AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MAY 2017 Going GorillaAutomotive glass gets lighter, tougher CMCs for next-gen turbines | Crystals enable new displays | Dynamics of glass relaxation 回家回 Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. • Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\" kiln for your specific needs Robust, industrial design and construction • After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com contents feature articles case study Cover story 10:55 May 2017 • Vol. 96 No.4 20 Lighter, tougher, and optically advantaged: 28 How an innovative combination of materials can enable better car windows today A thin, lightweight glass-glazing solution can help the automotive industry reduce the weight of vehicles to meet stringent fuel economy standards and improve vehicle performance. by Thomas Cleary, Timothy Huten, Vikram Bhatia, Yousef Qaroush, and Michael McFarland 3-D printing of polymer-derived CMCs for next-generation turbine blade manufacture A novel additive manufacturing method incorporates preceramic polymers to enable development of next-generation ceramic-matrix composites for advanced turbine blades. by Daniel J. Thomas 31 Novel crystal structures for familiar semi34 conductor materials: Cloud-aligned indium gallium zinc oxide composites hold promise for next-generation devices A novel crystal structure of indium gallium zinc oxide exhibits functionalities of a composite material and may have mass application in next-generation display devices. by Haruyuki Baba, Motoki Nakashima, and Shunpei Yamazaki Stretched exponential relaxation of glasses: Origin of the mixed-alkali effect A novel atomistic simulation method allows direct access to long-term dynamics of glass relaxation at room temperature. by Yingtian Yu, John C. Mauro, and Mathieu Bauchy departments News & Trends . Spotlight Ceramics in the Environment Ceramics in Manufacturing Research Briefs Ceramics in Energy. columns Business and Market View Global growth in markets for thermal barrier coatings by B.L. Gupta 3 7 12 13 14 19 6 Deciphering the Discipline ... 48 An inside look at Corning innovation by Jamie Curtis meetings PACRIM12. Cements 2017. Sintering 2017 38 40 41 MCARE 2017 recap. RCD 2017 recap. 42 43 resources Products & Services.. Calendar 37 44 Classified Advertising Display Ad Index.. 45 47 447 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Cover image credit: Corning Incorporated 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Faye Oney, Assistant Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany John McCloy, Chair, Washington State University Fei Peng, Clemson University Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Kansas State University Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers William Lee, President Michael Alexander, President-Elect Mrityunjay Singh, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Michael Alexander, Director 2014-2017 Geoff Brennecka, Director 2014-2017 Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 Doreen Edwards, Director 2016-2019 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Hua-Tay (H.T.) Lin, Director 2014-2017 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian online www.ceramics.org May 2017 Vol. 96 No. 4 in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink 5 http://bit.ly/acersrss http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb Want more ceramics and glass news throughout the month? Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and recieve the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news straight to your inbox every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday! Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. As seen in the April 2017 ACers Bulletin... As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Materials with market value: Global ceramic and glass industry poised to reach $1T The global ceramic and glass industry is expected to grow at an overall compound annual growth rate of 6.2% over the next few years. Traditional glass and ceramics comprise 89% of the global market; however, growth will be largest in technical ceramic sectors in the next five years. Read more at www.ceramics.org/business Flexible glass builds lab-on-a-chip devices for medical diagnostics, sensors, more Using common manufacturing processes, researchers at Brigham Young University have fabricated thin and flexible glass chips, layer by layer, to build nanoelectromechanical systems that offer new directions for medical diagnostics, sensors, and more. Read more at www.ceramics.org/glasschip American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2015. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 96, No. 4, pp 1-48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 • . news & trends Low-temperature processing could establish \'Materials Valley\' for companies manufacturing sustainable ceramic composites What if-instead of redesigning each individual material to be stronger, lighter, cheaper, and greener-we could rethink a single processing method to improve various different materials? Almost a decade ago, scientists Richard Riman and Vahit Atakan invented just such a technology, called reactive hydrothermal liquid-phase densification (rHLPD)-or, more simply put, low-temperature solidification. Riman is an ACerS Fellow and Distinguished Professor of Materials at Rutgers University. He founded companies Solidia Technologies and RRTC Inc., which develop eco-friendly cement/ concrete and advanced composites, respectively. Atakan is a former Rutgers student and is now chief scientist at Solidia. Their patented energy-efficient technology relies upon low-temperature, water-based reactions to form bonds within materials \"based on principles of hydrothermal reaction, infiltration, reactive crystallization, and liquid-phase sintering\" according to a paper published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society last year. \"Typically, we don\'t go any higher than 240°C (464°F) to make the composRichard Riman discusses making ceramic materials under sustainable conditions in the lab. 300+ ADVANCED CERAMIC FORMULATIONS 100+ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE Learn more at coorstek.com COORSTEK American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 2017 02391 B 3 Credit: Cameron Bowman; Rutgers University Onews & trends Credit: Maia Weinstock ite materials,\" Riman says in a Rutgers University press release. \"A lot of these processes are done even at room temperature.” Processing at low temperatures saves energy during manufacturing and even allows formulation of new combinations of materials that would not be possible at the higher temperatures required with more traditional processing techniques. According to the Rutgers release, the tech has enabled formation of more than 30 materials, including carbon-dioxide storing concrete and various composites of metals, polymers, and/or ceramics. \"Ultimately, what we\'d like to be able to do is create a \'Materials Valley\' here, where this technology can start one company after another, small, medium and large businesses,\" Riman says in the release. \"It\'s a foundational or platform technology for solidifying materials that contain ceramics, among other things. They can be pure ceramics, ceramics and metals, ceramics and polymers-a really wide range of composites.\" Women of NASA officially set to enter LEGO universe It is official-the Women of NASA LEGO Ideas concept set that debuted last year has gained enough support that it will become an official LEGO set. The set features five out of a pool of many women who have made extraordinary contributions to NASA\'s missions. Maia Weinstock, deputy editor of MIT News, created the set and noted that around 75 women have trained and/or flown in space. According to an MIT News story, \"The set depicts five trailblazers in NASA\'s history: Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the development of software for the Apollo missions while at MIT; Mae Jemison, who became the first African-American woman in space in 1992; Katherine Johnson, known for calculating and verifying trajectories for the Mercury and Apollo programs; Sally Ride, who became the first American woman in space in 1983; and astronomer Nancy Grace Roman, one of 4 OB C NAS Minifigures of five NASA pioneers—from left to right, Margaret Hamilton, Katherine Johnson, Sally Ride, Nancy Grace Roman, and Mae Jemison-will appear in an official LEGO set originally designed by MIT staff member Maia Weinstock. the first female executives at NASA, who was instrumental in the planning of the Hubble Space Telescope.\" While LEGOs are a popular pastime with all ages, this set is not just about Business news America may miss out on the next industrial revolution (www.theverge.com)... Alcoa Corporation streamlines company structure (www.news.alcoa.com)...Indonesia wants to be world\'s fourth-largest ceramics producer (www.thejakartapost. com)...llika and Galvani Bioelectronics enter into collaboration in bioelectronics project (www.ilika.com)...Guardian to add laminated glass line at Hungary plant (www.guardianglass.com)...CeramTec presents new zirconium oxide dental material at IDS 2017 (www.ceramtec. com)...3DCeram renews partnership with Science of Ceramic Processes and Surface Treatment (www.3dceram.com)...Morgan Advanced Materials recruits highest number of female graduates ever (www. morganadvancedmaterials.com)... Guardian Glass approves engineering design spend for additional float glass facility in Poland (www.guardianglass. com)...US solar market set new record in 2016 (www.upi.com)...POSCO expands production of its non-oriented silicon steel (www.globalblog.posco.com)... fun and games-Weinstock had an important goal in mind when she created the Women of NASA set. \"I hope that \'Women of NASA\' will be one little extra brick in the wall of Vitro acquires PGW\'s original equipment automotive glass business (www.vitro. com)...NREL Industry Growth Forum connects clean energy startups and investors (www.nrel.gov)...Sika Global Automotive announces ISO certification for China manufacturing facility (www. automotive.sika.com)...Glasspex India and Glasspro India 2017 established as industry hub for region (www.glasspex. com)...Rise of silica: Nanotechnology innovation creates opportunity for novel product development (www.rdmag. com)...TenCate to launch next generation composite materials at JEC World 2017 (www.tencate.com)...Landmark Ceramics opens with success, plans to add third shift for production (www.landmarkceramics. com)...GE Aviation building US blueprint to industrialize CMCS (www.geaviation. com)...Amedica announces results of independent femoral head wear testing (www.amedica.com)...ARPA-E projects receive more than $1.8B in private funding for transformational energy tech (www. arpa-e.energy.gov) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 trying to improve how women are perceived and shown in books, toys, and family programming,\" Weinstock says in the MIT News story. \"Anything I can do to help make sure girls understand that they can and should be interested in the sciences, engineering, and math, that is my goal. At the end of the day, that\'s why I am doing this.\" Initiatives that recognize the scientific contributions of women can help shift cultural perceptions. And efforts to help establish women as role models can help younger generations realize their scientific potential, regardless of gender. \"One major goal for me is to get the public to recognize the history of women in the STEM fields. I\'m hopeful that with this set more people will come to know these women,\" Weinstock says in the MIT News story. \"Part of it is knowing these specific five women, but also part of it is setting an example. It\'s really important to set an example for girls, as well as for boys, to normalize and make plain that women are expected to be in these fields and that it\'s not strange or unusual.\" Will robots replace humans? Google\'s new robot Handle acts strangely human Handle, the latest robot from Googleowned Boston Dynamics, performs like a human. Standing 6\'6\" tall on two wheels, Handle pirouettes, jumps over obstacles and onto tables, lifts heavy loads, and descends stairs and snow-covered hills. Watch it at youtu.be/-7xvqQeoA8c. There is a growing concern among many workers that robots will replace their jobs, especially those in the manufacturing sector. But are robots going to take over all jobs? Findings from a McKinsey & Co. report suggest less than 5% of occupations are candidates for full automation. However, nearly every occupation has the potential to become partially automated nearly half of activities employees are paid to do in the world\'s workforce. The report states that work activities most likely to be automated are physical activities performed in retail and manufacturing, as well as collecting, sifting through, and processing data. In a recent Washington Post article, Michael Jones, author and assistant professor of economics at the University of Cincinnati, says that although job loss in some occupations will continue, it will be offset by gains in other fields. He describes the case of a supercomputers assisting physicians at the Cleveland Clinic to diagnose and treat patients more efficiently. Google-owned Boston Dynamics\' newest robot, Handle, is nimble and versatile. If Handle were for hire, it could perform tasks such as lifting and moving heavy objects, perhaps reducing worker\'s compensation claims. What American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Sealing Glass about search and rescue missions where robots could more quickly climb and reach into inaccessible spaces? The possibilities for robots to replace some of the more difficult human physical activities are endless. Sealing Glass Solutions from Mo-Sci Excellent wetting and bonding to both metal and ceramics Glass is homogeneous, with no crystals and no significant elements from metal or ceramics diffusing into glass The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with you to design and develop your project mo.sci CORPORATION ISO 9001:2008. AS9100C www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 • 5 Credit: Boston Dynamics; YouTube business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry bcc Research Global growth in markets for bines, power generation gas turbines, and marine diesel engines. Hot section components of aircraft gas turbines had the highest market share with 60.0% in 2016 and the segment is expected to increase to 63.4% by 2021. TBCs for gas turbines in the power generation thermal barrier industry had 37.4% of the TBC market coatings By B.L. Gupta Ther hermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are highly advanced materials systems that allow for higher operating temperatures while limiting the thermal exposure of structural components, extending part life by reducing oxidation. and thermal fatigue. Due to increasing demand for higher engine operation, better durability and lifetime, and thinner coatings to reduce component weight, there is great motivation to develop new and advanced TBCs. Global companies engaged in the market for thermal barrier coatings are high-tech companies with complex coating technology expertise, high-cost equipment, and high-quality control labs. The TBC industry includes three major components: aircraft gas turin 2016, and this is expected to decrease to 34.4% in 2021. Diesel engine parts for marine applications had 2.5% of the TBC market in 2016, and this segment is expected to decrease to 2.2% in 2021. Table 1 provides market values of these industries. Growth of those three individual industries impacts the growth of the TBC industry overall. According to one estimate, the global market for commercial aircraft turbine blades and vanes is expected to increase at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6% from 2016 through 2021 owing to increased aircraft sales. The global market for commercial power generation turbine blades and vanes is expected to increase at a CAGR of 3.8% from 2016 through 2021 due to increased use of gas turbines in the power generation industry. The global marine engine market is estimated to grow at a CAGR of 3.0% from 2016 through 2021. In terms of material, single layer yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic is preferred for TBC top coats and accounted for a market share of 85% in 2016. However, this share is expected to decline to 83% by 2021. Double layer or multilayer top coats made of YSZ, lanthanum zirconate, or gadolinium zirconate-particularly for integrated gasification combined cycle gas turbines used in power plants-had a market share of 15% in 2016 and are expected to increase to 17% by 2021, a CAGR of 8.3% for 2016-2021. The aircraft industry accounts for the largest sector of the TBC market. North America leads the market for application of TBCs in hot section components of gas turbines used in the aircraft industry with a 35% share in 2016, which is expected to decrease to 34% in 2021. Europe had a 30% share in 2016, which is expected to decrease to 29% in 2021. The rest of the world region (e.g., Korea, Mexico, Brazil, Russia, Malaysia, India, Dubai, Singapore, and Qatar) represents a third major market for aircraft TBCs, with a 20% share in 2016 that is expected to increase to 23.4% in 2021. China had a market share of 10% in 2016 and is expected to increase to 11% in 2021. Japan\'s market share was 5% in 2016 and is expected to decrease to 4% in 2021. Table 2 provides market values for these regions. About the author B.L. Gupta is project analyst for BCC Research. Contact Gupta at analysts@ bccresearch.com. Resource B.L. Gupta, \"Thermal barrier coatings: Global markets,\" BCC Research Report AVM139A, February 2017. www. bccresearch.com. Table 1. Global market for thermal barrier coating technologies by application industry through 2021 ($ millions) Industry 2015 2016 2021 CAGR, 2016-2021 Aircraft gas turbine industry 470.2 501.7 694.8 6.7 Power generation 376.5 3.8 gas turbine industry* 300.8 312.2 Marine diesel engine industry 20.4 21.0 24.3 3.0 Total 475.4 576.6 1,527.6| 21.5 *Includes industrial gas turbines. Table 2. Regional markets for TBCs in aircraft gas turbine applications through 2021 ($ millions) Region 2015 2016 2021 North America Europe Rest of world China Japan 164.2 175.6 226.2 142.1 150.5 201.5 93.2 100.3 162.9 46.1 50.2 76.4 24.6 25.1 27.8 CAGR%, 2016-2021 5.2 6.0 10.2 8.8 2.1 Total 470.2 501.7 694.8 6.7 6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Oacers spotlight Society and Division news W. Paul Holbrook served as executive director for 18 years Holbrook William \"Paul\" Holbrook, who served the Society as executive director from 1985-2003, died March 6 at age 84. A number of initiatives begun during Holbrook\'s time have had lasting impact on the business and character of the Society. For example, the Society started building international relationships in the early 1980s. In the late 1980s onward, the Society strategically sent delegations to France, Germany, South Korea, England, Australia, Spain, Italy, Japan, and China. Today we are \"American in name, global in scope,\" with about 40% of our members living or working outside the United States. Past-president David Johnson worked closely with Holbrook during his 19941995 term. He says \"Paul made it easy to be president in many respects. I saw him as a capable manager and director of the Society.\" \"He was a builder,\" says Johnson. By the 1980s the Society needed more space than it was leasing. Holbrook led the effort to build a new home for the Society to conduct its business and expand its activities. The building housed a library, a museum, and space for expansion. \"The new building was almost entirely his initiative,\" Johnson says. In many ways, the new building reflected the heady times our profession was experiencing with high-profile technologies, such as the Space Shuttle and fiber optic communications. A contraction in membership led the Society to sell the building and move to its present leased location in 2007. However, the passion of its members and the technology advances they drive continue today. Holbrook built much more than buildings during his tenure. He helped launch the highly successful biennial Pacific Rim Conference series. The first Pacific Rim conference was in 1993; the 12th \"PACRIM\" conference begins in a few weeks in Hawaii. ACerS published its first website in 1995. And, the seed of ACerS highly successful Ceramic Publications Company was planted when ACerS acquired Ceramics Monthly magazine in 1996 and launched Pottery Making Illustrated in 1997. Over the years, CPC has provided financial stability to the Society while establishing itself as the predominant media source for the ceramic art community. Holbrook joined the Society after retiring from Kaiser Aluminum where he managed all aspects of manufacturing operations. He earned his B.S. in chemical engineering from West Virginia American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org University and had attended Harvard University\'s Business School Program of Management Development. Holbrook lived in North Carolina with his wife Jean. His first wife, Barbara, preceded him in death. Two sons, two grandchildren, and three greatgrandchildren also survive. Become a Corporate Partner ACerS\' Corporate Partnership Program offers benefits that include advertising, sponsorships, meeting registrations, technical resources, and more. For more details, contact Kevin Thompson at 614-794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. 本 Deltech Furnaces We Build The Furnace To Fit Your Need\" Standard or Custom Control systems are certified by Intertek UL508A compliant. www.deltechfurnaces.com 7 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) ECD secretary nominations due August 15 The Engineering Ceramics Division nominating committee invites nominations for incoming 2017-2018 division secretary candidate. Nominees will be presented for approval at ECD\'s annual business meeting at MS&T17 and included on the ACerS spring 2018 division officer ballot. Submit nominations and a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications by August 15, 2017 to Michael C. Halbig, nominating committee chair, at michael.c.halbig@ nasa.gov, Junichi Tatami, at tatami@ ynu.ac.jp, or Tatsuki Ohji, at t-ohji@aist. go.jp. For more information, visit www. ceramics.org/divisions. Member spotlight Membership benefits that last a lifetime ACerS announced a new Lifetime Membership option in 2016. Designed for those who are dedicated to a professional career in the ceramic and glass community, this option allows loyal members to avoid paying membership dues each year and any possible dues increases in the future. Lifetime Members enjoy continuous, enhanced benefits at a reduced cost over time, and maintain membership without ever having to pay membership dues in the future. Plus, Lifetime Members who will become eligible for awards and recognition in the future need not worry about a membership lapse, that could eliminate them from well-deserved recognition. The cost to secure Lifetime Membership and its continuous benefits is one-time payment of $2,000, which averages out to about 17 years at the current dues rate. To secure your member benefits for a lifetime and join the growing group of Lifetime Members, contact Kevin Thompson, membership director, at kthompson@ceramics.org or 614-7945894 or (866) 721-3322. 8 Members listen to a variety of speakers at the inaugural U.K. chapter meeting. UK Chapter holds first meeting The first meeting of the ACerS U.K. Chapter was held at the Department of Materials at Imperial College London on March 15, 2017. Fifty-five members representing academia and industry from the U.K. traveled from areas as close as London and Oxford and from as far away as St. Andrews, Scotland. This is a testament Names in the news Madsen receives inaugural MRS Impact Award Madsen Lynnette D. Madsen, program director in materials research for the National Science Foundation and ACerS Fellow, received the inaugural Materials Research Society Impact Award at the 2017 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit in April. The award honors excellence in areas of science communication, education, advancing diversity, mentoring, or community engagement. Madsen currently serves on the ACerS Board of Directors. Local hospital honors Day Day Ted Day was recently honored by the Phelps County Regional Medical Center, Rolla, Mo. board of trustees for his numerous contributions to the hospital, to the enthusiasm of the U.K. ceramics community to participate in U.K. chapter events! Eugenio Zapata-Solvas, chair of the U.K. chapter, reports that attendees enjoyed the meeting and are interested in future events. Upcoming meetings will be announced soon! Alba Maria Matas Adams; Imperial College London including his research into development of new cancer treatments using radioactive glass bead technologies, as well as development of bone-forming treatments of orthopedic injuries. Basu selected for Indian Institute of Science College of Fellows Bikramjit Basu, professor, Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, has been elected for induction into its College of Fellows for his Basu contributions impacting translational research on multifunctional biomaterials, innovations in biophysical stimulation, and exemplary leadership, education and outreach activities. In memoriam Carlos Frick Some detailed obituaries can also be found on the ACers website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 FAKULTA SOCIÁLNO-E FAY A PRIE FunGLASS Centre of Excellence team, from left: Andrea Kalinayová, Lothar Wondraczek, Alicia Duran, Dusan Galusek, Enrico Bernardo, Jozef Habanik, and Aldo Boccaccini. FunGLASS research center established in Slovakia with €25M KULT The global glass community received a €25 million investment in glass research to establish the new Centre for Functional and Surface-Functionalized Glasses (FunGLASS) in Trenčín, Slovakia—with partner institutions in Germany, Spain, and Italy. Funding sources include the European Commission H2020 program (€15M) and the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic (€10M). The Centre\'s purpose is to conduct cutting edge research on glasses with special functional properties as well as investigate novel strategies for functionalizing conventional glasses-with the goal of modifying properties and adding new functionalities to expand the range of applications in the optical, energy, structural, and biomedical sectors. You can learn more at www.funglass.eu. Credit: FunGLASS Learn how to get published at PACRIM12/ GOMD 2017 workshop SAINT-GOBAIN Want to learn how to get published? If you are attending PACRIM12/GOMD 2017 in Hawaii, plan to attend “So you want to get published: A workshop for graduate students and young professionals,\" sponsored by Saint-Gobain, on Monday May 22, 2017, noon to 1:15 p.m. ACerS journal editors will cover writing tips, online publishing tools, and the process of getting published. For more information, visit www.ceramics. org/publshingworkshop. Hone your speaking, artistic, and physical skills at MS&T17 student contests •Undergraduate student poster contest •Undergraduate student speaking contest • Graduate student poster contest • Ceramic mug drop contest Ceramic disc golf contest For more information on any of the contests or student activities at MS&T, visit www.matscitech.org/students, or contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. AdValue Technology Your Valuable Partner in Material Science! Crucible Sample Pan Boat Plate Sapphire Sample Pan Students and outreach Students, recent grads: ACerS membership is career investment Membership in ACerS is an investment in your profession that will expand your knowledge, yield valuable connections, and advance your career. Visit www.bit.ly/ StudentGradMembers to view our flow chart, which will help you determine which membership is right for you! Questions? Contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Show off your creative talent in ACerS PCSA creativity contest Ever tried to combine science with art? Give it a try and compete in ACerS PCSAs 2nd Annual Creativity Competition! There are three prize categories, and winning entries will be displayed at the ACerS booth at MS&T17 in Pittsburgh, Pa. For details, visit www.ceramics.org/pcsacreative. Deadline for submissions is August 15, 2017. Powder Tubing Sapphire Substrates Alumina from Powder to Sapphire Crystals & Ceramic Components Powder Wool Crucible Tubing Custom Quartz from Sand to Wool & Fused Quartz Components Cerium Oxide Polishing Powders Agate Mortar UV Quartz Cuvettes Zirconia Crucibles Ceramic Membrane Other Supplies for Material Processing and Characterization Http://www.advaluetech.com Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight Students and outreach (continued) ACerS GGRN for graduate-level ceramic and glass students Are you a current graduate student who could benefit from additional networking within the ceramic and glass community? Put yourself on the path toward post-graduate success with ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network (GGRN). • Your GGRN membership helps you: Engage with other ACerS members • Build a network of peers and contacts within the ceramic and glass community • Access professional development tools Visit www.ceramics.org/ggrn to learn how GGRN can help your career! Contact Tricia Freshour, ACerS member engagement manager, at tfreshour@ ceramics.org. Awards and deadlines Upcoming nomination deadlines May 15, 2017 Glass & Optical Materials: Alfred R. Cooper Scholars recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/ or study in glass science or technology. Electronics: Edward C. Henry Award recognizes an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Electronics: Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship recognizes academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics/materials science and engineering. July 1, 2017 The Mueller Award recognizes accomplishments of individuals who have made contributions to ECD and/or work in areas of engineering ceramics resulting in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The award consists of a memorial plaque, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. For questions, email Andrew Gyekenyesi at Andrew.L.Gyekenyesi@ nasa.gov. The Bridge Building Award recognizes individuals outside the United States who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. For questions, email Jingyang Wang at jywang@imr.ac.cn. The Global Young Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding scientist conducting research in academia, industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. Candidates must be ACerS members 35 years of age or younger. The award consists of $1,000, a glass piece, and certificate. For questions, email Manabu Fukushima at manabu-fukushima@aist.go.jp. August 25, 2017 2018 Class of Society Fellows recog nizes members who have made outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciences through productive scholarship or conspicuous achievement in the industry or by outstanding service to the Society. Nominees shall be persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and who have been continuous members of the Society for at least five years. Visit www.bit.ly/ SocietyFellowsAward to download the nomination form. Visit www.ceramics.org/awards for award criteria and nomination forms. For questions, email Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ ceramics.org. GOMD 2017 lecture awards ACerS and the Glass and Optical Materials Division will honor its 2017 lecture award recipients during ACerS GOMD meeting at PACRIM 12, May 21-26, 2017 in Waikoloa, Hawaii. For more information visit bit.ly/ GOMDlectureawards 17. Stookey Lecture of Discovery Schultz Peter C. Schultz, senior advisor and board member, OFS Fitel; director, secretary, advisor, viNGN; president, BioSensor Inc. In pursuit of perfect glass: Fifty years and still at it George W. Morey Award Kathleen Richardson, professor of optics and materials science and engiRichardson neering, Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida The evolution of chalcogenide glasses in infrared photonics beyond invisible Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars Yu Yingtian Yu, research assistant, University of | California, Los Angeles Stretched exponential relaxation of glasses: Origin of the mixed alkali effect Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Jain Himanshu Jain, professor, materials science and engineering, Lehigh University Pathways of glass-crystal transformation Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture Leonid Glebov, research professor of optics, Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers, College of Optics and Photonics, University Glebov of Central Florida; OptiGrate Corporation Volume holographic elements in photothermo-refractive glass: features and applications 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 to learn about careers in the ceramic and glass industry. To that end, the CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY The CGIF consistently seeks to develop more opportunities for students FOUNDATION Foundation was pleased to host a Ceramic Careers Mentoring Luncheon 2016 annual report highlights a very successful year The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF) stayed true to its mission of attracting, inspiring, and training the next generation of ceramic and glass professionals through the expansion of several programs geared toward student outreach. Its second annual report was distributed in April and highlighted the outstanding work of the Foundation. Introducing young people to the world of ceramic and glass materials is one of the main goals of the Foundation and this effort was greatly enhanced by the launch of the exciting, redesigned Materials Science Classroom Kit-a tool that facilitates learning and inspires students to pursue further studies in materials science. Fun, hands-on lessons and activities introduce middle and high school students to the basic classes of materials: ceramics, composites, metals, and polymers. The kit now includes the book The Magic of Ceramics, by ACerS member Dr. David Richerson, which has proven to be widely popular. The kit redesign also includes an updated teacher\'s manual as well as an expanded introductory PowerPoint presentation. Instructional videos for each lesson are included on a flash drive in the kit and are available online. The CGIF was a popular exhibitor at the 2016 USA Science & Engineering Festival in Washington, D.C. This festival is the country\'s only national science festival, developed to increase awareness of the importance of science and encourage youth to pursue careers in science and engineering. We presented hands-on ceramic and glass materials demonstrations and the Materials Science Classroom Kit for 360,000 students, teachers, and parents in attendance. In addition, the CGIF earned the 2016 Best Technology Exhibit and an Outstanding Award for Technology Education in the Technology and Engineering Showcase at the 2016 Ohio State Fair! The annual exhibition is sponsored by the Ohio Technology & Engineering Educators Association. Teachers and more than 245 students attending the Mini-Materials Camp held during MS&T 2016 in Salt Lake City, Utah, in October took part in the Materials Science Classroom Kit labs and experiments, performed by members of ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors and volunteers from ACerS Refractory Ceramics Division. To expand its educator outreach efforts, the CGIF participated in the Materials in STEM (M-STEM) conference in Tulsa, Okla., in November, where high school teachers performed hands-on demonstrations from the Materials Science Classroom Kit. We also participated in the National Science Teachers Association\'s (NSTA) area conference held in Columbus, Ohio, in December. Student exchanges are becoming an important part of the Foundation\'s outreach efforts. In January 2016, ACerS and CGIF hosted the first Winter Workshop at the University of Central Florida. Forty students and young professionals from around the world attended the workshop, which focused on a combination of technical and professional development sessions. The program involved participation from the European Ceramic Society (ECerS), which provided travel grants for international students to attend. The CGIF is committed to encouraging cross-cultural sharing of knowledge, ideas, and perspectives. The Foundation provided travel support to 13 students from the U.S., Indonesia, Thailand, India, and Pakistan to attend ECers Summer School in Limoges, France, in June 2016. The CGIF supports the President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) by offering university students opportunities to learn and grow as young leaders. The PCSA is a student-led committee whose mission is to engage students as active and long-term leaders in the ceramics community and increase participation in ACerS at the local, national, and international levels. The PCSA consists of 50 students from 35 universities representing 10 countries. at MS&T in October 2016. Student attendees listened to career wisdom provided by industry experts Ted Day (Mo-Sci Corporation), Kathleen Richardson (University of Central Florida), Richard Feeser (Superior Technical Ceramics), and Valerie Wiesner (NASA Glenn Research Center). The panel of professionals from the ceramics and glass industry presented a brief overview of jobs in their fields and were available for oneon-one career questions and advice. University-Industry Network, a global program designed to encourage colleges and universities to continue teaching specialized concepts of ceramic and glass science. The network continues to focus on undergraduate students and provides financial and programmatic resources to key professors who facilitate opportunities for students to develop an interest in the ceramic and glass fields. The program also helps connect students with champions in industry who use ceramic and glass materials. The Foundation\'s Ceramic and Glass Career Center website continues to be the ideal place for job and internship seekers to find their next ceramic and glass career opportunity. Employers know they can find the most knowledgeable candidates on the site, as evidenced by the hundreds of The CGIF continued its productive partnership with schools of the jobs posted in 2016. The CGIF promotes the site to all ACerS members, especially students and young professionals. The site is the premier resource used by those seeking to start or further a career in the ceramic and glass industry—including engineers, technicians, recent university grads, and post-doc researchers. To learn more about the work of the CGIF, contact Marcus Fish, Development Director, at 614-794-5863. • TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: OCVD SIC Etch & RTP rings CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • Sintering, Debind, Annealing Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 11 ceramics in the environment Environmentally-friendly method of manufacturing ceramics may reduce carbon footprint, render kilns obsolete Researchers from ETH Zurich in Switzerland have developed a new way to manufacture ceramic products-such as bricks, porcelain, and cement—that saves energy and lowers the world\'s carbon footprint. André Studart, professor of complex materials, and Florian Bouville, a postdoc working on Studart\'s team, have devised a room-temperature cold sintering method that uses hydraulics to produce ceramic materials that have proven to be stronger than concrete. In the traditional process of making ceramics, manufacturers have to fire materials at temperatures in excess of 1,000°C (1,832°F). For instance, traditional ceramic tiles are fired in tunnel kilns that operate at 1,300°C (2,372°F). That uses a lot of energy that could be harnessed to power, say, a third-world country. Starting with calcium carbonate nanopowder, Studart and Bouville simply added a little water and compacted the materials under extremely high pressure with a hydraulic press. The entire process takes only an hour to turn out a small one-inch piece of ceramic material. The duo explained in an article on ETH Zurich\'s website that the process they have developed can be compared to the similar process of sedimentary rock formation in nature. “Our work is the first evidence that a piece of ceramic material can be manufactured at room temperature in such a short amount of time and with relatively low pressure,\" Studart says in the article. This revolutionary process has several positive implications for the industry. First, the finished product can tolerate ten times more force than concrete, according to the scientists. In addition, the cold sintering process is more energy-efficient, as no high temperatures are required. Carbon could possibly be captured from the atmosphere, stored in a carbon sink, and \"recycled\" to produce the nanopowders. Plus, the process contributes to overall reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere. Although Studart and Bouville used small samples in their experiments, the benefits to the ceramics industry need to happen at scale. Producing larger pieces will require stronger hydraulics that can generate higher pressure and greater force. However, the researchers say it would feasible to create ceramic samples the size of bathroom tiles. Densification without heat as the primary driving force could have huge impact on our understanding of sintering mechanisms. Pennsylvania State University researcher, Clive Randall, has also made some interesting discoveries in cold sintering, by employing high pressures at low temperatures. As the cement industry looks to adopt sustainable alternatives in the manufacturing process, Studart\'s and Bouville\'s research could provide alternative materials to answer some madill A ceramic sample compacted at room temperature in an ETH Zurich lab. of the environmental challenges. Along similar lines, Richard Riman at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, also is working on low-temperature, sustainable manufacturing and has shown that CO2 incorporated into concrete not only captures CO2, but improves the end product. The end result of research such as the ETH Zurich work, along with Riman\'s and Randall\'s work could lead to entirely new ways of thinking about manufacturing of ceramics, and could also disrupt the massive trillion-dollar concrete industry. The paper, published in Nature Communications, is \"Geologically-inspired strong bulk ceramics made with water at room temperature\" (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms 14655). Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday Online research, papers, policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations Credit: ETH Zurich; Peter Rüegg 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Credit: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills; Flickr CC ceramics in manufacturing Manufacturing is changing, continues to grow―requiring new set of skills for workers There was a lot of talk during the 2016 presidential campaign surrounding manufacturing and the jobs lost to other countries, such as Mexico and China. Politicians may make promises to get votes, but realistically, many manufacturing jobs will not come back because of technology and automation. But there is some good news among the gloom and doom. In an article on the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) website, Gardner Carrick, vice president of strategic initiatives at The Manufacturing Institute, states that his office has seen \"four straight years of job growth in manufacturing,\" as some manufacturers are moving production back to the United States. Although the industry has changed and technology has replaced many jobs, BLS projects 19 sectors—including cement and concrete product manufacturing, and clay product and refractory manufacturing—will add jobs. In an interview with CBS News in February 2017, economist and manufacturing expert Diane Swonk says people are still of the mindset that manufacturing jobs are like they were back in the \'50s and \'60s-where people with little or no skills could work for wages that enabled them to live the American dream. She explains that growth in U.S. manufacturing will require new skills-such as computer, tech, and problem-solving skills-that education and training can provide to a new generation of workers. Swonk says many companies, especially those that need specific skill sets, are willing to invest in training for workers who were left behind when plants closed or jobs were eliminated. So where are those manufacturing jobs and what impact do they have on today\'s economy? The U.S. Department of Commerce follows these trends and publishes on a wide variety of topics on its Manufacturing Innovation Blog. A recent post from The Manufacturing Extension Partnership illustrates some impressive stats in an infographic available at nistmep.blogs.govdelivery.com/infographic-facts-about-manufacturing. For instance, the infographic shows that manufacturing is the sixth largest employer in the U.S. There are 12.3 million manufacturing jobs in the U.S., which exports $1.3 trillion in manufacturing goods. In addition, 59.2% of U.S. exports are manufacturing goods. Manufacturing contributes nearly 11.8% to the U.S. GDP and $2.2 trillion to the U.S. economy. According to a report in the April issue of ACerS Bulletin, the global glass and ceramic industry is worth $717.7 billion and will soon reach $1 trillion. Manufacturing companiesare you ready to grab your share? Manufacturing is changing, but it is not going away. Here a fitter inspects the bore of Airbus engine pylon in the United Kingdom. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR-- 50 years of service and reliability 50 1964-2014 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 13 Oresearch briefs High heat and pressure help researchers fabricate first samples of transparent silicon nitride It must have been clear to the Deutsches ElektronenSynchrotron researchers who pulled their sample out of the furnace that what they had created was big news. The originally opaque sample of silicon nitride—a super hard and industrially useful ceramic used for ball bearings, cutting tools, and high-performance engine components-emerged optically clear, flirting its potential as an incredibly strong window material for extreme conditions. Transparent ceramics tout durability and high mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, making them useful in a variof applications where other materials often fail, including transparent armor windows and night vision devices. ety And while researchers have gotten glimpses of the possibilities of transparent cubic silicon nitride in the past, it has remained difficult to synthesize samples of the material. \"The cubic phase of silicon nitride was first synthesized by a research group at Technical University of Darmstadt in 1999, but knowledge of this material is very limited,\" explains lead author Norimasa Nishiyama in a DESY press release. Nishiyama and a team of scientists have done it now, however-by processing samples of silicon nitride under high pressure and heat, the researchers converted the originally hexagonal crystal structure into optically transparent cubic silicon nitride (c-Si3N4). But it did not come easily-the DESY researchers used pressures of 15.6 GPa, or ~156,000 times atmospheric pressure, and a temperature of 1,800°C to catalyze the phase transformation of opaque hexagonal to clear cubic silicon nitride. The emergent material happens to be one the hardest nanoceramics out there, only topped by diamond. \"The transformation is similar to carbon that also has a hexagonal crystal structure at ambient conditions and transforms into a transparent cubic phase called diamond at high pressures,\" Nishiyama says in the release. \"However, the transparency of silicon nitride strongly depends on the grain boundaries. The opaqueness arises from gaps and between the grains.\" Research News pores Pervoskite nanofibers catalyze next-generation batteries Materials researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, Ga.) have developed a double perovskite nanofiber that can be used as a highly efficient catalyst in ultrafast oxygen evolution reactions—one of the underlying electrochemical processes in hydrogen-based energy and the metal-air batteries. The electrospun perovskite oxide fiber was the thinnest ever reported at ~20 nm in diameter. The researchers used composition tuning to improve the intrinsic activity of the catalyst by ~4.7 times. Nanofibers showed markedly enhanced oxygen evolution reaction capability when compared to existing catalysts due to increased surface area. For more information, visit www.rh.gatech.edu/news. 081 A sample of transparent polycrystalline cubic silicon nitride While the transformation of a material from opaque to clear may seem like materials magic, it is simple science. The grain boundaries between the crystals in a polycrystalline material can disrupt visible light waves, making an object appear opaque. However, the high pressure and heat treatment by DESY researchers caused structural changes in the silicon nitride, rearranging its crystals. Those adjustments minimized grain boundaries, making them smaller than the wavelength of light-allowing visible light waves to pass through with little disruption, and making the material appear clear. \"Also, in the high-pressure phase oxygen impurities are distributed throughout the material and do not accumulate at the grain boundaries like in the low-pressure phase. That\'s crucial for the transparency,\" Nishiyama adds in the release. And because silicon nitride is more thermally stable than other hard, transparent materials, it could be an ideal material for armor windows, for example to protect optical sensors and detectors in extreme environments. Perovskite edges can be tuned for optoelectronic performance Scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory (Los Alamos, N.M.) and their partners are creating 2-D layered hybrid perovskites that allow greater freedom in designing and fabricating efficient optoelectronic devices. The near-single-crystalline \"Ruddlesden-Popper\" thin films have an out-of-plane orientation so that uninhibited charge transport occurs through the perovskite layers in planar devices. At the edges of the perovskite layers, the researchers discovered \"layer-edge-states,\" which are key to high efficiency of solar cells and high fluorescence efficiency for LEDs. The spontaneous conversion of excitons to free carriers via these layer-edge states appears to be the key to improving the photovoltaic and light-emitting thin-film layered materials. For more information, visit www.lanl.gov 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Credit: James Weaver; Wyss Institute \"Cubic silicon nitride is the third hardest ceramic known, after diamond and cubic boron nitride,\" Nishiyama explains in the release. \"But boron compounds are not transparent, and diamond is only stable up to approximately 750°C in air. Cubic silicon nitride is transparent and stable up to 1,400°C.\" Although not everyone may agree-researchers created the first inklings of transparent cubic boron nitride a few years ago-cubic silicon nitride is surely something special. In any case, one small problem remains-because of the intense pressure and temperature required to fabricate transparent silicon nitride, the researchers can make only small samples of the material. The sample synthesized so far is just 2 mm, and the researchers speculate that only sizes of around 10 mm are feasible with current equipment. The open-access paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"Transparent polycrystalline cubic silicon nitride\" (DOI: 10.1038/srep44755). 3-D-printed ceramic foams build tailored cellular structures with dual-level porosity Researchers at Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology seem to have taken inspiration from the kitchen. In a process that resembles whipping egg whites into a meringue, the researchers have fabricated ceramic foams that can be used to 3-D print cellular materials that combine both microscale and macroscale porosity. See the process in a video available at youtu.be/OMbPXLSt3no. Using a ceramic ink of alumina particles suspended in water, the team simply whips air bubbles into the mixture to create a fluffy ceramic slurry that can be 3-D printed-via a process called direct foam writing-into a low-density, highstrength architecture. \"By expanding the compositional space of printable materials, we can produce lightweight structures with exceptional stiffness,\" Jennifer Lewis-ACerS Fellow, Hansjorg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard\'s School Lightweight hexagonal and triangular honeycombs 3-D-printed using a ceramic foam ink. of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and senior author of a recent paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences describing work—says in a Harvard press release. According to the paper\'s abstract, the printed and sintered alumina foam honeycomb structures have a relative density of just ~6%, making them incredibly lightweight. But what is really fascinating about these 3-D-printed ceramic foam structures is that their properties can be controlled on two different levels. ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION O Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac HIGH SPEED, MECHANICAL, AND HYDRAULIC POWDER COMPACTION PRESSES FOR UNPRECEDENTED ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND PRODUCTIVITY 2-D MXene materials get their close-up Oak Ridge National Lab (Oak Ridge, Tenn.) scientists using state-of-theart scanning transmission electron microscopy have provided the first direct evidence of the atomic-defect configurations in a titanium-carbide MXene, a 2-D ceramic with good electrical conductivity. To synthesize free-standing MXene flakes, the team first treated bulk MAX with an etchant to selectively remove unwanted layers of aluminum from between titanium carbide layers. Then they manually shook the etched material to separate and collect titanium carbide layers. This relatively simple technique may enable manufacturing-scale production. The study found that a greater concentration of etchant created a larger the number of defects, which did not strongly affect MXene\'s electrical conductivity. For more information, visit www.ornl.gov. GASBARRE PRESS GROUP American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES FEATURING DRY BAG PRESSING 814.371.3015 www.gasbarre.com 15 research briefs \"Foam inks are interesting because you can digitally pattern cellular microstructures within larger cellular macrostructures,\" first author and Lewis lab graduate student Joseph Muth says in the release. \"After the ink solidifies, the resulting structure consists of air surrounded by ceramic material on multiple length scales. As you incorporate porosity into the structure, you impart properties that it otherwise would not have.\" So while adjusting the foaming process controls the final product\'s microscale porosity, its macroscale porosity can also be adjusted by simply varying the 3-D print design. \"This process combines the best of both worlds,\" coauthor Lorna Gibson, the Matoula S. Salapatas Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT, says in the release. \"You get the microstructural control with foam processing and global architectural control with printing. Because we\'re printing something that already contains a specific microstructure, we don\'t have to pattern each individual piece. That allows us to make structures with specific hierarchy in a more controllable way than we could do before.\" And that means the researchers can specifically adjust the structures\' mechanical properties, too, varying their mode of deformation and specific stiffness by varying the individual levels of porosity. \"We can now make multifunctional materials, in which many different material properties, including mechanical, thermal, and transport characteristics, can be optimized within a structure that is printed in a single step,\" Muth adds in the release. Such strong, lightweight, and tailorable materials have wideranging potential applications. The authors indicate that a few possibilities are thermal insulation, tissue scaffolds, catalyst supports, and electrodes. The paper, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is \"Architected cellular ceramics with tailored stiffness via direct foam writing\" (DOI: 10.1073/ pnas.1616769114) | Saved by glass: Tardigrades use biological vitrification to survive complete desiccation When it comes to a ceramic, vitrification makes it impermeable to water. When it comes to a tardigrade, vitrification makes it impermeable to death. Tardigrades are aquatic micro-animals that can survive nearly any environmental conditions, including desiccation. These indestructible organisms can coat themselves in glass to survive in a state of suspended animation sans water. New research reveals that these ancient creatures encode a tardigrade-specific set of proteins that allow the animals\' insides to undergo vitrification, preventing cellular damage that would otherwise occur when proteins and other cell stuff crystallize as water molecules disappear. By studying what genes tardigrades express when they desiccate, the researchers identified a family of novel proteins called tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs) that replace water molecules within the tardigrade\'s drying cells. TDPs are a type of intrinsically disordered protein, a class of proteins that are unusual because they do not maintain a welldefined 3-D shape (like most other proteins), instead maintaining a more amorphous structure. The team of researchers-from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; North Carolina State University A 3-D printed replica of a tardigrade, a microanimal that can encase itself in glass to survive extreme conditions. Research News Single-angle ptychography 3-D images stressed materials Scientists from Argonne National Lab and beyond developed a new form of imaging that uses X-ray diffraction patterns, called single-angle Bragg ptychography, to get a clear picture of how crystal planes of atoms shift and squeeze under stress. Ptychography is able to recover phase information by using redundant sampling from the same region of a crystal. By shifting the X-ray beam only slightly, and by imaging as much as 60% of the same real space between beam positions, the team was able to extract information about the phase. The researchers also were able to extract information about how the strain affected the material in three dimensions. For more information, visit www.anl.gov. New type of memory effect in transition metal oxides Researchers at Bar Ilan University (Ramat Gan, Israel) have uncovered a new kind of memory effect in transition metal oxides that is unrelated to previously reported memory effects. The researchers studied changes in the properties of two transition metal oxides, VO2 and NdNiO 2, that undergo a metal-insulator phase-transition. Their results not only demonstrate a new phenomenon but, importantly, also provide an explanation of its origin. The researchers measured an increase in resistance when a reheated metal oxide reached the temperature point at which recooling had occurred in the phase coexistence state. This previously unknown and surprising phenomenon demonstrates the creation of a \"memory.\" For more information, visit www1.biu.ac.il/index.php. 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Credit: Eric Ho; Raw Legend Collaborations (Raleigh, N.C.); University of California, Berkeley; and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italy)—show that tardigrades produce TDPs when the animals dry out. The amorphous proteins fill up the cytoplasm to vitrify the tardigrades\' drying cells, preventing the cellular destruction that would otherwise occur. \"All the desiccation-sensitive stuff (proteins, nucleic acids, membranes) in the tardigrade cells get trapped in the pores of this matrix, essentially encapsulated in a protective glasslike coating,\" lead author Thomas Boothby says in an ARS Techinca article about the research. \"This encapsulation prevents the unfolding, rupture, breakage, and/or aggregation of desiccation-sensitive biological material. Once water is added back to the system, the disordered proteins that make up this glassy matrix melt back into solution, leaving behind all the protected parts of the cell.\" But it is not just tardigrades that can benefit from TDPmediated vitrification. The researchers also show that expressing TDPs in bacteria and yeast can increase their desiccation tolerance, too-so the finding also has potential applications for prolonging survival of other organisms and products. For instance, the authors suggest potential applications engineering plants to be more drought-resistant and formulating pharmaceuticals for longer shelf-lives. The paper, published in Molecular Cell, is \"Tardigrades use intrinsically disordered proteins to survive desiccation” (DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.018). Glass and hydrocarbon sandwich creates electrochromic windows in a rainbow of colors Researchers have already developed a variety of ways to make windows smarter and more energy-efficient, particularly by imparting the ability to control the amount of light and heat they transmit—but a major barrier is high cost. New tunable window technologies need to be inexpensive if they are going to find a steady foothold in this market. Rice University researchers have a potential solution with their development of inexpensive electrochromic glass-by sandwiching readily available, color-changing hydrocarbon molecules in between two panes of conductive glass, the researchers have devised a chameleon-like window that offers a wider range of color choices than ever before. \"When we put charges on the molecules or remove charges from them, they go from clear to a vivid color,\" Naomi Halas, lead scientist of the new research and director of Rice\'s Laboratory for Nanophotonics and its Smalley-Curl Institute, says in a Rice University press release. \"We sandwiched these molecules between glass, and we\'re able to make something that looks like a window, but the window changes to different types of color depending on how we apply a very low voltage.\" The molecules, a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) called perylene, change color in a polarity-dependent manner when voltage is applied. And because PAHs are a American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Grant Stec and Adam Lauchner of Rice University\'s Laboratory for Nanophotonics have used an inexpensive hydrocarbon molecule called perylene to create a low-voltage, multicolor, electrochromic glass. byproduct of the petrochemical industry, they are inexpensive. So the researchers think their development could have various potential applications, including electrochromic windows that change color to control the amount of light and heat they transmit. See the glass go chameleon and hear more from the Rice researchers themselves in a short video available at www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ec6p_4eqvk. The paper, published in ACS Nano, is \"Multicolor electrochromic devices based on molecular plasmonics\" (DOI: 10.1021/acsnano. 7b00364). TA Instruments Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization ⚫ DSC/TGA • Dilatometry • ⚫ Rheology ⚫High Temp Viscometry • Calorimetry •Thermal Conductivity & Thermal Diffusivity Featuring our new line of vertical dilatometers with furnace options up to 2300°C www.tainstruments.com 17 ACPM EXPO 2017 International Exhibition for Advanced Ceramics and Powder Metallurgy Technology, Equipment & Products DATE 1st-4th June, 2017 VENUE Canton Fair Complex, Guangzhou ORGANIZERS China Ceramic Industrial Association CCM UNIFAIR EXHIBITION SERVICE ENDORSING The American Ceramic ORGANIZATION Society CONTACT SUPPORTING ORGANIZATION C POWDER METALLURGY ceramics expo ADVANCED CERAMICS Tel: +86-20-8327 6369/6389 UNIFAIR Email: acpmexpo@unifair.com EXHIBITION SERVICE Web: www.acpmexpo.com ceramics in energy Glass interlayer prevents dendrite formation to lead solid-state battery revolution Lithium-ion battery coinventor John Goodenough and a team of researchers at the University of Texas at Austin are trying to revolutionize the battery world yet again with a new and improved all-solid-state sodium-ion battery. The team says their battery has three times higher energy density than today\'s lithium-ion batteries, making it inexpensive, safe, and long-lasting enough to completely change the market for electric vehicles and much more. And who better to lead a battery revolution than a 94-yearold battery research veteran? \"Cost, safety, energy density, rates of charge, and discharge and cycle life are critical for battery-driven cars to be more widely adopted,\" Goodenough says in a University of Texas at Austin press release. \"We believe our discovery solves many of the problems that are inherent in today\'s batteries.\" Solid-state batteries swap the liquid electrolyte for a solid one, which solves the batteries\' combustion concerns. When it comes to solid electrolytes, ceramics often are the materials of choice. So why are we not already using solid-state batteries? While much safer, ceramic electrolytes come with challenges for developing solid-state batteries. \"A large interface resistance and severe dendrite formation across an alkali-metal/ceramic interface are two critical factors that have restricted the application of ceramic electrolytes in all-solid-state batteries,\" the authors write in an ACS Central Science paper describing their new research. But the UT Austin team\'s research shows that a simple glassy interlayer between cathode and electrolyte can increase battery stability and boost its performance by solving the problem of dendrite formation. To create the glassy layer, the scientists simply heated thin pellets of their ceramic electrolyte (Na¸ZrSi₂PO₁) with sodium metal to form a thin, amorphous layer on top of the ceramic. The team\'s experiments with a ceramic electrolyte omitting the protective interlayer showed that dendrites quickly develop, which penetrate grain boundaries and short-circuit the battery. But the presence of a thin glassy layer prevented dendrite formation, allowing the battery to operate efficiently for more than 1,200 cycles. Goodenough has promoted the promise of sodium-ion batteries before, partially because sodium-based batteries alleviate the cost and elemental availability concerns that come with lithium-ions. Sodium is abundantly and easily available, even from sources such as seawater. So by combining low cost and improved performance, the UT Austin team\'s solid-state sodium-ion battery has real potential to bump the lithium-ion from its top spot-eventually. The team has patented the electrolyte technology and continues to develop the research, according to the press release. \"The UT Austin Office of Technology Commercialization is American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Newport Battery guru John Goodenough has debuted a new solid-state battery featuring glass. actively negotiating license agreements with multiple companies engaged in a variety of battery-related industry segments.\' The paper, published in ACS Central Science, is \"Rechargeable sodium all-solid-state battery\" (DOI: 10.1021/ acscentsci.6b00321). SCG CHEMICALS Save your energy cost up to 6%* with emissproⓇ ceramic coating Heat Loss * Results from actual industrial application of emisspro® in 2012 www.scgchemicals.com Reflection. Absorption Re-radiation emisspro 19 Credit: University of Texas at A bulletin | cover story Lighter, tougher, and optically advantaged: How an innovative combination of materials can enable better car windows today 1250 16.71100 151 21s D A/C By Thomas Cleary, Timothy Huten, Vikram Bhatia, Yousef Qaroush, and Michael McFarland A thin, lightweight glass-glazing solution can help the automotive industry reduce the weight of vehicles to meet stringent fuel economy standards and improve vehicle performance. <3 In the highly competitive In automotive marketplace, innovation has been a constant since Henry Ford rolled out his first Model T. Yet, automotive glass technology has remained relatively unchanged for almost a century. Today the automotive industry faces increasingly stringent government regulations on fuel economy standards and consumer pull to create a better driving experience while increasing fuel efficiency. The innovation of a thin, lightweight glassglazing solution can help the automotive industry meet the needs and wants of government and consumers. The conventional windshield is born During the early 1900s, motorists drove simple vehicles that lacked protection from road hazards, such as sharp rocks.¹ Because of rising 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Capsule summary UNCHANGED INNOVATION Although the conventional glass windshield laminate was developed almost a century ago, very few changes have been made since then to the laminate\'s construction. CHANGING TIMES Increasingly stringent fuel economy standards and performance demands are requiring automakers to look for new ways to reduce vehicle weight, and glass is a clear target. GOING GORILLA Corning Incorporated has brought Corning® Gorilla® Glass to the automotive space, where it can reduce vehicle weight and enable increased fuel economy, improved durability, and an enhance driving performance. safety concerns, automakers introduced the first windshield in 1904. These early models were primitive, made of thick window glass, and considered an added luxury to manufacturers like Ford and Reo that wanted to keep costs down. In 1915, Oldsmobile offered the first line of vehicles with windshields as a standard piece of equipment. As more motorists entered the roadways and the number of accidents soared, many drivers were quick to blame car manufacturers for injuries caused by flying shards of windshield glass. As this automotive innovation was taking place in the United States during the early 1900s, European scientist Edouard Benedictus mistakenly discovered laminated glass when he knocked a beaker of dried cellulose nitrate (a form of plastic) to the floor. The glass broke, but its broken pieces stayed together because the plastic coating adhered to the glass when it dried. He recognized that this behavior could have many practical applications. After more experimentation, Benedictus created the first safety glass laminate and pitched the solution to car manufacturers. Benedictus earned a patent for his work in 1909. However, his solution was not put to use until many years later. Modern laminate windshields went into practice shortly before 1920, but not much has changed in their fundamental construction since that time. A typical windshield is made from two plies of relatively thick (~2.1 mm) annealed sodalime float glass (SLFG) bonded together by a layer of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) (Figure 1). The PVB layer is ~0.8-mm thick, and its primary purpose is to reduce penetration of objects through the windshield and to retain broken glass in the event of fracture. Although the plastic interlayer in conventional windshields saw considerable innovation between the 1920s and 1960s, the glass has changed little. During the mid-1960s, Corning scientists developed an alternate windshield construction that utilized one ply of Chemcor, a new, chemically strengthened glass.² The resulting windshield had several desirable attributes, including the ability to survive high strain because of chemical strengthening and its breakage into small cubelike fragments rather than the shards of conventional windshields. Therefore, the new windshield was less prone to lacerate the vehicle\'s occupant upon impact during a crash. However, although Corning\'s innovation was impressive, other solutions-such as Pilkington\'s revolutionary float glass, which dramatically reduced the cost of sheet glass-also were entering the market. Therefore, Corning decided to shelve the project during the early 1970s. Need to reduce vehicle weight The typical passenger vehicle emits ~4.7 metric tons of carbon dioxide every year.³ With more than 1.2 billion cars on the road today worldwide-and the expectation for 2 billion by 2035-regulation of carbon emissions is of utmost importance.4 Government regulations on carbon emissions have become increasingly stringent, bringing the need for lighter vehicles to automotive manufacturers. Manufacturers now are seeking new materials and technologies to reduce vehicle weight to improve fuel efficiency, extend the driving range of electric vehicles, and reduce carbon emissions. The need to eliminate more and more weight continues to challenge engineers and designers—many have taken unique measures, such as eliminating the vehicle\'s spare tire. In the 2015 model year, 36% of vehicles were sold without the customary spare tire, a 5% increase over 2006 models.5 Reduced weight of a vehicle\'s glass glazing is a particularly attractive area to help carmakers meet vehicle weight targets. Part of the attraction is that reducing glazing weight lowers the center of gravity of the vehicle because the glazing is located near the top of the vehicle. A lower center of gravity is believed to enable faster vehicle acceleration and braking and may improve handling. SLFG PVB SLFG 2.1 mm / 0.8 mm / 2.1 mm Figure 1. Schematic of the construction of a typical windshield, containing two plies of thicker soda-lime float glass bonded together by a layer of PVB. Credit: Corning Incorporated American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 21 21 Lighter, tougher, and optically advantaged: How an innovative combination . . . 14 pounds 12 pounds 6 pounds 18 pound LO 50 pounds Weight reduction potential per c Equivalent to the luggage weight limit for many airlines. E Figure 2. Using glass glazing that is ~30% lighter can reduce vehicle weight by as much as 50 pounds, as calculated by Corning for a sport utility vehicle featuring Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate windows. (A) (B) Figure 3. (A) Float glass typically exhibits draw-line distortion, visible here as vertical lines. (B) Fusion-made Gorilla Glass is free of such draw-lines. In contrast, eliminating weight from the lower half of the vehicle may have the undesirable result of increasing the vehicle\'s center of gravity, which may result in poorer driving performance. Because glazing accounts for most of the top half of the vehicle\'s weight, there are not many other opportunities to remove weight from the top portion. Using glazing that is ~30% lighter can reduce vehicle weight by as much as 50 pounds (as calculated by Corning for a sport utility vehicle Table 1. Gorilla Glass vs. annealed soda-lime float glass Credit: Corning Incorporated Credit: Corning Incorporated featuring Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate windows) (Figure 2). One attempt from the 1990s to reduce weight used an asymmetrically constructed windshield with a 2.1-mm SLFG outer ply and 1.6-mm SLFG inner ply that was and continues to be deployed primarily in Europe. However, little additional progress has been made since that time, and most vehicles in North America continue to use windshields with two plies of SLFG glass that is 2.1 mm or thicker. Bringing Corning Gorilla Glass to the automotive industry Most people are familiar with Corning Gorilla Glass as a chemically strengthened cover glass for consumer electronic devices. Since its introduction to the market 10 years ago, Gorilla Glass has been featured on nearly 5 billion consumer electronic devices worldwide. Gorilla Glass is made by Corning\'s proprietary glass fusion process, which delivers outstanding optical properties that do not exhibit draw-line distortion typical of float-glass processes (Figure 3). The unique composition of Gorilla Glass also enables a deep level of chemical (ionexchange) strengthening that typically is not achievable in traditional soda-limesilica glasses, but which results in a high degree of toughness. Strength retention testing shows that Gorilla Glass is much stronger in its \"as made\" condition and retains its strength after introduction of damage, whereas SLFG loses much of its strength after introduction of minor flaws (Table 1).7 Corning sought to take advantage of the toughness of Gorilla Glass to enable lightweight glazing. If glazing could be made thinner and lighter than conventional windows, how could it be engineered to ensure that it could withstand the rigors of the road? Initial glazing applications were addressed on the windshield, because it is the largest window in the vehicle and, therefore, the heaviest and has the most demanding set of requirements. Material B10 values of ring-on-ring failure load (N) ASLG before abrasion (0.7 mm) 188 Loss in failure load after abrasion (%) 61 ASLG after abrasion (0.7 mm) 73 61 Gorilla Glass before abrasion (0.7 mm) 1458 9 Gorilla Glass after abrasion (0.7 mm) 1326 9 *Abrasion done with ISO 12103-1, A4 coarse dust. 22 22 Lighter solutions for car windshields Referring back to the conventional car window construction, a standard SLFG windshield laminate has two plies of soda-lime glass-both ~2.1-mm thick—sandwiching a ply of PVB, which is ~0.8-mm thick (Figure 1). Because the density of the two plies of glass www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 SLFG PVB Corning® Gorilla® Glass 2.1 mm/0.8 mm / 0.7 mm Figure 4. Schematic of the construction of a Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate with an outer ply of conventional 2.1-mmthick soda-lime glass, an interlayer of PVB, and a 0.7-mm-thick inner ply of Gorilla Glass. is much greater than the single ply of PVB, the only practical way to reduce laminate weight is to address the mass of the glass. Although Corning evaluated many windshield construction variations, the company determined that a \"hybrid\" solution incorporating Gorilla Glass and traditional SLFG would deliver optimal performance in most typical applications. This Gorilla Glass hybrid windshield is comprised of a conventional thicker SLFG layer as the outer ply, a typical PVB middle layer, and a thin Gorilla Glass layer as the inner ply. Exchanging the inner ply of soda-lime glass with a thinner, lighter ply of Gorilla Glass, ranging 0.5–1.0 mm in thickness, can reduce the car windshield\'s weight by about one-third (Figure 4). In addition, previous testing has shown that this type of construction complies with North American and European regulatory requirements. Surface 3 (S3) Credit: Corning Incorporated Superior stone impact resistance Corning set out to make a lighter windshield, but recognized that the product needed to be able to withstand the typical rigors of use. To understand typical windshield fractures and breakage, Corning scientists performed an in-depth field study and determined that impact events are the largest cause of windshield fractures. These impact events can cause fracture through several different mechanisms and from different surfaces of the laminates (Figure 5). • Blunt impact: Hertzian contact stresses create radial stress on the exterior surface (S1) of the windshield and activate an existing flaw. This results in a full or partial ring crack that may grow into a cone crack. Radial cracks often form when the cone crack exits the back side of the outer ply (S2). • Sharp impact: Contact stresses of a sharp stone create damage, which is driven through the thickness of the outer ply. Once damage crosses beyond the neutral axis of the laminate, damage pops into radial and/or median cracks. Because this type of impact creates its own damage, preexisting flaws do not play a major role in this failure mode. • Flexure: Upon impact, the laminate flexes away from the impacting object, causing tensile stresses on S2 and S4, which can activate existing flaws on these surfaces and lead to radial or median fractures (Figure 6). • Tests replicating each impact scenario on conventional and Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates revealed some surprising results. Blunt (Hertzian) contact: Because failure is dependent on preexisting flaws, parts were preabraded² and Hertzian contact stress was applied on the windshield using a 1-g stainless-steel ball bearing at a 45° angle of incidence (Figure 7). Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate outperformed conventional laminate (Figure 8). In addition, laminates that incorporate thin nonstrengthened glass often result in inner ply breakage because of the flexure mechanism of glass upon impact.? • Large blunt impact: A stair-step drop test using a 227-g ball simulated impact events, such as hail or a baseball hitting a windshield. Because failure of this impact is caused by flexure of the backside of the laminate, parts were preabraded to equally damage each sample set. Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates withstood more than four times the drop height of convenSurface 4 (S4) Surface 1 (S1) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Surface 2 (S2) Credit: Coming Incorporated Figure 5. A windshield consists of various glass surfaces. 23 Lighter, tougher, and optically advantaged: How an innovative combination . . . Event Blunt impact: Dependent on existing flaws on $1 Sharp impact: Independent of prior damage. Biaxial flexure: Mechanism Elastic contact up to failure. Radial stress activates flaw on $1 initiates cone crack. As cone exits S2, radial cracks may form. Sharp impact creates new damage from S1 through thickness to S2 and propagates on S2 = \"Through Crack\". Dependent existing flaws on $2 or $4 High-energy impact creates flexure that places S2 and S4 in tension. Radial/median fractures created. Figure 6. Stone impact is the greatest cause of windowscreen replacements. The three primary mechanisms of fracture are impact events. Compressed air connector Laminate sample (flat) 1-g ball bearing 1-g ball bearing Break velocity (MPH) Figure 7. Small particle, blunt impact testing setup. 706040 30 2.1A/2.1A BOTH AZ I 2.18/0.55gg AZ Both Figure 8. Interval plot of break velocity results for 1-g ball-bearing impact testing at 45° incidence for abraded S1 and S4 (95% confidence interval for the mean). Left data point is conventional laminate; right data point is hybrid Gorilla Glass laminate. Credit: Corning Incorporated tional laminates before sustaining breakage (Figure 9). • Sharp impact: This test is perhaps most significant, because sharp impact is the most prevalent cause of windshield failure in the field. Dropping an 8.5-g pyramid-shaped (Vickers) diamond indenter onto S1 (exterior surface) tested sharp impact. In this case, surfaces were not preabraded, because this type of event does not depend on pre-existing flaws. Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates required more than two times the energy of conventional laminates to create radial cracks in the glass (Figure 10). Figure 11 shows the damage resulting from sharp impact of laminate constructions at 1,200 mm. The conventional laminate construction developed multiple radial cracks extending up to 15 mm in length, whereas the Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate exhibited only a small chip in the surface. These results are important, because radial cracks are strength limiting and significantly more prone to propagation than minor chips in glass. We demonstrated this with a ther24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Credit: Corning Incorporated Credit: Corning Incorporated Drop height (cm) 500400300200100호 2.1ASLG/2.1ASLG Failure modes: ASLG/ASLG: Surfaces 2 & 4 GGFA Hybrid: Surface 2 only Credit: Corning Incorporated. 2.JASLG/0.7GG Results: Gorilla® Glass Hybrids >4X higher drop height than thick SLG laminates Figure 9. Interval plot of drop height results for 227-g ball drop testing for abraded S4 (95% confidence interval for the mean). Left data point is conventional laminate; right data point is hybrid Gorilla Glass laminate. Drop height (mm) 150014001300120011001000900800700 600 2.1ASLG/2.1ASLG H 2.1ASLG/0.70GG Figure 10. Interval plot of drop-height results from sharpimpact (Vickers) diamond testing (95% confidence interval for the mean). Conventional wind shield Credit: Corning Incorporated mal shock test that simulates washing a car on a hot day, when windshield glass will be very hot and water will be cold. Radial cracks quickly propagate across conventional windshields, whereas Gorilla Glass hybrid windshields with only small surface chips are stable and do not propagate in this test. How does this \'toughness\' work? The data indicate that thin Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates should be more resistant to sharp-stone impacts during service. The following equation, which describes the energy balance of impact, helps illustrate why: KE = E + E + E₁ where KE represents kinetic energy of impact, Ę energy of bending, Ę energy for fracture, and Ę energy for rebound. The improved performance of Gorilla Glass hybrids likely is driven by the additional flexure provided by this thin laminate Restricted Gorilla Glass hybrid 15mm 2.6mm 2.1ASLG/0.8Qe/2.1ASLG 2.1ASLG/0.8Qe/0.7GG Figure 11. Photographs of postimpact damage of conventional laminate and Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate with Vickers diamond at 1,200 mm. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 25 25 Credit: Corning Incorporated 26 Lighter, tougher, and optically advantaged: How an innovative combination . . . Transmission (%) 100% 90% 80% 70% T Visible spectrum 60% 50% 40% 1 30% 20% + 10% 0%+ GG 2.1 SLG 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850) Wavelength (nm) Figure 12. Transmission spectrum of typical soda-lime glass and Gorilla Glass (GG). upon impact (rigidity is a function of thickness cubed, thus thinner laminates have a much greater E). Because a larger component of the energy of impact is dissipated by flexure of the glass or laminate, there is less energy available to develop contact stresses at the surface of the part that eventually lead to radial or cone crack formation. However, because of lower laminate rigidity, stresses experienced on the back side of the laminate (S4) will be much higher. Toughness of Gorilla Glass (especially when used as the inner ply to form the back side) allows the laminate to survive these higher stresses because of flexure. Accordingly, Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates take advantage of a combination of flexure and toughness to exhibit improved sharp and blunt impact performance. Optical advantages of Gorilla Glass Corning\'s proprietary fusion draw process results in glass that is free of significant draw-lines (Figure 3). Therefore, when light traverses through the glass, there is little apparent distortion or imperfection of objects to the viewer, as is typical of thinner SLFG. The two combined plies of SLFG in traditional automotive laminates can amplify this distortion because of overlap of draw-lines. Therefore, Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates mitigate this risk of deleterious overlap by incorporating only one ply of float glass. (A) 444 244 EM/A Credit: Corning Incorporated In addition, two combined plies of SLFG add to cross-car distortion, which may create an uncomfortable driving experience. Because Gorilla Glass is very thin and free of significant draw-lines, it does not significantly distort light transmission through the glass. Also, scenery viewed through Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates is more color-neutral, because Gorilla Glass has a flatter transmission spectrum than soda-lime glass (Figure 12). The Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate has another benefit for deployment of head-up display (HUD) technologies. In a conventional HUD unit, projection of an image and its transmission through thick laminate glass can cause image separation, or ghosting. This image ghosting can be uncomfortable for drivers\' eyes, prompting them to disable the HUD unit entirely. One solution to reduce HUD ghosting is implementing a wedge angle in the PVB layer to minimize the image offset. However, wedge angles are optimized for a driver of a nominal height-so shorter or taller drivers still experience image ghosting, which can be even worse. A thinner glazing solution provides more margin for the overall optical system, making it less prone to variations from nominal design. This can help reduce ghosting that may occur for drivers of all heights (Figure 13). The thinness of the Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate reduces image separation and provides a clearer HUD image. Its flatter transmission spectrum also can contribute to better image quality and color rendering for HUD images. For drivers at night, bright light shining into the cabin of the car, , such as a street light or headlights from oncoming traffic, also can cause transmission ghosting. This ghosting worsens with thicker glass and the addition of wedge angles to reduce HUD ghosting. However, the Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate can reduce transmission ghosting because of its thinness and lower wedge angle, improving night vision without relying on complex PVB designs. Additional benefits of lightweight glazing The significantly lower mass of Gorilla Glass hybrid laminates also allows them to defog and defrost 30% faster than traditional conventional windshields. This should decrease idle time for the vehicle and driver and reduce time wasted scraping ice off windshields and windows (Figure 14). These savings (B) 444 244 km/片 Figure 13. Simulated ghost images for (A) conventional 5.0-mm silica-lime glass windshield and (B) 3.6-mm Gorilla Glass hybrid laminate for a tall driver. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Credit: Corning Incorporated 250 200 150 2.1/0.5 100 50 50 2.1/2.1 32% 0 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 Total glass thickness (mm) Credit: Corning Incorporated lightweight laminates for windshield applications\"; presented at Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) (April 5, 2016, USA). 8T. Leonhard, T. Cleary, M. Moore, S. Seyler, and W.K. Fisher, “Novel lightweight laminate concept with ulrathin chemically strengthened glass for automotive windshields,” SAE Intl. J. Passeng. Cars-Mech Syst., 8 [1] 95–103 (2015), doi: 10,4271/2015-01-1376. \'D. Dürkop and R. Weißmann, \"Investigation of the mechanism of stone impact on laminated glass windscreens\"; presented at XV International Congress on Glass, Leningrad, 1989 (July 2-7, 1989, Leningrad, Russia). ■ Figure 14. Defrost time as a function of laminate thickness. are particularly relevant for fleet operators who lose valuable driving time while waiting for defrosting. A lightweight future Today, government regulations have become increasingly stringent with fuel economy standards, and consumers want to get more out of vehicles without causing additional harm to the environment. To meet these regulations, automakers continue to look for new ways to reduce weight of their vehicles. Corning\'s Gorilla Glass-a thin, lightweight, and optically clear glass-can help solve this problem. This exciting new innovation for automobiles can help automakers meet specifications and regulations while ultimately helping consumers enjoy a better ride. About the authors All authors are affiliated with Corning Incorporated (Corning, N.Y.). Contact Thomas Cleary and ClearyTM@ corning.com. Acknowledgements The authors thank Emily Steves and Kimberly Keorasmey for their assistance in the preparation of this document. Additionally, the authors thank Sang-Ki Park and Ah-Young Park for their insights. References \'L. Hedgbeth, \"A clear view: History of automotive safety glass,\" 2017, http://www. secondchancegarage.com/public/windshieldhistory.cfm;%20http://www.madehow.com/ Volume-1/Automobile-Windshield.html;%20 http://www.autoglassuniversity.com/mod01/ mod01.php;%20http://www.hg.org/article. asp?id=19112. 2M.B.W. Graham and A.T. Shuldiner, \"The market that wasn\'t there: The safety windshield\"; pp. 264-67 in Corning and the Craft of Innovation. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001. 3\"Greenhouse gas emissions from a typical passenger vehicle,\" 2016, https://www.epa. gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissionstypical-passenger-vehicle-0 4J. Voelcker, \"1.2 billion vehicles on world\'s roads now, 2 billion by 2035: Report,\" 2014, thttp://www.greencarreports.com/ news/1093560_1-2-billion-vehicles-on-worldsroads-now-2-billion-by-2035-report 5J. Crucchiola, \"Automakers are sacrificing the spare tire for fuel economy,\" 2015. https://www.wired.com/2015/11/ automakers-are-sacrificing-the-spare-tire-forfuel-economy/ \'D. Linhofer and M. Maurer, \"Lightweight conventional automotive glazing\"; presented at International Body Engineering Conference (IBEC) (Sept. 30-Oct. 2, 1997, Stuttgart, Germany). 7T. Cleary, T. Huten, D. Strong, and C. Walawender, \"Reliability evaluation of thin, reach your audience with ceramicSOURCE update your listing ceramicsource.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 27 Case study Fo 3-D printing of polymer-derived CMCs for next-generation turbine blade manufacture By Daniel J. Thomas A novel additive manufacturing method incorporates preceramic polymers to enable development of next-generation ceramicmatrix composites for advanced turbine blades. 28 The he extremely high melting point of ceramics adds significant opportunities for manufacturing as compared with traditional metals and polymers. However, because we cannot easily cast or machine ceramics, 3-D printing enables a significant step forward in geometrical flexible manufacturing. Researchers at 3Dynamic Systems (Bridgend, United Kingdom) developed a process for producing preceramic monomers that are cured with ultraviolet light in a specially made stereolithography 3-D printer. This formed structures that have complex internal architectures for advanced air cooling. They then pyrolyzed these polymer structures to a form a ceramic-matrix composite (CMC). CMCs are a group of composite structural ceramics that have uniquely favorable properties for manufacturing high-temperature structures. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a special polymer matrix, which is subsequently heat-treated. Additive manufacturing of these advanced composite materials is of interest for producing the next generation of turbine blade components. However, flaws, such as porosity and inhomogeneity introduced during processing, influence component strength, because they initiate cracks in service. In contrast to metals, brittle ceramics have limited ability to resist fracture. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Capsule summary POTENTIAL Additive manufacturing of advanced composite materials is of interest for producing the next generation of turbine blade components. However, flaws, such as porosity and inhomogeneity introduced during processing, influence component strength, because they initiate cracks in service. CMCs traditionally are manufactured by embedding ceramic microfibers into a polymer matrix and heat-treating the material. However, in comparison with alloys and high-temperature polymers, CMCs are highly difficult to process, particularly into complex geometries. This processing challenge limits the ability to take advantage of ceramics\' impressive properties, including hightemperature capability, environmental resistance, and ultrahigh strength. Researchers at 3Dynamic Systems focus on developing revolutionary new 3-D printing technologies that are used to fabricate advanced CMC blade components for the next generation of power-generating turbines. They use this approach to process various CMC compositions, including silicon oxycarbide (SiOC), silicon nitride (Si̟¸N), and silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics. Stereolithography takes center stage During the past two years, researchers studied preceramic polymers to synthesize ceramic fibers and to densify CMCs by infiltration.¹ To achieve this, 3Dynamic Systems is experimenting with photolithography printing to form (A) BREAKTHROUGH 3Dynamic Systems has developed a stereolithography 3-D printing process for producing preceramic monomer-based structures that are cured with ultraviolet light and pyrolized to create ceramic-matrix composites with complex internal architectures for advanced air cooling. IR source Elevator 2 Vat 3 Component Photo-curable 5 liquid polymer NEXT GENERATION This novel manufacturing method opens up further opportunities for fabrication of complex-shaped and temperature- and environment-resistant ceramic blade structures—allowing evolution of the next generation of turbine blades. An IR source is used to selectively cure the liquid polymer 2 The elevator lowers the platform into the vat as each layer is cured 3 The vat contains the liquid polymer that is used to create the 3-D object The component is produced as each layer is cured on top of the previous layer 5 A siloxane-based polymer is used to form a preceramic structure Figure 1. Schematic of the 3-D photolithography printing method to fabricate a complex component. 3-D structures (Figure 1). Investigative work harnessed polymerization inhibitors and UV absorbers, which are added to the photocurable resin to formulate and precisely confine polymerization.2,3 This minimizes infrared light scatter to maintain high fidelity in features of the printed part, layer-by-layer, to build up a turbine blade structure, which needs a resolution of <10 µm. Configuration and microstructure of these preceramic polymers determine the composition, microstructure, and yield of CMC components after pyrolysis. High cross-link density is necessary to prevent loss of low-molecular-mass spe (B) cies and fragmentation during pyrolysis. Siloxane-based polymers, which have a Si-O-Si backbone, result in formation of silicon oxycarbides, whereas silazanes introduce nitrogen because of their Si-NSi backbone. Combining siloxanes with silazanes results in silicon oxycarbonitride (SiOCN) ceramics after pyrolysis.4 Addition of silane compounds reduces the amount of oxygen and pushes the ceramic composition toward SiC. The ratio of carbon in the final ceramic is tailored using a carbon-based divinyl benzene cross-linking agent. Currently, 3Dynamic Systems is studying precursor chemistry, which it can adjust to incorporate eleFigure 2. (A) Preheated furnace and (B) preceramic turbine blade structure ready for heat-treatment. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 29 Credit: 3Dynamic Systems Credit: 3Dynamic Systems 3-D printing of polymer-derived CMCs for next-generation turbine blade manufacture (A) (B) 100μm 5pm Figure 3. (A) Surface scan showing the formation of layers during 3-D printing, and (B) micrograph depicting microstructure of the postfired CMC. ments, such as boron or zirconium, to further enhance temperature capabilities.\" To fabricate turbine blade structures, an ultraviolet-curable siloxane resin system first is formulated by mixing (mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane with vinylmethoxysiloxane and adding ultravioletfree-radical photoinitiator, free-radical inhibitor, and ultraviolet absorber. The resulting liquid resin is used in a specially made ultra-high-resolution stereolithography 3-D printer. This new 3-D printing process can manufacture preceramic turbine blades, which feature complex hollow internal cooling sections that make up one whole piece. Adding ceramic microfibers into the matrix enhances mechanical strength and produces a true CMC structure. 3 Dynamic Systems currently is studying the type and nature of ceramic fibers to understand their properties and the resulting mechanical reinforcement potential. Pyrolysis at high temperatures (1,000°C-1,300°C) in argon (Figure 2) transforms the structure to a CMC component, together with accompanied mass loss and shrinkage. Research now focuses on developing and harnessing the 3-D printing process to ensure that fabricated CMC structures are fully dense and correctly scaled prior to pyrolysis. The main challenge remains in producing structures that have no porosity or surface cracks. Further work is progressing now to ensure the surfaces are precise and smooth. This is because any surface striations will act as stress concentrators and negatively influence mechanical properties. The company also is studying the process to ensure there are no noticeable gradients in the composition. 7,8 This can be mitigated by material composition and formation of a surface oxide layer (Figure 3). Challenges include maintaining shape of the polymer structure and ensuring prediction of uniform shrinkage. Optimization work also is ongoing to ensure there is uniform shrinkage during pyrolysis. To produce parts that have useful structural properties, 3Dynamic Systems now is performing compression and shear testing on as-pyrolyzed SiOC structures to determine their properties. This involves strength and temperature tests of up to 1,700°C in air with surface oxidation. Mechanical tests conducted at high temperature help ensure SiOC-based CMCs fracture in a conchoidal manner. Efforts now focus on enhancement via formation of periodic architectures, because they are inherently more mechanically efficient than random architectures. Characterizing the SiOC family of polymer-derived CMCs can identify high-temperature properties, including resistance to crystallization, oxidation, and creep. Adjusting the amorphous nanodomains of silica tetrahedral formations can harness these properties. This approach can process various CMC compositions, including SiOC, Si,N, and SiC ceramics. In this research, 3Dynamic Systems initially focused on structures manufactured from SiOC before progressing toward more enhanced formulations. This novel CMC manufacturing method opens up further opportunities for fabrication of complex-shaped and temperature- and environment-resistant ceramic blade structures. If microscale features can be fabricated, this technique can evolve the next generation of turbine blades with advanced internal cooling mechanisms. For more information about this technology and potential and development opportunties, contact Adele Thomas at info@3dynamicsystems.com. About the author Daniel J. Thomas is an interdisciplinary researcher who comes from an academic background in materials engineering, composites, and structural engineering disciplines. He is director of 3Dynamic Systems Group (Bridgend, United Kingdom). Contact Thomas at daniel.thomas@engineer.com. References ¹G. Chollon, \"Oxidation behaviour of ceramic fibres from the Si-C-N-O system and related subsystems,\" J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 20 [12] 1959-74 (2000). 2M.D. Beals and S. Zerfoss, \"Volume change attending low-to-high inversion of cristobalite,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 27 [10] 285-92 (1944). 3J. Deckers, J. Vleugels, and J.-P. Kruth, \"Additive manufacturing of ceramics: A review,\" J. Ceram. Sci. Technol., 5 [4] 245-60 (2014). 4M. Zaheer, T. Schmalz, G. Motz, and R. Kempe, \"Polymer-derived non-oxide ceramics derived with late transition metals,\" Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 5102-16 (2012). 5T.A. Schaedler, A.J. Jacobsen, A. Torrents, A.E. Sorensen, J. Lian, J.R. Greer, L. Valdevit, and W.B. Carter, \"Ultralight metallic microlattices,\" Science, 334, 962-65 (2011). 6P. Colombo, G. Mera, R. Riedel, and G.D. Sorarù, \"Polymer-derived ceramics: 40 years of research and innovation in advanced ceramics,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93, 1805-37 (2010). 7L. Huang and J. Kieffer, \"Molecular dynamics study of cristobalite silica using a charge transfer three-body potential model,\" J. Chem. Phys., 118, 1487-98 (2003). 8M. Schulz, M. Börner, J. Göttert, T. Hanemann, J. Haußelt, and G. Motz, “Cross-linking behavior of preceramic polymers effected by UV and synchrotron radiation,\" Adv. Eng. Mater., 6, 676-80 (2004). \'N. Travitzky, A. Bonet, B. Dermeik, T. Fey, I. Filbert-Demut, L. Schlier, T. Schlordt, and P. Greil, \"Additive manufacturing of ceramic-based materials,\" Adv. Eng. Mater., 16, 729-54 (2014). Credit: 3Dynamic Systems 30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Novel crystal structures for familiar semiconductor materials: Cloud-aligned indium gallium zinc oxide composites hold promise for next-generation devices 10:55 ww By Haruyuki Baba, Motoki Nakashima, and Shunpei Yamazaki A novel crystal structure of indium gallium zinc oxide exhibits functionalities of a composite material and may have mass application in next-generation display devices. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org N m oboru Kimizuka first synthesized indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO), an n-type semiconductor, in 1985. The physical properties of IGZO change depending on its composition ratio of constituent metal elements, expressed as InGaO3(ZnO). This oxide material assumes a layered structure known as a \"homologous series,\" which exists in a wide range of compositions and has a large solid-solution region. This characteristic reduces the impact of composition variability on the crystal structure and, thus, on electrical characteristics. Therefore, IGZO is a suitable material for mass production of semiconductor devices. We generally classify crystal structures as single-crystal, polycrystalline, and amorphous-this classification also applies to IGZO. Previously, we discovered new crystal structures that exist between single-crystal and amorphous IGZO, which are c-axis-aligned crystalline (CAAC) and nanocrystalline structures.² Here, we present a novel structure that exhibits functionalities of a composite material: cloud-aligned composite oxide semiconductor (CAC-OS). We synthesized CAC-OS by changing the IGZO composi tion ratio In:Ga:Zn of InGaO3(ZnO) from 1:1:1 (where m is an integer; m 1) to 4:2:3 (indium-rich compound, where m is a noninteger). 31 Novel crystal structures for familiar semiconductor materials: Cloud-aligned . . . CAAC-IGZO and CAC-OS We fabricated a thin film of IGZO using sputtering equipment. At high substrate temperature (high T ), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) clearly revealed a peak originating from the crystal structure in the vicinity of 20 = 31°. The right side of Figure 1 illustrates crystal morphology of the CAAC structure. Lower deposition temperature weakened the crystallinity peak in the XRD spectrum. When we lowered the deposition temperature to room temperature, the peak disappeared. Nanobeam electron diffractometry (NBED) on a film sample deposited at low temperature revealed spots in a ringlike pattern, indicating the existence of nanocrystals. The material shown on the left side of Figure 1 has a CAC-OS composition. A drawback to depositing the CAC-OS film at room temperature is that water and other impurities that are adsorbed on the film surface are not released, unlike when the film is depos ited at higher temperatures. In oxide semiconductors, water and hydrogen are the most significant and harmful impurities. Therefore, a key to CAC-OS fabrication is elimination of water and hydrogen. To reduce these impurities, we deposited the oxide semiconductor film at 130°C, which is higher than the boiling point of water. Crystal morphology of films deposited at 130°C shows a mix of CAAC and nanocrystalline structures. We expect a film with this crystal morphology to exhibit a mix of functions of CAAC and CAC. Figure 2 shows planar energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping images of a CAC-OS film. In the left bottom image indicating gallium concentration, bright-green areas defined by dotted lines indicate considerably high gallium content. The same areas on an indium map (top left image) are black, indicating low indium content in these same areas. In addition, bright white areas defined by solid lines in the indium EDX map exhibit a darker color in the gallium EDX map. Thus, even when the sputtering target is polycrystalline IGZO, constituent metal elements in the deposited film are not distributed uniformly. 32 nc (nano-crystal) Tsub. =RT Q₂ = 10% 3rm CAC-OS CAC/CAAC Mixture of nc and CAAC CAAC-IGZO CAAC Tsub. 130°C 0₂ = 10% Tsub. 130°C O₂ = 100% 15 45 15 25 35 45 20] 15 45 @long nm 3om 5mm 3om (009) nm Figure 1. X-ray diffractometry spectrum data, transmission electron microscopy images, and nanobeam electron diffractometry images showing characteristics of c-axis-aligned crystalline indium gallium zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO) and cloud-aligned composite oxide semiconductor (CAC-OS) films. Quantitative elemental maps In:Ga:Zn [at.%] in areas of the maps Ga Zn 30% 40% In poor In-rich (-InZnOX) $ In-poor 203 (InGaZnO) 29 2.5 nm Ga poor nich Ga-rich (InGaZnO) 21 24 Ga-poor (-InZnOx) 22 21 25 □ In 10% Ga Zn 50% 60% 70% 80% 50% 100 Credit: Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Figure 2. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping and composition ratio analysis of a CAC-OS film. Based on relative concentrations of metal elements, indium and zinc contents are high and gallium content is low in indium-rich areas. Conversely, gallium content is higher in indiumpoor areas. EDX mapping images for gallium show that gallium concentration is higher than that of indium in gallium-rich areas. Further, a CAC-OS film comprises indium-rich compounds, such as InO and InZnO, and galliumrich compounds, such as GaZnO and InGaZnO. We consider this material a composite wherein these compounds exist as 1-2-nm nanoparticles, and areas surrounding the nanoparticles exhibit a nonuniform, blurry, and cloudlike distribution of elements. Characteristics of CAAC-IGZO/ CAC-OS FET We need a field-effect transistor (FET) structure to apply IGZO to semiconductor devices. Transistors enable operation wherein a large amount of current flows in one condition, whereas www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Credit: Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Figure 3. A prototype 8K OLED display panel fabricated with oxide semiconductor technology. Figure 4. A prototype trifold flexible OLED display panel fabricated with oxide semiconductor technology. no current flows in other conditions. The display backplanes of liquid-crystal display (LCD) televisions use amorphous silicon, whereas those of smartphones and tablets mainly use low-temperature polysilicon. Whereas the on-off ratio of a silicon FET is 1010, that of a CAACIGZO FET is 1020. In addition, the offstate current of CAAC-IGZO FETS is in the order of yoctoamperes per micrometer (10-24 A/μm). Therefore, a CAACIGZO FET truly exhibits ideal switching characteristics.² With a device structure of CAACIGZO, we succeeded in obtaining a fieldeffect mobility of 30-40 cm²/(V·s), with a channel length of 2-6 µm.4 Meanwhile, we estimated that an FET needs to achieve a field-effect mobility of 40-60 cm2/(V.s) to be applicable to all display devices. Our recent development yielded a high field-effect mobility of 65.5 cm²/(V-s) from an FET with a CAC-OS film. Notably, threshold voltage is 0.23 V, making the FET a normally off device, subthreshold swing steep is 0.09 V/decade, and off-state current is adequately low. In terms of reliability of the FET, threshold voltage changes minimally, even with an applied Credit: Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Energy La bias voltage of 30 V. Further, we can fabricate CAC-OS on large substrates, such as G8.5-G11 mother glasses. Therefore, CAC-OS is applicable to backplanes of LCD and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays and can potentially replace conventional silicon technology in TV, PC, smartphone, and tablet markets (Figures 3 and 4). Research on ceramic materials comprising elements, such as indium, gallium, zinc, and oxygen, is now changing significantly because of the discovery of CAAC-IGZO and CAC-OS. We expect this technology to become a leading technology in the near future, and we are jointly developing this technology with display manufacturers for mass production-a challenge for this massively large market that is about to begin. About the authors Shunpei Yamazaki is president and researcher of Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co. Ltd. (SEL) in Kanagawa, Japan. Haruyuki Baba and Motoki Nakashima are researchers of SEL. Contact Baba at hb1268@sel.co.jp. References ¹N. Kimizuka and T. Mohri, \"Spinel, YbFe2O4, and Yb,Fe3O, types of structures for compounds in the In₂O, and Sc₂OAO3-BO systems [A: Fe, Ga, or Al; B: Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn] at temperatures over 1,000°C,\" J. Solid State Chem., 60, 382-84 (1985), doi: 10.1016/0022-4596(85)90290-7. 2S. Yamazaki, H. Suzawa, K. Inoue, K. Kato, T. Hirohashi, K. Okazaki, and N. Kimizuka, \"Properties of crystalline In-Ga-Zn-oxide semiconductor and its transistor characteristics,\" Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 53, 04ED18 (2014), doi: 10.7567/JJAP.53. 04ED18. 3N. Sorida, M. Takahashi, K. Dairiki, S. Yamazaki, and N. Kimizuka, “Nanometerscale crystallinity in In-Ga-Zn-oxide thin film deposited at room temperature observed by nanobeam electron diffraction,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 53, 115501 (2014), doi: 10.7567/ JJAP.53.115501. 4K. Okazaki, Y. Shima, D. Kurosaki, H. Miyake, J. Koezuka, S. Kawashima, M. Shiokawa, H. Shishido, and S. Yamazaki, \"Fabrication of 8k4k organic EL panel using high-mobility IGZO material,\" J. Soc. Info. Disp., 22, 561-69 (2015), doi: 10.1002/ jsid.396. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 33 =4 34 Stretched exponential relaxation of glasses: Origin of the mixedalkali effect By Yingtian Yu, John C. Mauro, and Mathieu Bauchy A novel atomistic simulation method allows direct access to longterm dynamics of glass relaxation at room temperature. A 3 s nonequilibrium materials, glasses continuously relax toward the supercooled liquid metastable equilibrium state. 1,2 Although the myth of flowing glasses in cathedrals suggests otherwise, the dramatic increase of glass viscosity with decreasing temperature renders relaxation effectively \"frozen\" at ambient temperature. However, specific glass compositions can surprisingly deform over time, even at low temperature. This phenomenon is known as the thermometer effect¹,4 and is usually attributed to the mixed-alkali effect, which occurs in oxide glasses comprising at least two alkali oxides, AO, and BO2, and manifests as a nonlinear evolution of properties with respect to the fraction A/(A + B). Despite its practical importance, we continue to poorly understand the nature of relaxation in the glassy state. To date, no clear atomistic mechanism of structural and stress relaxation is available, which seriously limits our ability to predict and control behavior. This knowledge gap becomes even more problematic as the need for large screens with higher resolution (smaller pixel size) results in lower tolerances for relaxation and novel LCD fabrication processes (e.g., p-Si applications) require use of higher processing temperatures, further enhancing relaxation.5 Addressing www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 0 Credit: Yingtian Yu these grand challenges? requires a better understanding of the fundamentals of glass relaxation. Accelerated relaxation technique To investigate the mixed-alkali effect in glass relaxation, we simulated a series of (K2O) (Na2O)16 (SiO2) 84 (mol%) mixed-alkali silicate glasses, made of 2,991 atoms, with varying x (x = 0-16). We performed molecular dynamics simulations using the well-established Teter potential 8-10 with an integration timestep of 1 fs. We evaluated Coulomb interactions using the Ewald summation method with a cutoff of 12 Å and chose a short-range interaction cutoff of 8.0 Å. We generated liquids by placing atoms randomly in a simulation box. We then equilibrated liquids at 5,000 K in the isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble (where the number of atoms (N), pressure (P), and temperature (T) are conserved) for 1 ns, at zero pressure, to ensure loss of the memory of initial configuration. We formed glasses by linear cooling of liquids from 5,000 to 0 K, with a cooling rate of 1 K/ps in the NPT ensemble at zero pressure. To simulate long-term relaxation of these glasses, we relied on an accelerated simulation technique that we recently developed to understand the origin of room-temperature relaxation in Corning Gorilla Glass. 14 In that method, simulated glass is subjected to small, cyclic perturbations of volumetric stress. This method mimics the relaxation observed in granular materials subjected to vibrations, wherein small vibrations tend to densify the material (artificial aging) and large vibrations randomize grain arrangements (rejuvenation). 11 Researchers have applied similar ideas relying on the energy landscape approach to noncrystalline solids based on the fact that small stresses deform the energy landscape locally explored by atoms. This can remove some energy barriers that exist at zero stress, thus allowing the system to jump over barriers to relax to lower energy states. Yu et al. provide more details about this method.¹ As expected, stress perturbations allow all glasses to relax toward lower energy states. All glasses tested here Variation of volume, AV/V (ppk) -0.5-1 -1.5 2 -2.5 -3 10º لسي 10¹ اسي 10² اسي 10° Number of stress perturbation cycles, N اسب Na K Na+K 104 10 Figure 1. Relative variation of the volume of sodium, potassium, and mixed-alkali silicate glasses with respect to the number of stress perturbation cycles applied. showed a gradual compaction in volume upon relaxation (Figure 1). Remarkably, the volume relaxation observed herein followed a stretched exponential decay function that is similar to that observed experimentally.4 Further, the mixed (K2O)(Na₂O)(SiO2) 84 glass featured a larger densification than binary sodium and potassium silicate glasses. This is a clear demonstration that the thermometer effect is indeed a manifestation of the mixed-alkali effect. Origin of the mixed-alkali effect in relaxation We also investigated the origin of the mixed-alkali effect in the context of relaxation. We can predict the stretched exponential nature of glass relaxation using the Phillips diffusion-trap model, wherein \"excitations\" in the glass diffuse toward randomly distributed “traps.\' However, this model remains largely axiomatic. Here, we propose that excitations introduced within the diffusiontrap model correspond to locally unstable atomic units. \"13 To assess this hypothesis, we first computed the coordination number of all atomic species. Figure 2(a) shows that the coordination number of sodium decreases upon addition of potassium, whereas that of potassium increases upon addition of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org sodium-which we attribute to mismatch between alkali atoms and the rest of the silicate network as we move away from the binary composition. This miscoordinated state forms local stresses inside the atomic network, which we assessed by computing the local stress applied to each atom. 14 Figure 2(b) shows that the average stress experienced by sodium atoms increases upon addition of potassium, whereas that experienced by potassium atoms decreases upon addition of sodium. We explain this as follows. Overcoordinated potassium atoms present an excess of oxygen atoms in their first coordination shell. Because of mutual repulsion, oxygen atoms tend to separate from each other, which, in turn, tends to stretch the potassium-oxygen bonds. On the other hand, undercoordinated sodium atoms show a deficit of oxygen atoms, which, in turn, are more attracted by the central cation. This results in compression of sodium-oxygen bonds. We then explain the mechanism of glass relaxation as follows. Miscoordinated species act as local instabilities (or \"excitations\" following Phillips terminology). These excitations diffuse via local deformations of the atomic network, until an atomic arrangement that is locally under compression meets one that is under tension. At this 35 Stretched exponential relaxation of glasses: Origin of the mixed-alkali effect 1 0.5 Coordination shift Ar 05 1.5 (a) Overcoordinated K Na Stress per atom (GPa) 00000000-0.5 -0.5-Undercoordinated 0.5 (b) Tension K Na Compression Total stress (GPa) 3 [K (c) Driving force Na -2 -1 -3. 0 25 50 75 100 Ο K/(K+Na) (%) 25 50 75 100 K/(K+Na) (%) 0 25 50 75 K/(K+Na) (%) 100 Figure 2. (a) Shift of the coordination number of sodium (potassium) atoms, using the binary sodium (potassium) silicate glass as a reference, with respect to composition of the glass. (b) Average stress per sodium and potassium atoms. A positive (negative) stress denotes local compression (tension). (c) Total cumulative stress experienced by all sodium and potassium atoms. point, both excitations are annihilated (or reach a \"trap\"), thereby relieving initial internal stress stored in the network. The driving force for relaxation corresponds to the difference between total cumulative stress experienced by sodium and potassium atoms, which results from the balance between two competitive behaviors. In the first behavior, absolute stress per atom experienced by sodium and potassium species increases upon addition of potassium and sodium, respectively. In contrast, in the second behavior, numbers of sodium and potassium atoms present in the network decrease upon their replacement by potassium and sodium atoms, respectively. Altogether, total cumulative stress experienced by sodium and potassium atoms reaches a maximum when the number of sodium atoms equals the number of potassium atoms (Figure 2(c)). This behavior provides an intuitive atomistic origin of the excessive volume relaxation of glasses comprising mixed alkali atoms (i.e., thermometer effect). In future work, we plan to extend analyses to mixed-alkaline-earth silicate glasses to assess the generality of these results. Besides relaxation, we also plan to investigate the effect of local atomic instabilities evidenced herein on the mechanical properties of glasses. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1562066 and Corning Incorporated. About the authors Yingtian Yu and Mathieu Bauchy are members of the Physics of Amorphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab) at the University of California (Los Angeles, Calif.). Bauchy is assistant professor, Civil Engineering Materials at UCLA. John C. Mauro is senior research manager-Glass Research at Corning Incorporated (Corning, N.Y.). Contact Yu at yuyingti@ucla.edu. Editor\'s note Yu will present the 2017 Kreidl Award Lecture at the Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting, during the Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology, in Waikaloa, Hawaii, on May 24, 2017. References ¹Y. Yu, M. Wang, D. Zhang, B. Wang, G. Sant, and M. Bauchy, “Stretched exponential relaxation of glasses at low temperature,\" Phys. Rev. Lett., 115 [16] 165901 (2015). 2A.K. Varshneya, Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses. Elsevier, San Diego, Calif, 1993. 3E.D. Zanotto, \"Do cathedral glasses flow?,\" Am. J. Phys., 66 [5] 392-95 (1998). 4R.Welch, J. Smith, M. Potuzak, X. Guo, B. Bowden, T. Kiczenski, D. Allan, E. King, A. Ellison, and J. Mauro, \"Dynamics of glass relaxation at room temperature,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 110 [26] 265901 (2013). 5A.Ellison and I.A. Cornejo, “Glass substrates for liquid crystal displays,” Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 1 [1] 87-103 (2010). J.C. Mauro, C.S. Philip, D.J. Vaughn, and M.S. Pambianchi, “Glass science in the United States: Current status and future directions,” Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 5 [1] 2-15 (2014). J.C. Mauro and E.D. Zanotto, “Two centuries of glass research: Historical trends, current status, and grand challenges for the future,\" Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 5 [3] 313-27 (2014). 8A.N. Cormack, J. Du, and T.R. Zeitler, “Alkali-ion migration mechanisms in silicate glasses probed by molecular dynamics simulations,\" Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 4 [14] 3193-97 (2002). \'M. Bauchy, \"Structural, vibrational, and thermal properties of densified silicates: Insights from molecular dynamics,\" J. Chem. Phys., 137 [4] 44510 (2012). 10M. Bauchy, B. Guillot, M. Micoulaut, and N. Sator, \"Viscosity and viscosity anomalies of model silicates and magmas: A numeri cal investigation,” Chem. Geol., 346, 47-56 (2013). \"P. Richard, M. Nicodemi, and R. Delannay, \"Ribites and magmas: A numeric slow relaxation and compaction of granular systems,\" Nat. Mater., 4 [2] 121-28 (2005). 12D.J. Lacks and M.J. Osborne, “Energy landscape picture of overaging and rejuvenation in a sheared glass,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 [25] 255501 (2004). 13J.C. Phillips, \"Stretched exponential relaxation in molecular and electronic glasses,\" Rep. Prog. Phys., 59 [9] 1133 (1996). 14A.P. Thompson, S.J. Plimpton, and W. Mattson, \"General formulation of pressure and stress tensor for arbitrary many-body interaction potentials under periodic boundary conditions,\" J. Chem. Phys., 131 [15] 154107 (2009). 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 Credit: Yingtian Yu Robo ent new products SPC 199 TEST Gemini 2 Welding bench Robove oboVent has released a new, larger version of its Cross Flow Table, a compact, self-contained welding bench and source capture system that recycles contaminated air using a high-efficiency, self-cleaning filter system. The table draws air up through the table and away from the welder\'s breathing zone, using airflow to capture weld fumes and pull them into a collector above the welder\'s head. The new 5\' table has more space under the work surface for welding equipment and includes added features, such as LED lighting and a built-in electrical plug for power tools. 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New equipment is dedicated to testing in accor dance with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 199-2016, which analyzes how well filters actually clean and how dust collectors perform as a whole. Using a cartridge dust collector with four high-efficiency filters, the unit feeds dust into the collector under specified conditions, measuring pressure drop and downstream emissions. Camfil\'s lab expansion also provides new testing capabilities, including equipment available for research and development, support, and testing for regulatory compliance. Camfil APC (Jonesboro, Ark.) 800-479-6801 www.camfilapc.com Concrete manuals he American The Concrete Institute has released printed and digital editions of its 2017 Manual of Concrete Practice. Containing more than 250 documents, the manual is the most comprehensive and largest single source of concrete practice information available in one set. 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(Pompano Beach, Fla.) 954-946-9454 www.gardco.com 332 37 World A of Science There is still ti and The 12th Pacific Rim Conference on PACRIM 2 Technology ACers Glass and Optical Mat May 21 - 26, 2017 | Hilton Waikoloa Vil 12TH PACIFIC RIM CONFERENCE ON CERAMIC AND GLASS TECHNOLOGY PACRIM 12 will provide a unique forum for knowledge exchange on state-of-the-art and emerging topics in ceramic and glass technologies and facilitate the establishment of new contacts with peers from different continents. PACRIM 12 PLENARY SPEAKERS Monday, May 22, 2017 8:50 9:30 a.m. Mike Murray, chief technology officer, Morgan Advanced Materials Materiomics and emerging manufacturing technologies for sustainable development 9:30 10:10 a.m. Don Hillebrand, director, Center for Transportation Research, Argonne National Laboratory 10:25 11:05 a.m. Gisele Maxwell, chief executive officer, Shasta Crystals Inc. Advances in single crystal fibers and thin rods grown by laser heated pedestal growth 11:05 11:45 a.m. Zhengyi Fu, chief professor of materials science and engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Bioprocess-inspired synthesis and processing for new structures and functions SO YOU WANT TO GET PUBLISHED: A workshop for graduate students and young professionals Monday, May 22, 2017 | Noon– 1:15 p.m. Sponsored by Saint-Gobain, this workshop explores opportunities for SAINT-GOBAIN getting published and expands on the publishing process. Speaker and panelist Bill Farenholtz, editor-in-chief, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, along with panelists Hua-Tay Lin, editor, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, and Mario Affatigato, editor-in-chief, International Journal of Applied Glass Science, cover advice for students and young professionals and discuss the benefits and challenges of submitting research papers in the appropriate journal with appropriate formatting. Key topics include • Demonstrating original, high-impact work •Writing for the audience (e.g., English language editing) • The ethical problem of plagiarism • Making articles more memorable • Technical issues with manuscripts, such as image resolution PACRIM12 MYITINERARY APP Download the app and sync your itinerary to stay informed! More details are on the website. ceramics.org/pacrim12 SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Visit ceramics.org/pacrim12 for program and hotel information, full schedule, and to register today! SUNDAY, MAY 21 Evening welcome reception MONDAY, MAY 22 Morning plenary session Afternoon publishing workshop Afternoon concurrent technical sessions TUESDAY, MAY 23 Morning and afternoon concurrent technical sessions Evening poster session 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 me to register! Ceramic and Glass Technology and erials Division Annual Meeting lage | Waikoloa, Hawaii, USA | ceramics.org/pacrim12 GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING (GOMD 2017) Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting (GOMD 2017) will provide an open forum for glass scientists and engineers from around the world to present and exchange findings on recent advances in various aspects related to glass science and technology. GOMD AWARD SPEAKERS George W. Morey Lecture May 23 | 8:30 a.m. Kathleen Richardson, professor of optics and materials science and engineering, Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida The evolution of chalcogenide glasses in infrared photonicsbeyond invisible Stookey Lecture of Discovery May 24 | 8:30 a.m. Peter C. Schultz, senior advisor and board member, OFS Fitel, director, secretary, advisor, viNGN, president, BioSensor Inc. In pursuit of perfect glass: Fifty years and still at it Norbert J. Kreidl Lecture May 24 | Noon Yingtian Yu Stretched exponential relaxation of glasses: Origin of the mixed alkali effect GLASS CORROSION SHORT COURSE ceramics.org/glasscorrosion – 4 p.m. May 20, 2017 | 8 a.m. – Six experts team-teach corrosion mechanisms and kinetics—a key concern for industrial and environmental applications—as it relates to bioglasses and natural, archaeological, nuclear, and commercial glasses. Experimental, analytical, and modeling approaches will be covered. COURSE OUTLINE: • Fundamental aspects of silicate glass corrosion: Mechanisms and kinetics (theoretical background) • Nuclear glasses •Experimental and analytical techniques to investigate glass corrosion • Multi-scale modeling Bioglasses and commercial glasses •Natural and archeological glasses • Geochemical aspects (speciation, reactive transport) • Demonstration: Sugar glass alteration with shape effect REGISTER TODAY FOR THIS ONE-DAY SHORT COURSE TO MAKE THE MOST OF YOUR TIME IN HAWAII! SPONSORS Platinum Gold Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture May 25 | 8:30 a.m. Himanshu Jain, professor, materials science and engineering, Lehigh University Pathways of glass-crystal transformation Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture May 26 | 8:30 a.m. Leonid Glebov, research professor of optics, Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers, College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida; OptiGrate Corporation Volume holographic elements in photo-thermo-refractive glass: Features and applications WILEY Silver JEOL Additional sponsors لله JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS SAINT-GOBAIN *FEI ✔Morgan Advanced Materia\'s ONES part of Thermo Fisher Scientific IONES Co., Ltd. Monofrax KITECH mo.sci GLACE FOR FUTURE CONFERATION TR AMERICAN ELEMENTS Nippon Electric Glass THE MATERIALS SCIENCE MANUFACTURERⓇ WEDNESDAY, MAY 24 All day concurrent technical sessions THURSDAY, MAY 25 Morning and afternoon concurrent technical sessions FRIDAY, MAY 26 Morning concurrent technical sessions Conference dinner American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 39 REGISTER by May 26 to save! th Advances in Cement-Based Materials (Cements 2017) 8° JUNE 26-28, 2017 | GEORGIA TECH | ATLANTA, GA. USA The Cements Division of ACerS 2017 annual meetingAdvances in Cement-based Materials-covers latest advances in cement-based research. Paulo Monteiro of University of California, Berkeley, will give the Della Roy Lecture. Other events include a tutorial on novel carbon capturing technologies and a student event at the University Center. HAMPTON INN ATLANTA-GEORGIA TECH-DOWNTOWN 244 North Avenue NW Atlanta, GA 30313 Phone: 404-881-0881 Fax: 04-874-8838 Reserve your rooms by June 4, 2017 Rate $126/night TECHNICAL SESSION WILL INCLUDE ORAL AND POSTER PRESENTATIONS: • Cement chemistry and nano/microstructure • Material characterization techniques • Alternative cementitious materials and material modification • Durability and lifecycle modeling • Computational material science • Smart materials and sensors • Rheology and advances in SCC 40 40 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org For more details and to register, go to ceramics.org/cements2017 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 REGISTER TODAY! INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SINTERING 2017 Latest Advances in Science and Technology of Sintering and Microstructure Evolution The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org HYATT REGENCY MISSION BAY SPA AND MARINA | SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA November 12-16, 2017 | ceramics.org/sintering 2017 Sintering 2017 will address the latest developments in sintering and microstructural evolution processes for the fabrication of powderbased materials in terms of fundamental understanding, technological issues, and industrial applications. The technical program covers sintering of all classes—from powder materials through invited and contributed talks—and includes poster presentations and special programs. Program topics include the following: •Fundamental aspects of sintering Modeling and simulation of sintering at multiple scales Sintering of multimaterial and multilayer systems • Microstructural evolution in sintering processes •Novel sintering processes • Sintering phenomena in additive manufacturing • Stress-assisted sintering Sintering of nanostructured materials Sintering of electronic materials Sintering in emerging energy and bio applications • Chemical interactions during sintering • In situ measurements and analysis of sintering • Symposium in honor of professor Randall M. German\'s 50 years of contributions to the science of sintering • Other sintering-related topics CONFERENCE CHAIRS Rajendra K. Bordia, Clemson University; Eugene A. Olevsky, San Diego State University; Didier Bouvard, Grenoble-INP, France; Suk-Joong L. Kang, KICET, South Korea; and Bernd Kieback, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany Conference local (US) co-chairs: SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE Sunday, November 12, 2017 Welcome reception Monday, November 13, 2017 Plenary session I Concurrent technical sessions Poster session set-up Lunch Poster session (posters up all day) Tuesday, November 14, 2017 Plenary session II Concurrent technical sessions 6-8 p.m. 8-9 a.m. 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. 10 a.m. noon Noon - 1 p.m. 1 - 2:30 p.m. 8-9 a.m. 9 a.m. noon Wednesday, November 15, 2017 Concurrent technical sessions Lunch Roundtable discussion Dinner Thursday, November 16, 2017 Concurrent technical sessions 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. Noon - 1 p.m. 1:30-3 p.m. 7-9 p.m. 8 a.m. - noon Rajendra K. Bordia Eugene A. Olevsky American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org HYATT REGENCY MISSION BAY SPA AND MARINA 1441 Quivira Road | San Diego, CA, USA, 92109 Tel: +1 619-224-1234 Room Rates: Single/double occupancy - $159 plus tax US government - prevailing government rate plus tax 41 Jeju, Korea provided a scenic backdrop for MCARE 2017. (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) MCARE 2017 BRINGS RECORD ATTENDANCE TO KOREA Mr. Yeon-Ho Kar MCARE 2017 Sum Awards Ceremon MCARE 2017 phe idro Alfred; M Cochair Shi-Woo Rhee welcomes attendees to MCARE 2017. M aterials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy 2017 (MCARE 2017) drew a record attendance of more than 450 participants to this year\'s conference, held February 20-24, at the Lotte Hotel in Jeju, Korea. About 40% of MCARE 2017 attendees originated from outside of Korea, traveling from 15 countries that included the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, India, Taiwan, Germany, Canada, France, and Italy. The meeting focused on emerging materials for a sustainable global society, bringing together leading experts from universities, industry, R&D laboratories, and government agencies to create a unique opportunity for multi-disciplinary dialogue on innovative and sustainable solutions in alternative and renewable energy. Yoon-Bong Hahn (Chonbuk National University, South Korea) and Sanjay Mathur (University of Cologne, Germany) chaired MCARE 2017. Shi-Woo Rhee (Pohang University of Science and Technology, Korea), Taek-Soo Kim (Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea) and Do-Heyoung Kim (Chonnam National University, Korea) cochaired the meeting. The conference featured four excellent plenary talks by: • Steven J. Zinkle (University of Tennessee, USA) – Challenges and opportunities for advanced materials in nuclear energy systems; • Nam-Gyu Park (Sungkyunkwan Univeristy, Korea) - Organicinorganic halide perovskite: Photovoltaics and optoelectronics; • Byung Jin Cho (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea) - Challenges in flexible thermoelectric devices; and 42 •Wolfram Jaegermann (Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany) Solar fuels from artificial inorganic leafs Promising device structures, physical boundary conditions, and material science challenges. Conference organizers report positive feedback on this year\'s meeting, as attendees cited good organization and a strong technical program for MCARE 2017. Save the date for MCARE 2018, August 20-23, in Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada. For more information, visit www.ceramics. org/mcare2018. 20 KIChE presented mementos of appreciation to (left to right) YoonBong Hahn, Woo-Sik Kim, Steven Tidrow, and Sanjay Mathur. A strong international attendance fostered robust dialogue about alternative and renewable energy during the meeting\'s two poster sessions. Entertainment during the conference banquet dinner. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 RICH HISTORY AND INNOVATIVE FUTUREREFRACTORIES SHOW TWO FACES AT 53RD ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM D A full day of informative technical sessions wrapped up with a lively exposition and cocktail hour, during which attendees networked with one another and the 30 exhibitors on display. uring his talk at the 53rd Annual Symposium of Refractories, Victor Pandolfelli made an unlikely simile about the refractories industry. The industry, he said, needs to be like the Roman god Janus—with two faces, one pointed towards the future, and the other faced towards the past. By retaining its rich tradition and yet also embracing new innovation, the industry can propel itself forward into both familiar and novel arenas. Similarly, the Annual Symposium of Refractories is a meeting with a rich history, yet a keen eye on the future. Attended by repeat characters and fresh faces alike, the meeting seamlessly blends rich tradition with fresh innovation. In 2017, a record ~230 attendees descended upon St. Louis for the meeting, held March 29-30 and hosted by ACerS St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division. This year\'s theme of \"Real-world applications of refractory testing\" delivered 16 high-quality presentations—on topics ranging from spinel myths to eradicating efflorescence to slag corrosion testing methods to infrared thermography and so much more. As the 2016 Alfred W. Allen Award recipient, Pandolfelli, from the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil, presented his work on bio-inspired refractories, discussing how the platelike structure of nacre and its proteins contribute to the natural material\'s incredible strength. Pandolfelli then asked the audience: \"Why not induce growth of needlike phases and use transient liquids in refractory systems to mimic the role of proteins and platelets?\" And while the idea of bio-inspired refractories may seem like science fiction to some, Pandolfelli noted, it all comes back to innovation. He likened the changes to those seen in the automotive industry in the past decade. While many people would have never guessed a decade ago that we would have technologies such as 3-D printed cars, electric cars, and driverless cars, those are all realities in today\'s world. Like Janus, Pandolfelli says, the refractories industry can keep an eye towards the future by embracing innovation. (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) Acers executive director Charlie Spahr (left) and president Bill Lee (right) congratulate Richard Bradt on being named one of ACerS most recent slate of Distinguished Life Members. Acers awards will be presented at the Annual Meeting in October at MS&T17 in Pittsburgh, Pa. Victor Pandolfelli answers questions from the audience after his talk on bio-inspired refractories. Kent Weisenstein (left) and Patty Smith pose for a picture during a coffee break. Past and present T.J. Planje Award recipients assemble at the 53rd Annual Symposium of Refractories. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 43 ●resources Calendar of events May 2017 9-11 ACerS Structural Clay Products Division and Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting - Fort Worth, Texas; www.ceramics.org/spcd2017 June 2017 1-4 Ceramics China @ Unifair 2017 Canton Fair Complex, Guangzhou, China; www.ceramicschina.com.cn 1-4 ACPM Expo 2017: Int\'l Exhibition for Advanced Ceramics and Powder Metallurgy Technology, Equipment & Product Canton Fair Complex, Guangzhou, China; www.acpmexpo. com 14-16 BIT\'s 6th Annual World Congress of Advanced Materials 2017 - Xi\'an, China; www.bitcongress.com/ wcam2017 26-28 Cements 2017: 8th Advances in Cements-Based Materials - Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Ga.; www.ceramics.org/ cements2017 28-30 ➡ SGCG 2017: Slovak and Czech Glass Conference & Seminar on Defects in Glass - Trenčianske Teplice, Slovakia; www.scgc2017.sk July 2017 3-7 ICG Summer School: 9th Workshop for New Researchers in Glass Science and Glass Technology - Montpellier, France; www.icglass.org 4-7 6th European PEFC & H₂ Forum: 21st Conference in Series with Tutorial, Exhibition, and Application Market Lucerne, Switzerland; www.EFCF.com 9-13 15th Conference & Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society Budapest, Hungary; www.ecers2017.eu 24-28 9th Int\'l Conference on Borate Glasses, Crystals, and Melts; Int\'l Conference on Phosphate Glasses Oxford, U.K.; www.sgt.org September 2017 17-20 Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Applications IV - Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, U.K.; www.engconf.org SEAL 19-21 Resodyn 7th Annual Technical InterChange Butte, Mont.; www.resodynmixers.com 27-29 UNITECR 2017 CentroParque Convention and Conference Center, Santiago, Chile; www.unitecr2017.org October 2017 1-6 ➡ EPD 2017: 6th Int\'l Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications Gyeongju, South Korea; www.engconf. org/conferences 2-6 3rd Int\'l Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials - Hunguest Hotel Palota Lillafüred, Miskolc, Hungary; www.ic-rmm3.eu 8-12 MS&T17 combined with ACerS 119th Annual Meeting - Pittsburgh, Pa.; www.matscitech.org 8-13 European Microwave Week 2017 - Nürnberg Convention Center, Nuremberg, Germany; www.eumweek.com 18-19 60th Int\'l Colloqium on Refractories - Eurogress, Aachen, Germany; www.ic-refractories.eu 22-25 2017 ICG Annual Meeting and 32nd Sisecam Glass Symposium Sisecam and Technology Center, Istanbul, Turkey; www.icginstanbul2017.com 31-Nov. 3 ➡6th Int\'l Symposium on ACTSEA 2017-Garden Villa, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; www.actsea2017.web2.ncku.edu.tw November 2017 6-9 78th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org 12-16 Int\'l Conference on Sintering 2017 - Hyatt Regency Mission Bay Spa and Marina, San Diego, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/sintering2017 12-16 CALL2017: Composites at Lake Louise - Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada; www.engconfintl.org/17AC January 2018 17-19 EAM 2018: ACerS Conference on Electronic and Advanced Materials - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando Sea World, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 21-26 ICACC\'18: 42nd Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Hilton Daytona Beach Resort/Ocean Walk Village, Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org May 2018 20-24 GOMD 2018: Glass and Optical Materials Division Meeting Hilton Palacio de Rio, San Antonio, Texas; www.ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. NEAL denotes Corporate partner 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services 34 Years of Precision Ceramic Machining Ph: 714-538-2524 | Fx: 714-538-2589 Email: sales@advanced ceramictech.com www.advancedceramictech.com • Custom forming of technical ceramics •Protype, short-run and high-volume production quantities • Multiple C.N.C. 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Jamie Curtis Guest columnist Credit: Corning Incorporate An inside look at Corning innovation During the past two summers, I interned at Corning Incorporated to gain firsthand exposure to early-stage development and day-to-day manufacturing providing two completely different views of how the same com pany operates. In my first internship, I worked in operations engineering at a Corning Environmental Technologies plant, where I helped produce ceramic substrates for clean air applications. In my second internship, I worked in the Emerging Innovations Group, which exposed me to some of Corning\'s developing products and industries. Corning Glass Works was founded in 1851 and went through a series of names before landing on Corning Incorporated in 1989. During the interim, Corning developed several innovations, including the red-yellowgreen stoplight system, Pyrex, the ribbon machine for automatic manufacturing of Thomas Edison\'s light bulb, and fiber optics. Currently, Corning is perhaps best known for Gorilla Glass, which is used as a cover glass on a huge array of smartphones and other handheld electronic devices. Corning\'s signature Gorilla Glass might adorn your smartphone today, but its predecessor, a glass-ceramic called Chemcor, was originally developed for lightweight windshields for better automotive fuel efficiency. However, federal regulations deemed the glass too strong to comply with breakability requirements, causing Corning to table the high-strength glass for nearly forty years. Instead, the company used its ceramic manufacturing capabilities to enter the automotive industry through Corning Environmental Technologies with the invention of the catalytic converter. Fast forward to 2015, and Corning began to revisit the automotive glass industry. Car windshields evolved from being made of single glass sheets in the 1930s to the current industry standard of two-ply sodalime laminates. Now, Corning has changed the game J\' The Scotts Corning Incorporated\'s vision for future connected cars outfitted with Gorilla Glass. by laminating sheets of Gorilla Glass to soda-lime glass for a lightweight and more durable windshield that also complies with safety standards. Corning and Ford announced a partnership on the Ford GT supercar windshield in December 2015 and cited weight reduction as a key factor in product development, given higher emissions and fuel economy requirements. Both the Ford GT and the BMW 18 have also adopted Gorilla Glass for acoustic separation panels. Corning glass is breaking ground in the automotive industry beyond these new opportunities for glazing. Recently, Gorilla Glass also has found its way into interior console applications. While Corning products are generally more expensive than their soda-lime glass commodity competition, the ability of Gorilla Glass to be cold-formed and create 3-D, curved features at a relatively low cost opens up unique design options to the automotive industry. Additionally, Corning can add anti-glare and antireflective coatings to these durable, scratchproof panels for an even more unique product that, combined with high-tech software, can transform console options. As an intern at Corning last summer, I had the privilege to tour the on-site reconstructed Consumer Electronics Show display from the previous January and \"drive\" a demo car that featured a Gorilla Glass console and hybrid laminated windshield. The demo, called the \"connected car,\" features a heads-up display that essentially projects GPS directions on the lower left corner of the windshield. A Gorilla Glass laminate windshield makes this sort of display possible because it creates an optically clear screen. The same sort of display on a traditional, soda-lime windshield would be blurry and difficult to read. Overall, Corning is quickly changing the automotive glass industry through both windshield and console glass. I really enjoyed working in innovation and learning about some of Corning\'s cutting-edge technologies, and I am so excited to see Corning continue to shape the automotive glass industry in the coming years. Originally from Redding, Conn., Jamie Curtis is a third-year undergraduate student studying materials science and engineering with a concentration in structural and functional materials at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, Ga.). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 96, No. 4 N SAVE THE DATE! January 21-26, 2018 | Daytona Beach, Fla., USA 42ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON S ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES STAY TUNED FOR MORE DETAILS. ceramics.org/icacc2018 ICACC18 gives materials scientists, engineers, researchers, and manufacturers the opportunity to share knowledge and state-of-the-art advancements in materials technology. Call for Papers coming soon! ICACC18 showcases cutting-edge research and product developments in • Advanced ceramics • Armor ceramics • Solid oxide fuel cells • Ceramic coatings • Bioceramics and more The technical program consists of 17 symposia, two focused sessions, the 7th Global Young Investigator forum, and an Honorary International Symposium in honor of Dr. Mrityunjay Singh. 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