AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MAY 2018 How are new materials shaping the future of advanced optical fiber and laser systems? Downloaded from bulletin cast to the glass container industry | Kreidl award extended abstracts 830 For everyone working with chemistry. For the future of the chemical sciences. Learn more at rsc.li/for-chem Registered charity number: 207890 ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org contents feature articles cover story May 2018 Vol. 97 No.4 22 Guiding light-how new materials are shaping the future of advanced optical fiber and laser systems Glass optical fibers are critical to global communications, but current materials are nearing their limits for information capacity and laser power-glass science can offer new solutions. by John Ballato, Maxime Cavillon, and Peter Dragic 28 Raise your glass to the glass container industry Parties are fun, but also good glass business. Breweries, wineries, and distilleries purchased more than threequarters of the $31 billion of glass containers sold in 2016. Industry consultant Joe Cattaneo provides his insight on how beverage consumption is driving the bottle industry. by Eileen De Guire Temperature-modulated differential 31 scanning calorimetry analysis of high-temperature silicate glasses 34 Recent advances in high-temperature experiments on commercial instruments could enable temperaturemodulated differential scanning calorimetry as a method to investigate industrially relevant silicate glasses. by Tobias K. Bechgaard, Ozgur Gulbiten, John C. Mauro, Yushu Hu, Mathieu Bauchy, and Morten M. Smedskjaer Fabrication of intrinsically low nonlinearity glass optical fibers Optical nonlinearities limit attempts to increase power scaling in high-energy laser systems—oxyfluoride glass optical fibers offer one potential materials solution. by M. Cavillon, P. Dragic, and J. Ballato departments News & Trends Spotlight... 4 11 Ceramics in Energy Research Briefs 16 19 columns Business and Market View . 10 Increased demand for bandwidth, transmission speed, and data volume driving the fiber optics market by Sinha G. Gaurav Book Review Flexible Glass: Enabling Thin, Lightweight, and Flexible Electronics by John Olenick 42 Deciphering the Discipline ... 48 Understanding composition-structurechemical durability relationships in SiO2based mixed network-former glasses by Nick Stone-Weiss meetings RCD recap 36 Clay 2018 37 GOMD 2018. 38 Cements 2018. 40 ICG 2019. 41 What\'s that on the cover? A modified chemical vapor deposition lathe fire-polishes a glass rod prior to drawing into optical fiber. Credit: Clemson University Downloaded from bulletin-archive ferm. 4 | www.ceramics.org resources New Products.. 43 Calendar 44 Classified Advertising. 45 Display Ad Index. 47 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Managing Editor Faye Oney, Assistant Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, NASA Glenn Research Center Klaus-Markus Peters, Fireline Inc. Gurpreet Singh, Chair, Kansas State University online www.ceramics.org May 2018 • Vol. 97 No.4 in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Custom silica, silica-titania inks offer new possibilities for 3-D-printed optical glass Scientists and engineers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have devised a technique to 3-D print optical glass of comparable quality to commercial glass products. Their secret weapon?-silica and silica-titania inks. read more at www.ceramics.org/3Doptical Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org As seen in the April 2018 ACerS Bulletin... Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director, Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Michael Alexander, President Sylvia Johnson, President-Elect William Lee, Past President Daniel Lease, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Secretary Board of Directors Manoj Choudhary, Director 2015-2018 Doreen Edwards, Director 2016-2019 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 Martin Harmer, Director 2015-2018 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2018 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Ceramics drive innovation and efficiences in the semiconductor industry Ceramics enable developments in the electronics industry through their essential role in the manufacturing, use, and application of advanced semiconductors. What are some of these roles, and what challenges lie ahead for this more than $400 billion industry? read more at www.ceramics.org/semiconductor American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2018. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). 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Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 97, No. 4, pp 1- 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Your Kiln... A CUSTOM FIT! New process, new product? Old kiln no longer fits? When you outgrow your current kiln, call Harrop. Like a fine suit, Harrop kilns are made-to-measure so that they fit your exact needs. Harrop kilns are built to last so that you will enjoy \"wearing” them for years to come. And like a fine tailor, Harrop can often alter your old kiln so that it fits your current needs. CCSCCCCCCEED ECLEECE Harrop kilns are designed and built at our facility in Columbus, OH. We can install your kiln at your site and provide commissioning and operator training - a true turnkey supplier. Contact Harrop when an \"off-therack\" kiln won\'t do. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.harropusa.com 1.614.231.3621 HARROP Fire our imagination news & trends GE Aviation invests additional $105M to manufacture ceramic matrix composites for jet engines A recent market report indicates that the CMC market is projected to reach a value of $7.51 billion by 2026, largely driven by demand from the aerospace industry, in addition to defense and automotive applications. Composed of coated ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix, ceramic matrix composites can offer key advantages over other materials-for example, CMCs are as tough as, weigh less than, and are much more temperature resistant that metals. That last one is a boon for turbine engines, like those that power jets and power plants, because the ability to operate at hotter temperatures allows higher operating efficiencies, offering a significant way to save energy while boosting performance. CMCs actually debuted in jet engines a few years ago in CFM International\'s LEAP engine. The first commercial jet engine to feature CMC components, the LEAP engine incorporates 18 stationary CMC turbine shrouds that can withstand temperatures of 2,400°F. Together with other improvements, the CMC shroud allows the LEAP engine to operate 15% more efficiently than its predecessor engine. Today, more than 14,270 LEAP engines have been ordered. CMCs are such impressive materials that GE Aviation now expects that increased jet engine production will increase demand for CMCs tenfold over the next decade. Likewise, GE Aviation just announced that it is expanding two of its CMC manufacturing plants in North Carolina, one in Asheville and one in West Jefferson. The company will invest an additional $105 million in the plants. It was just a few years ago that GE invested $200 million in another pair of factories dedicated to manufacturing silicon carbide. Those factories in Huntsville, Ala., supply the raw materials (silicon carbide fibers and tape) for the newly-expanding CMC factories in Asheville and West Jefferson. In addition to the LEAP engine, GE also is incorporating CMC materials into combustor and high-pressure turbine sections of its newer GE9X engine, the largest jet engine ever built with an 11-foot-wide fan. There are almost 700 GE9X engines currently on order. To supply CMC components for both the LEAP and GE9X engines, GE Aviation says it will create 131 new jobs at the Asheville plant-increasing its workforce from 425 to 556 employees-and 15 new positions at West Jefferson-increasing its workforce from 270 to 285 employees. The Asheville plant only opened in 2014 and was the first GE plant to mass produce CMC jet engine components. \"We are very pleased to continue expanding our GE Aviation business in Asheville,\" Michael Meguiar, Asheville plant leader, says in a GE news release. \"We continue to build on a great workforce, culture and community that supports advanced manufacturing jobs in western North Carolina. This merging of technology and a strong, creative workforce is the foundation of our success. Our site continues to grow as we win components for our next generation of engines such as the GE9X and the CFM LEAP. I\'m very proud of the technology advances and the continued competitiveness that our teams have been able to demonstrate.\" | GE Aviation will expand its ceramic matrix composite manufacturing plants to meet rising demand for turbine engines that incorporate components made of the material. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Credit: Engineering at Cambridge; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 Newly formed consortium uses interdisciplinary membership, industry dialogue to advocate thermodynamic data With a whole host of new materials constantly being developed—from hybrids to metal-organic frameworks to novel nanomaterials-thermodynamic data has not been able to keep pace with the frequent introduction of new materials. Thermodynamics—the physical concepts focusing on a system\'s macroscale responses to work, heat, and energy— really form the basis for understanding reactivity, transformation, and stability. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 That makes these concepts integral to synthesis, corrosion, environmental transport, catalysis, biological reactivity, and much more. In other words, they are incredibly important for nearly every process. And it is because of this integral importance that a lag in quality thermodynamic data is a significant concern. But have no fear-the Thermodynamics Consortium is here. This recently established consortium (ThermoCon) is aiming to bolster thermodynamic research by enhancing interactions, collaborations, and activities of a wide variety of scientists involved in thermodynamics research. According to Alexandra Navrotsky, one of the consortium\'s founders, \"ThermoCon is a diverse and energetic R&AA Members of the ALEXSYS workshop in June 2017, which marked the formation of the Thermodynamics Consortium. international community of researchers from academia, national labs, and industry who together will advance modern thermodynamic research to solve a variety of scientific and technological problems, change the way the academia, national labs, and industry interact, and bring fundamental 6 and applied thermodynamics closer together-thus making broad global collaborations among many sectors the new future.\" The consortium was dreamed up during a June 2017 workshop of experimental thermodynamicists and materials scientists at the Peter A. Rock CH A MATERIALS SELECTION CH3 CH3 CH FAILURE ANALYSIS INNOVATION QUALITY ASSURANCE 。 CH₂ With over 100 years\' experience in ceramics and with pilot and manufacturing scale capabilities, our experts work with you to optimize your current advanced ceramics products and develop those of the future. From materials selection and characterization, quality assurance, and product and process optimization to failure analysis and disruptive technologies, we are the partner you can trust. we\'ll give you the knowledge QAA Downloaded from bulletin archiefer4 | www.ceramics.org RH₂N CH3 CH3 CH3 oog CH3 MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION PROCESS OPTIMIZATION TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIPS MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES FLASH SINTERING Find out more at www.lucideon.com/ceramics LUCIDEON Materials Development and Commercialization EAS 5 Credit: ThermoCon Onews & trends Thermochemistry Laboratory at the University of California Davis. And it has not taken long for the idea to cement and gain a diverse membership. That membership currently includes around 200 experts in chemistry, physics, materials science, chemical engineering, geology, and mineralogy. This diverse group of scientists—hailing from 13 countries across 4 continents have similarly diverse specialties, including computational thermodynamicists, crystallographers, spectroscopists, and scientists studying complex structures and reactivity. And it is this cross-disciplinary, international makeup that allows ThermoCon to foster new ideas, research collaborations, and fruitful dialogue, in addition to sustaining activities such as training young scientists and supporting funding initiatives. One of the areas that the consortium is focused on is continuing to close gaps between experimental and theoretical work, “making narrowly defined \'pure science\' a thing of the past and interdisciplinary studies, novel and hybrid materials, and broad collaborations across academia and industrial R&D the new future,\" according to the website. A primary benefit of many consortiums is simply the ability to nucleate Business news US Army awards 3M additional $34M for helmets of the future (www.3M. com)...3D-printed ceramics reduce cost, leadtimes for complex aerospace parts (www.advancedmanufacturing. org)...Eberspaecher breaks ground for new positive temperature coefficient ceramics plant (www.autocarpro.in)... ATS Armor enters OEM market as ballistic solution provider (www.prnewswire. com)...Kyocera introduces LCD panels for automotive head-up displays (www. kyocera.com)...Air Filtration Holdings acquires Robovent (www.robovent.com)... HC Starck accepts Responsible Minerals Initiative tantalum conflict-free certification Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org individuals interested in particular topic into a collective to share information, building relationships and offering networking opportunities along the way. An additional critical aspect of ThermoCon, however, is aimed at process improvements that address some of the challenges of acquiring thermodynamic data in the first place. The consortium plans to bring together its interdisciplinary experts to develop experimental solutions, share and lend equipment, and even facilitate procuring supplies. \"Additionally, the core founders have built or are currently developing multipurpose calorimetry facilities, which will be beneficial for building long-lasting collaborations, establishing the next generation of thermodynamicists, and expanding the consortium further,\" according to Kristina Lilova, ThermoCon coordinator. Yet another key aspect of the consortium\'s proposed process improvements is working directly with suppliers in industry to better meet the needs of researchers. \"The current market is based on perceived demand based mostly on a company\'s own statistics and less on the messages coming from the users,\" Lilova says. \"One of our founders (Navrotsky) has a long history working a manufacturer of calorimetric (www.hcstarck.com)...Deltech Kiln and Furnace Design achieves ISO 9001 certification (www.dkfdllc.com)...Lucideon working on \'world-leading\' ceramics center (www.insidermedia.com)... Saint-Gobain acquires high-performance composites company HyComp (www.saintgobain.com)...Lucideon expands 2018 refractories training program to the glass industry (www.lucideon.com)...Amedica announces FDA clearance of silicon nitride composite spinal fusion implant (www. amedica.com)... NASA awards $96M to US small businesses for tech research, development (www.nasa.gov) and thermal analysis equipment. Her custom-built Tian-Calvet calorimeter was commercialized as the Setaram AlexSYS, largely because one scientist from Europe requested it, and she was willing to work with the company to improve the original design and develop the commercial version. Eight years later, there are currently 12 instruments worldwide and at least two more are expected within the next 1-2 years.\" That first-hand knowledge and experience is precisely what industry experts need to develop better equipment and products, but it is one perspective that they are often lacking because of a lack of dialogue. Lilova says that other consortium members have also similarly custom-built their own equipment to meet unique research needs, representing a potentially valuable asset for companies and researchers alike. In addition, bringing consortium members together is critical to help build the organization\'s collective, so in addition to annual workshops for consortium founders, Thermocon is also planning to organize special events for all its members and beyond, such as a focused session at MS&T18 and symposia at MS&T19. Through the consortium\'s diverse makeup, it certainly holds the power to enhance broad collaborations that will enable it to meet some of its powerful goals. Visit www.thermocon.org for more details. US DOE earmarks $35M to solve advanced manufacturing challenges; businesses solve workforce challenges at local level Manufacturing has always been an important and necessary component of a country\'s economic growth. According to the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), the manufacturing industry contributed $2.25 trillion to the United States economy in 2016. Manufacturing jobs also account for 8.5% of the U.S. workforce. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 NAM also reports that from 20002014, research and development in the manufacturing sector has increased 82%, from $126.2 billion to $229.9 billion. Manufacturing also contributes to the global economy. In that same timeframe, world trade of manufactured goods increased 154%, from $4.8 trillion to $12.2 trillion. Of that $12.2 trillion, the U.S. share was around 34% or $4.1 trillion. Manufacturing has changed dramatically over the years. Between advances in technology and automation, including robotics, manufacturing output has increased 47% from two decades ago. And as advanced manufacturing continues to evolve, it presents a new set of challenges, such as the impact of technology, the need for increased investment for R&D, energy efficiency requirements, and workforce training. And the U.S. Department of Energy recognizes these challenges. To that end, it recently announced funding for up to $35 million for two dozen projects \"to support early-stage, innovative technologies and solutions in advanced manufacturing\" according to a DOE news release. Working with the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy\'s Advanced Manufacturing Office, 24 organizations consisting of private enterprise, national laboratories, nonprofits, and universities will conduct early stage research and development of new technologies and processes to help U.S. manufacturers increase their energy efficiency and stay competitive in the global market. The DOE\'s funding initiative addresses the first three advanced manufacturing challenges. But what about workforce training? NAM reports that of the 3.5 million manufacturing jobs that will be needed in the next decade, 57% or 2 million will go unfilled because of the skills gap. And 80% of manufacturers claim they have a moderate or serious shortage of qualified applicants for skilled and highly skilled production positions. However, it appears that a few organizations are already addressing this issue. Manufacturing is an important component of a country\'s economic growth and the global economy-but can workforce training keep up with advanced manufacturing? The Chicago Tribune that reports Illinois\' manufacturing sector has been declining since 2000, and employers are finding it difficult to fill positions left vacant from retiring baby boomers. So several Chicago-area manufacturers have Downloaded from bulletin-archiveffries. 4 | www.ceramics.org Sealing Glass organized to create the Golden Corridor Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (GCAMP) with a goal of promoting manufacturing careers. In a similar initiative, the nonprofit SME Education Foundation launched its Sealing Glass Solutions from Mo-Sci Excellent wetting and bonding to both metal and ceramics Glass is homogeneous, with no crystals and no significant elements from metal or ceramics diffusing into glass The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with you to design and develop your project mo.sci CORPORATION ISO 9001:2008. AS9100C www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 7 ufacturing Education; YouTube Onews & trends r CC BY 2.0 Partnership Response in Manufacturing Education (PRIME) program in 2011. The program provides students with handson learning in a manufacturing setting. Its goal is to address the skills gap by expanding its network of industry partners, according to this video. One outreach effort resulted in a partnership with NASA\'s HUNCH program. While the federal government addresses the critical needs of the manufacturing industry, businesses can also do their share to inspire students at the local level by donating a Materials Science Classroom Kit to help a new generation of students get excited about pursuing careers in science. For more information about the kits, visit www.ceramics.org/buyakit. Materials scientists and ACerS members weigh in on vibranium-a material with superpowers Those who grew up reading comic books might remember the adventures of some of the famous superheroes-Superman, Spiderman, Iron Man, Fantastic Four, and Captain America, to name a few. And materials scientists that grew up reading about those superheroes might be excited about the new movie \"Black Panther.\" But what does materials science have to do with \"Black Panther?\" In this superhero movie, a metal called vibranium is supposed to give Black Panther his superpowers. But do not go looking for it on the periodic table-the element is not real. According to the official vibranium page on Marvel\'s website, vibranium is “a nearly indestructible element that crash landed from outer space millennia ago into the African region that would become Wakanda.\" Essentially, it is a solid metal that is stronger than steel. And vibranium has many amazing properties, including that it: is one-third the weight of steel; is vibration absorbent; deflects kinetic energy and high-caliber bullets; can ricochet off multiple surfaces; is wind resistant; conducts electricity; and has magnetic properties. But the material does have limitations. Energy from an infinity stone combined with a lightning bolt can melt vibranium. Telekinesis can break through the metal. And sonic equipment can render it useless. Even though vibranium is a fictitious creation of Marvel Comics, it generated enough excitement for Gizmodo to reach out to real materials scientists to find out if a similar material could exist in the universe. And who better than materials scientists and ACerS members Yury Gogotzi and Jayakanth Ravichandran to answer that question? Author Daniel Kolitz, in his “Giz Asks\" column, asks, \"Could such a substance ever actually fall from the sky? Are there planets out there that could, plausibly, harbor vast quarries of vibranium-like materials? And if not, how far along are we in inventing those materials, or similar ones?\" Gogotsi, Distinguished University and Charles T. and Ruth M. Bach Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org BLACK PANTHER In the superhero movie \"Black Panther,” a metal called vibranium provides superpowers—but is it even plausible? Drexel University (Philadelphia, Pa.), explains that “no natural material can have those properties.\" He says that some of vibranium\'s properties can be achieved by using advanced nanomaterials in designing a material\'s structure—for instance using piezoelectric materials that can turn vibrations into electricity. Or advanced ceramic materials like boron carbide for lightweight armor. Drexel University\'s news blog goes into more details about Gogotsi\'s research on the nanomaterials he alludes to in his statement. Ravichandran, assistant professor of chemical engineering and materials science and electrical engineering-electrophysics at the University of Southern California (Los Angeles, Calif.) states, \"Some features of vibranium are observable in materials (with more than one element to form alloys or compounds) but not nearly in the same magnitude as seen in vibranium.” Using the example of viscoelastic materials, he says they are great at absorbing sound, but they are not stiff enough to perform like vibranium. And other materials might be good at resisting impact but not good at controlling vibrations. So vibranium really just exhibits the best properties of all metals. Even Captain America\'s shield has vibranium as a component. But it is not the only super material in the comics universe. Remember Superman\'s weakness, kryptonite? In a radio broadcast several years ago, ACerS member Suveen Mathaudu, adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, N.C.), discussed other super materials that appear in comics, including the X-Men alloy adamantium. So as materials science research continues to improve our lives, we can only dream about the capabilities of those super materials that exist in the fantasy world of superheroes. Read Gizmodo\'s article at www.gizmodo.com/can-black-panthers-vibranium-ever-be-real-1823226602 to get Gogotzi\'s and Ravichandran\'s viewpoints, along with three other materials scientists\' perspectives on vibranium. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 ILTEK Credit: MaP+S New Optical Dilatometer Platform ODP 868 The only optical dilatometer featuring a multi-directional optical bench with patented technologies for the most accurate dilatometry, heating microscopy, and fleximetry. Consisting of 462 ceramic tiles, Tile Grid Shell-the world\'s first all-ceramic grid shell 3-D structure-covers 13.5 m² of interior space and stands 2.48 m tall Tile Grid Shell transforms ceramic tiles into 3-D structure Researchers and students in the Material Processes and Systems Group (MaP+S) at Harvard Graduate School of Design (Cambridge, Mass.) created the world\'s first all-ceramic grid shell, which was on display in Valencia, Spain, in February at Cevisama 2018, an international trade show for architectural ceramics, raw materials, natural stone, glazes, frits, and machinery. \"Ceramic Tectonics: Tile Grid Shell\" is a 3-D structure with hexagonal and triangular patterns incorporated into the design. It tests the structural limits of large format ceramic tiles typically used as interior or exterior finishes, according to an article on Harvard\'s Graduate School of Design website. The self-supporting grid shell consists of 462 ceramic tiles fabricated from 6-mm thick ceramic tile. It contains 30 \"ribs\" that form the geometric patterns. With three support points, it stands 2.48 m (8 ft) high with a 6-m (20-ft) span between the supports, covering nearly 13.5 m² (145 ft²) of space. And this thing is not light-the entire structure weighs 1,662 kg (1.8 tons). The design integrates “a novel assembly sequence that eliminates the need for mechanical connections between intersecting ribs and allows each rib to be installed vertically from above,\" according to a video available at www.vimeo. com/255095823. The researchers designed the shell into geometric compartments using mathematical calculations to determine what the components and their dimensions would look like and how they would fit together. They were also able to adjust dimensions and assembly tolerances during prototyping. The project is part of a larger area of research that seeks to discover new applications for large ceramic tiles that would typically be used as a surface finish (think kitchens and bathrooms) or exteriors of buildings. Downloaded from bulletin archive frame. 4 | www.ceramics.org For the complete characterization of raw materials, semifinished products, and process optimization TA www.tainstruments.com Ⓡ Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. I\'R -- Over 50 years of service and reliability 53 1964 - 2017 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 9 business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. bcc Research Increased demand for bandwidth, transmission speed, and data volume driving the fiber optics market By Sinha G. Gaurav The he global fiber optics market was valued at $2.9 billion in 2016 and is expected to reach $5.0 billion by 2022, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.4% from 2017 through 2022 (Table 1). Factors such as increased demand for bandwidth and rising demand for transmission speed and data volume in data centers are primarily driving the market for fiber optic sensors. In addition, increasing application of these sensors in several application areas of the healthcare sector-areas such as surgical instrumentation, diagnostic devices, and therapeutic treatment—is also playing a significant role in the growth of the global fiber optic market. In terms of application, the fiber optics market is segmented into telecommunications; manufacturing; surveil lance and security; healthcare; banking, financial services, and insurance; and others. Telecommunications held the largest market share by application in 2016, valued at $967 million, and this sector is expected to remain the market leader throughout the forecast period. ($ millions) Application Table 1. Global market for fiber optics by application, through 2022 Telecommunications 2016 2017 2022 CAGR% 2017-2022 967.0 1,046.0 1,582.0 8.6 Manufacturing 822.0 898.0 1,420.0 9.6 Surveillance and security Healthcare Banking, financial services, and insurance Others Total 540.0 592.0 949.0 9.9 272.0 301.0 507.0 11.0 240.0 260.0 401.0 9.1 106.0 116.0 174.0 8.4 2,947.0 3,123.0 5,033.0 9.4 Fiber optics have significant application in the manufacturing sector by providing automatic control to manufacturing processes, such as production, quality check, and raw material inventory management. Additionally, photonic sensors and detectors can measure the vibrations and strains on factory machines to glean indications of wear and tear levels of the machines and equipment. In addition, healthcare has huge untapped potential for the fiber optics market. Fiber optics in healthcare are used for proper connection of technological equipment required in surgery, vision correction, endoscopy, and health monitoring. Doctors and researchers use optics and photonics to treat disease, provide internal imaging, offer cosmetic treatments, and more. Owing to these factors, the healthcare sector is expected to experience robust growth throughout the forecast period. The global fiber optics market is segmented by material type into: silica, fluoride glass, phosphate glass, chalcogenide glass, and acrylic. Glass optical fibers accounted for 72.2% of the global optical fiber market in 2017, while plastic optical fibers composed the remaining 27.8%. In the glass type segment, silica is the most widely used material type and is expected to remain the market leader throughout the forecast period (Table 2). Silica fibers are used in packaging and compensators for heat production, which are made of sodium silicate. They are ideal for use in friction-lining Table 2. Global market for glass optical fiber by materials type, through 2022 ($ millions) Product type 2016 Silica Fluoride glass Phosphate glass Chalcogenide glass Total 2017 2022 CAGR% 2017-2022 453.0 495.0 773.0 9.3 163.0 178.0 290.0 10.3 139.0 153.0 251.0 10.4 65.0 71.0 117.0 10.5 6,388.7 6,670.9 8,935.6 6.0 materials. Use of silica material was valued at $453 million in 2016 and is expected to reach $773 million by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 9.3% from 2017 through 2022. However, chalcogenide glass is the fastest-growing material type. This was valued at $65 million in 2016 and is expected to reach $117 million by 2022, growing at a CAGR of 10.5% from 2017 through 2022. About the author Sinha G. Gaurav is a project analyst for BCC Research. Contact Gaurav at analysts@bccresearch.com. Resource Sinha G. Gaurav, “The Fiber Optics Market: Glass, Plastic, and Alternatives,” BCC Research Report PHO029A, March 2018. www.bccresearch.com. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 acers spotlight Society and Division news Welcome new corporate partners! Welcome to our newest Diamond Corporate Partners— Alteo Gardanne, National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, Superior Technical Ceramics-and newest Sapphire Corporate Partners-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Harper Industries, Kyocera, and Specialty Glass Inc. Diamond Corporate Partners alteo MMorgan HARROP Advanced Materiale Fire our imagination mo.sciПcms CORPORATION NATIONAL CENTER FOR MANUFACTURING SCIENCES SAINT-GOBAIN SCHOTT glass made of ideas Superior Technical Ceramics Sapphire Corporate Partners Material Solutions Spahr to retire in December ACerS executive director Charlie Spahr advised the Board of Directors he will retire at the end of the year. Spahr joined ACerS in 2005 as president of its Ceramic Publishing Company and assumed the position of execu tive director in 2010. President Mike Alexander says, \"Charlie came in when we really needed what he brought. He was the right guy at the right time.\' During Spahr\'s tenure, the Society established the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, increased international interactions with sister societies, and built a vibrant web- and videobased business for the ceramic arts community. A search is underway. For information about the position, please see the posting on page 45. II-VI OPTICAL SYSTEMS CeramTec CeramTec North America Corporation COORSTEK Harper KYOCERA McDanel Advanced Ceramic Technologies Specialty GLASS Inc. Trans-Tech solving the science of glass™ since 1977 Ceramics and Advanced Materials AdValue Technology Your Valuable Partner In Material Science! Powder Tubing Sapphire Tubing Plate Boat Sapphire Sample Pan Alumina Crucible Alumina Sample Pan Sapphire Substrates Alumina Powder & Parts • Sapphire Products Powder Wool Crucible Tubing Custom unimin Zircar CERAMICS ACerS program for member companies continues to expand. The Corporate Partnership program offers member companies the benefits of the previous program, with valueadded marketing and educational opportunities. There are three levels: Corporate Partner, Sapphire Corporate Partner, and Diamond Corporate Partner. Please support our corporate partners, whose contact information can be found on the corporate partner roster page on the ACerS website at http://bit.ly/CPRoster. To learn how your company can gain exposure to a global audience through the corporate partnership program, contact Kevin Thompson, membership director, at (614)794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. Downloaded from bulletin archive frame. 4 | www.ceramics.org Quartz from Sand to Wool & Fused Quartz Components Cerium Oxide Polishing Powders Agate Mortar UV Quartz Cuvettes Zirconia Crucibles Ceramic Membrane Other Supplies for Material Processing and Characterization Http://www.advaluetech.com Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A 11 acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) US Sections restructure to increase local engagement To more effectively engage our members through local programming and networking opportunities, ACerS Board of Directors recently approved a restructuring plan that will strengthen ACerS U.S. Sections. Beginning in January 2019, all U.S. members will have the opportunity to participate in Sections as a member benefit. Funding will come from the Society rather than from Section dues. With renewed commitment to Sections, ACerS will reduce administrative responsibilities for Section officers. Members will also have more access to local educational events, social activities, and other opportunities. Many areas of the U.S. have been identified with significant concentraNames in the news Yan earns best paper award in Journal of Lightwave Technology ACerS member Man Yan was one of four coauthors who received best paper award in the Journal of Lightwave Technology for their paper, \"VCSEL-Based Yan Interconnects for Current and Future Data Centers.\" The award recognizes the most influential, highest-cited original papers published in 2015. Yan is former chair of the Electronics Division. Madsen named AAAS Fellow, DCEAS Engineer of the Year ACerS member Lynnette Madsen was named Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for her original contributions in thin film research, effective scientific leadership, and commitment in promoting equity and inclusion. She also received Engineer of the Year Award from the District of Madsen Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org tions of ACerS members who are not currently served by a local Section. ACerS plans to establish five new Sections in 2018 and 2019, tentatively in the following areas: Central Ohio, Dayton/Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky, Northern Illinois/Southern Wisconsin, Maryland/D.C./Northern Virginia, and Southern California. If you\'re interested in helping to start a new Section in these or other areas, contact Belinda Raines at braines@ceramics.org. In memoriam Werner Vogel Some detailed obituaries can also be found on the ACers website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. Columbia Council of Engineering and Architectural Societies for her work in nanomaterials, microelectronics, and services to the Society of Women Engineers. Madsen is program director for the National Science Foundation and serves on ACerS Board of Directors. Perepezko presented with lifetime achievement award Perepezko | Marquis Who\'s Who presented John Perepezko with the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement |Award. The award honors individuals for outstanding achievements, leadership qualities, career successes, and noteworthy accomplishments. Perepezko is IBMBascom professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Affatigato fully curates content in April issue of IJAGS The April issue of the International Journal of Applied Glass Science features ECD secretary nominations due August 15 The Engineering Ceramics Division nominating committee invites nominations for the incoming 2018-2019 division secretary. Nominees will be presented for approval at ECD\'s annual business meeting at MS&T18 and included on the ACerS spring 2019 division officer ballot. Submit nominations and a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications by August 15, 2018, to Soshu Kirihara, nominating committee chair, at kirihara@jwri. osaka-u.ac.jp, Mrityunjay Singh, at mrityunjaysingh@oai.org, or Lisa M. Rueschhoff, at lisa.rueschhoff.ctr@ us.af.mil. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/divisions. | content fully curated by the journal\'s editor-inchief, Mario Affatigato. Affatigato, professor of physics at Coe College, was named editor-inAffatigato chief last year following the departure of founding editor L. David Pye. Richardson receives UCF Pegasus Professorship Richardson ACerS Fellow and past president Kathleen Richardson was one of five recipients to receive the Pegasus Professorship from the University of Central Florida (Orlando, Fla.). The award, the highest academic honor an educator can receive at the university, recognizes senior faculty who have demonstrated successful teaching, research and creative activity, and service that have made national and international impact. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Awards and deadlines GOMD 2018 lecture awards ACerS and the Glass and Optical Materials Division will honor its 2018 lecture award recipients during ACerS GOMD meeting May 20-24, 2018, in San Antonio, Texas. For more information, visit bit.ly/GOMDawards 18. Stookey Lecture of Discovery Wolfram Höland, head of fundamental research on glass and ceramics, Ivoclar Vivadent AG; lecturer, ETH Zurich Combinations of different Höland nucleation and crystallization mechanisms to develop tailor-made glass-ceramics George W. Morey Award Varshneya Arun Varshneya, CEO, Saxon Glass Technologies Inc. Chemically strengthened glass: Science, technology and its future Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars Cavillon Maxime Cavillon, Ph.D. student, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. Fabrication of intrinsically low nonlinearity glass optical fibers | Tobias Bechgaard, Ph.D. student, Aalborg University, Denmark Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis of high-temperature Bechgaard silicate glasses Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Setsuhisa Tanabe, professor, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan Glass and rare-earth elements Tanabe Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture Glebov Xiang-Hua Zhang, research professor, University of Rennes 1, France Recent research trends of chalcogenide glasses and ceramics for infrared photonics and energy applications Upcoming nomination deadlines May 15, 2018 Glass & Optical Materials: Alfred R. Cooper Scholars recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, or study in glass science or technology. Electronics: Edward C. Henry Award recognizes an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Electronics: Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship recognizes academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics/materials science and engineering. July 1, 2018 The Mueller Award recognizes accomplishments of individuals who have made contributions to ECD or work in areas of engineering ceramics resulting in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The award consists of a memorial plaque, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. Email Jingyang Wang at jywng@imr. ac.cn with questions. The Bridge Building Award recognizes individuals outside the U.S. who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and $1,000 honorarium. Email Manabu Fukushima at manabu-fukushima@aist.go.jp with questions. The Global Young Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding scientist conducting research in academia, industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. Nominees must be ACerS members 35 years of age or younger. The award consists of $1,000, a glass piece, and certificate. Contact Surojit Gupta at gsurojit1@gmail.com with questions. August 30, 2018 2019 Class of Society Fellows recognizes members who have made outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciences through productive scholarship or conspicuous achievement in the industry or by outstanding service to the Society. Nominees shall be persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and who have been continuous members of the Society for at least five years. Visit www.bit.ly/ Society FellowsAward to download the nomination form. www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday Downloaded from bulletin-archief. 4 | www.ceramics.org 13 acers spotlight Member spotlight ACerS member gives back by paying forward Bill Headrick is an ACerS member with a mission. A recent recipient of the Global Ambassador Award, he earned the award for his student outreach accomplishments, largely due to his efforts to get students to ACerS meetings-but more on that later. Headrick has been an ACerS member since 1991. You may have met him at an MS&T or a St. Louis Section/ Refractory Ceramics Division meeting, as he has not missed a single one since he became a member. Headrick is a ceramic engineer working in research and development for Missouri Refractories Company Inc. (MORCO). The company specializes in castables, plastics, and mortars and serves the steel, petroleum, and cement and lime industries. He holds a Ph.D. in ceramic engineering/refractories from Missouri University of Science and Technology. And his ACerS membership has led him down an interesting path. Headrick became a member when he was a student. \"I was working on my undergrad degree in ceramic engineering and joined an ACerS student organization,\" he recalls. “When you joined the student organization you became a member.\" He continued to renew his membership each year, eventually joining the Manufacturing Division, Refractory Ceramics Division, and the St. Louis Section. He enjoys attending the meetings for the networking. “You get to see what other people are doing,\" he says, referring to the symposia, \"but I attend mainly for the networking. You also get to see new products the suppliers are bringing out.\" That networking led him to meet professors who made a difference early in his career. \"I got to speak to professors from other universities to collaborate on my Ph.D.,” Headrick says. “Chris Parr, Michel Rigaud, and Richard Bradt gave me lots of advice and helped me a lot in my career. \" And it was at one of the St. Louis Section meetings where he found a job. \"That\'s where I met Kent Weisenstein, counselor of the St. Louis Section, whom I currently work for,\" Headrick recalls fondly. Giving back Headrick believes it is important to get young students engaged with the Society early in their careers, especially during their job search. And since students typically do not have funds to travel to meetings, Headrick finds those funds for them. He secured travel funds for 12 students to attend the recent St. Louis Section meeting. \"I asked them to bring their resumes,\' he says. \"And I believe four or five of those students interviewed right there at the meeting!\" Headrick says that it is a different experience for employers to talk to job seekers at an informal meeting as opposed to a formal job interview. \"It\'s a great chance for the students and Headrick (back row, far left) with some of the students at the 54th St. Louis Section/RCD Symposium on Refractories. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Credit: ACerS potential employers to network,\" he adds. “If the students show up at the meetings, they\'re showing interest in the field. That\'s who you want [to work for you].\" The benefit for students is that \"not only Bill Headrick (left) receives his Global Ambassador Award from ACerS president Mike Alexander. you do I find out about the company you might be working for,\" he says, “but you can talk to their competitors and suppliers to see if that\'s a company you want to work for.\" His advice for those considering joining ACerS? To students: \"Join the Society and attend the meetings! It\'s the best way to find a job. And if you contact me I can find you the funds to travel to the RCD or St. Louis Section meetings.\" To professors: \"Encourage your students to join ACerS. It will be the best advice you can give them.\" To others: \"Be involved! The more involved you get with ACerS, the further it will take you in your career-and the happier you will be in your career.\' Students and outreach Learn how to get published at GOMD 2018 workshop Want to learn how to get published? If you are attending GOMD 2018 in San Antonio, Texas, plan to attend \"Publishing in American Ceramic Society journals: Writing for search engine optimization and self marketing,\" sponsored by Saint-Gobain, Wednesday, May 23, 2018, noon to 1:15 p.m. Visit www. ceramics.org/gomd-2018-publishingworkshop to register. Space is limited, so register now to guarantee your seat! www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Students and outreach (continued) GEMS Award recognizes outstanding achievements of grad students Are you a graduate student making an oral presentation at MS&T18? If so, you are eligible for the Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) award, organized by the Basic Science Division. The award recognizes outstanding achievements of graduate students in materials science and engineering and is open to all graduate students making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at MS&T18. In addition to an abstract, students must submit a nomination packet to Basic Science Division vice chair John Blendell at blendell@purdue.edu by Friday, July 6, 2018. For more details, visit www.ceramics.org/gemsaward. Students Hone your skills at MS&T contests! Expand your speaking, artistic, and physical skills at this year\'s MS&T. Sign up for the following student contests: Undergraduate student poster contest Undergraduate student speakingcontest • Graduate student poster contest • Ceramic mug drop contest • Ceramic disc golf contest For more information on any of the contests or student activities at MS&T, visit www.matscitech.org/students, or contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. Which ACerS membership is right for you? An ACerS membership is an investment in your profession that will expand your knowledge, yield valuable connections, and advance your career. Are you a graduate student who could benefit from additional networking within the ceramic and glass community? Put yourself on the path toward post-graduate success with ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network. Visit www.ceramics.org/ ggrn to learn more and to sign up for GGRN membership. Are you a recent graduate? ACerS Associate Membership is for you! An Associate Membership connects you to more than 11,000 professionals from more than 70 countries. Over 35% of our members live and work outside North America. They collaborate and inspire one another through participation in divisions, classes, sections, and technical interest groups. Visit www.ceramics.org/associate to learn about this vibrant community. For more information or questions, contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. Downloaded from bulletin-archief. 4 | www.ceramics.org CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION CGIF 2017 Annual Report highlights year\'s many successes The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation continued its mission of attracting, inspiring, and training the next generation of ceramic and glass professionals and is proud to highlight some of its success stories in its 2017 Annual Report. The report, distributed in April, is available online at http://foundation.ceramics.org/cgif-news-2. During the year, generous sponsors enabled the Foundation to distribute nearly 250 Materials Science Classroom Kits throughout the U.S.! Teacher resources are scarce in most U.S. schools, but with the help of both individual and corporate members, we were able to significantly increase the number of kits provided to science classrooms. U.S. and international programs benefited from the CGIF\'s outreach grants. The Foundation actively sought domestic and overseas organizations that were launching a new materials outreach program or improving/expanding an existing program. The CGIF provided grants to those programs totaling over $85,000. The 2017 Annual Report also presents summaries of each CGIF program area, as well as a listing of our wonderful donors who enable us to make a difference in the lives of others! TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: • CVD SIC Etch & RTP rings ⚫ CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • Sintering, Debind, Annealing Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com 15 ceramics in energy Materials advances broaden prospects for ceramics in future fuel cells Fuel cells have long been idealized in clean energy futures for their ability to produce near-limitless, pollutionfree energy. But in practice-as in many aspects of life-it is not that simple. But if current research is any indication, ceramics may be just the right materials to realize broad new possibilities for a clean energy future. For instance, researchers at Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) have developed a protonic ceramic fuel cell fit for Goldilocks-it operates at just the right temperature of 500°C to enable low-cost, high-efficiency power that could bring ceramic fuel cells to the forefront of the energy landscape. The fuel cell operates at a mid-temperature range, a longstanding target for researchers developing fuel cells. Fuel cells that operate at higher temperatures operate more efficiently, but require materials that can take the heatwhich are not cheap. But while fuel cells that operate at lower temperatures bypass that problem, they create a new one-they need expensive catalysts to speed up their otherwise inefficient reactions. The Northwestern team, led by ACerS member Sossina Haile, attacked development of a mid-tempeature-range fuel cell from several angles. in \"We solved multiple problems simultaneously by changing out the electrode, improving the electrolyte, and creating good contact and communication between the two materials,” Haile says a Northwestern University news release. For the electrode, the team used a double-perovskite cathode material with high activity called PBSCF (PrBa Sr CoFe050548). Joining that material with a stable electrolyte called BZCYYb4411 (BaZrCеYYbO3) provided just the right fit of high power density and stability at an intermediate operating temperature. 0.4 0.1 0.1 The scientists also found that another problem that has plagued previous fuel cells was poor contact between the electrode and electrolyte, which slows down ion migration from one electrode to the other. So they manufactured a solution using pulsed laser deposition to lay down a thin interlayer between the two. According to the paper\'s abstract, \"We deposit a thin dense interlayer film of the cathode material onto the electrolyte surface to mitigate contact resistance, an approach which is made possible by the proton permeability of PBSCF.\" Although the fix improves ion migration, however, its cost is a detriment to Credit: Bloom Energy scaling up manufacture of the fuel cells. According to the release, the team is currently investigating ideas to reduce costs. The paper, published in Nature Energy, is \"Exceptional power density and stability at intermediate temperatures in protonic ceramic fuel cells\" (DOI: 10.1038/s41560-017-0085-9). In other research, scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are harnessing the power of computation to identify better materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Using quantum mechanics-based computational techniques, the researchers have identified 52 potential cathode materials from a screen of more than 2,000 candidate perovskites. \"If you can find new compounds that are both stable under the operating condi tions of the fuel cell and highly catalytically active, you can take that stable, highly active material and use it at a reduced temperature while still achieving the desired performance from the fuel cell,\" lead author Ryan Jacobs says in a University of Wisconsin-Madison news release. To find highly catalytically active materials, the team modeled which compounds have high activity in catalyzing oxygen reduction reactions. Of course, it is important to note that this work is purely computational, although it provides a good pool of compounds for future research to focus on. \"With this research, we\'ve provided specific recommendations of promising compounds that should be explored further,\" Dane Morgan, UW-Madison materials science and engineering professor and senior author of the research, says in the news release. \"Some of the new candidate cathode materials we identified could be transformative for SOFCs for reducing costs.\' ད The research, published in Advanced Energy Materials, is \"Material discovery and design principles for stable, high activity perovskite cathodes for solid oxide fuel cells\" (DOI: 10.1002/ aenm. 201702708). A row of fuel cells in the foreground power an eBay data center near Salt Lake City, Utah. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 New material for perovskite solar cells replaces lead with titanium Recent advances in solar technology have led to the use of perovskites, a lower-cost alternative in the development of photovoltaics. Although perovskites offer several advantages, they do have drawbacks-including rapid deterioration from moisture, instability, and high toxicity because of the amount of lead they contain. But now there might be “greener\" solar cell technology on the horizon. Researchers from Brown University (Providence, R.I.) and University of Nebraska-Lincoln have created a material that replaces lead with titanium that could be used in inorganic perovskite solar cells. “Titanium is an abundant, robust, and biocompatible element that, until now, has been largely overlooked in perovskite research,\" Nitin Padture-Otis E. Randall University Professor in Brown\'s School of Engineering, director of the Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, and ACerS Fellowexplains in a Brown University news release. \"We showed that it\'s possible to use titanium-based material to make thin-film perovskites and that the material has favorable properties for solar applications that can be tuned.\" Padture and his team are building on previous research where they discovered desirable properties of titanium-based halide perovskites, such as higher bandgaps, higher stability, and virtually no defects. They determined that perovskites with cesium, titanium, and some halogens were good possibilities for solar cells. \"The next step was to actually make a solar cell using that material and test its properties, and that\'s what we\'ve done here,\" Padture adds in the release. Other researchers have explored lead-free perovskites using alternative materials such as tin, but tin \"rusts easily when exposed to the environment\" according to the release. Titanium is a superior metal not only for its rust resistance, but also because its open-circuit voltage of at least 1 V is higher than its lead-free counterparts (0.6 V). \"Open-circuit voltage is a key property that we can use to evaluate the potential of a solar cell material,\" Padture adds. \"So, ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS FOR POWDER COMPACTION O Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac GASBARRE ELECTRIC PRESSES Precision & Efficiency with a Light Footprint HYDRAULIC PRESSES Simple to Complex Parts, Intuitive & Flexible Setup MONOSTATIC AND DENSOMATIC ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing GASBARRE 590 Division Street | DuBois, PA 15801 PRESS GROUP 814.371.3015 | press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com DCM Tech Rotary Surface Grinders EIG 380 SDE DCM MADE IN THE IN THE USA Cs2 TiBr Researchers have shown that titanium is an attractive choice to replace the toxic lead in prevailing perovskite thin film solar cells. Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics.04 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Padture Lab; Brown University DCM Tech is a machine manufacturer of Rotary Surface Grinders of various sizes and features to meet our customer\'s requirements 800-533-5339 www.dcm-tech.com Ceramics Expo Booth #359 17 ceramics in energy having such a high value at the outset is very promising.\" Padture\'s team used high-temperature evaporation in developing their thin films, but they continue to search for other lower-cost methods that will use less energy during solar cell production. \"We are also looking for new low-temperature and solvent-based methods to reduce the potential cost of cell fabrication,\" materials science student and team member Min Chen explains in the release. And Padture says they are working on methods that are scalable. \"The vapor-base method we have used is not necessarily scalable at this time, but it was used for proof-of-concept demonstration,\" he writes in an email. \"We are developing more scalable methods, including solution processing.\" The team\'s work is encouraging for tandem solar cells where the titanium perovskite cell sits on top of the silicon layer to improve overall efficiency. \"We\'re not looking to replace existing silicon technology just yet, but instead we\'re looking to boost it,\" Padture says. \"So if you can make a lead-free tandem cell that\'s stable, then that\'s a winner.” The paper, published in Joule, is \"Cesium titanium(IV) bromide thin films based stable lead-free perovskite solar cells\" (DOI: 10.1016/j. joule.2018.01.009). Secret to dendrite-free lithiumion batteries lies in a sugar cube One of the biggest problems researchers attempt to solve in lithium-ion batteries is the dendrite formation that develops after repeated charges, causing batteries to short-circuit and sometimes explode. The latest effort to curb dendrite growth in lithium batteries comes from a collaboration of researchers from Arizona State University (Tempe, Ariz.) and Rice University (Houston, Texas). Led by Hanqing Jiang, professor at ASU\'s School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, researchers discovered that making a substrate out of a 3-D layer of polydimethylsiloxane Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org (PDMS) for a lithium metal anode can lessen dendrite growth, extend battery life, and reduce safety risk, according to an article on ASU Now. And the key ingredient? Sugar cubes. The researchers found that growth of dendrites results from stress in the anode, similar to whiskering that occurs in tin and zinc, reports the Rice University team in a news release. \"People have noticed that dendrites in lithium are similar to the whiskers in tin and zinc, but they haven\'t known that compressive stress exists in lithium metal during battery cycling,\" Ming Tang, assistant professor of materials science and nanoengineering at Rice, explains. \"The experiments by Dr. Jiang\'s group provided definitive confirmation of the association between compressive stress and dendrite formation.\" \"We already know that tiny tin needles or whiskers can protrude out of tin surfaces under stress, so by analogy we looked at the possibility of stress as a factor in lithium dendrite growth,\" Jiang says. So where do sugar cubes fit in the picture? The researchers infused sugar cubes with a liquid silicone polymer solution. After solidifying the liquid by increasing temperature and dissolving the sugar, they created a 3-D porous silicone substrate. The final step was to deposit a thin copper layer on top of the substrate to conduct electrons. \"The becomes a sacrificial template,\" Tang explains in the release. sugar Credit: stringy; Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0 Recent research shows that sugar cubes could help build lithium metal anodes that curb dendrite growth in lithium batteries. \"When it\'s removed, it leaves a substrate with a very large internal surface, like a sponge that can collapse and deform.\" Jiang and his team noticed that when the substrate deformed, it wrinkled, which reduced the stress, and consequently reduced dendrite growth. \"The PDMS, which serves as a porous, spongelike layer, relieves the stress and effectively inhibits dendrite growth,\" Jiang adds. The research team\'s discovery could be important for lithium-ion batteries, lithium-air batteries, and any batteries containing metal anodes. \"Almost all metals used as battery anodes tend to develop dendrites,\" Jiang explains in the article. \"For example, these findings have implications for zinc, sodium, and aluminum batteries as well.\" The researchers plan to tweak and test the substrate design to improve battery life. Beyond that, dendrite-free batteries could become a possibility in the near future. \"We have figured out the mechanism that the stress relaxation can suppress lithium dendrite growth,\" Jiang writes in an email. \"Our next goal is to optimize the design of the 3-D porous substrate, to scale up the manufacturing, and to test the full-cell performance by adopting advanced cathode materials and electrolyte.\" The paper, published in Nature Energy, is \"Stress-driven lithium dendrite growth mechanism and dendrite mitigation by electroplating on soft substrates\" (DOI: 10.1038/s41560-018-0104-5). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Credit: UT Dallas; Vimeo research briefs Scanning tunneling microscope gets upgrade that could enable atomic-scale fabrication The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) can create a sort of topographical map for the surface of a material, where mountains and valleys are on the scale of individual atoms. STM uses a probe tip affixed to a cantilever arm-which is free to swing up and down-to read the surface structure of a material like a hand reading braille, feeling its way across 3-D surface features. Despite its atomic utility, however, STM has a problem in practice-the probe tip has a tendency to crash into the surface of the material it is measuring, damaging both in the process. It interrupts data collection, it is a pain, and it is expensive. In an effort to improve STM, however, researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas now have a solution-they have pinpointed the problem that allows a tip to crash into the sample it is scanning and have devised a way to prevent it from happening. Their analysis found that a controller that regulates the position of the STM probe can have a hard time keeping up with surface irregularities, which can prevent the tip from moving evenly across the surface. \"There\'s a feedback controller in the STM that measures the current and moves the needle up and down,\" Reza Moheimani, professor of mechanical engineering at UT Dallas, explains in a university news release. \"You\'re moving from one atom to another, across an uneven surface. It is not flat. Because of that, the distance between the sample and tip changes, as does the current between them. While the controller tries to move the tip up and down to maintain the current, it does not always respond well, nor does it regulate the tip correctly. The resulting movement of the tip is often unstable.\" So Moheimani and a team of researchers, including mechanical engineering graduate student Farid Tajaddodianfar, developed an algorithm that helps the controller more accurately adjust the probe tip in real time, as it moves along the surface. Research News White graphene architecture has unprecedented hydrogen storage capacity Rice University (Houston, Texas) engineers have zeroed in on the optimal architecture for storing hydrogen in white graphene nanomaterials—a design with \"floors\" of hexagonal boron nitride sitting one atop another and held precisely 5.2 angstroms apart by boron nitride pillars. The scientists conducted nearly 4,000 ab initio calculations to determine what material geometry and other parameters optimized hydrogen storage in the material. The models showed that pure hBN tube-sheet structures could hold 8 weight percent of hydrogen, although physical experiments are needed to verify that capacity. For more information, visit www.news.rice.edu. Researchers at the University of Texas at Dallas have devised a solution to improve the scanning tunneling microscope. \"He [Tajaddodianfar] figured out a way of measuring that local barrier height and adjusting the gain on the control system that demonstrably keeps the tip out of trouble,\" John Randall, adjunct professor at UT Dallas and president of nanotechnology company Zyvex Labs, says in the release. \"Without it, the tip just bumps along, crashing into the surface. Now, it adjusts to the control parameters on the fly.\" And with a focus on ever-more precise manufacturing of ever-more compact devices, it is more important than ever to have atomic precision. The ability to accurately measure the DU-CO CERAMICS COMPANY manufactures a variety of custom technical ceramics by using dry press and extrusion methods with secondary machining available. Materials; Steatite, Alumina (standard and high purity), MgO (standard and high purity), Forsterite, Cordierite and Mullite. COME SEE US AT BOOTH 512 AT CERAMICS EXPO 2018 DU.CO CERAMICS COMPANY Please contact us ph: (724) 352-1511 email: sales@du-co.com web: www.du-co.com Downloaded from bulletin archiefer4 | www.ceramics.org 19 research briefs Credit: North Carolina State University atomic composition of a material, atom by atom, is critical for such atomic architecture of structures. \"By building structures atom by atom, you\'re able to create new, extraordinary materials,\" Randall says in the release. \"We can remove impurities and make materials stronger and more heat resistant. We can build quantum computers. It could radically lower costs and expand capabilities in medicine and other areas. For example, if we can better understand DNA at an atomic and molecular level, that will help us fine-tune and tailor health care according to patients\' needs. The possibilities are endless.\" The paper describing their work, published in Review of Scientific Instruments, is \"On the effect of local barrier height in scanning tunneling microscopy: Measurement methods and control implications\" (10.1063/1.5003851) See more about the technique and the scientists who developed it in the short video available at https://vimeo. com/254862226. Electronic circuits are 3-D printed with silver nanowire \'ink\' for variety of flexible devices Researchers at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, N.C.) have invented a process that uses silver nanowires to print electronic circuits on flexible surfaces. Unlike nanoparticles, nanowires are more conductive and flexible, with less tendency to break. But the downside is that silver nanowires tend to clog the nozzle of a 3-D printer, according to a NC State news release. The researchers solved this issue, however, using electrohydrodynamic printing, a process that uses an electric field to extrude silver nanowire “ink,\" according to the paper\'s abstract. \"Our approach uses electrohydrodynamic printing, which relies on electrostatic force to eject the ink from the nozzle and draw it to the appropriate site on the substrate,\" Jungian Dong, associate professor in NC State\'s Edward P. Fitts Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, says in the release. 82529 5225 5 mm Two printed silver nanowire patterns, horseshoe and Peano curve, with high resolution. The \"ink\" the team used is a mix of solvent and silver nanowires >20 μm long, which gives the circuits the \"desired conductivity, flexibility, and stretchability,\" Yong Zhu, team member and professor of mechanical engineering at NC State, explains in the release. \"The solvent we use is both nontoxic and water-soluble,\" Ph.D. student and lead author of the paper Zheng Cui adds. \"Once the circuit is printed, the solvent can simply be washed off.\" Examples of prototypes the team developed include a glove heater and a wearable electrode that can be used in electrocardiography. Zhu says there are other uses for the research, including “healthcare monitors (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure), activity trackers, human-machine interfaces, electronic skins, and wearable displays,\" he writes in an email. The university has filed a provisional patent and Zhu says the research can be scaled for manufacturing. \"Given the technique\'s efficiency, direct writing capability, and scalability, we\'re optimistic that this can be used to advance the development of flexible, stretchable electronics using silver nanowires-making these devices practical from a manufacturing perspective,\" he says in the release. The paper, published in Nanoscale, is \"Electrohydrodynamic printing of silver nanowires for flexible and stretchable electronics\" (DOI: 10.1039/C7NR09570H). Research News Researchers develop spectroscopic thermometer for nanomaterials A scientific team led by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, Tenn.) has found a new way to take the local temperature of a material from an area about a billionth of a meter wide. The technique, called electron energy gain spectroscopy, uses a specialized instrument called HERMES that produces images with both high spatial resolution and great spectral detail. The scientists used HERMES to measure temperature of semiconducting hexagonal boron nitride by directly observing atomic vibrations that correspond to heat in the material. For more information, visit www.ornl.gov/news. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Turbocharging fuel cells with a multifunctional catalyst Engineers at the Georgia Institute of Technology (Atlanta, Ga.) may be able to turbocharge solid oxide fuel cells with a new catalyst. The catalyst improves efficiency by rushing oxygen through a fuel cell\'s system-more than 8 times faster as current materials-using two nanotechnology solutions. First, cobalt-barium and cobalt-praseodymium nanoparticles reduce oxygen molecules and suck up the oxygen ions. Second, a lattice-structured coating consisting of praseodymium and barium, as well as calcium and cobalt, that is full of oxygen vacancies passes oxygen ions rapidly toward their final destination. For more information, visit www.rh.gatech.edu/news. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Grant Hutchinson; Flickr CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 A technique to deposit thin films of electrically conductive MXene materials could enable new flexible electronics. Deposition technique bends possibilities for flexible electronics with MXene thin films Flexible electronics are forecast to play a major role in the digital future. But it is no simple task to find a suitable material for flexible electronics-one with good electrical conductivity that can be maintained even when the material is repeatedly bent, stretched, pulled, and deformed. While the conductive properties of MXene materials-2-D transition metal carbides and nitrides-make them good candidates for electronics, previous fabrication methods have mostly limited the form of these materials to stiff sheets. Now, a team of scientists from Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas) has developed a technique to build flexible MXene thin films that could enable new possibilities for future flexible electronics. Using an aqueous assembly process called layer-by-layer deposition, the team applied layers of 2-D metal carbides-they used Ti₂CT nanosheets, derived from the parent Ti,AlC₂ MAX phase-in thin sheets on a glass substrate, layering the MXenes in between polymer sheets. By sequentially depositing layers of MXene materials with polymers, the researchers built robust composite thin films, held tightly together and tightly to the substrate\'s surface by attractive electrostatic interactions between the layers of negatively charged MXenes and positively charged polyelectrolytes. But what is really key to these robust films is that they can also survive large-scale deformations while maintaining electrical conductivity, a necessary characteristic for materials suitable for flexible electronic devices. The researchers can successfully deposit layers by immersion or spraying onto a glass substrate-plus the technique also works for a variety of substrate materials, including cloth, flexible or stretchable plastics, and nylon fiber, opening a wide swath of potential applications. The open-access paper, published in Science Advances, is \"Surface-agnostic highly stretchable and bendable conductive MXene multilayers” (DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0118). Think Outside the Lab Compact ceramic processing solutions packed with full-sized punch HITACHI Inspire the Next FlexSEM 1000 VP-SEM Hitachi High Technologies America, Inc. www.hitachi-hightech.com/us ArBlade 5000 lon Milling microscopy@hitachi-hta.com KAMI INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED d Downloaded from bulletin-chief. 4 | www.ceramics.org http://www.amic.biz sales@amic.biz 21 bulletin cover story Guiding light-how new materials are shaping the future of advanced optical fiber and laser systems By John Ballato, Maxime Cavillon, and Peter Dragic Glass optical fibers are critical to global communications, but current materials are nearing their limits for information capacity and laser power-glass science can offer new solutions. O ptical fibers, a major contributor to the $7 trillion annual global economic impact of light, enable all modern means of communication-from streaming videos and telemedicine to bank transfers and e-commerce. They also are used in medical endoscopes to peer into the body and to bring high-power laser light to machine parts used in practically all modern electronics, automobiles, and planes. In bestowing the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics to Charles Kao for “groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication,\" the Nobel Committee validated the global impact and societal benefits of optical fiber. Optical fibers are hair-thin strands of ultra-pure glass, consisting of a central core (with a diameter on the order of 10 μm) surrounded by cladding (with a diameter of 125 μm for telecommunications fibers). The light on which information is encoded is confined to the central core region, whose refractive index, a relative measure of the speed of light, is slightly higher than that of the surrounding cladding. If one were able to couple all of the light from a typical red laser pointer (5 mW) into the core of an optical fiber, the intensity of light (power/area) would be on the order of 64 MW/m². To put this into perspective, the intensity of the Sun\'s light on the surface of the Earth is about 1,000 W/m². Downloaded led from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Credit: Clemson University Capsule summary GUIDING LIGHT Optical fibers-hair-thin strands of ultra-pure glass-carry the light that enables diverse applications, such as streaming videos, telemedicine, bank transfers, e-commerce, medical endoscopy, and laser light for machining. Through these myriad applications, optical fibers offer rich global impact and societal benefits. APPROACHING LIMITS The performance of current glass fibers, however, is approaching limits in terms of information and laser power. This is a result of parasitic optical nonlinearities that now, given the ever growing bandwidth and power demands of communications, manufacturing, and defense systems, are no longer inconsequential. GLASS SOLUTIONS A new approach to optical fiber engineering and design uses materials to attack parasitic nonlinearities at their fundamental origin: the light-matter interaction. New glass compositions can not only obviate existing limitations, but also open up entirely new light-based defense, security, medical, and manufacturing opportunities. Accordingly, the intensity of light from a laser pointer focused into the core of a conventional optical fiber is about 64,000 times brighter than the intensity we see sitting on a beach. Now imagine a directed energy defense system operating at 1 kW of laser power rather than a 5 mW laser pointer-at some point, the glass cries \"Uncle!\" Glass\'s capitulation to light results in a cornucopia of effects. At low intensity levels, optical fiber behaves like a small window, where light enters, passes through, and leaves without much interaction (i.e., loss of intensity). Now with increasing intensity, however, the color of light or its range of colors is converted through numerous nonlinear phenomena. While interesting and, in a few cases, useful in their own right, such nonlinearities generally are considered parasitic to performance and are undesirable. Optical nonlinearities that limit the performance of modern optical fibers, and lasers made from said fibers, include stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, and nonlinear refractive index (n2)-related wave-mixing phenomena. Since these parasitic nonlinearities arise at high intensities, the fiber community has largely managed these issues by designing fibers that spread light propagating in the core over a larger cross-sectional area-called \"large effective area\" fibers. For a given power level (W), a larger effective area (m²) reduces the effective intensity (W/m²), ideally keeping it below a critical threshold value. However, as power levels have continued to increase, the requisite mode areas have had to concomitantly grow, inducing additional parasitic effects. The primary example is transverse mode instability (TMI), a thermally-driven process where distribuDownloaded tion of light in the large core randomizes and becomes dynamic above a certain threshold. Indeed, TMI is presently the dominant limitation in power-scaling of fiber-based, high-power lasers.\' Absent from this discussion so far has been any comment on the nature of the glass from which the fiber is composed. The vast majority of commercial optical fibers are high SiO2-content silicates and are fabricated by vapor-deposition methods. These methods were developed more than 40 years ago and have enabled the ubiquitous optical fibers of today. The choice of silica and its resulting high strength, low loss, and massive production scale fibers result from the process itself.¹ Today\'s optical fibers are made from the same high-silica content compositions as they have for decades, and their optical performance is engineered “geometrically.\" While such microstructuring does afford novel effects and enhanced performance, it also increases cost and lowers yield. An alternative approach to manage parasitic optical nonlinearities is to keep the fiber simple and instead engineer the glass from which it is made. It is the interaction of light with the material that fundamentally originates nonlinearities in the first place-so why not attack the problem at its source? Indeed, in a recent series of papers, we have advocated such a \"unified materials\" approach. 2-5 A unified materials approach to mitigate optical nonlinearities While aiming to “attack the problem at its source\" sounds somewhat intuitive, there are two additional, though less obvious, benefits. By tailoring glass composition and structure to influence its interfrom bulletin-archive ceramics, org. 4 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, to. 4 | www.ceramics.org action with light, a materials approach directly attacks spontaneous scattering— i.e., initial stages of the progression or \"turn-on\" of nonlinear parasitics. First, since practical problems arise from stimulated scattering, reducing spontaneous scattering before the process can become stimulated is that much more effective. Second, glass compositional tailoring can impact several nonlinearities simultaneously, since composition and structure modify multiple physical, optical, and acoustic properties. With this in mind, a brief description of the material factors that influence the aforementioned performancelimiting parasitic effects follow. Figure 1 provides a summary of these nonlinearities and their origins, impact, and material dependencies. Brillouin scattering Brillouin scattering is a coupling between the glass\'s acoustic phonons and the light. In its spontaneous form, Brillouin scattering is materially proportional to n³ p²K, where n is refractive index, p₁₂ is transverse photoelastic (Pockels) coefficient, and K is adiabatic compressibility of the glass through which the light is propagating. Above a threshold power level—which has been known for more than 40 years to be as low as tens of milliwatts in low-loss fibers the spontaneous effect becomes stimulated. In its stimulated form, the Brillouin gain coefficient (BGC) is proportional to n² в₁12/ PV Av₂, where p is density, V is acoustic velocity, and AV is Brillouin linewidth. This stimulated scattering acts as a highly efficient (back) reflector to the light that can severely damage the optical system and limits the power per unit bandwidth that can be coupled into, or produced from, an optical fiber. a 23 Guiding light-how new materials are shaping the future of advanced optical fiber ... In the particular case of reducing Brillouin scattering, the most powerful approach is to materially attack the problem through p₁2 photoelasticity. This is because it is the only relevant property that can take on a value of zero, which would completely eradicate Brillouin scattering. In theory, this can be achieved through compositional additivity of a positive p₁2 material, such as SiO2 (P12 = 0.226), with a negative P12 component, such as BaO, SrO, or Al2O3. However, to date, glass formation remains elusive in these systems. That said, aluminosilicate glasses have achieved quite remarkable and practical 100-fold reductions in BGC relative to conventional silica optical fibers.7 Ternary systems, particularly based on alkaline earth aluminosilicates (e.g., SrO-Al2O3SiO2), have even greater promise for completely removing Brillouin scattering as a parasitic limitation in high-power and high-energy laser systems.5 Raman scattering Raman scattering also is an acoustooptic interaction but involves creation (Stokes\') or annihilation (anti-Stokes\') of optical phonons in glass (e.g., excitation of Si-O-Si vibrational modes in silica glass) and light. Such phenomena can be problematic when wavelength control is mandatory. From a materials perspective, spontaneous Raman scattering is proportional to the molar volume and the square of the bond compressibility parameter. Qualitatively then, Raman scattering (both spontaneous and stimulated forms) is reduced for glasses that possess a low molar volume and small bond compressibility parameter. In practice, this is somewhat easier said than done, so a more straightforward approach to intrinsically low Raman scattering is a more highly disordered glass structure (which broadens the Raman spectrum), high concentrations of low Raman gain coefficient constituents, and components with minimal overlap in their respective Raman spectra. Using this materials approach, for example, yttrium aluminosilicate glass fibers have been realized that exhibit one-half the Raman scattering of conventional SiO2.8 Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org Transverse mode instabilities TMI is thermally driven mode-hopping associated with dynamic spatial heat fluctuations in a fiber. TMI is due to stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering and arises when an index grating is formed that phase-matches propagating modes of the incident and scattered light in a multimode (large mode area) optical fiber that is lasing above a given threshold power. By materially attacking TMI through the thermo-optic coefficient (TOC), one lessens thermo-optic (dn/dT) changes in the fiber as it heats up under lasing. Interestingly, though not related to stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering, another line of attack is to generate less heat in the first place. Materially, TMI is proportional to TOC/(PXC), where p is density and C is specific heat.² Of these properties, TOC offers greater compositional tailorability and, as with Brillouin scattering, has the potential to take on a zero value when using materials with positive (e.g., SiO2, Al2O3) and negative (e.g., BaF₂, SrF,) TOC values. Recently, an alkaline earth alumino-fluorosilicate in the SrF,Al2O3-SiO2 system exhibited a two-fold reduction in TOC.⁹ A laser heats up during operation either because impurities absorb some of the light (pump or signal) or because transitions that yield the light are not perfectly efficient. Such nonradiative relaxations indeed are a major source of heat generation in vapor-deposited silica-based fiber lasers. The ratio of the pump-to-signal wavelength is proportional to the “quantum defect\" (QD). Since glass composition can influence the absorption and emission spectra of (rare earth-doped) active glasses, QD tailoring is another materials-related approach to reduce nonlinearities. In the case of the aforementioned fluorosilicate, fluorine blue-shifts the ytterbium emission peak in comparison to conventional ytterbium-doped aluminosilicate laser fibers, resulting in a potential QD of <1%-as opposed to the typical 5% with conventional fibers-while preserving high slope efficiencies. A reduced QD permits lasing that emits lower energy phonons, leading to less heat generation, better thermal management, and lower parasitic thermo-optical effects. n-wave-mixing phenomena In addition to Brillouin and Raman scattering, the nonlinear component of the refractive index (n) is parasitic in The Materials Science of Optical Nonlinearities Stimulated Brillouin Scattering The Effect: interaction between acoustic phonons and the optical signal through Brillouin scattering. Interference between the forwardpropagating signal and back-scattered light creates a highly-efficient reflector to the optical signal. The Problem: limits the power per unit bandwidth and is a major limitation in the scaling to higher powers. To reduce: increase mass density, acoustic velocity, and Brillouin spectral width or lower photoelastic constant (P) and refractive index. n₂-Related Effects ⚫ The Effect: Nonlinear processes, such as SPM and FWM, arise from n(1)=no+nl. The Problem: broadens and modifies optical spectrum; undesirable in high peak power laser systems. • To reduce: employ materials with low n, values. Stimulated Raman Scattering The Effect: interaction between optical signal and optical phonons through Raman scattering causing a shift in signal wavelength. • The Problem: parasitic effect in high-peak-power fiber lasers where wavelength control is mandatory. . To reduce: (a) materials with reduced hyperpolarizabilities/Im[n], (b) replace materials with high Raman gain, and (c) higher quench rates yield more disordered glass structure. Transverse Mode Instability (TMI) ⚫ The Effect: Modal interaction driven by the thermo-optic coefficient, dn/dT. The Problem: At some threshold power, beam modal distribution randomizes and becomes dynamic. • To reduce: utilize materials with reduced dn/dT constants. Figure 1. Summary of parasitic optical nonlinearities plaguing modern optical fibers. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Credit: John Ballato (a) BGC = 2·π c.λ²/ Ρ BGC = (b) 100 100 80 f . ✗ BGC (m/w) 7 22-50 -10\" -18010\" 60 1330 10 40 330 20 08 100 2 P12 ✗ AVB (c) 100 100 80 60 AJO, BGC relative to SMF-28 (dB) 000 20 60 100 SiO Credit: John Ballato Figure 2. Graphical representation of compositional dependence of the Brillouin gain coefficient (BGC) in a ternary SrO-Al2O3-SiO2 system. (a) BGC equation overlaid with triaxial diagrams for each material property computed within the entire ternary system. (b) Resultant computed BGC (m/W) for the ternary system. (c) BGC for the SrO-Al2O3-SiO2 system relative to that for conventional single-mode fiber (SMF-28). The black region denotes compositions where BGC is suppressed by more than 30 dB relative to conventional fibers. that it enables wave-mixing phenomena above a critical threshold power. In such cases, the refractive index is spatially and temporally modulated and results in spectral broadening of the optical signal. Other n₂-related effects, such as self-focusing, can also irreversibly damage the fiber. Suppressing these wave-mixing nonlinearities materially requires a reduction of n₂. However, in practice, silica already exhibits an impressively low n₂ value. Most efforts to tailor the magnitude of n2 have relied on fluorine and phosphorus doping of SiO2. In the former case, lower polarization of the fluorine ion relative to oxygen reduces n₂. In the latter case, higher valence state of the phosphorous ion relative to the silicon ion promotes greater covalency, thereby reducing polarization. Downloaded fromamic Society Bulletin, Vol. 9, bulletin-archive ceramics, org. 4 Here again, the SrF₂-Al₂O₂-SiO2 system is of interest-while it exhibits n₂ values that are similar to silica, this is surprising given that both strontium and aluminum increase n₂, while fluorine decreases it, relative to SiO2.\' Glass composition additivity modeling While a materials approach to mitigate optical nonlinearities is highly effective, the compositional space over which fibers can be made is considerable, if not entirely daunting. Accordingly, property modeling is especially necessary. That said, there are a great variety of glass structure-property models of varying sophistication and computational intensity. For reasons of speed, relative simplicity, and surprising accuracy, we have opted for the century-old additivity to. 4 | www.ceramics.org model of Winklemann and Schott, with suitable improvements and extensions to other material properties relevant to modern optical fibers.³-5 12\' Figure 2 provides a graphic representation of this approach for the specific case of the BGC, where c is speed of light, is (free space) wavelength of the light, and n, Þ₁2, P, VA, and AV are defined previously. For further identification of compositional regions of interest, it is useful to normalize these values to those for conventional optical fibers (Figure 2c). However, not all compositions are glass-forming, so care must be given in how liberally the results are considered. That said, the approach is straightforward and provides a quick and powerful filter for subsequent experimentation. 25 (a) Guiding light-how new materials are shaping the future of advanced optical fiber . . . core phase (rod, (c) ceramic, mixed glass powders, ...) cladding homogeneous core (b) (d) 32 30 28 Elemental composition (Atomic percent) 100μm -2 2 Relative distance (um) 40 Core-Cladding index difference (-10°) Credit: John Ballato Figure 3. a) Precursor powder mixture inserted inside an optical grade silica capillary preform (3 mm and 30 mm inner and outer diameters, respectively). b) Illustration of the molten core technique. c) Scanning electron micrograph of a circular core-cladding optical fiber. d) Compositional and refractive index profile across the SrF₂-Al2O3–SiO2 fiber shown in (c). Not shown for reasons of clarity is oxygen concentration, %0, which can be calculated: %0 (At. %) = 100 - [%F + %Sr + %Al + %Si]. An old approach to fiberizing old glasses As noted and expected, not all compositions identified in the property value ternaries form glasses of sufficient stability to be drawn into optical fiber. For example, with respect to aluminosilicates, conventional vapor deposition methods are limited to about 8 mole percent Al2O3 into SiO2.2 To access a larger compositional space, the molten core method has become the approach of choice. 10 In this method, a precursor phase, which can be glassy or crystalline, powder or bulk, is sleeved inside a glass capillary tube (Figure 3a) and drawn directly into fiber (Figure 3b). The precursor phase is chosen both as a source for the fiber\'s core composition and also such that it melts at the draw temperature. Thus, as the fiber is drawn, the molten liquid core transitions from preform to fiber and is quenched rapidly (>2,000 K/s) as the fiber cools. The core is kinetically trapped in a glassy state (Figure 3c) that is composed of silica from the cladding that dissolves in during the draw, along with precursor components, typically exemplifying a transversally graded index profile (Figure 3d). Species from the cladding glass can dissolve into the core melt during fiber draw, resulting in compositional changes between the starting precursor and resultant fiber. Table 1. Compositions and values of record low optical nonlinearities realized to-date Phenomena Brillouin scattering BGC Property Record low value* -19 dB Raman scattering RGC -3 dB Mode instability TOC -3 dB *Relative to conventional single mode fiber. Composition** Reference Al₂03-SiO2 [7] Y203-SiO2 [8] SrF‚—Al₂O̟–Si0, [9] **For each composition, SiO, from the silica preform partially dissolves into the core melt during fiber draw, resulting in silicate glass. This section is titled as such because the original molten core fiber approach is now 25 years old.10 It has been used to realize optical fibers with compositions that have themselves been known for more than 100 years in bulk form, although not in fiber form because conventional methods restrict the composition. In addition to this considerable glass-forming flexibility, the molten core method is also a relatively lowtemperature fabrication method because it relies on fiber-drawing temperature (~2,000°C) as opposed to collapse temperature of conventional vapor deposition preform approaches (~2,400°C). This permits greater inclusion of volatile species that otherwise would evaporate. The \"perfect\" optical fiber (?) Each optical nonlinearity that limits current fiber-based laser systems can be dramatically reduced, if not entirely negated, through judicious selection of appropriate glass compositions. In the section above, each parasitic phenomenon was treated individually. However, Downloaded aded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 they possess many of the same enabling materials properties, so a natural question is \"can one composition minimize all nonlinearities?\" Indeed this is the question that we set out to answer in our previous publications.²2-5,11 The simple answer is: maybe. While compositions do exist where, for example, Brillouin scattering and stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering can reach zero (e.g., P₁2 and TOC = 0), these compositions are unstable against crystallization. Thus in practice, reductions on the order of even 50% are useful. Table 1 provides record published values to date for individual nonlinearities. .7-9 The best \"unified\" values achieved to date from a single glass fiber, relative to conventional single-mode fiber, are about -7.9 dB in BGC, -1.6 dB in RGC, and -3.1 dB in TOC (fiber designated \"YbFSrAlSiF\" in Cavillon et al.). Future efforts We highlight a new approach to manage performance-limiting effects in modern optical fibers. Rather than control light through the fiber\'s geometric design, we describe an enabling materials approach that attacks parasitic nonlinearities at their fundamental origin: the light-matter interaction. Through judicious selection of glass composition, such optical nonlinearities cannot only be reduced, but may even be wholly negated. This would not only obviate existing limitations, but also open up entirely new light-based defense, security, medical, and manufacturing opportunities. The two most paramount targeted opportunities for future efforts are glass formation and attenuation. With respect to glass formation, as noted, the compositions of greatest interest in truly mitigating optical nonlinearities cannot be made using conventional vapor-deposition methods. Similarly, molten core or powder sintering approaches have not been able to achieve stable glasses with <70 mole percent SiO2 that can be formed into long optical fibers. Novel methods or improvements to existing techniques that permit realization of these intrinsically low nonlinearity compositions in fiber form are needed. With respect to attenuation, the best molten core-derived fibers fabricated to date exhibit loss values on the order of 150 dB/km, with most prototypes currently in the 1,000 dB/km range. While this is acceptable for property measurement, such values are too high for practical use in most laser systems. Efforts to reduce losses to <50 dB/km would be well worth the effort. Finally, we hope that this work-which complements our previous publications 2-5,8_serves as a call-to-arms for both the glass and fiber optics communities. In the glass community, structure-property-processing expertise is as enabling now as it was 40 years ago, when some of the most seminal advancements in optical fiber originated. In the optical fiber community, although silica and vapor-deposition have made great strides, they are insufficient to truly address present and future performance limitations. Microstructured optical fibers have their place and do enable some useful properties and intriguing physics. However, their complexity and cost will remain problematic. Indeed, a reunification of glass and optical fiber fields could provide staggering benefits to industry and society alike. Acknowledgements Aspects of this work were financially supported by U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research through grant FA9550-16-1-0383 and by the U.S. Department of Defense High Energy Laser Joint Technology Office through grant N00014-17-1-2546. The J.E. Sirrine Foundation also provided financial support (to J.B. and M.C.). About the authors John Ballato and Maxime Cavillon are in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University (Clemson, S.C.). Peter Dragic is in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Urbana, Ill.). Contact Ballato at jballat@clemson.edu. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics, O. 4 | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society References J. Ballato, P.D. Dragic, \"Glass: The carrier of light-A brief history of optical fiber,” Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 7, 413-422 (2016). 2J. Ballato, M. Cavillon, P.D. Dragic, “A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. I. Thermodynamics of optical scattering,” Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., 9, 263-277 (2018). 3P.D. Dragic, M. Cavillon, A. Ballato, J. Ballato, \"A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. II. A. Material additivity models and basic glass properties,\" Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., 9, 278-287 (2018). 4P.D. Dragic, M. Cavillon, A. Ballato, J. Ballato, \"A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. II. B. The optical fiber, material additivity and the nonlinear coefficients,\" Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., in press (2018). DOI: 10.1111/ ijag.12329. 5M. Cavillon, C. Kucera, T. Hawkins, J. Dawson, P.D. Dragic, and J. Ballato, “A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. III. Canonical examples and materials road map,” Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., in press (2018). DOI 10.1111/ ijag.12336. 6R.G. Smith \"Optical power handling capac ity of low loss optical fibers as determined by stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering,\' Appl. Opt. 11, 2489-2494 (1972). \'P. Dragic, T. Hawkins, S. Morris, J. Ballato, \"Sapphire-derived all-glass optical fibers,” Nat. Photonics, 6, 627-633 (2012). 8P.D. Dragic, J. Ballato, \"Characterization of the Raman gain spectra in Yb:YAG-derived optical fibers,\" Electron. Lett., 49, 895-897 (2013). \'M. Cavillon, C. Kucera, T.W. Hawkins, P.D. Dragic, J. Ballato, “Ytterbium-doped multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fibers with intrinsically low optical nonlinearities,” Opt. Mater. Express, 8, 744-760 (2018). 10J. Ballato, E. Snitzer, \"Fabrication of fibers with high rare-earth concentrations for Faraday isolator applications,” Appl. Opt., 34, 6848-6854 (1995). J. Ballato, P.D. Dragic, “Rethinking optical fiber: New demands, old glasses,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96, 2675-2692 (2013). I 22 27 Raise your glass to the glass container industry By Eileen De Guire Parties are fun, but also good glass business. Breweries, wineries, and distilleries purchased more than three-quarters of the $31 billion of glass containers sold in 2016. Table 1. Glass container shipments in 2017* Category Market share Beer 56% Food 18% Beverages 9% Wine 8% Spirits 5% Ready to drink 4% Other 0.2% *Source: Glass Packaging Institute, www.gpi.org, accessed 4/10/18 B ottles and containers comprise one of the largest global markets for glass. By far, most containers are sold into the food and beverage industry, with the rest sold for pharmaceuticals, perfume, and cosmetics. According to a report by Future Market Insights, the global market for beverages in 2016 reached just over $31 billion. Another report from Global Industry Analysts predicts the global market for glass packaging could reach $55 billion by 2020. Data in Table 1 from the Glass Packaging Institute (GPI) shows how the 2.8 billion containers shipped in the United States in 2017 are distributed across the market. The majority of glass bottles hold tasty drinks, and mostly drinks with a punch. The alcoholic drink market combined used 69% of glass bottles shipped in 2017. When soft drinks are included, the beverage industry sponged up 82% of 2017\'s inventory of bottles. Joe Cattaneo, an industry consultant and retired president of GPI, says beverage consumption drives the bottle industry. \"It\'s based on volume, and there\'s much more volume in beverages than in food containers, especially. A bottle of beer is consumed more quickly than a soda bottle. You only drink maybe one soda at a time, while with beer you\'ll drink two or three at a time. The same with food containers. They\'re often used for storage, especially jellies and jams and sauces over a period of time. Beverages are consumed much quicker,\" Cattaneo says in an interview. The infographic on p. 30, courtesy of GPI, captures the beer bottle ecosystem and the many factors involved. In an article in Glass Worldwide,\' GPI president Lynn Bragg noted that 81% of the U.S. population has access to community glass recycling programs. Consumers see recyclability as a value. Responding to the opportunity, GPI established the Glass Recycling Coalition in 2016 with participation from glass manufacturers, brewers, waste management firms, and trade associations. The beverage industry is huge. Table 2 shows sales in 2016 of categories of beverages, across all packaging types, as reported by Beverage Industry.² In the Glass Worldwide article, Bragg says the market for glass containers is down slightly from 2016, reflecting a downturn in consumer spending in the food and beverage categories. Fewer beer bottles were shipped, but shipments were up some for other beverage types. Downloaded ded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Table 2. Comparison of beverage industry sales² Category 2016 sales (USD) Year-over-year change Beer • Domestic $13.5 billion -1.4% • Import $6.3 billion 9.4% • Craft $3.9 billion 5.8% Wine $10 billion 3.6% Spirits $6.9 billion 5.1% Tea, ready to drink $3.6 billion 3.4% Juice and juice drinks $456 million -1.5% Coffee, ready to drink $246 million 22.4% Demographics play a role in the U.S. \"Across the USA, beer is losing market share as millennials move to cannabis, wine, and spirits. Millennials are focused on new tastes and experiences through a bubbling cocktail scene,” Bragg writes in the article. A consumer shift to wine and spirits (no comment on the cannabis) means that fewer bottles are needed. Cattaneo explains, \"Spirits is a growing business, but smaller because it\'s consumed slower than beer.\" Cattaneo noted that the global market for glass bottles is rosy. \"If we\'re talking about luxury items, I don\'t think that\'s going to change so much (toiletries, cosmetics, perfumes). We\'ve already seen that some of the growing economies are not in North America. In other parts of the world there will be more demand. We\'re kind of flat here.\" In particular, he expects the Pan Asia and South American markets to do well. “The Pan Asian market is growing fastest,\" he says, \"and South America still uses glass for food.\" References \'L. Bragg, \"North American year in review,\" Glass Worldwide, January/ February 2018, 53-54. 2\"State of the industry,\" Beverage Industry, July 2017, 31-46. We recently asked Cattaneo what trends he sees in the industry. How has the industry changed in the last 10 years? JC: In 10 years it\'s changed quite a bit. Even when I left some years ago, our biggest issue with the industry was that it\'s very competitive, so trying to explain the sustainability aspect of a particular product was challenging. On the container side, it was the competition with glass and plastic and metals and paper. Joe Cattaneo Will Industry 4.0 be a factor in the glass container manufacturing industry? JC: I think it can be. I think it depends on how much you\'re willing to invest in that type of technology and workplace arrangements. Factors to think about include the locale, age of the plant, workforce, etc. Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics, . 4 | www.ceramics.org THE GLASS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY COUNCIL GLASS MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY REPORT SECOND EDITION A detailed and comprehensive reference source for intelligence on the glass manufacturing industry – Over 163 Pages Comprehensive Data • Industry Contacts • Emissions Regulations . Expert Analysis ORDER THIS VALUABLE RESOURCE TODAY Download Order Form at www.GMIC.org GMIC Glass Manufacturing Industry Council What about competing materials? JC: Aluminum is recycled at a much higher rate than glass. That doesn\'t mean that it\'s the most recyclable because glass can be 100% recyclable. Deriving the material is the more difficult part with glass. And aluminum has a lot higher visibility in the nonalcoholic market. What happened to the glass industry over the years is that plastic emulated shapes and sizes of glass and could do it cheaper. The aspect of being unbreakable was one of the higher priorities, and it\'s very difficult to recycle because of the different polymers. Final thoughts on the state of the industry? JC: I think the glass container industry will continue to thrive in its own niche. It can\'t be what it once was, a commodity type of packaging material, because there\'s so much competition from other types of materials that are used for the same purpose. What was once just a glass market is now a market for four or five materials. The beer market will still be strong-it\'s growing in South America. It\'s growing in Pan Asia and those populations. I think we could see America maybe become more niche in the food categories, like yogurt. \"I\'m optimistic. I don\'t believe the glass industry is going away. It\'ll still thrive, especially in the wine, beer, and spirits markets. 29 UPGRADE TO GLASS.COM CRAFT BEER. CRAFT BOTTLES. 90% of consumers favor glass because it preserves the taste or flavor of the food and beverages it contains Source: EcoFocus, 2016 FACT Glass is impermeable and highly inert - it will not rust, corrode or leach MADE IN AMERICA FACT Most glass customers and suppliers are within 300 miles of production plants WITHIN 300 MILES Raw materials for glass packaging can be completely sourced from within North America TRUE TASTE Glass requires no chemical liner that can interact with food or beverages to alter taste If it\'s not in glass, it\'s in plastic. Transportation accounts for LESS THAN 5% of a packaging material\'s total carbon footprint Plastic Liners The weight of glass bottles has been reduced by APPROXIMATELY 40% over the past 30 years 01FACT Glass bottles are 100% and endlessly recyclable in a closed loop system From recycling bin to store shelf in as little as 30 DAYS BOTTLE18886 FRITT TO-BOTTLE 9900RECYCLING SOURCE: In March 2016, EcoFocus Worldwide conducted a survey sample of 4,073 nationally representative adults aged 18-65 years. The study is statistically valid at the 95% confidence level +/- 1.55%. No weighting was required to match the U.S. Census demographic measures for gender, age, education, household income, ethnicity, region of residence, and presence of children. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org THE PEO PEOPLE MAKE GLA WHO. TAINERS glass packaging institute WWW.GPI.ORG www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 12:54pm Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis of high-temperature silicate glasses By Tobias K. Bechgaard, Ozgur Gulbiten, John C. Mauro, Yushu Hu, Mathieu Bauchy, and Morten M. Smedskjaer Recent advances in high-temperature experiments on commercial instruments could enable temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry as a method to investigate industrially relevant silicate glasses. Downloaded from bulletin-archive ceramics etin-archive ceramics, OK. | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 ifferential scanning calorimetry Diffe (DSC) is one of the most versatile probes for silicate glasses, allowing determination of parameters such as transition temperature (glass, crystallization, or melting) and temperature dependence of heat capacity.\" However, complications arise for glasses featuring overlapping transitions and low sensitivity, such as SiO,rich compositions with small changes in heat capacity during glass transition or low thermocouple sensitivity at high temperature. These challenges might be overcome using temperature-modulated DSC (TM-DSC), which enables separation of overlapping signals and improved sensitivity at the expense of increased measurement duration. TM-DSC superimposes a sinusoidal heating curve on the linear heating rate from standard DSC, thus providing a temperature (T) profile: T=T+Bt+A sin(t) 0 where To is initial temperature at time t = 0, ẞ is heating rate, A is amplitude of the modulation, and @ is angular frequency of the modulation ( = 2π/P, where P is period). In the glass science community, TM-DSC has been used to analyze organic, chalcogenide, metallic, and certain oxide glasses. All these glasses have relatively low glass transition temperatures (T < 600°C), as this has been the temperature limit of commercially available TM-DSCs-thus excluding the majority of industrially relevant silicate glasses. Parametric study of TM-DSC for silicate glasses Recently it has become possible to perform temperature-modulated experiments on commercial instruments at high temperatures (>700°C). However, the transition from low-temperature to hightemperature instruments is not straightforward, as the experimental 31 Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis of ... 0.25 0.00B=2 K/min A=5K P = 180 s parameters used for a typical low-temperature TM-DSC experiment do not directly transfer to those at high-temperature. Therefore, to obtain good data quality, experimental parameters must be adjusted to fit the probed glass and instrument. The goal when designing experimental TM-DSC parameters is to obtain a linear response between input and output data while achieving a high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). To elucidate the effect of varying B, A, and P on linearity and S/N, we systematiclly studied parametric glass compositions with varying Ţ and liquid fragility (m).³ g We find that for typical high-T calcium aluminosilicate g g glasses (T = ~900°C and m = 20-50), B should typically be 2–3 K/min, but for glasses with SiO2 content of >80 mol.%, ß can be as high as 5-7 K/min. A values mainly affect the S/N. On the Netzsch STA 449F1 Jupiter equipment we used, amplitudes of 5 K/min were necessary to achieve adequate S/N. Higher amplitudes might be useful in special cases, such as for pure silica glass with low m, but amplitudes that are too high result in smearing of data and loss of resolution. Further, Lissajous curves can be used to evaluate if the data exhibit a linear response between heating rate and heat flow, which is required for deconvolution of raw data and is important when studying glass relaxation processes because large enthalpy releases may occur. + Data for the high-T glasses we studied show linear responses when low heating rates (2-3 K/min) are used in combination with amplitudes that ensure high S/N (Figure 1). 4 Liquid fragility determination using TM-DSC g Angell defined the liquid fragility index m as the slope of the logarithmic viscosity (n) versus scaled inverse temperature (T/T) curve at T: g m(x) = d log₁n(T,x) | d(T(x)/T) T-Tg (x) Because the glass transition is a relaxation phenomenon, it also is possible to estimate m from the temperature dependence of structural relaxation time. This has been done for molecular glasses by determining dielectric relaxation time, but it is not possible for silicate glasses because it only relates to polar atomic motions.? Instead, TM-DSC has been proposed as a technique to measure the structural relaxation time of silicate glass-forming systems, using the thermal relaxation caused by temperature modulation.³ Deconvolution of raw TM-DSC data allows separation of calorimetric contributions from enthalpy relaxation during the glass transition and heat capacity of the glass itself, identified by imaginary and real heat capacity, respectively.² Using the frequency dependence of peak temperature (T_) in the imaginary heat capacity, TM-DSC has already been used to determine fragility of several glass-forming borate melts (T450°C), using a modified Angell plot with relaxation time (7) instead of viscosity. g A linear relationship between T and T at each modulation frequency has been reported, 10 and by extrapolation we can determine the glass transition temperature (T = 100) where Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org g x Heat flow (mW/mg) -0.25-0.505 10 Heating rate (K/min) Figure 1. Lissajous curve for a calcium aluminosilicate glass (20% CaO/25% Al2O3/55% SiO2) (ẞ = 2 K/min; A = 5 K; P = 150 s). Data were smoothed slightly using a Savitzky-Golay algorithm and show a linear response. log(™, rin s) 2.0 1.81.639.8SiO2-31.6AI,O,-28.7CaO ⚫ 60.6SIO₂-20.1AI,O,-19.3CaO 1.4 MTM-DSC = 32 m = 40 TM-DSC 1.2 0.98 0.99 T=100/T (K/K) 1.00 Figure 2. Angell plot of two calcium aluminosilicate glasses, showing relaxation time (t) slightly above the glass transition temperature (T). Relaxation times were determined using = 1/Ⓡ = P/2π rad/s. Straight lines represent best linear fit to data. g g T= 100 s. By plotting To reduced by T - 100 as a function of the T values at each modulation frequency, we obtain an Angell plot with relaxation time instead of viscosity (Figure 2). The definition of fragility can then be used to calculate m, as done here for tectosilicate calcium aluminosilicate glasses (Figure 3). From the modulated data, m decreases with increasing silica content, consistent with trends observed from direct viscosity measurements and determined by standard DSC using the activation energy for structural relaxation.11 TM-DSC thus succeeds in reproducing the compositiondependent trend in fragility, but absolute values of m are systematically lower for high-m compositions and vice versa for low-m compositions. Additional studies are needed to clarify if this trend generally holds for all silicate glass systems and to make a correction function if necessary. Detecting silicate glasses with minimal relaxation TM-DSC has been proposed to be a probe for detecting so-called “intermediate phases,” featuring isostatic topology with minimal structural relaxation upon heating. 12 One of the www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Credit: Bechgaard et al. Credit: Bechgaard et al. 60 60 • DSC TM-DSC • Viscosity 50 50 40. 30 20 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 -0 SiO2 (mol%) Figure 3. Composition dependence of liquid fragility index (m) in fully charge-compensated calcium aluminosilicate glasses. This study determined m values by TM-DSC, while we determined m using viscometry and Moynihan\'s DSC procedure in a separate study.11 TM-DSC captures the compositional trend in fragility. 90 signatures of glassy materials is a nonequilibrium state that continuously relaxes toward a supercooled liquid metastable equilibrium state. As such, a detailed understanding of the relaxation mechanism is of scientific and industrial interest. Relaxation-free glasses can be produced by careful design of the glass network topology, but currently known glasses exhibiting these properties are not yet industrially relevant. 13 Therefore, there is interest in identifying industrially useful silicate glasses with minimal structural relaxation for applications such as high-performance displays. This can be achieved by using TM-DSC and identifying a minimum in the nonreversing heat flow, although interpretation of this quantity is still under debate. 14 Credit: Bechgaard et al. Within the fully charge-compensated calcium aluminosilicate system, relaxation behavior can be tuned by changing the network topology, as also confirmed by supplementary molecular dynamics simulations (Figure 4). Further, we studied the magnitude of volume relaxation by annealing at a fixed viscosity. Interestingly, the volume relaxation exhibits minima in the same compositional range as local minima in non-reversing heat flow. Although more work is needed, this suggests that TM-DSC could be used as a tool to search for silicate glasses with minimal volume relaxation during heating. About the authors Tobias K. Bechgaard and Morten M. Smedskjaer are in the Department of Chemistry and Bioscience at Aalborg University (Aalborg, Denmark). Ozgur Gulbiten is with the Science and Technology Division at Corning Incorporated (Corning, N.Y.). John C. Mauro is in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Pennsylvania State University (University Park, Pa.). Yushu Hu and Mathieu Bauchy are in the Physics of AmoRphous and Inorganic Solids Laboratory (PARISlab) at the University of California, Los Angeles. Contact Bechgaard at tkb@bio.aau.dk. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics, O. 4 | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Rel. change in density (-) 0.0121.2 0.0060.000Density -TM-DSC data TM-DSC simulation 40 60 80 SiO2 content (mol%) 1.0 -0.6 0.4 5 AH from TM-DSC (kJ/mol) хеш HV 3 4 from MD (kJ/mol) Credit: Bechgaard et al. Figure 4. Relative change in density (Ap/p) in tectosilicate calcium aluminosilicates before and after sub-T annealing at 17 = 10 15 Pa.s (green). Initial density (p) was measured on samples annealed at n = 10¹² Pas (i.e., standard T.). Compositional dependence of nonreversing heat flow from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and TM-DSC experiments is also shown (blue and red, respectively). Data suggest that minimum relaxation can be obtained by tailoring the topology of the glassy network. Editor\'s note Bechgaard will present one of the 2018 Kreidl Award Lectures at the Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting in San Antonio, Texas, on May 23, 2018. References \'G. Höhne, W.F. Hemminger, H.-J. Flammersheim, Differential scanning calorimetry-An introduction for practitioners, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1996. 2M. Reading, D.J. Hourston, Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry: Theoretical and practical applications in polymer characterisation, 6th ed., Springer, 2006. 3T.K. Bechgaard, O. Gulbiten, J.C. Mauro, M.M. Smedskjaer, \"Parametric study of temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry for high-temperature oxide glasses with varying fragility,\" J. Non. Cryst. Solids. 484, 84 (2018). 4J.E.K. Schawe, \"Modulated temperature DSC measurements: the influence of the experimental conditions,\" Thermochim. Acta., 271, 127-140 (1996). 5A. Savitzky, M.J.E. Golay, \"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures,\" Anal. Chem. 36 1627-1639 (1964). \'K. Ito, C.T. Moynihan, C.A. Angell, \"Thermodynamic determination of fragility in liquids and a fragile-to-strong liquid transition in water,\" Nature. 398 492-495 (1999). 7Y. Matsuda, Y. Fukawa, C. Matsui, Y. Ike, M. Kodama, S. Kojima, \"Calorimetric study of the glass transition dynamics in lithium borate glasses over a wide composition range by modulated DSC,\" Fluid Phase Equilib. 256 (2007) 127–131. ³N.O. Birge, S.R. Nagel, \"Specific-heat spectroscopy of the glass transition,\" Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 2674-2677 (1985). ⁹Y. Fukawa, Y. Matsuda, M. Kawashima, S. Kojima, \"Determination of complex-specific heat and fragility of sodium borate glasses by temperature-modulated DSC,\" J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 99, 39-44 (2010). 10Y. Matsuda, Y. Fukawa, M. Kawashima, S. Mamiya, S. Kojima, \"Dynamic glass transition and fragility of lithium borate binary glass,\" Solid State Ionics. 179, 2424-2427 (2008). \"T.K. Bechgaard, J.C. Mauro, M. Bauchy, Y. Yue, L.A. Lamberson, L.R. Jensen, M.M. Smedskjaer, \"Fragility and configurational heat capacity of calcium aluminosilicate glassforming liquids,\" J. Non. Cryst. Solids. 461, 24-34 (2017). 12P. Boolchand, D.G. Georgiev, B. Goodman, \"Discovery of the intermediate phase in chalcogenide glasses,\" J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 3, 703-720 (2001). 13M. Bauchy, M. Micoulaut, \"Densified network glasses and liquids with thermodynamically reversible and structurally adaptive behaviour,\" Nat. Commun. 6, 1-8 (2015). 14Y. Yang, B. Zhang, A. Yang, Z. Yang, P. Lucas, \"Structural origin of fragility in Ge-As-S glasses investigated by calorimetry and Raman spectroscopy,\" J. Phys. Chem. B. 119, 5096-5101 (2015). ■ 33 Fabrication of intrinsically. low nonlinearity glass optical fibers By M. Cavillon, P. Dragic, and J. Ballato Optical nonlinearities limit attempts to increase power scaling in high-energy laser systems-oxyfluoride glass optical fibers offer one potential materials solution. P arasitic optical phenomena limit power scaling in optical fiber lasers. These phenomena include stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, nonlinear refractive index (n,)-related wave-mixing phenomena (e.g., fourwave mixing), and transverse mode instability (TMI). Glass composition impacts these nonlinearities as well as the formation of active optical fibers.¹ For example, silica-clad optical fibers containing an oxyfluoride core in the SrF₂-Al2O3-SiO2 glass family can mitigate nonlinearities. Materially, SrF, and Al2O3, when added to SiO2, yield intrinsically low Brillouin and Raman scattering glasses. Further, incorporation of fluorine, through SrF₂, reduces linear and nonlinear refractive indices (n, n2) as well as the thermo-optic coefficient (TOC), the latter of which reduces the likelihood of TMI. 3\' Optical fiber fabrication The molten core method provides an efficient approach to fabricate various optical fiber compositions that are not possible using conventional chemiDownloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org cal vapor deposition techniques.² We used the molten core method to introduce a mixture of SrF2 and Al2O3 precursor materials into a pure silica glass capillary preform (30 mm and 3 mm outer and inner diameters, respectively). Drawing optical fibers from this material at ~2,000°C causes the silica cladding tube to soften and melts the core precursor materials. Silica from the surrounding cladding reacts with the molten core and subsequently incorporates into the core. Cooling during fiber draw (~2,000°C/s) kinetically traps the molten core into its glassy state, yielding 125-μm diameter optical fiber with a graded-index silicate core (~85 mol.% SiO2 at the core center, with precursor materials accounting for the rest) inside a silica cladding. An important feature of these glasses is reactivity of SrF, with its molten silicate environment, resulting in its partial oxidation and consequent fluorine loss through formation of SiF vapors. Concomitant reduction of optical nonlinearities Table 1 reports typical values of Brillouin gain coefficient (BGC), Raman gain coefficient (RGC), TOC, and n, for these oxyfluoride fibers and for conventional silica fibers. Relative to conventional fibers, oxyfluoride fibers demonstrate reductions of 6-8 dB, 1-2 dB, and 2-3 dB for BGC, RGC, and TOC, respectively, while ո, values are similar.³ Low BGC values originate from simultaneous contributions of multiple material properties. 4-7 The main contributions to reduced BGC are from Sro (from oxidation of SrF2) and Al2O3, which possess negative P12 photoelastic constants that offset the positive P12 of SiO2. RGC is proportional to the peak intensity of the Raman scattering bandwidth. Here this peak (Figure 1a) is attributed to Si-O-Si stretching modes (440 cm¹), so lower silica content in the glass compared to conventional fibers leads to a reduction in RGC. The decrease in TOC is proportional to fluorine concentrationresulting from lower fluorine polarization-relative to oxygen ions, coupled with high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glass (Figure 1b). The similar ո, values of oxyfluoride fibers compared to pure SiO2 fibers is attributed to competing effects between SrO + A₁₂O3 (n₂-increasing compounds) and F (n-decreasing compound) relative to silica. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 Similar arguments can be used to discuss influence of the aforementioned dopants on linear refractive index (n), which factors into materials properties that contribute to optical nonlinearities. Active fibers for enhanced spectroscopic properties Normalized Raman intensity (a. u.) 10(a) fused SiO 8.0 -Oxyfluoride 0.8 0.6 0.4 Thermo-optic coeffient (×10°K) 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 (b) 0.0 4.5 200 400 600 800 Frequency shift (cm) 1000 1200 1400 1 2 Fluorine concentration (atomic percent) 0.2 Figure 1. a) Normalized and corrected Raman spectra of an oxyfluoride core (in blue) and SiO2 (taken as a reference, in red). b) Thermo-optic coefficient (TOC) of oxyfluoride glass fibers as a function of fluorine concentration (in atomic percent). We also fabricated active ytterbium-doped fibers for analysis by ytterbium spectroscopy. Compared to fabrication processes for conventional aluminosilicate fiber, the molten core process permits oxyfluoride fibers with much higher fluorine concentrations (4.42 at.% fluorine at the core center) that yield a decreased average emission cross-section (0.85×10-20 cm² vs. 1.06×10-20 cm² for aluminosilicate fiber) and emission wavelength (999.2 nm average vs. 1,006.6 nm for aluminosilicate fiber), as well as increased radiative lifetime (1,270 μs vs. 743 μs for aluminosilicate fiber) (Figure 2). These trends are characteristic of fluoride glasses in comparison to silicate glasses, 10 making these fibers particularly attractive for fiber laser designers because the compositions offer great property tunability, including “fluoride-like” properties, while preserving the mechanical strength and robustness of silica fibers. Indeed, these fibers operate with fairly high slope efficiencies (~65%) in the low quantum defect (QD) regime (<1.5%). Coupled with their intrinsically low TOC values, these qualities confer advantages over typical 5% QD conventional silicate fibers as they are expected to considerably reduce thermo-optical parasitic effects (e.g., TMI, thermal lensing). Conclusion Oxyfluoride glass core-silica glass cladding optical fibers fabricated using the molten core method exhibit reduced BGC, RGC, and TOC relative to conventional silica fibers, yet preserve low linear and nonlinear refractive indices. Additionally, ytterbium spectroscopy suggests these oxyfluoride fibers have good efficiency and enhanced lasing performance, indicating their potential for highenergy laser applications. Our future work will focus on reducing attenuation losses in these fibers (which are currently in the dB/m range) through use of higher purity precursor materials. About the authors Cross section (×1024 m²) M. Cavillon and J. Ballato are in the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University (Clemson, S.C.). P. Dragic in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign (Urbana, Ill.). Contact Cavillon at mcavill@clemson.edu. Editor\'s note 2.5 2.0 1.5 Absorption Conventional laser fiber -----Oxyfuoride Emission Conventional laser fiber -Oxyfuoride 1.0 0.5 0.0 900 950 1000 1050 1100 Wavelength (nm) Credit: Cavillon et al. Figure 2. Absorption and emission cross-section spectra for conventional aluminosilicate fiber and oxyfluoride fiber fabricated using the molten core method. 3T. Kato, Y. Suetsugu, M. Nishimura, “Estimation of nonlinear refractive index in various silica-based glasses for optical fibers,” Opt. Lett., 20, 2279-2281 (1995). Cavillon will present one of the 2018 Kreidl Award Lectures at the Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting in San Antonio, Texas, on May 23, 2018. Table 1. Properties of fabricated oxyfluoride fibers and conventional silica fibers Key property BGC (×10-11 m/W) Oxyfluoride fibers Conventional SiO₂ fibers 0.3-0.6 2.4 RGC (a.u.) ~0.75 1 TOC (×10-6/K) 4.9-6.3 10.4 n₂ (×10-20 m²/W) ~3 ~3 References J. Ballato, M. Cavillon, P. Dragic, \"Guiding light-how new materials are shaping the future of advanced optical fiber and laser systems,\" Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 97(4), 22-27 (2018). ²J. Ballato, P. Dragic, \"Rethinking optical fiber: New demands, old glasses,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96, 2675-2692 (2013). 4J. Ballato, M. Cavillon, P. Dragic, “A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. I. Thermodynamics of optical scattering,” Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., 9, 263-277 (2018). 5P.D. Dragic, M. Cavillon, A. Ballato, J. Ballato, \"A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. II. A. Material additivity models and basic glass properties,\" Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., 9, 278-287 (2018). 6P.D. Dragic, M. Cavillon, A. Ballato, J. Ballato, \"A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. II. B. The optical fiber, material additivity and the nonlinear coefficients,\" Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., in press (2018). DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12329. \'M. Cavillon, C. Kucera, T. Hawkins, J. Dawson, P.D. Dragic, J. Ballato, \"A unified materials approach to miti gating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. III. Canonical examples and materials road map,” Int. J. Appl. Glas. Sci., in press (2018). DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12336. 8M. Cavillon, C.J. Kucera, T.W. Hawkins, A.F.J.J. Runge, A.C. Peacock, P.D. Dragic, J. Ballato, \"Oxyfluoride core silica-based optical fiber with intrinsically low nonlinearities for high energy laser applications,” J. Light. Technol., 36, 284-291 (2017). M. Cavillon, C. Kucera, T.W. Hawkins, N. Yu, P. Dragic, J. Ballato, \"Ytterbium-doped multicomponent fluorosilicate optical fibers with intrinsically low optical nonlinearities,\" Opt. Mater. Express, 8, 744-760 (2018). 10M. Weber, J. Lynch, D. Blackburn, D. Cronin, \"Dependence of the stimulated emission cross section of Yb3+ on host glass composition,\" Quantum Electron. IEEE J., 19, 1600-1608 (1983). Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics, O. 4 | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society 35 Credit: Cavillon et al. REFRACTORIES SYMPOSIUM FOCUSES ON GLASS WHILE BREAKING A \'GLASS CEILING\' (Credit all images: ACerS) Nancy Bunt called all the women forward during her Theodore Planje award speech. T he St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division\'s 54th Annual Refractories Symposium welcomed 220 attendees from 10 countries― including 12 students from nearby Missouri University of Science and Technology, whom the RCD sponsored. The annual meeting brings together refractory manufacturers, raw material suppliers, and a handful of academic researchers. Meeting organizers were Andrew Domann (Bucher Emhart Glass) and Steven Ashlock (Kyanite Mining Corp.) The theme \"Refractories for the cement, glass, and minerals manufacturing industry,” prevailed throughout the week in talks covering a wide range of issues—such as failure analysis of cement kiln refractories, refractory repair, combating cement and lime kiln rings, refractory selection and glass furnace maintenance, and comparison of shotcrete bonding systems. \"There was a good combination of basic science talks-almost classroom style talks-as well as good talks about tools used by industry professionals to develop new products,\" outgoing RCD chair Matthew Lambert says of the meeting. Nancy Bunt, recipient of the St. Louis Section Theodore J. Planje Award, broke a glass ceiling by being the first woman to be honored with the award. Her commentary focused on mentoring, service/volunteerism, ALMATIS PREMIUM ALUMINA Networking is always part of the fun at the St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics Division symposium. and the rewards of working in the refractory industry. \"A mentor\'s job is to inspire, teach, train, and develop leaders,” she said in her acceptance speech. Bunt also invited all women in the audience to the front during her talk to demonstrate the contributions of women to the industry and the value of mentoring. Presentations focused on product development advances, comparisons of additives, tough challenges in refractory repair in at-temperature glass furnaces, and refractory science. The scarcity of raw materials, especially the shrinkage of key refractory raw materials from China, was a hot topic of conversation. Raw material suppliers are redeveloping domestic sources, finding new sources from other locations, or working on developing alternatives. Mark your calendars for March 27-28, 2019, when the 55th Annual Refractories Symposium will again take place in St. Louis. Organizers plan to build a program around an aspect of shaped refractories. Read more about the St. Louis Section and RCD Refractories Symposium at http://bit.ly/RCDSLwrapup. View images from the meeting at http://bit.ly/RCDSL18photos. 15 APING THE FUTUR Marilyn Kunka from Almatis talks to Bill Headrick about her company\'s products. Downloaded from bulletinGLM Attendees posed for a photo at the Great Lakes Minerals booth. June 6 – 8, 2018 | Columbia, S.C. USA REGISTER TODAY! 2018 ACERS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION AND SOUTHWEST SECTION MEETING in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting For the second consecutive year, ACerS Structural Clay Products Division, ACerS Southwest Section, and the National Brick Research Center have joined their meetings to serve the needs of the structural clay industry. TECHNICAL PROGRAM (as of 4/12/18) • Thin brick testing, George Campbell, J.C. Steele & Sons Inc. • • Exploring tools to determine extrudablity-capillary rheometry, Mike Walker, National Brick Research Center • Update on energy savings at the kiln, Joern Boeke, Refratechnik • Faster drying and firing considerations for brick, John Sanders, National Brick Research Center • Thin brick production, speaker tbd, Keller Grundbau GmbH • New thin brick technology, Christophe Aubertot, Direxa Engineering, LLC • • Energy efficiency project at the Muskogee, Okla., plant, William Whitfield, Meridian Brick Setting machining upgrade at the Malakoff plant, Harlan Dixson, Acme Brick •Die maintenance, Gregg Camp, Reymond Products International Inc. • Solar energy-powering a brick plant with the sun, Todd Butler, Palmetto Brick HILTON COLUMBIA CENTER TENTATIVE SCHEDULE Tuesday, June 5 Registration open Hospitality suite Wednesday, June 6 Registration National Brick Research Center meeting (members of NBRC only) Lunch on own Tech Session 1, Structural Clay Products Division and Southwest Section (SCPD-SW) Suppliers\' mixer Hospitality suite Thursday, June 7 Plant tours: Carolina Ceramics and Meridian Brick (lunch sponsored by Carolina Ceramics) Banquet Hospitality suite 3-6 p.m. 5-10 p.m. 7 a.m. - 6 p.m. 8 - 11:30 a.m. Noon - 1:30 p.m. 1-5 p.m. 6-7:30 p.m. 8-10 p.m. All day 7-9 p.m. 9-10 p.m. 日日日日 924 Senate Street | Columbia, SC, USA | Tel: 803-744-7800 Group rate from $140+ tax is based on availability. Cut off is on or before May 4, 2018. Downloaded from bulletin archiefer4 | www.ceramics.org Friday, June 8 Tech Session 2, SCPD-SW Section 8-11 a.m. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NATIONAL RICK RESEARCH CENTER www.ceramics.org/scpd18 37 REGISTER NOW! 2018 GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING May 20-24, 2018 | Hilton Palacio del Rio | San Antonio, Texas Each year, the Glass & Optical Materials Division (GOMD) builds its annual meeting around emerging trends in glass science and technology. Technical leaders from industry, national laboratories, and academia will lead technical sessions featuring oral and poster presentations, providing an open forum for glass scientists and engineers from around the world to present and exchange findings on recent advances in glass science and technology. GLASS CORROSION SHORT COURSE May 20-8:30 a.m.-4 p.m. Instructors: Glass corrosion experts from industry and academia How do silicate glasses behave when they come into contact with water? This question is at the heart of many fields of research and is triggered by either industrial or environmental applications. This one-day short course taught by industry experts gives an up-todate overview of this topic. Course outline - Fundamental aspects of silicate glass corrosion: Mechanisms and kinetics (theoretical background), Stéphane Gin, CEA, France - Experimental and analytical techniques to investigate glass corrosion, Joe Ryan, PNNL, USA - Atomistic modeling, Jincheng Du, University of North Texas, USA -Durability of commercial glasses, Robert Schaut and Nick Smith, Corning, USA - Nuclear waste glass corrosion and performance assessment, John Vienna, PNNL, USA - Glass alteration in volcanic and archaeological materials: Guideposts for predicting nuclear waste glass durability, Marie Jackson, University of Utah, USA GOMD AWARD SPEAKERS Stookey Lecture of Discovery Wolfram Höland, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein Combinations of different nucleation and crystallization mechanisms to develop tailor-made glass-ceramics Morey Lecture Arun Varshneya, Saxon Glass Technologies Inc., USA Chemically strengthened glass: Science, technology and its future Norbert J. Kreidl Lectures Maxime Cavillon, Clemson University, USA Fabrication of intrinsically low nonlinearity glass optical fibers Tobias Bechgaard, Aalborg University, Denmark Temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry analysis of high-temperature silicate glasses Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Setsuhisa Tanabe, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan Glass and rare-earth elements Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture Xiang-Hua Zhang, University of Rennes 1, France Recent research trends of chalcogenide glasses and ceramics for infrared photonics and energy applications Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 www.ceramics.org/gomd2018 SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE Sunday, May 20, 2018 Glass Corrosion short course (additional registration required) Registration Welcome reception Monday, May 21, 2018 Registration Stookey Lecture of Discovery Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Alfred University alumni reception (by invitation) Poster session & student poster competition Tuesday, May 22, 2018 Registration George W. Morey Award Lecture Concurrent sessions Student, post-doc., and Young Professionals career roundtables IJAGS lunch for award speakers (by invitation) Lunch on own GOMD general business meeting Conference banquet Wednesday, May 23, 2018 IJAGS associate editor meeting Registration Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Publishing in American Ceramic Society journals: Writing for search engine optimization and self marketing 8:30 a.m.4 p.m. 4-7 p.m. 6-8 p.m. 7 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. 8-9 a.m. 9:20 a.m.6 p.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 5:30-6:30 p.m. 6:30-8:30 p.m. 7:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 8 - 9 a.m. 9:20 a.m.6 p.m. Noon 1:15 p.m. Noon - 1 p.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 5:30-6:30 p.m. 7-9 p.m. 7-8 a.m. 7:30a.m.-5 p.m. 8-9 a.m. 9:20 a.m.-6 p.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. Noon - 1:15 p.m. (sponsored by Saint-Gobain) The Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young 6-7 p.m. Scholars Lecture TECHNICAL PROGRAM S1: Fundamentals of the Glassy State S1: Glass Formation and Structural Relaxation S2: Crystallization in Glass and its Application S3: Structural Characterization of Glasses S4: Topology and Rigidity S5: Computer Simulation and Predictive Modeling of Glasses S6: Mechanical Properties of Glasses S7: Non-Oxide Glasses S8: Glass Under Extreme Conditions S2: Glasses in Healthcare-Fundamentals and Application S3: Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices― Fundamentals and Applications S1: Laser Interactions with Glasses S2: Charge and Energy Transport in Disordered Materials S3: Optical Fibers and Waveguides S4: Glass-Based Optical Devices S5: Optical Ceramics and Glass-Ceramics S6: Glasses and Glass-Ceramics in Detector Applications S7: Rare-Earth and Transition Metal-Doped Glasses and Ceramics for Photonic Applications S4: Glass Technology and Cross-Cutting Topics S1: Glass Surfaces and Functional Coatings S2: Sol-Gel Processing of Glasses and Ceramic Materials S3: Challenges in Glass Manufacturing S4: Waste Immobilization-Waste Form Development: Processing and Performance S5: Optical Fabrication Science and Technology S5: Dawn of the Glass Age: New horizons in Glass Science, Engineering, and Applications Symposium to honor Professor L. David Pye― Glass scholar and ambassador For more information and to register, go to www.ceramics.org/gomd2018 Thursday, May 24, 2018 Registration Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture Concurrent sessions Lunch on own 7:30a.m. 4 p.m. 8-9 a.m. HOTEL INFORMATION 9:20 a.m.4 p.m. Noon - 1:20 p.m. Downloaded from bulletin archive frame. 4 | www.ceramics.org Hilton Palacio Del Rio 200 South Alamo Street | San Antonio, TX, USA Tel: 210-270-0752 Group rate from $189+ tax is based on availability. Cut off is on or before April 24, 2018. Group Name: ACers Glass & Optical Materials Division Meeting (GOMD 2018) Group Code: TACS 39 th 9 REGISTER TODAY! Advances in Cement-Based Materials (Cements 2018) JUNE 11-12, 2018 PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY | STATE COLLEGE, PA. USA ACers Cements Division announces its 2018 annual meeting, Advances in Cement-based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling, and Sensing, June 11-12, 2018, at The Pennsylvania State University in State College, Pa. The event is co-sponsored by the American Concrete Institute. Plan to join fellow cement researchers for this annual meeting and dive deeper into the latest research on topics such as additive manufacturing of cementitious materials and cement chemistry, processing, and hydration, just to name a few. Other events include a workshop on 3-D printing of cement-based materials, a student event at the HUB Robeson Center, as well as a student video competition, a tour of the Materials Research Institute, and the latest advances in cement-based research. DELLA ROY LECTURE | Jan Olek, professor of civil engineering and director of the North Central Superpave Center, Purdue University Title: Green concrete-the past, the present and the future PRESENTATIONS AT CEMENTS 2018 WILL COVER TOPICS IN THE AREAS OF: • • • Cement chemistry, processing, and hydration • Material characterization techniques Supplementary and alternative cementitious materials Rheology and advances in SCC • Additive manufacturing using cementitious materials • Durability and service-life modeling • Computational materials science • Smart materials and sensors MARINATUS OF SELF CONSOLIDATING CON BeeSYNTHETIC FIBERS PROGRAM CHAIRS Aleksandra Radlinska - ara@engr.psu.edu Farshad Rajabipour - Farshad@engr.psu.edu AA More details can be found on www.ceramics.org/cements2018 NITTANY LION INN 200 W. Park Ave., State College, PA 16803 Phone: 800-233-7505 Call 800-233-7505 and mention ACerS Cement Division (block code: ACER18B) for a rate of $118/night (to include room and taxes). Other accommodations are available at the Hyatt Place, located at 219 W. Beaver Ave., State College, PA 16803. The phone number is 814-862-9808. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL AND TOWERS | BOSTON | MASSACHUSETTS | USA Save the date TH 25T June 9-14, 2019 www.ceramics.org/icg2019 ICG 2019 Congress president Richard Brow Missouri University of Science & Technology brow@mst.edu ICG 2019 program chair John Mauro Pennsylvania State University jcm426@psu.edu INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON GLASS (ICG2019) Make your plans now to attend the International Congress on Glass (ICG) 2019 in Boston, Mass., June 9-14, 2019, to join the expected 1,000 attendees and more than 900 papers and posters representing the best and brightest glass science and technology minds in the world. Held every three years, the International Congress on Glass has been providing valuable networking and collaborative efforts since the late 1980s. ICG 2019 will include: - Special recognition of the 100th anniversary of GOMD - Technical, cultural, and historical excursions in and around the Boston area TECHNICAL PROGRAM Glass Structure and Chemistry S1: Definition of Network Formers and Network Modifiers (ICG TC03 & TC26) S2: Glass and Melt: Macroscopic Properties and Structure of Melt at High Temperature (ICG TC03 & TC26) S3: Metallic Glasses S4: Chalcogenide Glass Structure and Chemistry S5: Borate Glasses S6: Phosphate Glasses S7: Silicate Glass Structure S8: Crystallization of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics (ICG TC07) S9: Sol Gel Glasses S10: Metal-Organic Framework Glasses S11: Glass-Organic Adhesion Glass Physics S1: Glass Transition and Relaxation S2: Nucleation, Crystallization, and Phase Separation S3: Glass under Extreme Conditions S4: Topological Constraint Theory of Glass S5: Modeling and Simulation (ICG TC27) S6: Glass Surfaces (ICG TC19) S7: Mean-Field and Low-Dimensional Theories of Glasses S8: Optical Properties of Glass S9: Strength, Fracture, and the Mechanical Properties of Glasses (ICG TC06) S10: Acoustic Properties of Glass - Student career roundtables - Student poster contest S11: Thermal Properties of Glass S12: Electromagnetic Properties of Glass Glass Technology and Manufacturing S1: Raw Materials, Batch Melting, and Fining (TC18) S2: Glass Furnace Operation and Design (TC21) S3: Glass-Refractory Interactions S4: Glass Forming Operations S5: Towards Carbon-Free Glass Production S6: Glass Recycling and Sustainability S7: 3D Printing of Glass and Rapid Prototyping Emerging Applications of Glass S1: Energy and Environmental Aspects - Fundamentals and Application S2: Glass in Healthcare (TC04) S3: Glass-Based Integrated Optics S4: Glass in Sensor Technology S5: Glass for Buildings and Transportation S6: Glass and Glass-Ceramics for Packaging and Sealing S7: Photosensitive Glasses and Glass-Ceramics S8: Glass for Nuclear Waste Immobilization (TC05) S9: Quantum Dots and Nanocrystals in Glasses S10: Glass Materials and Devices for Photonic Systems (TC20) S11: Fiberglass (TC28) S12: Multimaterial Fibers S13: Open Session on Glasses for Pharma (TC12) Glass Education (TC23) Arun K. Varshneya Festschrift SAVE THE DATE FOR THIS IMPORTANT GLASS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEETING. ACERS GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION IS THE ICG 2019 HOST. Downloaded from bulletin-archief. 4 | www.ceramics.org 41 O book review John Olenick Guest columnist Flexible Glass: Enabling Thin, Lightweight, and Flexible Electronics Edited by Sean M. Garner The first line in the foreword by Peter L. Bocko says it all: \"Technological revolutions are often built upon a foundation of self-delusion and naiveté.\" And the last line in that same paragraph states, \"And if these collaborators realized at the outset the level of resolve and resources ultimately required to deliver a revolutionary technological platform, few would get off the ground.\" Having been on many similar types of projects, I know it takes a dedicated material champion along with selection and collaboration of some of the best researchers to further new materials into the realm of products. \"Flexible Glass\" is such a story of the team that has put availability of flexible glass onto the product roadmap for many companies. It is inevi table that new materials or new functionalities in common materials require the material\'s champion to also address establishment of the ecosystem surrounding market introduction and commercial scaling. it took more than a decade for the company to scale the new material into a multitude of applications, and it required full development of a logistical ecosystem of material and coating vendors. At my age, it is rare that I fully read technical books. Dr. Garner\'s \"Flexible Glass\" is my first in the past decade, and I found it to be the story of how to take a new flexible glass and successfully walk it through more than a decade of work-to where it is now used in many applications, from solar PV and wearables to high definition screens and integrated sensors. \"Flexible Glass\" tells the story of how to take a fairly inert material \"Flexible Glass” tells the story of how to take a fairly and make it inert material and make it thin and thus flexible and, through collaborative partner and vendor work, then activate it with additional functional coatings to make consumer products. When DuPont first introduced low-temperature cofired ceramic in the 1980s, thin and thus op Flexible Glass Enabling Thin, Lightweight, and Flexible Electronics Scrivener flexible and, through collaborative partner and vendor work, then activate it with additional functional coatings to make consumer products. For in and of itself, flexible glass, while having a multitude of applications, has thousands more if you add to it active coatings or layers. This book tells the full story of the collaborative work necessary to Edited By Sean M. Garner WINEY do that, which is most times grossly understated for new materials, leading to the disappearance of any marketing introductions. Such is not the case with \"Flexible Glass\"-I give a ton of praise for Dr. Garner\'s work in pulling the work and tome together. The book is well worth the time to read it. John A. Olenick is CEO and president of ENRG Incorporated (Buffalo, N.Y.). Contact Olenick at jolenick@ enrg-inc.com. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 new products PCBA Test verett Charles Technologies now offers a ECT mechanical bench-top cassette test system for testing printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAS). The system enables reliable spring test probe access to small- and medium-sized PCBAs and allows use of interchangeable cassettes to further reduce costs. The system will compress 100 8-oz. probes, is equipped with a probe protection/unit-under-test support plate, and offers a top probing option. The removable back panel allows custom cut-outs for test equipment connections. The system is constructed from lightweight materials and designed with folding lifting handles to facilitate operations. Xcerra Corp. (Norwood, Mass.) 781-461-1000 www.xcerra.com High-gain transducer Ma anufacturers of medical devices can now incorporate high gain transducers into new products faster and more cost-effectively with a package developed and supplied by CeramTec. Combining a horned transducer and a remote drive electronics board, the kit streamlines development of new devices, facilitating shorter lead times for ultrasonic applications. The transducers are manufactured in low-loss Navy Type III ceramic. Key transducer parameters are tracked to optimize performance and maintain vibration amplitude at pre-determined levels, under a variety of drive and load conditions. Ceram Tec (Plochingen, Germany) +49-7153-611-0 www.ceramtec.com Spray gun Bin Oinks, a Carlisle Fluid Technologies\' brand, has launched the all-new Binks Trophy AA air-assisted airless manual spray gun. BINKS Engineered for use in the most challenging finish applications, the spray gun is built to maximize spray quality, increase efficiency of product application, reduce downtime, and be environmentally responsible. The Binks Trophy AA is available in two pressure configurations, 1600 psi and 4400 psi. It is also available with a wide range of flat, fine-finish, and twist tips to cover every type of industrial spray finishing application. Carlisle Fluid Technologies (Scottsdale Ariz.) 800-726-8097 www.carlisleft.com TQC Drying time recorder he TQC Drying Time Recorder is The measures and records drying time of surface coatings and more. The compact machine has six tracks and comes with two robust and reusable glass beds of 100 x 350 x 3 mm, with six optional narrow glass beds in special adapters. The front panel of the recorder is made of hardened glass, which is easy to clean and protects the display. Powered by a safe 24V DC power supply, the recorder features a wide operating temperature range of -20°C-70°C and also is suitable for tests in climate chambers. Paul N. Gardner Company Inc. (Pompano Beach, Fla.) 954-946-9454 www.gardco.com Downloaded from bulletin archiefer4 | www.ceramics.org AREMCO PYRO-PAINT 634-ALP Refractory C High-temperature refractory coating yro-Paint 634-ALP, a new hightemperature ceramic coating manufactured by Aremco Products, can insulate and seal dense refractory brick used in high-temperature kilns and furnaces to 3200°F (1760°C). The ceramicbased sealant fills microporosity in dense refractory brick to improve reliability of the brick and protect metal shells from corrosion. Upon application, the coating can be cured in-situ and ramped rapidly to elevated temperatures, achieving full cure after exposure for 1-2 hours at 700°F. Pyro-Paint 634-ALP further sinters and strengthens as it is exposed to temperatures above 1,000°F. Aremco Products Inc. (Valley Cottage, N.Y.) 845-268-0039 www.aremco.com 43 23 resources Calendar of events May 2018 1-3 4th Ceramics Expo - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www.ceramicsexpousa.com 6-8 Oilfield Minerals & Markets Forum Houston 2018 - Hilton Houston Post Oak, Houston, Texas; http://bit.ly/Oilfield18 20-24 GOMD 2018: Glass and Optical Materials Division Meeting Hilton Palacio de Rio, San Antonio, Texas; www.ceramics.org/gomd18 27-June 1➡Int\'l Conference on Alkali Activated Materials and Geopolymers: Versatile Materials Offering High Performance and Low Emissions - Hotel Dos Templarios, Tomar, Portugal; http://bit.ly/EngConf2018 28-June 1➡24th IEI Congress and 80th PEI Technical Forum - Drake Hotel, Chicago, Ill.; http://porcelainenamel.com/2018_IEI_Congress June 2018 4-14 14th Int\'l Ceramics Congress and the 8th Forum on New Materials Perugia, Italy; http://2018.cimtec-congress.org 5-8 ACers Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting - Columbia, S.C.; www.ceramics.org/scpd2018 11-12 9th Advances in CementBased Materials - Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; www.ceramics.org/cements2018 17-19 MagFORUM 2018 Magnesium Minerals & Markets Conference Grand Elysée Hotel, Hamburg, Germany; http://bit.ly/MagFORUM18 17-21 ICC7: 7th Int\'l Congress on Ceramics - Hotel Recanto Cataratas Thermas, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil; www.icc7.com.br July 2018 9-12 6th Int\'l Conference on the Characterization and Control of Interfaces for High Quality Advanced Materials and the 54th Summer Symposium on Powder Technology Kurashiki, Japan; http://ceramics.ynu. ac.jp/iccci2018 9-13 15th Int\'l Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids & 14th European Society of Glass Conference Saint-Malo Convention Center, Saint-Malo, France; https:// pncs-esg-2018.sciencesconf.org 16-19 PIRE 2018 Workshop Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan.; http://nsf-pire-pdc.com/PDC_ Workshop.html 22-27 CMCEE-12: 12th Int\'l Conference on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications – Suntec Convention & Exhibition Centre, Singapore; www.cmcee2018.org August 2018 11-12 Gordon Research Seminar: Solid State Studies in CeramicsDefects and Interfaces for New Functionalities in Ceramics - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=17148 12-17 Gordon Research Conference: Solid State Studies in Ceramics - Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=11085 13-17 20th University Conference on Glass - Ruth Pike Auditorium, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pa.; https://research. matse.psu.edu/glass 20-23 MCARE2018: Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy - Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada; www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 September 2018 10-12 China Refractory & Abrasive Minerals Forum 2018 - Regal Int\'l East Asia Hotel, Shanghai, China; http://bit.ly/CRAMF2018 17-19 Advanced Ceramics and Applications VII: New Frontiers in Multifunctional Material Science and Processing - Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/index.htm October 2018 1-4 MMA 2018: 10th Int\'l Conference of Microwave Materials and their Applications - Nakanoshima Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; www. jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp/~conf/MMA2018 8-12 ic-cmtp5: 5th Int\'l Conference on Competitive Materials and Technology Processes - Hunguest Hotel Palota, Miskolc, Hungary; www.ic-cmtp5.eu 14-18 MS&T18, combined with ACerS 120th Annual Meeting - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org 15-17 Fluorine Forum 2018 - Hotel Wellington, Madrid, Spain; http://bit.ly/FluorineForum18 Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. denotes Corporate partner Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 classified advertising Career Opportunities ACerS is Hiring... EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) is seeking a fulltime Executive Director to replace the retiring incumbent, with a starting date in the Fall of 2018. The ACers Executive Director is the chief staff officer and corporate Secretary, responsible to the Board of Directors for managing the Society staff and operations. In addition to strong business and financial management skills, key roles will include: • expanding Internet-based information products; • identifying and negotiating new business opportunities and collaborative arrangements; • advocating for the importance of ceramic materials and disciplines; • developing individual and corporate membership; • generating enthusiasm among and for the membership as well as the worldwide ceramics community. The ideal candidate will be of unquestionable integrity with a direct and open style who is a recognized leader in their current position. Demonstrated success in managing an association, or a complex, information-based organization is required. Experience in technical and/or scholarly publishing is a major plus. An understanding and appreciation of technology and its benefits are essential. A Bachelors degree and 10+ years senior leadership experience is required, and a Masters (or Ph.D.) is preferred. Apply (or recommend candidates) by e-mail to Executive DirectorSearch@ceramics.org. Applications will close on May 31, 2018. All applicants will be acknowledged upon receipt. Selected applicants will be contacted by mid-June, regarding further steps in the selection process. The current Executive Director, Officers and Staff will neither accept nor respond to direct inquiries about the search. The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) values and seeks diverse and inclusive participation within the field of ceramic science and engineering. ACers strives to promote involvement and access to leadership opportunity regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, nationality, disability, appearance, geographic location, career path or academic level. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. 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Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-899-6109 Downloaded from bulletin-archive ferm. 4 | www.ceramics.org www.prematechac.com www.pptechnology.com www.qualityexec.com www.rauschert.com www.sgiglass.com 45 45 46 www.spectrochemicalme.com 46 www.ceramics.org 45 www.zircarceramics.com 45 46 www.zircarzirconia.com Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Pamela J. Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5842 47 O deciphering the discipline A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors. Nick Stone-Weiss Guest columnist Elemental release Understanding composition-structure-chemical durability relationships in SiO2-based mixed network-former glasses Silicate-based glasses have played a vital role in human civilization for centuries, marked by their long-lasting dependability and resistance to weathering. While silicate glasses form the basis for most everyday applications, glasses containing multiple network-forming oxides (including SiO2, B₂O, P₂O, and Al2O3) comprise the vast majority of technological applications. Whereas specific industrial glass applications may seek wide-ranging properties (such as crack resistance and thermal stability), nearly every commercial application requires understanding of reactions to a given chemical environment. In this regard, predicting chemical durability of multicomponent silicate glasses in various conditions is essential to develop new functional glass compositions that perform under diverse environments. While technologies such as window and cover glass, laboratory glassware, and packaging products must solely satisfy long-term, high-chemical-durability demands to preserve performance during exposure to weather or aqueous environments, many emerging glass applications require complete understanding of glass Stage I Gel formation Hydrolysis Interdiffusion Stage IIResidual rate regime Time Figure 1. Elemental release profile over time for typical silicate glass. Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org degradation mechanisms, including reactions that take place at the surface, in addition to evolving structural and chemical conditions. Such applications include: (i) designing bioactive glasses for human tissue regeneration, (ii) creating methods in which chemical treatments (i.e., ion-exchange) can enhance specific glass properties, and (iii) designing solutions that can provide uniform isochemical etching.¹ To understand how each commercial glass interacts with its surrounding chemical environment, we refer to the elemental release profile typical of silicate glasses (Figure 1). Silicate glasses in contact with aqueous environments produce two prevalent stages: stage I, which consists of interdiffusion of cations followed by hydrolysis of the glass network (high network dissolution rate); and stage II, which consists of development of a hydrated gel layer that reduces dissolution rate until a steady equilibrium is reached in the \"residual rate regime.\" Industrial applications concerned with long-term durability in aqueous environments emphasize stage II behavior, specifically residual dissolution rateCredit: Nick Stone-Weiss i.e., how the glass will endure in the long run. For applications that require a full understanding of reactions at the glass-solution interface, knowledge of stage I and stage II behavior may be necessary, as processes such as ion-exchange, gel layer formation, and apatite/precipitate formation are vital to develop glasses with enhanced properties, including bioactive and chemically strengthened glass. Development of non-empirical models to predict how mixed network-former silicate glasses interact in various aqueous environments requires a comprehensive dataset that considers interactions between composition, molecular structure, and chemical degradation behavior to provide a holistic picture. My research focuses on systematically changing ratios between network-forming species in Na₂O-MO-SiO2 (MO: B₂O, P₂O, and Al2O3) glasses and unearthing the implications on structure and chemical durability, with particular emphasis on understanding fundamental dissolution mechanisms. By strategically varying aqueous conditions and subsequently monitoring effluent solutions and glass structural evolution, we can successfully determine degradation mechanisms over various conditions. Considering this extensive dissolution dataset alongside structural and compositional details, we can develop intensive composition-structure-chemical durability models for each glass system. Further, by combining datasets for all combinations of 3–5 component Ne̱O-MOSiO2 glass systems, we can develop an overarching database that forms the basis for predictive models of chemical durability in commercially relevant systems. Successfully creating a predictive model that deduces degradation behavior and structural evolution simply from glass composition and aqueous environment would revolutionize design of technologically relevant glasses. References J.C. Mauro, C.S. Philip, D.J. Vaughn, M.S. Pambianchi, \"Glass science in the United States: Current status and future directions,\" Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 5(1), 2-15 (2014). 2B.C. Bunker, \"Molecular mechanisms for corrosion of silica and silicate glasses,\" J. Non. Cryst. Solids, 179, 300-308 (1994). Nick Stone-Weiss currently is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Rutgers University in Piscataway, N.J. Stone-Weiss enjoys playing soccer and basketball in his free time. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 4 ACERS - NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS A Trusted Research Tool Order Version 4.2 today! PHASE VERSION 4.2 IS THE ONLY DIGITAL RESOURCE FOR CERAMIC PHASE DIAGRAMS TRUSTED. Fully documented diagrams critically evaluated by experts. COMPREHENSIVE. 27,600 diagrams compiled over 84 years with explanatory notes. CONVENIENT. Easy to search by using elements, compounds, and bibliographic information. High-resolution, downloadable PDFs of diagrams are available. PORTABLE. Now available on USB, access diagrams anywhere with a laptop: no internet required. UNIQUE. With editor functions, view key information, directly read key data within a diagram, manipulate diagrams, and more. UP-TO-DATE. Version 4.2 adds 1,133 new phase diagrams used in the ceramics field. ORDER PHASE EQUILIBRIA VERSION 4.2 TODAY! Single User License $1,095 | Multiple User License $1,895 Get more information at ceramics.org/buyphase Get more information at ceramics.org/buyphase The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 12) (NA) RISTT) OF STANDARDS. AND TECHNO.COM ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams PC Database Version 4.2 Now Available on USB! Downloaded from bulletin-archive.ceramics.org AMERICAN ELEMENTS calcium carbonate nanoparticles europium ph dielectrics catalog:americanelements.com carbon nanoparticle THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER Ⓡ palladium nanoparticles liquids H silicon nanopart HH He 1.00794 Hydrogen copper anarticles. Nd: yttri medic rho 11 37 Li 6.941 Lithium Na 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium Rb 85.4678 Rubidium 12 20 38 56 zinc nanoparticles Be 9.012182 Beryllium Mg 24.305 Magnesium 21 optoelectronics 99.999% ruthenium spheres surface functionalized nanoparticles iron nanoparticles Ca Sc 40.078 Calcium Sr 44.965912 Scandium Y 88.90585 87.62 Strontium Yttrium nadium Cs Ba 87 132.9054 Cesium tant Fr (223) Francium thin film 88 137.327 Barium 89 40 2 72 Ti V Cr Mn 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium 41 73 50.9415 Vanadium 42 51.9961 Chromium Nb Mo 92.90638 Niobium La Hf Ta 138.90547 Lanthanum Ra Ac 104 178.48 Hafnium Rf 105 180.9488 Tantalum 2 74 95.96 Molybdenum 106 W 183.84 Tungsten 43 75 107 54.938045 Manganese Tc (98.0) Technetium 44 76 silver nanoparti Cu Zn Fe Co Ni Cu 55.845 Iron 45 58.933195 Cobalt 58.6934 Nickel 63.546 Copper Ru Rh 101.07 Ruthenium 102.9055 Rhodium 46 Pd 106.42 Palladium 18 47 Ag 107.8682 Silver Re Os 186.207 Rhenium Db Sg Bh 108 190.23 Osmium Hs (226) Radium (227) Actinium (267) Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium diamond m refracto sten carbide Ce 140.116 Cerium ༥ ཱཿ།སྐ ༅ ༄ 33 , ༣ 77 Ir 192.217 Iridium ༥ ༥༠ ༥ 65.38 Zinc B C 10.811 Boron 12.0107 Carbon 13 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum 14 Si 28.0855 Silicon Ga Ge 69.723 Gallium 72.64 Germanium 33 14.0067 Nitrogen 15.9994 Oxygen NP 30.973762 Phosphorus S 32.065 Sulfur As Se 74.9216 Arsenic 78.96 Selenium 48 Cd 112.411 Cadmium In 114.818 Indium Sn 118.71 Tin 51 Sb 78 Pt 195.084 Platinum 79 80 Au Hg 196.966569 Gold 112 200.59 Mercury Cn 81 113 TI 204.3833 Thallium Uut 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 ས མ བྲཱ ཀ 114 121.76 Antimony Pb 207.2 Lead 83 Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 영 115 Uup unc 84 116 17 35 F 18.9984032 Fluorine CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine Te 127.6 Tellurium 53 85 Po At (209) Polonium (210) Astatine Lv 117 ON ཐ ༧ 10 18 36 54 86 118 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar 39.948 Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon rod solid metals crystals cone site Rn mistry (222) Radon Uus Uuo um Rg FI (276) Meitnerium (281) Darmstadtium Roentgenium (285) Copernicium (284) Ununtrium (289) Flerovium (288) Ununpentium (293) Livermorium (294) Ununseptium (294) Ununoctium quantum dots 62 aluminum nanoparticles Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 140.90765 Praseodymium 91 92 144.242 Neodymium 61 93 (145) Promethium 94 150.36 Samarium 63 95 151.964 Europium 96 157.25 Gadolinium 158.92535 Terbium Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf 100 167.259 Erbium 101 168.93421 Thulium 102 173.064 Ytterbium Fm Md No 71 103 Lu nickel nanoparticl 174.9668 Lutetium Lr Es 232.03806 Thorium 231.03588 Protactinium 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) Plutonium (243) Americium (247) Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium single crystal silicon rbium doped fiber optics nano ribbons advanced polymers gadolinium wires atomic layer deposition ing powder macromolecu nano gels anti-ballistic ceramics TM nanodispersions Now Invent. ultra high purity mat dielectrics alternative energy europium phosphors Experience the Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs ttering targets LED lighting rmet anode super alloys osynthetics As one of the world\'s first and largest manufacturers and distributors of nanoparticles & nanotubes, American Elements\' re-launch of its 20 year old Catalog is worth noting. 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