreous State Laboratory, The Catholic University (Washington, D.C.). Prepared for Department of Energy Mixed Waste Focus Area (Idaho Falls, Idaho). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 World Materials Research Institutes Forum addresses global materials science challenges By Nicholas Barbosa, Stephen Freiman, and Michael Fasolka Figure 1. Participants of the 2017 WMRIF General Assembly in Bangkok, Thailand, overlooking the Chao Phraya River. he World Materials Research The needs. For example, a discussion of materials-related data needs revealed that while efforts to increase international awareness and coordination in the development of data tools and resources has been valuable, WMRIF should continue to drive interactions to reach a larger audience. WRMIF also fulfills its mission through four task groups. Outreach to underrepresented regional laboratories Institutes Forum (www. wmrif.org), established at the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan in 2005, is comprised of directors and executives of over 50 materials research institutes from around the world. WMRIF\'s composition positions it to identify and define worldwide grand challenges in materials science, to establish collaborative research efforts to address global challenges, and to provide premier materials education and training from access to resources available to young scientists to enable sustained innovation in materials sciences. WMRIF members meet in a biennial general assembly at one of the participating materials research institutes. The 7th WMRIF Symposium and General Assembly took place June 19-22, 2017, at the National Science and Technology Development Agency in Bangkok, Thailand, hosted by the National Metal and Materials Technology Center (Figure 1). Michael Fasolka of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the current WMRIF president, led the 7th WMRIF along with current WMRIF secretary general Nick Barbosa, also of NIST. The symposium, which took place prior to the general assembly, brought together more than 170 participants, including leaders and technical staff from 16 world materials research institutes. The main theme of the symposium was advances in materials for renewing and protecting critical infrastructure and resources. At the general assembly, discussion focused on WMRIF priority areas and opportunities to collaboratively leverage resources to address priority materials This task group seeks to identify and support laboratories around the globe that are underrepresented in the international materials science community or would benefit at other national materials research institutes. The immediate focus is on material science and engineering laboratories in countries throughout Africa, with an emphasis on assisting early career scientists. Early career scientists International Workshop for Early Career Scientists was held November 2017 in Tsukuba, Japan, and the next early career scientist meeting will be held at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, England, June 18-22, 2018. Databases and data quality In an era of open data, this working group aims for WMRIF member organizations to lead the international measurement society by providing high-quality data based on best practices (e.g., calibrated equipment, standardized methods, and multisite data of known precision). WMRIF will be collaborating with the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) pre-normalization initiative, a liaison partner. Ten materials needs for the future This task group has identified and continues to update the ten most important topics in materials science and engineering for future economic, environmental, and social needs. A synopsis of the current challenges requiring materials innovations can be found at www. ceramics.org/WMRIF. Biannual international technical workshops for early-career material scientists and engineers-the leaders of tomorrow-focus on important materials science topics. As part of these workshops, young scientist attendees present recent work on a small group of topics and then discuss strategies to address challenges in these areas. In addition to promoting continued interactions among attendees, senior scientists select top presenters who are awarded stays at WMRIF laboratories of their choice, including steve.freiman@comcast.net. all travel and living expenses. The 5th Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics, 0.2 | www.ceramics.org No. About WMRIF and the authors Find more information about WMRIF at www.wmrif. org. Nicholas Barbosa, Stephen Freiman, and Michael Fasolka are all with NIST. Contact Freiman at 29 Application note Micromilling of uniform nanoparticles for space applications By Curtis W. Hill and Lee Allen Fritsch micromills have enhanced one NASA lab\'s ability to develop optimized ceramic nanoparticulate materials for demanding research projects, including energy storage and thermoelectric device applications O ur laboratory at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (Huntsville, Ala.) develops materials and processes for NASA\'s exploration missions and the International Space Station. This involves developing and optimizing materials properties for very demanding applications in energy storage, power generation, and other advanced application areas. The challenge of developing new materials and processes demands laboratory equipment with advanced capabilities. For instance, the ability to produce uniform nanoparticles is critical for our development of advanced ultracapacitors for energy stor age, thermoelectric devices with high figure-of-merit, and materials for NASA\'s Nuclear Thermal Propulsion system. However, ceramic powder as-received from suppliers typically has a fairly wide range of particle sizes and is not consistent enough for our high-performance materials research. We have investigated and tested various milling machines and processes, including ball mills and vibratory mills. Although these techniques help reduce D50 particle size as well as improve particle size distribution, the resulting powders are still of insufficient quality for our demanding research. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org We have been working with Fritsch\'s Pulversette line of micromills for the past couple of years to develop much smaller and more uniform particles, as these micromills are capable of ultrafine grinding results down into the nanometer particle size range (Figure 1). The laboratorysize mills use smaller, very hard media to achieve extraordinary milling energy. We use stainless-steel milling bowls lined with zirconia, although mills are available in several other materials and capacities depending upon the materials to be milled. The micromill uses rotation speeds of up to 1,100 rpm and an acceleration force of 95 g for a resulting energy application roughly 150% greater than that of classic planetary mills. This extraordinary milling energy results in more economical and efficient milling of particles, providing us with considerably finer grinding results in shorter times. Although grinding media is available in different sizes and materials, we use hardened ZrO2 media with diameters of 0.5-2.0 mm. We have reduced milling times by an order Credit: Fritsch 1222223377 Figure 1. Fritsch\'s Pulversette line of micromills are capable of ultrafine grinding results down into the nanometer particle size range. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 001 010 100 Particle Size (Microns) -Received -Miled 1000 Figure 2. Particle size distribution curve of as-received and milled barium titanate nanopowders. of magnitude, and the resulting powders are much higher quality in terms of reduced particle sizes and improved particle size distribution. These high-quality ceramic powders have enabled several trajectories of research applications, a couple of which are highlighted below. Ultracapacitor research Our ultracapacitor development has focused on optimizing dielectric properties of perovskite ceramic powders for ultrahigh permittivity, low dielectric loss, and high dielectric breakdown. The resultant materials can be used as solidstate energy storage devices to replace electrochemical batteries, and they can be used as very high-voltage triggers for propulsion systems. Credit: Dr. ZY Cheng; Auburn University We have been developing processes to increase grain boundary characteristics of these materials to store charge and to significantly increase sintered density of the devices. The ability to micromill ceramic particles into low nanometer particle sizes, with corresponding improvement of D10 to D90 particle size distribution and particle distribution curve (Figure 2), has allowed us to optimize these processes, resulting in ultracapacitor devices with good sintered density resulting from the uniform particle size (Figure 3). Thermoelectric research We also develop thermoelectric materials that can be used for power generation subsystems on long-range missions and habitats. This research involves optimizing sintering of various doped ceramic nanopowders to increase electrical conductivity and reduce thermal conductivity. Our ability to micromill powders with <50 nm particle sizes has enhanced these research efforts in allowing us to investigate the effect of substantially increased grain boundary surface area, and the effects of the various materials and dopant modifiers at these extremely small particle sizes. Figure 4 shows the microstructure of a sintered doped ZnO thermoelectric device. About the authors Curtis W. Hill is senior materials engineer with NASA Marshall Space Flight Center\'s Engineering and Science Services and Skills Augmentation (ESSSA). Contact Hill at curtis.w.hill@ nasa.gov. Lee Allen is materials engineer with NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Contact Allen at lee.r.allen@ nasa.gov. Marshall Space Flight Center is located on Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Ala. Auburn SEI 20.0kV X5,000 1pm WD 16.4mm Figure 3. Scanning electron micrograph of a sintered ultracapacitor device, showing good sintered density resulting from uniform particle size. Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics, 2 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Dr. ZY Cheng; Auburn University HV Spot Sig WD Mag 20.0 kV 3.5 SE 7.3 mm 5000x 10.0μmFigure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of sintered doped ZnO thermoelectric device. 31 Credit: Dr. ZY Cheng; Auburn University National Science Foundation awards in the Ceramics Program starting in 2017 By Lynnette D. Madsen NSE he U.S. National Science Foundation is an independent federal agency that serves as a funding source for basic research conducted at America\'s colleges and universities. NSF has seven science and engineering research and education directorates. The Ceramics Program within the Division of Materials Research (DMR) is located in the Mathematical and Physical Sciences Directorate. The Ceramics Program\'s mission is to support fundamental scientific research in ceramics (e.g., oxides, carbides, nitrides, and borides), glass-ceramics, inorganic glasses, ceramic-based composites, and inorganic carbon-based materials. The majority of the proposals received continue to be focused on oxides. The overall objective of the program is to increase Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org fundamental understanding and to develop predictive capabilities for relating synthesis, processing, and microstructure of these materials to their properties and ultimate performance in various environments and applications. Discovery or creation of new ceramic materials is welcome as is the development of new experimental techniques or novel approaches. At the end of August 2016, the Ceramics Program embarked on a pilot (alongside the Condensed Matter and Materials Theory Program, also in DMR) to permit proposals to be submitted at any time, with a few restrictions (NSF 16-597). This approach is not unique-it is used in the Geosciences, Engineering, and Biological Sciences Directorates at NSF and by some German and United Kingdom agencies. NSF undertook this change to better accommodate the schedules of principal investigators (PIs) and encourage submission of emerging ideas. In addition, NSF hopes the change will increase proposal quality and spread workflow (for reviewers and NSF staff) more evenly throughout the year. Additionally, PIs submitting to the Ceramics Program must suggest reviewers, and annual budget requests cannot exceed $160,000. During fiscal year (FY) 2017, the number of full proposals received by the Ceramics Program dropped to below 80-in contrast to the past decade, when the program received 110 to nearly 160 proposals annually. Supplemental proposal requests to support new international collaborations or the addition of veteran and underrepresented minority graduate students to projects (through MPS-GRSV: NSF 15-024 and AGEP-GRS: NSF 16-125) slightly increased. Although the Ceramics Program has funded Career-Life Balance supplements (for leaves of absence for dependent care responsibilities) in the past, no requests were received during FY 2017. Supplemental proposals are best submitted in February. Pls should bear in mind that full proposal submissions to NSF are best made 9-12 months before the funds are needed, to allow time www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 for review and award processes and to circumvent the non-award zone (AugustSeptember due to FY cycles). In FY 2017, the Ceramics Program recommended support for 19 awards, 13 supplemental awards, two workshops/conferences, and cofunding of a Solid-State and Materials Research project. The awards are listed in Table 1; more information on any NSF award is available by adding the 7-digit award number to the end of www.nsf. gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ ID= or by searching the NSF awards database. Additional ceramics research is supported through centers, group grants, and other programs focused on one or two investigators (e.g., in the Engineering Directorate). FY 2018 began on October 1, 2017-the first awards are likely to appear in late winter or early spring. At any given time, a map or list of active awards can be generated near the bottom of the Ceramics Program homepage at www.nsf.gov/funding/ pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5352. Conferences Special Guidelines are found in the Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide for conference and workshop proposals. Faculty Early Career Development Program (CAREER) The CAREER solicitation (NSF 17-537) is restricted to single investigators who are assistant professors. Grant Opportunities for Academic Liaison with Industry (GOALI) GOALI (described in the Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide) promotes university-industry partnerships by making project funds or fellowships and traineeships available to support universities working with industry. Projects must meet certain conditions, including having at least one co-PI from industry. For the 2017 award, the GOALI industry partner is Corning Research and Development. Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) A Dear Colleague Letter (NSF 17-120) provides guidance for submitting collabora tive materials research proposals to foster cooperation between U.S. academics and their Israeli counterparts. About the author Lynnette D. Madsen has been the program director, Ceramics, at NSF since 2000. Contact her at Imadsen@ nsf.gov. Table 1. NSF Ceramics Program awards made during FY 2017 Title (award no.) 2017 Professional Development Workshop in Ceramics (1734055) Conference support for the Fourteenth International Meeting on Ferroelectricity (1742945) CAREER: Interfacial transformations in ceramic ion conductors for solid-state batteries (1652471) CAREER: Towards engineering electronic defects in inorganic luminescent materials (1653016) CAREER: Enhanced ferroelastic toughening in electroceramic composites through microstructural coupling (1654182) GOALI: Fundamental investigations of nucleation processes in silicate liquids and glasses with a goal of developing predictive models for glass formation and crystallization (1720296) NSF/DMR-BSF: Ceramic electrode/electrolyte interface fundamentals in all solid state Li-ion batteries (1734763) Design of ceramics with isotropic superionic conductivity (1708749) (Solid State & Materials Chemistry lead; Ceramics secondary) Nanofiber-based ceramic structures: The roles of initial phases and microarchitecture (1708600) Beyond binary: Understanding multi-state stability in ferroelectrics (1708615) Surface-based point defect manipulation in semiconducting oxides (1709327) Metal-insulator transitions in 2D and 3D refractory nitrides (1712752) Surface stress relaxation: Science and effects on glass properties (1713670) Principal investigator (PI), organization; co-Pls Geoff Brennecka, Colorado School of Mines Amar Bhalla, University of Texas at San Antonio; co-Pl: Ruyan Guo Matthew McDowell, Georgia Tech Research Corporation Luiz Jacobsohn, Clemson University Jessica Krogstad, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Kenneth Kelton, Washington University; co-Pl: Randall Youngman; former co-Pl: John Mauro R. Edwin Garcia, Purdue University; co-Pl: Lia Stanciu Peter Khalifah, SUNY at Stony Brook Andrei Stanishevsky, University of Alabama at Birmingham Lane Martin, University of California-Berkeley Edmund Seebauer, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign; co-Pl: Elif Ertekin Daniel Gall, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Minoru Tomozawa, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; co-Pl: Thierry Blanchet Ultrasonic assisted cold sintering: Kinetics of densification and grain Clive Randall, Pennsylvania State University growth study in binary oxide ceramics (1728634) Direct conversion of carbon into Q-carbon and diamond and fabrication of novel nanostructures (1735695) Fundamental study of ordered MXenes and their defects (1740795) Understanding and controlling defects, disorder and electronic transport in high mobility perovskite oxides (1741801) Intrinsic properties of zirconium carbide ceramics (1742086) Electrochemically-induced fracture of ionic conductors: Electrolyzers and batteries (1742696) Jagdish Narayan, North Carolina State University Michel W. Barsoum, Drexel University; co-Pl: Yury Gogotsi Bharat Jalan, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities William Fahrenholtz, Missouri University of Science and Technology; co-Pls: Joseph Graham, Gregory Hilmas Anil Virkar, University of Utah Highly thermally conductive and mechanically strong graphene fibers: Jie Lian, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute From molecular orientation to macroscopic ordering (1742806) Electron-rich oxide surfaces (1742807) Effect of doping and nanostructuring on properties of perovskite oxide catalysts for oxygen evolution (1742828) Michele Pavanello, Rutgers University Newark; co-Pl: Huixin He Meilin Liu, Georgia Tech Research Corporation Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics, 2 | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society 33 ceramics expo May 1-3, 2018 I-X Center Cleveland, Ohio, USA Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org schedule-at TUESDAY, MAY 1, 2018 PLENARY 10:20 a.m. Welcome address 10:30 a.m. Leadership Panel: Forecasting the Future of Advanced Ceramic Materials Noon Lunch TRACK 1: 1 p.m. 2:15 p.m. 2:45 p.m. TRACK 2: 1 p.m. 2:15 p.m. 2:45 p.m. MATERIALS MARKETPLACE Mapping the Materials Market: Outlining Availability, Cost and Quality of Raw Material Supply Break & industry trails Industry Update Reviewing the Status of Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) Production and Application SLURRY PREPARATION, POWDER DISPERSION, PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, AND RHEOLOGY Controlling Viscosity, Density, and Particle Size Distribution of Ceramic Slurry to Optimize Rheology in Ceramic Processing Break & industry trails Reviewing the Function of Polymeric Additives in Conventional Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics to Optimize Structure of the Final Part WEDNESDAY, MAY 2, 2018 TRACK 1: 10:30 a.m. 11:00 a.m. Noon 1 p.m. 2:15 p.m. 2:45 p.m. CERAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION Reviewing Innovations in Zirconia for Dental Applications Examining the Application of Electroceramics Lunch Industry Focus: Examining the Potential for Advanced Ceramic Materials in Battery Technology Break & industry trails Promoting the Adoption of Advanced Ceramic Materials as an Alternative to Traditional Materials www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Ceramics ExpoA significant meeting of minds, materials, machines, and markets -a-glance WEDNESDAY, MAY 2, 2018 TRACK 2: 10:30 a.m. Noon 1 p.m. 2:15 p.m. 2:45 p.m. ADVANCES IN CERAMIC MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING Evaluating Computational Modeling in Ceramic Processing Lunch Reviewing Innovative Processing Technologies to Optimize Bonding and Brazing of Metals and Ceramics for Coating, Electroplating, and Cermet Applications Break & industry trails Promoting the Adoption of Disruptive Technologies by the Industry THURSDAY, MAY 3, 2018 TRACK 1: 11:30 a.m. 12:30 p.m. 1 p.m. 2 p.m. TRACK 2: 11:30 a.m. Noon 12:30 p.m. 1 p.m. Downloader.cuno RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Research Round-Up: Presenting Innovative Ceramic Research for Commercialization Lunch Research Round-Up: Continued 5x5: Showcasing New Material Offerings for Application Identification ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING Developing Multi-Ceramics 3D Printing Technology for the Industrial Production of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Reviewing Scale-Up of Binder Jet Ceramic Additive Manufacturing Lunch Industry Discussion Additive Manufacturing: If We Had a Crystal Ball... Cerbinic Society Bulletin, 031197,3.2 | www.ceramics.org The fourth Ceramics Expo, North America\'s leading annual T supply chain exhibition for advanced ceramic and glass materials, manufacturing, and technologies, will take place at the Cleveland International Exposition Center in Ohio on May 1-3, 2018. More than 330 companies will present in the exhibit area; about 4,000 visitors are expected; and around 60 industry experts will speak at the concurrently held conference. Ceramics Expo aims to champion an industry that continues to make its mark in the enrichment of an array of engineering, manufacturing, scientific, and research communities. “Visitors across the industrial spectrum—from experimental to full production environments—will be keen once more to see firsthand all the latest innovations, meet the movers and shakers, and find solutions to myriad manufacturing challenges,\" exhibition director Danny Scott comments. One fundamental goal driving efforts of the organizer, Smarter Shows, is to create a fully inclusive environment for representatives from all key end-user industries: automotive, space/aerospace, medical, electronics, energy, heat treatment, optical, and defense. Getting this right pays dividends, making this show a forum of choice. \"We value the ability to meet so many of our customers in one location,\" Robert Antolik, vice president of sales at Applied Test Systems (Butler, Pa.), says. \"Our business is not just about sales-it is a relationship that we want to build on and develop. We look forward to meeting old and new customers each year, and appreciate the diversity of industry contacts that attend Ceramics Expo.\" Crucially, Ceramics Expo remains a totally free-to-attend opportunity. Not in the habit of letting grass grow under their feet, show organizers are rolling out brand new attractions this year to further enhance the visitor experience. These program additions embrace increased interaction, knowledge-sharing, and structured planning. NEW THIS YEAR The first is the Ceramic Industry Bench Press, a live polling experience that centers on the industry\'s hottest topics. The format will combine expert analysis and a complimentary networking breakfast. This will provide a stimulating start to the final day of the event and offer a fantastic chance for 35 2018 C ceramicS expo attendees to network with fellow professionals, while benchmarking their industry knowledge against peers and counterparts. The second is the Product Showcase attendees get to see the latest developments in ceramic materials and technologies, explained to them via a series of 15-minute live demonstrations taking place at exhibitor stands throughout NANOMECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION TOOLS Keysight Technologies (Santa Rosa, Calif.) will show its G200 nanoindenter and the latest released high-temperature nanoindentation system, the laser heater. Nannan Tian, product manager of Nano Measurement Operations, explains, \"At Ceramics Expo 2017, the researchers, lab managers, and quality assurance engineers who stopped at our booth were amazed by the advanced capabilities and flexibility of the G200. There were a lot of great discussions about how the G200 could help and accelerate their study and work. The outstanding features of the laser heater were really popular and attracted lots of attention from the attendees. Precise, ultra-fast control of temperature and minimized thermal drift with the G200 laser heater are key desirable features that people have been pursuing in the past decade. Therefore, we are expecting even more interest and quality leads from a broader audience this year.\" TRANSPARENT CERAMIC, ALTERNATIVE TO GLASS Ceram Tec (Plochingen, Germany) will unveil its high-purity Perlucor ceramic material. Its extraordinary properties are what make Perlucor a game-changing material with near universal application potential. The material is a mechanically, chemically, thermally, and optically perfected solution for transparent applications in extreme conditions. The transparent ceramic is resistant to highly concentrated acids and lyes. With a relative transparency of more than 90%, Perlucor is an attractive alternative to glass when the latter reaches its limits in specific applications. The material is distinguished by its pronounced strength and wear resistance and exhibits three to four times the hardness and strength of conventional glass. It has a Mohs hardness of 9, surpassed only by diamond or ruby. This makes Perlucor particularly resistant Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org the hall. These presentations will highlight novel developments in the technical ceramics sector. B2B Matching is the third concept added for 2018. This has been designed as a quick and easy solution for participants to meet new potential customers, suppliers, and cooperation partners-one-to-one-right at exhibitor booths. This platform is ideal for industry end-users to use their to mechanical stress and scratches and prevents Perlucor panes from clouding or corroding. The technical ceramic also has three times the thermal resistance of glass, enabling it to be used in temperatures of up to 1,600°C (2,910°F). A high refractive index of 1.72 makes it possible to miniaturize optical lenses and elements. 3-D PRINTING CONTINUES UPWARD TREND Saint-Gobain High Performance Refractories (Worcester, Mass.) will showcase products from its recent acquisition, Pennsylvania-based Spin-Works TM International Corporation. Spin-Works is an innovative producer of highly complex ceramic burner components. Designed for end-users, a SpyroCor™ Insert is placed in a radiant tube to capture and re-radiate exhaust gas energy into furnaces. Spin-Works also partners with furnace and burner system manufacturers to integrate its patented Helical Channel Heat Exchanger into burner systems for even greater performance. Both products significantly improve the efficiency of industrial heating processes and deliver double-digit energy savings and nitrogen oxide emission reductions. The innovative AmaSiC-3DTM manufacturing platform achieves savings by enabling geometries previously impossible with ceramic materials. Meanwhile, giving ceramics manufacturers the freedom to create ceramic parts with the most complex geometries and without compromising quality, additive manufacturing company XJet (Rehovot, Israel) will showcase its breakthrough NanoParticle jetting technology. Comprising the Carmel 1400 and Carmel 700 additive manufacturing systems, XJet\'s Carmel product portfolio represents a transformation in the ceramic additive manufacturing industry by printing ultrafine layers of NanoParticle \'inks\'. The technology uses nanolevel dispersion to time at the event to meet with ceramic manufacturers to discuss product developments, design challenges, and potential advantages of using technical ceramics as a material solution. As Gregg Shemanski, president at Custom Processing Services (Reading, Pa.), summarizes, \"It\'s not giving customers what we have, it is understanding what they want.\" simultaneously print build and support materials, achieving freedom of design for the most complex shapes. Ceramic parts produced on this system enjoy superfine details, smooth surfaces, and high accuracy due to the unique printing process. The whole process offers operational advantages as it is productive, efficient, safe, and simple to use. Visitors at Ceramics Expo can meet the XJet team, feel the quality of samples, and find out more about XJet\'s additive manufacturing technology and its first North American customer installation. PULSE-JET FILTER CLEANING Efficient removal of ceramic dust and other particulate matter is vital, and Models 40008, 40012, and 40013 compressed-air powered vacuums from VAC-U-MAX (Belleville, N.J.) are the first-line offerings for Class II, Division 2 environments due to their bumper-to-bumper grounded and bonded design and reasonable cost and availability. The vacuums meet NFPA 77 requirements for grounding and bonding and also meet the definition of an \'intrinsically-safe system\'. These air-powered vacuums do not use electricity and do not generate any heat from operation. They are presented as a complete system, comprising vacuum cover, drum, dolly, vacuum hose and cleaning tools, compressed air hose with quick-disconnect fittings, and polybag drum liners—the customer supplies no components. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Anyone interested in participating should contact the Ceramics Expo team as soon as possible. The ability to extract maximum value from time spent at the expo is paramount to the introduction of Innovation Trail-a concept that will allow visitors to be guided around the expo area, physically demonstrating which companies are REACHING NEW HEIGHTS IN THE AMERICAS The Nutec Bickley Ceramics Division (Santa Catarina, Mexico) has continued its development of kilns for all ceramic sectors, but the last few years have seen highly successful outcomes for sanitaryware tunnel and shuttle kilns-especially in the American markets-and these currently account for almost 50% of turnover. These kilns offer low fuel consumption, great temperature uniformity, and improved yields. New shuttle and tunnel kilns have also been successfully installed in the ceramic colors field, providing users with flexibility while significantly improving fuel consumption. Users have also seen improvements in temperature uniformity and product consistency with continued use of the company\'s advanced pulse firing technology. Technical ceramic kilns have always been a core strength for Nutec Bickley-the company again recently achieved further improvements in fuel consumption and temperature uniformity. A strong focus on heat recovery for both new and existing kilns has resulted in excellent return on investment. Advances have been steady in Europe and Asia, but Nutec Bickley\'s most rapid progress has been in the Americas, with the United States and Mexico proving especially buoyant. THERMAL PERFORMANCE FROM SPECIALTY CORDIERITES Ceramics Expo will see the U.S. launch of new specialty cordierite products from IPS Ceramics (Newcastle under Lyme, U.K.): a porous grade (C520) that is best for thermal shock resistance and use at higher temperatures, and a non-porous grade (C410) that is stronger and impermeable. The manufacturing processes (extrusion, pressing, and injection molding) allow production of a wide variety of shapes and sizes. This offers at the forefront of R&D, developing cutting-edge materials, technologies, and solutions for a range of ceramic applications. These are all designed to smooth the way and help everyone meet their prime business objectives. Not only are these new features taking the event forward in terms of experience and value, but the exhibit profile promises to be broader than ever. \"As part of our important work over the past year, we the customer an attractive mix of design flexibility and high-temperature capability. Cordierite products are fired close to 1,400°C (2,550°F) to give a material that is volume-stable in service (temperatures up to 1,300°C/2,370°F). Products are thermally and electrically insulating and are often used as lead-in tubes or as supports for wire heating coils. The ever-widening IPS portfolio finds applications across many end-use industries, so the display will also feature recently introduced silicon carbide tubes, beams, and rollers; small burner nozzles; and cast setters. COMBINED REVENUES EXCEEDING $63B The breadth and depth of the overall technical ceramic offering in Cleveland is impressive, with recognized leaders—such as Saint-Gobain, Corning, Kyocera, Schott, Coors Tek, Morgan Advanced Materials, Ceram Tec, Blasch, Materion, Ceramco, McDanel, Bakony, POCO, and Showa Denka―already all committed to exhibiting. These companies are together responsible for revenues in excess of $63 billion. The discussions set to take place with these preeminent manufacturers will surely lead to an ever-expanding range of applications for this extraordinary family of materials. \"We expect to see continued acceptance and use of ceramics in many growing markets-particularly in alternative energy (solar, wind, and fuel cells), medical, automotive, aerospace, and water treatment businesses, and second-tier companies supplying those businesses,\" comments John Dodsworth, vice president of Materials Technology, McDanel Advanced Ceramic Technologies (Beaver Falls, Pa.). Gregg Shemanski at Custom Processing identifies other growth centers, too: \"A key trend in the next five years will be the demand for smaller and smaller particles with higher and higher purities. These trends also showcase themselves in revolutionizing the additive manufacturing arena, the battery industry, as well as the medical industry.\" Downloadedefin Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, K.2 | www.ceramics.org I have cast the net wider, and we feel we have successfully strengthened our value proposition while increasing global resonance,\" Scott says. \"We have a larger contingent from China, particularly strong in technical ceramic raw materials and finished components, and we also welcome new companies from Europe, South-East Asia, India, Japan, and Korea.\" Below, we take a look at just a few of the developments to be featured in May 2018. CONFERENCE Held concurrently with the expo, and also free-to-attend, show organizers present the 4th Annual Conference @ Ceramics Expo: Enabling the Adoption of Advanced Ceramic Materials & Processing Technologies. This well established and highly valued series of presentations provides a great opportunity to hear about the latest advancements in ceramic materials, technologies, and manufacturing and to gain an in-depth view of the ceramic materials markets, the latest innovations and R&D for commercialization, manufacturing, and technological solutions, plus a look at industry challenges and future requirements. The conference is specially designed for engineers and decision makers from original equipment manufacturers and first-tiers in all industries that rely on technical ceramics to drive manufacturing excellence. To create the most accessible event, twin-track forums are positioned right alongside the exhibit area-enabling delegates to choose exactly which sessions to attend and to be back amongst the booths afterwards in a matter of seconds. The roster of speakers features leading expert voices from manufacturing, engineering design, project management, research, development, and academia. This includes senior personnel from the likes of Nabaltec, Morgan Advanced Materials, Corning, Toshiba, GE Aviation, HRL Labs, Lear Corp, Aerojet Rocketdyne, Medtronic, U.S. Naval Research Lab, and—for the very first timeCoors Tek, Kyocera, Schott, and Lucideon. The conference begins at 10:30 a.m. on May 1 with a traditional plenary session keynote address that will offer a realistic picture of the potential and barriers to success for the ceramic industry within the next 5-20 years. The aim will be to share insights on the status of advanced ceramic and glass sectors and to review areas of growth and what is needed to achieve these goals and enable technologies of the future. This will be followed by a panel discussion among ceramic manufacturers, end users, and material suppliers, who will provide their visions on key issues driving the industry. 32 37 C ceramics exhibitors expo Company 3DCeram Booth Company Booth Company Booth 257 Dongguan Mingrui Ceramic 408 Keith Co. 859 Aadvanced Machinery Inc. 348 Technology Co. Ltd. Keyence Corp. of America 440 ABC Polymer Industries 857 Dongguan Surpass Structure Keysight Technologies Inc. 858 Accuserve 364 Ceramics Co. Ltd. 404 Komage Gellner Maschinenfabrik 132 Action SuperAbrasive Products 335 Dorst America Inc. 431 KG Inc. Du-Co Ceramics Co. 512 KOPECA -Korea Precision Balls 746 Company Booth Admatec Europe 448 Dunhua Zhengxing Abrasive Co. 613 & Bearings Ltd. Quarte Inc. 112 AdValue Technology LLC 816 Ltd. Kyocera America Inc. 301 Quintus Technologies LLC 341 Advanced Energy Industries Inc. 500 E.C. Kitzel 648 Lancaster Products 401 Raymond Bartlett Snow, Arvos 340 Aerodyne 116 E.R. Advanced Ceramics 138 Lhoist Spinks Clay Co. 318 Group Akron Porcelain & Plastics Co. 542 Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic 213 Linseis Inc. 236 Refractories World Forum 655 Alfred University 311 Foundation Lithoz GmbH 428 Regal Diamond Products 609 Almatis Inc. 224 Eirich Machines Inc. 118 Lonci Group Co. Ltd. 608 Resodyn Acoustic Mixers 700 Alteo Gardanne 330 Eisenmann Thermal Solutions 532 Lucideon Ltd. 516 Rigaku Americas 413 AluChem Inc. 316 GmbH & Co. KG Luoyang Zhengjie Science & Tech- 410 Saint Gobain Boron Nitride 329 AlzChem AG 228 Elan Technology 517 nology Industry Trade Co. Ltd. Saint-Gobain High Performance 246 American Isostatic Presses Inc. 256 Elcan Industries Inc. 155 Malvern PANalytical 227 Ceramics & Refractories Applied Ceramics Inc. 114 Elcon Precision LLC 104 Materion Ceramics Inc. 371 Sandvik Heating Technology 647 Applied Test Systems 106 EMD Performance Materials 530 MB Superabrasives LLC 748 Sauereisen 601 Austin Foam Plastics Inc. 358 Engineered Ceramics 253 McDanel Advanced Ceramic 522 Schott North America 822 Aveka 466 Engis Corp. 354 Technologies LLC Seneca Ceramics 435 AVS Inc. 708 Esprix Technologies 770 MEL Chemicals 616 Sequoia Scientific Inc. 129 AZO Inc. 443 Eurotherm by Schneider-Electric 254 Micro Abrasives Corp. 652 Showa Denko America Inc. 249 B&P Littleford LLC 436 Federal Equipment Co. 130 Microdiamant USA Inc. 940 Sigma Advanced Materials 265 Baikowski International 122 Ferro Corp. 264 Micromeritics Instrument Corp. 123 Silcarb Recrystallized Private Ltd. 136 Bakony Technical Ceramics Ltd. 818 Ferrotec 131 Microtrac Inc. 653 Southern Packaging 150 Beckman Coulter 800 FineWay Ceramics 409 Midwestern Industries 928 Specialty Glass Inc. 618 Bhalla Chemical Works Pvt. Ltd. 417 FlackTek Inc. 240 Mindrum Precision Inc. 110 SPEX SamplePrep LLC 352 Blasch Precision Ceramics Inc. 342 Flowcastings GmbH 140 MoistTech Corp. 331 Starrag Inc. 223 Boca Bearing Co. 234 Free Form Fibers 365 Morgan Advanced Materials 422 Superior Graphite Co. 419 Bronson & Bratton Inc. 434 Freeman Technology 137 Mo-Sci Corp. 218 Superior Technical Ceramics 418 Bruker Corp. 555 Fritsch Milling and Sizing Inc. 757 MTI Corp. 646 Swindell Dressler International 258 Bullen Ultrasonics Inc. 305 FX Minerals Inc. 438 Munson Machinery Co. Inc. 547 TA Instruments - Water Corp. LLC 235 Cactus Materials 346 Gasbarre Products Inc. 319 Nabertherm 142 \'Team by SAMCI\' Laeis GmbH 659 Camco Furnace 158 GEFRAN 300 Nablatec AG 231 TevTech LLC 870 Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC 922 GeoCorp Inc. 501 Nanmac Corp. 622 Thai Polymer Supply Co. Ltd. 724 CCEWOOL Thermomax Inc. 324 Glen Mills Inc. 416 Nanoe 304 The American Ceramic Society 308 Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. 825 Goodfellow Corp. 241 Neptune Industries Ltd. 559 (ACerS) Ceramco Inc. 242 GrainBound Inc. 135 Netzsch Instruments NA LLC 100 The Young Industries Inc. 642 Ceramdis Advanced Ceramics 148 H.C. Starck Surface Technology 230 Netzsch Premier Technologies 143 Thermal Technology LLC 469 Ceramic Applications 655 and Ceramic Powders GmbH Niabraze LLC 856 Thermaltek Inc. 317 Ceramic Forum International 655 Haiku Tech Inc. 540 Nikon Corp. 809 Thermcraft Inc. 411 Ceramic Industry 349 Hans Lingl Anlagenbau und Ver347 NSL Analytical Services Inc. 334 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. 704 CeramTec GmbH 638 fahrenstechnik GmbH & Co. KG Nutec Bickley 518 Thinky USA Inc. 437 Cerinnov Inc. 219 Harper International Corp. 758 NYACOL Nano Technologies Inc. 343 Trans-Tech (a subsidiary of 433 CF Extrusion Technologies LLC 164 Harrop Industries Inc. 216 OptiPro Systems 400 Skyworks Solutions) China Machinery Industry Inter- 904 national Cooperation Co. Ltd. Clay Equipment Technology LLC 337 Heinkel USA Drying & 823 Orbis Machinery LLC 208 Treibacher Industrie AG 811 Separation Group P/M Industries 351 Ultra Electronics - Furnace Parts 309 Herding Filtration LLC 553 Park Systems 729 Unimin Corp. 225 Cleveland Electric Laboratories 534 Hitachi High Technologies 504 Paul O. Abbe 470 US Stoneware 138 Cleveland Vibrator Co. 201 America Inc. Piezo Kinetics Inc. 942 Uttam Industries 458 CM Furnaces Inc. 430 Horiba Instruments Inc. 464 Poco Graphite 808 Vac-U-Max 713 Compass Wire Cloth 336 Huber Engineered Materials 152 Polymer Chemistry Innovations 611 Verder Scientific Inc. 465 Component Surfaces Inc. 255 Hysitron 771 Inc. Viridis3D 353 CoorsTek Inc. 200 I Squared R Element Co. 734 Corning Inc. 617 IBU-tec Advanced Materials AG 333 Powder Processing & Technology 111 LLC Vorti-Siv/MM Industries Inc. 812 Washington Mills Electro 124 Croda Inc. 328 IGP Tools 108 PowderPro AB 128 Minerals Corp. Custom Processing Services 141 Imerys North America Ceramics 605 Power Pusher, Division of 447 Xieta International S.L. 370 Dalian Zhengxing Abrasive Co. 701 IMR Test Labs 237 Nu-Star Inc. XJET Ltd. 210 Ltd. InfoSight Corp. 339 Precision Ceramics USA 146 YJC Co. Ltd. 900 DCM Tech 359 IPS Ceramics 441 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics 509 Yugyokuen Ceramics Co. Ltd. 222 Deltech Inc. 835 Iwatani Corp. 157 PresTec Ltd. 719 Zhejiang Jinkun Zirconia 510 DENKA Corp. 312 Jenike & Johanson Inc. 205 Procedyne 247 Industry Co. Ltd. Digital Press USA 405 Jeol USA 446 PSC Inc. 432 Zili USA LLC 654 DMG MORI 250 Johnson Matthey 546 Qingdao Terio Corp. 508 ZIRCAR Ceramics Inc. 322 Döbrich & Heckel 519 JW Lemmens AIF Management 705 Qual Diamond Hi-Tech Corp. 930 Zircoa Inc. 412 765 BVBA Quantachrome Instruments 722 Domin-tex Insulation Corp. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 Defects, failure, and cold contribute to successful EAM 2018 (Credit all images: ACerS) T The poster session and reception got everyone talking. The Conference on Electronic and Advanced Materials wrapped up on Friday, January 19 in Orlando, Fla., after three days of stimulating sessions. The weather cooperated and was unusually chilly, which safeguarded attendees from sunshine distraction! Nearly 345 people from about 22 countries, including about 85 students, attended the conference, coorganized by ACerS Electronics and Basic Science Divisions. Both plenary sessions were exceptional and set the stage for an unexpected theme around the idea of making peace if not friends with defects. Roger de Souza, professor at RWTH Aachen University (Germany), opened the conference by suggesting that we need to learn to live with and take advantage of defects in crystalline structures. Later, in a breakout session, Lane Martin, professor at University of California, Berkeley, and coauthor of the cover story in last month\'s ACerS Bulletin, suggested a new appreciation of defects is emerging. Alp Sehirlioglu (right) guides Bryan Huey through a crystal structure using Microsoft Hololens augmented reality system during the poster session. This theme emerged again in Thursday\'s plenary session talk by Judith MacManus-Driscoll, professor at University of Cambridge (England), who discussed application opportunities for oxide thin-film devices and the challenges to overcome. Pennsylvania State University professor Clive Randall and his group presented several talks on cold sintering. Lenny Koh\'s group at the University of Sheffield in England used an analytical modeling tool, SCEAnTi, to consider whether KNN is more environmentally damaging than PZT-which it was. EAM continued its tradition of offering a tutorial session for graduate students, a host of networking receptions, poster session, and a conference banquet. Wrapping up the conference was the Failure Symposium. The \"lessons learned\" were entertaining but genuine reminders that success comes with difficulty, even for the most successful researchers in the field. Next year the conference will reassume its Electronic Materials and Applications identity. Plan now to attend EMA 2019, again in Orlando, January 23-25, 2019. Read more about EAM 2018 at http://bit.ly/ EAM2018wrapup. View images from EAM 2018 at http://bit.ly/EAM2018photos. Representing land and sea defense research (from left): Brian Donovan, U.S. Naval Academy; Michael Golt and Victoria Blair, Army Research Lab; Edward Gorzkowski, Naval Research Labs. Downloaded from bulletin archiefer | www.ceramics.org Latecomers to the plenary sessions had a hard time finding a seat. 39 ICACC 2018(Credit all images: ACerS) Never a dull moment between sessions, networking, and government shutdown CACC in Daytona Beach, Fla., never disappoints in terms of quality, size, and the unexpected. Usually, weather serves as the wildcard, but this year it was the shutdown of the United States federal government. The three-day shutdown overlapped with the first day of the conference, forcing federal employees to cancel their travel plans. By Tuesday the government was open again, and many federal government employees resurrected plans and came to Florida. More than 1,100 attendees came, with more than half coming from 37 countries outside the United States. ICACC18 offered about 1,000 presentations in 17 symposia, three focus sessions, two poster sessions, and two special symposia―the Global Young Investigators Forum and the Mrityunjay Singh Honorary Symposium. Constant networking is inevitable with 1,100 attendees. Monica Feraris (right) makes a point during a coffee break. Receptions welcomed new ACerS members to the Society. ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) organizes the conference and also holds its annual business meeting at ICACC. ECD included many opportunities for students to present their work, engage with peers, and learn more about their chosen professions. \"The number of young people is increasing,\" conference program chair Manabu Fukushima says. \"A young woman from Nigeria, attending for the first time, told us that coming to the conference was her dream.\" ECD helped support her trip to participate in the Global Young Investigators Forum. ICACC opened Monday with its traditional plenary session with ECD\'s Mueller Award lecture, Bridge Builder Award, and two plenary talks. ACerS past president and Distinguished Life Member, George Wicks, delivered the Mueller Award lecture on the topic of porous wall hollow glass microspheres. Yanchun Zhou reported on his group\'s work on MAX phases and some interesting new compositions based on borides instead of carbides. Plenary speaker Frank Muecklich\'s talk focused on deep learning and \"fully convolutional neural networks\" to interpret microstructure, especially in three dimensions. Least technical but most provocative was a talk by Oxford professor Richard Brooks on The poster session offered an informal format for exchanging research ideas. research motivations, of which he suggests three: catastrophe avoidance, curiosity/adventure, and engineering/technology. Much effort goes into making ICACC conducive to making friends. Events included networking events for new ACerS members, young professionals, Corporate Partners, and students. The accompanying exposition provided a forum for 32 exhibitors to present their products and services and for the conference poster session. An interesting mix of familiar companies as well as newcomers exhibited. Mark your calendars for next year\'s ICACC, January 27-February 1, 2019, in Daytona Beach. And let\'s hope we can avoid stormy weather and politics! Read more about ICACC18 at http://bit. ly/ICACC18wrapup. View images from ICACC18 at http://bit.ly/ICACC18photos. I With Unique Software Tins On Virtually Any Substrate -PCR +Pun Socked Components Populated Bo Wales an File Frame The \"Advanced frontiers of ceramics for sustainable development\" symposium honored Mrityunjay Singh, ACers Fellow and past president. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org A vendor at the expo discusses his products and services with a prospective buyer. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 2018 GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING May 20-24, 2018 | Hilton Palacio del Rio | San Antonio, Texas The Glass & Optical Materials Division (GOMD) builds its annual meeting around emerging trends in glass science and technology. Join technical leaders from industry, national laboratories, and academia May 20-24, 2018, in San Antonio, Texas, to share your research and lessons learned with colleagues from around the world. TECHNICAL PROGRAM S1: Fundamentals of the glassy state Session 1: Glass formation and structural relaxation Session 2: Crystallization in glass and its application Session 3: Structural characterizations of glasses Session 4: Topology and rigidity Session 5: Computer simulation and predictive modeling of glasses Session 6: Mechanical properties of glasses Session 7: Non-oxide glasses Session 8: Glass under extreme conditions S2: Glasses in healthcare—fundamentals and application S3: Optical and electronic materials and devices ―fundamentals and applications Session 1: Laser interactions with glasses Session 2: Charge and energy transport in disordered materials Session 3: Optical fibers and waveguides Session 4: Glass-based optical devices Session 5: Optical ceramics and glass-ceramics Session 6: Glasses and glass-ceramics in detector applications Session 7: Rare-earth and transition metal-doped glasses and ceramics for photonic applications S4: Glass technology and cross-cutting topics Session 1: Glass surfaces and functional coatings Session 2: Sol-gel processing of glasses and ceramic materials Session 3: Challenges in glass manufacturing Session 4: Waste immobilization-waste form development: processing and performance Session 5: Optical fabrication science and technology S5: Dawn of the Glass Age: New horizons in glass science, engineering, and applications Symposium to honor Professor L. David Pye― Glass scholar and ambassador For more information and to register, go to www.ceramics.org/gomd2018 Downloaded from bulletin archive ferm. 2 | www.ceramics.org SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR CONFERENCE SPONSORS SAINT-GOBAIN SCHOTT Specialty GLASS Inc. solving the science of glass™ HOTEL INFORMATION Hilton Palacio Del Rio Ph: 210-270-0752 | Fax: 210-270-0761 200 S Alamo | San Antonio, TX 78205 Based on availability: Single/double $189 plus tax Triple/quad $209 plus tax Prevailing government rate Reserve your room by April 24, 2018, to secure the negotiated conference rate. www.ceramics.org/gomd2018 41 June 6-8, 2018 | Columbia, S.C. USA 2018 ACERS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION AND SOUTHWEST SECTION MEETING in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting If you are involved in the structural clay industry--and that includes manufacturing, sales and marketing, consultants, and material or equipment suppliers-then join us June 6–8, 2018, at the Hilton Columbia Center in Columbia, S.C. This is the second year for combined meetings with ACers Structural Clay Products, its Southwest Section, and the National Brick Research Center that better meet the needs of the structural clay industry. The event will feature meetings, two technical sessions, a suppliers\' mixer, and two plant tours at Carolina Ceramics in Columbia, S.C., and at Meridian Brick. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER www.ceramics.org/scpd2018 Registration is now open! MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MCARE 2018) Hosted and organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Also organized by: ㅎKIChE August 20 – 23, 2018 Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel | Vancouver, BC, Canada TECHNICAL PROGRAM - MATERIALS FOR SOLAR FUEL PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS - Advanced ELECTROCHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR ENERGY STORAGE - MATERIALS Challenges in Perovskite AND NEXT GENERATION SOLAR CELLS - FerroelectricS AND MULTIFERROICS FOR ENERGY GENERATION, CONVERSION, AND STORAGE - MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN DIRECT THERMAL-TO-ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND THERMAL ENERGY HARNESSING FOR EFFICIENT INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS MATERIALS FOR Spectral Energy CONVERSION ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS AND HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS - Lifecycle ConsideRATIONS FOR ENERGY MATERIALS - Critical MateriALS FOR ENERGY - MATERIALS AND Process Challenges for SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Sustainable, Eco-FRIENDLY ADVANCED MATERIALS AND NANODEVICES Young Scientists FORUM ON FUTURE ENERGY MATERIALS AND DEVICES SYMPOSIUM ON Materials for Super ULTRA LOW ENERGY AND EMISSION VEHICLE www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 Dive Koman insitute of Chemical Engineers tin-archive.ceramics.org COMPOSITE MATERIALS BAND Ceramic Matrix Composites 5 new products CMH47 Composite materials handbook Sinternational SÆ has a new book that offers technical guidance and properties on ceramic matrix composite material systems. \"Composite Materials Handbook Volume 5. Ceramic Matrix Composites\" is the fifth volume of the sixvolume Composite Materials Handbook. This book helps standardize engineering methodologies related to testing, data reduction, and reporting of property data for current and emerging composite materials. Selected guidance includes material selection, processing, characterization, testing, data reduction, design, analysis, quality control, and more. SAE International (Warrendale, Pa.) http://books.sae.org/r-426 888-875-3976 Specialty cordierite ceramics CERAMICS PS Ceramics USA will launch two at Ceramics Expo 2018, May 1-3, 2018, in Cleveland, Ohio. Cordierite ceramics have exceptional resistance to thermal shock and are often used for components that are subject to rapid thermal cycling. IPS will offer porous cordierite (C520), which is best for thermal shock resistance and use at higher temperatures, and nonporous cordierite (C410), which is stronger and impermeable. The manufacturing processes allow production of a wide variof shapes and sizes, offering customers ety an attractive mix of design flexibility and high-temperature capability. IPS Ceramics USA Ltd. (Cornelius, N.C.) 704-897-3775 www.ipsceramics.com Rotary batch mixer new Munson rotary Ab batch mixer with integral lump breaker provides inline deagglomeration of compacted bulk materials before blending batches gently with total uniformity in one to three minutes. As the mixer\'s horizontal drum rotates, proprietary mixing flights tumble, turn, cut, and fold the material, minimizing or eliminating degradation. Internal flights lift and direct the entire batch into the stationary discharge spout for evacuation with no residual material, eliminating waste and improving product quality while facilitating rapid, thorough cleaning. Munson Machinery Company Inc. (Utica, N.Y.) 800-944-6644 www.munsonmachinery.com World\'s smallest multilayer ceramic capacitors yocera Corporation has developed (MLCCs) for mobile device applications in the world\'s smallest case sizes. Measuring just 0.25 x 0.125 x 0.125 mm, the new CM01 series reduce space requirements by 60% in surface area and 75% in total volume as compared to conventional products. The new MLCCs feature tight tolerances on key specifications, with an industry-leading Q-value that is 20% higher than conventional MLCCs to meet the rising demand for highly efficient power amplifier modules. Kyocera Corporation (Kyoto, Japan) +81-(0)75-604-3416 http://global.kyocera.com GMC Glass Manufacturing Industry Report Glass manufacturing industry report he Glass Manufacturing Industry tion of its Glass Manufacturing Industry Report, a detailed and comprehensive reference source for intelligence on the glass manufacturing industry. The report contains vital metrics broken out by glass manufacturing segments-float, fiber, container, and specialty glass-detailed as historical trends, industry predictions, graphs, tables, and analysis. Glass Manufacturing Industry Council (Columbus, Ohio) 614-818-9423 www.gmic.org/glass-manufacturingindustry-report Downloaded from bulletin archive ceramics. 2 | www.ceramics.org Safety light curtain oss now offers protective light curRoss now offers protective light cury shutoff of tumble blenders whenever an operator crosses a defined security boundary. Tumble blenders provide gentle agitation and are ideal blenders for batches requiring dispersion of extremely small minor components and low shear intensity. Due to the nature of the rotating mix chamber, a safety railing is supplied standard on all Ross tumble blenders. The addition of optional light curtains further improves operator safety. Charles Ross & Son Co. (Hauppauge, N.Y.) 800-243-ROSS www.mixers.com 43 resources Calendar of events March 2018 14-16 Mineral Recycling Forum 2018 Radisson Blu Hotel, Cologne, Germany; http://bit.ly/ MinRecycleForum18 21-22 54th Annual St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics Division Symposium on Refractories - Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; www.bit.ly/54th RCDSymposium April 2018 10-13 ceramitec 2018 - Munich Germany; www.ceramitec.com 18-20 CICMT 2018: IMAPS/ ACerS 14th Int\'l Conference and Exhibition on Ceramic Interconnect and Ceramic Microsystems Technologies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; www.imaps.org May 2018 1-3 4th Ceramics Expo - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa.com 6-8 Oilfield Minerals & Markets Forum Houston 2018 - Hilton Houston Post Oak, Houston, Texas; http://bit.ly/ Oilfield18 20-24 GOMD 2018: Glass and Optical Materials Division Meeting Hilton Palacio de Rio, San Antonio, Texas; www.ceramics.org/gomd18 Drake 28-June 1➡24th IEI Congress and 80th PEI Technical Forum Hotel, Chicago, IlII; http://porcelainenamel.com/2018_IEI_Congress June 2018 4-14 14th Int\'l Ceramics Congress and the 8th Forum on New Materials Perugia, Italy; http://2018.cimtec-congress.org 5-8 ACers Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting - Columbia, S.C.; www.bit.ly/2018SCPDmeeting 11-12 9th Advances in CementBased Materials - Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; www.ceramics.org 17-21 ICC7: 7th Int\'l Congress on Ceramics Hotel Recanto Cataratas, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil; www.icc7.com.br July 2018 9-12 6th Int\'l Conference on the Characterization and Control of Interfaces for High Quality Advanced Materials and the 54th Summer Symposium on Powder Technology Kurashiki, Japan; www.ceramics.ynu. ac.jp/iccci2018/index.html 9-13 15th Int\'l Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids & 14th European Society of Glass Conference - Saint-Malo Convention Center, Saint-Malo, France; www.ustverre.fr 22-27 CMCEE-12: 12th Int\'l Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications - Suntec Convention & Exhibition Centre, Singapore; www.cmcee2018.org August 2018 11-12 Gordon Research Seminar: Solid State Studies in CeramicsDefects and Interfaces for New Functionalities in Ceramics - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=17148 12-17 Gordon Research Conference: Solid State Studies in Ceramics Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=11085 20-23 MCARE2018: Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada; www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 September 2018 10-12 China Refractory & Abrasive Minerals Forum 2018 - Regal Int\'l East Asia Hotel, Shanghai, China; http://bit.ly/CRAMF2018 October 2018 8-12 ic-cmtp5: 5th Int\'l Conference on Competitive Materials and Technology Processes - Hunguest Hotel Palota, Miskolc, Hungary; http://www.ic-cmtp5.eu 14-18 MS&T18, combined with ACerS 120th Annual Meeting - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org 15-17 Fluorine Forum 2018 - Hotel Wellington, Madrid, Spain; http://bit.ly/FluorineForum18 November 2018 5-8 79th Conference on Glass Problems Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org January 2019 23-25 EMA2019: 2019 Conference on Electronic Materials and Applications DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. SEAL denotes Corporate partner Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services custom finishing/machining 35 Years of Precision Ceramic Machining Ph: 714-538-2524 | Fx: 714-538-2589 Email: sales@advancedceramictech.com www.advancedceramictech.com • Custom forming of technical ceramics •Protype, short-run and high-volume production quantities • Multiple C.N.C. Capabilities ADVANCED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY CUSTOM MACHINED INSULATION TO 2200°C Technical Ceramics German Quality and Innovation Rauschert Industries, Inc. 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Connected and Experienced Globally Tel: +1 (810) 225-9494 sales@mohrcorp.com www.Mohrcorp.com Based in Brighton, MI USA www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday BUYING & SELLING • Compacting Presses Isostatic Presses • Piston Extruders • Mixers & Blenders Jar Mills Pebble Mills Lab Equipment • Crushers & Pulverizers • Attritors • Spray Dryers Screeners • Media Mills • Kilns & Furnaces • Stokes Press Parts Huge Inventory in our Detroit Michigan warehouse Contact Tom Suhy 248-858-8380 sales@detroitprocessmachinery.com www.detroitprocessmachinery.com DPM DETROIT PROCESS MACHINERY maintenance/repair services CENTORR Vacuum Industries VII AFTERMARKET SERVICES Spare Parts and Field Service Installation Vacuum Leak Testing and Repair Preventative Maintenance Used and Rebuilt Furnaces 55 Northeastern Blvd, Nashua, NH 03062 Ph: 603-595-7233 Fax: 603-595-9220 sales@centorr.com www.centorr.com Alan Fostier afostier@centorr.com Dan Demers - ddemers@centorr.com CUSTOM HIGH-TEMPERATURE VACUUM FURNACES ADVERTISE YOUR SERVICES HERE Contact Mona Thiel 614-794-5834 mthiel@ceramics.org Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 ADINDEX *Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2017 Buyer\'s Guide MARCH 2018 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin DISPLAY ADVERTISER AdValue Technology* Alteo* American Elements* www.advaluetech.com www.alteo-alumina.com www.americanelements.com Ceramic Expo* www.ceramicsexpousa.com Inside front cover Outside back cover Inside back cover DCM Tech* Gasbarre Products* Greenlee Diamond Tool Co.* Harrop Industries Inc.* I-Squared R Element www.dcm-tech.com www.gasbarre.com www.greenleediamond.com www.harropusa.com 11 17 17 5 www.isquaredrelement.com 13 Lucideon* Mo-Sci Corp.* NGK/NTK* www.lucideon.com/ceramics 9 www.mo-sci.com 7 www.ngksparkplugs.com 19 TA Instruments* www.tainstruments.com 19 TevTech* www.tevtechllc.com 15 The American Ceramic Society* www.ceramics.org 4, 6, 47 CLASSIFIED & BUSINESS SERVICES ADVERTISER 15 Call for Book Authors and A Editors CerS-Wiley seeks new authors or volume editors for textbooks, handbooks, or reference books on ceramics and glass related topics. Examples topics include, and are not limited to: oxides, non-oxides, composites, environmental and energy issues; fuel cells; ceramic armor; nanotechnology; glass and optical materials; electronic/functional ceramic technology and applications; advanced ceramic materials; bioceramics; ceramic engineering, manufacturing, processing, and usage; ceramic design and properties; and health and safety. Authors and editors of new, original books receive royalties on worldwide sales of their books, while editors of proceedings volumes receive complimentary copies of their books. In addition, all authors and editors are entitled to a discount on Wiley books. To learn more or to share an idea, please contact: Michael Leventhal Sponsoring Editor John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 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Cleveland Ave., Suite 210 Westerville, Ohio 43082 46 45 45 Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-899-6109 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Pamela J. Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 Tel: 614-794-5858 Fax: 614-794-5882 E-mail: ggeiger@ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org WILEY Downloaded from bulletin archivefer | www.ceramics.org 47 O deciphering the discipline A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors. Glassy hillforts: Geoscience or materials science? Past or future? A hillfort is a type of prehistoric fortification consisting of one or more lines of earthwork (fort) on a raised area of land (hill), which was used to defend settlements in Bronze and Iron Age Europe. The defensive earthwork structure contains ramparts made of earth, stone, and/or wood, with an external ditch. Vitrified hillforts refer to those composed of stone ramparts bound together by a glassy material produced by heating rock, which partially melts and then vitrifies upon rapid cooling. But how could rock be transformed into glass using prehistoric technology, when mineralogy indicates that partial melting temperatures exceed 1,100°C? Questions like these continue to mystify archaeologists and geoscientists. While some researchers think that vitrification of pre-existing hillforts occurred due to natural events (e.g., lightning) or enemy attack, others believe it was done deliberately during construction for defensive reasons. In recent years, study of vitrified hillforts has attracted much interest amongst materials scientists, particularly within the nuclear waste management community. Waste vitrification is a reliable and proven technology to immobilize wastes. It typically involves mixing a waste component with glass-forming materials, and melting and vitrifying the mixture into a stable glass form. The integrity of such waste glasses must endure for thousands of years to avoid significant environmental and human health impacts. Therefore, it is problematic to justify such containment based solely on short-term laboratory experiments. Because hillfort glasses have been exposed to natural events and weathering for thousands of years, however, they are particularly important analogues for nuclear waste glasses Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org due to their composition, shallow burial, and known age. Beginning in 2016, materials scientists from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (Richland, Wash.) and Washington State University (Pullman, Wash.), supported by the U.S. Department of Energy\'s Office of River Protection, began looking into Broborg hillfort glasses located near Uppsala, Sweden, as analogues for aged nuclear glass. For a few decades, archaeologists and geologists have been studying the Broborg site, which is thought to have been built around 500 CE via constructive and intentional vitrification. Mostafa Ahmadzadeh Guest columnist 10μm Back-scattered electron microscopy image of a Broborg vitrified hillfort, showing dendritic star-like crystals (pyroxenes) within a glass matrix. I was fortunate to be involved in this collaborative research at WSU. By using oxide precursors to replicate the same compositions as Broborg glasses, we found that these glasses require extremely high melting temperatures (>1,400°C) in ambient conditions-which would have been unachievable in antiquity. Instead, the melting temperature could have been lowered by controlling water content and/or providing a reducing atmosphere to control oxidation state of the melt. All evidence shows that ancient people were brilliant materials scientists! Analyses also reveal extremely complex microstructures and chemistries of the vitrified rocks in different spots, such as evidence of fast cooling in the microstructures (i.e., dendritic growth of crystals). We found excess phosphorous and calcium-rich phases within the microstructure, suggesting the probability of using bone-whether from enemies or animals-to reduce melting temperatures. Moreover, our results show that the presence of magnetic iron-bearing oxides within vitrified hillfort glasses makes them suitable for paleomagnetic measurements. Paleomagnetism includes measuring the remanent magnetization from the earth\'s magnetic field recorded by vitrified rocks at the time of solidification. This will enable us to date the site within an accuracy of 50 years, which is significant for study of long-term degradation behavior of these natural glasses. The ultimate goal of this ongoing research is to provide insight into longterm mechanisms of glass corrosion to ensure the durability of vitrified nuclear wastes and their environmental safety for future generations. Through this interdisciplinary work, I have the opportunity to collaborate with geoscientists to protect the planet from radioactive wastes-vitrified hillforts are a lesson learned from the past to improve the future. Mostafa Ahmadzadeh is a Ph.D. candidate focusing on glass science in the Materials Science and Engineering program at Washington State University. With bachelor\'s and master\'s degrees in the same field, his past studies have involved varying types of research, from mechanical behaviors of metals to electrical and magnetic properties of ceramics. Ahmadzadeh is enthusiastic to learn the endless new aspects of materials science. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 C ceramics expo May 1-3, 2018 Cleveland, OH, USA A manufacturing and engineering event for advanced ceramic materials and technologies Advanced ceramics are solving material challenges right now across a myriad of applications Why choose ceramics for your application? Automotive Strong and lightweight Energy Safe and reliable Electronic/Electrical Good electrical properties Medical Wear and corrosion resistant Aerospace/Defense Withstands high temperatures “It\'s been a fantastic experience, I\'ve learnt a lot and looking to go home and implement some things I\'ve seen.\" Julien Mourou, Innovation, General Motors To read success stories from a range of industries or to register for a free pass today visit www.ceramicsexpousa.com Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Founding partner AMERICAN ELEMENTS calcium carbonate nanoparticles europium ph dielectrics catalog:americanelements.com carbon nanoparticle THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER Ⓡ palladium nanoparticles liquids H silicon nanopart HH He 1.00794 Hydrogen copper anarticles. Nd: yttri medic rho 11 37 Li 6.941 Lithium Na 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium Rb 85.4678 Rubidium 12 20 38 56 zinc nanoparticles Be 9.012182 Beryllium Mg 24.305 Magnesium 21 optoelectronics 99.999% ruthenium spheres surface functionalized nanoparticles iron nanoparticles Ca Sc 40.078 Calcium Sr 44.965912 Scandium Y 88.90585 87.62 Strontium Yttrium nadium Cs Ba 87 132.9054 Cesium tant Fr (223) Francium thin film 88 137.327 Barium 89 40 2 72 Ti V Cr Mn 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium 41 73 50.9415 Vanadium 42 51.9961 Chromium Nb Mo 92.90638 Niobium La Hf Ta 138.90547 Lanthanum Ra Ac 104 178.48 Hafnium Rf 105 180.9488 Tantalum 2 74 95.96 Molybdenum 106 W 183.84 Tungsten 43 75 107 54.938045 Manganese Tc (98.0) Technetium 44 76 silver nanoparti Cu Zn Fe Co Ni Cu 55.845 Iron 45 58.933195 Cobalt 58.6934 Nickel 63.546 Copper Ru Rh 101.07 Ruthenium 102.9055 Rhodium 46 Pd 106.42 Palladium 18 47 Ag 107.8682 Silver Re Os 186.207 Rhenium Db Sg Bh 108 190.23 Osmium Hs (226) Radium (227) Actinium (267) Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium diamond m refracto sten carbide Ce 140.116 Cerium ༥ ཱཿ།སྐ ༅ ༄ 33 , ༣ 77 Ir 192.217 Iridium ༥ ༥༠ ༥ 65.38 Zinc B C 10.811 Boron 12.0107 Carbon 13 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum 14 Si 28.0855 Silicon Ga Ge 69.723 Gallium 72.64 Germanium 33 14.0067 Nitrogen 15.9994 Oxygen NP 30.973762 Phosphorus S 32.065 Sulfur As Se 74.9216 Arsenic 78.96 Selenium 48 Cd 112.411 Cadmium In 114.818 Indium Sn 118.71 Tin 51 Sb 78 Pt 195.084 Platinum 79 80 Au Hg 196.966569 Gold 112 200.59 Mercury Cn 81 113 TI 204.3833 Thallium Uut 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 ས མ བྲཱ ཀ 114 121.76 Antimony Pb 207.2 Lead 83 Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 영 115 Uup unc 84 116 Te 127.6 Tellurium 17 35 53 85 F 18.9984032 Fluorine CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine Po At (209) Polonium Lv 117 (210) Astatine ON 10 18 36 54 86 118 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar 39.948 Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon rod solid metals crystals cone site Rn mistry (222) Radon Uus Uuo um Rg FI (276) Meitnerium (281) Darmstadtium Roentgenium (285) Copernicium (284) Ununtrium (289) Flerovium (288) Ununpentium (293) Livermorium (294) Ununseptium (294) Ununoctium quantum dots 62 aluminum nanoparticles Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 140.90765 Praseodymium 91 92 144.242 Neodymium 61 93 (145) Promethium 94 150.36 Samarium 63 95 151.964 Europium 96 157.25 Gadolinium 158.92535 Terbium Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf 100 167.259 Erbium 101 168.93421 Thulium 102 173.064 Ytterbium Fm Md No 71 103 Lu nickel nanoparticl 174.9668 Lutetium Lr Es 232.03806 Thorium 231.03588 Protactinium 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) Plutonium (243) Americium (247) Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium single crystal silicon rbium doped fiber optics nano ribbons advanced polymers gadolinium wires atomic layer deposition ing powder macromolecu nano gels anti-ballistic ceramics TM nanodispersions Now Invent. ultra high purity mat dielectrics alternative energy europium phosphors Experience the Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs ttering targets LED lighting rmet anode super alloys osynthetics As one of the world\'s first and largest manufacturers and distributors of nanoparticles & nanotubes, American Elements\' re-launch of its 20 year old Catalog is worth noting. In it you will find essentially every nanoscale metal & chemical that nature and current technology allow. In fact quite a few materials have no known application and have yet to be fully explored. But that\'s the whole idea! CIGS laser platinum ink solar energy metamaterials silicon rods zirconium nanofabrics photovoltaics crystal growth American Elements opens up a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! iron ionic spintronics rare earth dysprosium pellets palladium shot ©2001-2018. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark. www.americanelements.com gadolinium wire Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org
