AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MAY 2019 Tissue engineering and additively manufactured ceramic-based biomaterials Detecting sleep apnea | Glass-ceramic bubble map | Meetings season preview FIRING YOUR IMAGINATION FOR 100 YEARS Ads from the 1940\'s and 1950\'s 31 YEARS BACK. Abingdon Potteries, Inc.. Abingdon, Ill., subsidiary of Briggs Manufacturing Company, installed HARROP kiln No. 1. As the reputation and sales of Abingdon\'s white and colored vitreous china products grew, up went HARROP kilns No. 2 and No. 3. In 1946 three modern HARROP kilns replaced the original installations Today HARROP kiln No. 4 is going up. Like three others still on the job, it is 257 feet long... is direct-fired with not. ural gas... has oil as a stand-by fuel. Management reports firing losses practically nil... heating and cooling perfectly controlled... colors constant. New business from long-time HARROP users PROVES satisfactory results. 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ENGOBES.COLORED SUPS...DECORATING PLASTER MOLDS UNDERGLAZE COLORS... POTTERY TOOLS LUSTRES HARROP CERAMIC SERVICE COMPANY STRAIGHT TUO COG CHOLAR FUNNEL WILNS Durian MANT CONSTRUCTION PRINT CRAME BEEARCH HARROP-Practical Ceramic Engineering. Put Profitably to Work contents feature articles cover story 21 May 2019 • Vol. 98 No.4 Tissue engineering and additively manufactured ceramic-based biomaterials: Addressing real-world needs with effective and practical materials technologies Medicine and materials converge for new approaches to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. by Adam E. Jakus department News & Trends Spotlight... Ceramics in Manufacturing 12 Research Briefs. .... 3623722 13 17 19 Ceramics in Biomedicine Advances in Nanomaterials Ceramics in the Environment... 20 sleep Isoprene sensor/breathalyzer for 28 monitoring sleep disorders Detecting and correctly diagnosing sleep disorders improves people\'s lives and health. An isoprene sensor/ one potential way to accurately detect disorder breathalyzer offers 30 sleep disorders. by P. I. Gouma Bubbles-a glass-ceramic plague Understanding the mechanism behind bubble formation in glass-ceramics can lead to the creation of bubblefree glass. An experimental “bubble map\" could help increase understanding. by Oscar Peitl and Edgar D. Zanotto columns Deciphering the Discipline. An interdisciplinary problem: How glass and ceramics could be the future of energy storage By Michael L. Kindle meetings The Refractories Symposium highlights 48 35 35 25th International Congress on Glass (ICG 2019) 36 38 A message from the editor As we go to press, news reached us that Ceramic Industry magazine will end publication with its May issue-a decision driven by the realities of changing business models for media outlets. The Cl website will remain active through 2019. Ceramic Industry, a BNP Media publication, has been a recognized voice for the industry for over 50 years. Cl is not connected to The American Ceramic Society; however, many of our members and ACerS Bulletin readers also read it and know that Cl has supported the Society by reporting on important conferences and events such as the International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, MS&T, and, of course, Ceramics Expo. The Society acknowledges all that Cl and its staff have done over many decades to advance the ceramic and glass industry, and the leadership of its editor, Susan Sutton. We wish their staff all the best. Eileen De Guire Editor GFMAT-2/Bio-4 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS 2019) ... 40 Materials Science and Technology (MS&T19) resources New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Ad Index…. 41 3447 45 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org Lisa McDonald, Science Writer Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, Chair NASA Glenn Research Center Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing aross@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Sylvia Johnson, President Tatsuki Ohji, President-Elect Michael Alexander, Past President Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Board of Directors Mario Affatigato, Director 2018-2021 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 John Kieffer, Director 2018-2021 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2019 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018-2021 Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian online www.ceramics.org May 2019 Vol. 98 No.4 in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Credit: Christopher Walker, ETH Zurich http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss Video: Search for an ideal anti-fog coating \"heats\" up the competition ETH Zurich researchers developed an anti-fog coating that works by absorbing sunlight and generating heat rather than being hydrophilic, like other common anti-fog sprays. The researchers are collaborating with an industry partner to bring their coating to market. Read more at www.ceramics.org/antifog Also see our ACers journals... The International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology (ACT) is a leading resource for the advancement of ceramic materials for use in health care. The recently released issue contains a large number of articles in this field and another issue dedicated to bioactive ceramics is coming soon to compliment the highly successful special issue published in 2018. Below are three recent articles highlighting global efforts published in ACT. Porous alumina scaffolds chemically modified by calcium phosphate minerals and their application in bone grafts By A.D.R. Silva, W.R. Rigoli, D.C.R. Mello, et al. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology Zirconium modified calcium-silicate-based nanoceramics: An in vivo evaluation in a rabbit tibial defect model By A. Doostmohammadi, Z. Karimzadeh Esfahani, et al. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology A high-reliability alumina-platinum multilayer system for implantable medical devices By A. Knudsen, H. Makino, K. Morioka, et al. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology Applied Ceramic TECHNOLOGY Applied Ceramic Applied Glass Ceramic Engineering Journal Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2019. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 98, No. 4, pp 1- 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 news & trends The unraveling of the recycling cycle According to a 2017 global analysis published in Science Advances, only 9 percent of the discarded plastic on Earth has ever been recycled. About 12 percent has been incinerated, and the rest is polluting the land and sea or buried in landfills. At current rates of production and waste management, the article cites, humankind will have added 12,000 Mt of plastic materials to landfills and the natural environment by 2050. Yet despite awareness of this waste problem, the problem is not getting any better. China used to import 70 percent of the world\'s plastic waste for recycling, some 7 million tons per year. But last year, that recycling stream ground to a halt. In January 2018, China imposed contamination restrictions on 24 different recycled materials, restrictions so tight they essentially halted the country\'s imports of many recyclables. In 2018, China imported less than 1 percent of the recycling imports it accepted in 2016, according to a recent NPR article. With a dried-up Chinese market for recyclable imports, many countries, including the United States, are left wondering what to do with all the clables piling up. recyThe U.S. has little domestic market for many recyclable materials. So, although recycling bins are still being picked up curbside in major cities across the U.S., their contents are not being repurposed into new materials. Instead, recyclables are now often either dumped into landfills or incinerated, simply because it makes more economical sense for cities to do so than to pay much A Deltech Furnaces An ISO 9001:2015 certified company KI RECYCLE Both plastic and glass wastes face extreme recycling challenges in the United States and elsewhere. Credit: Bill Smith; Flickr CC BY 2.0 Control Systems are Intertek certified UL508A compliant American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org www.deltechfurnaces.com 3 news & trends The single-stream recycling process used commonly in the U.S. is one reason glass wastes are not properly recycled. higher prices to keep up recycling without China\'s help. While the situation for recyclable plastics looks dire, does the situation for glass waste look any better? A glass act Unlike plastic-for which some formulations can\'t be easily recycled and, even if they can, can end up with undesirable properties as a result of using repurposed precursor materials-glass can be recycled with few materials limits. \"Glass is 100 percent recyclable,\" says Bob Lipetz, executive director of the Glass Manufacturing Industry Council (GMIC), in a C&EN article about glass recycling. \"It has an unlimited life and can be melted and recycled endlessly to make new glass products with no loss in quality.” This ease of recyclability is in part why many European countries have achieved glass recycling rates of around 90 percent, according to a GMIC white paper about glass cullet, or crushed glass that can be repurposed into new glass products. However, the U.S. only recycles about a third of the 10 Mt of glass discarded annually. Why? The glass waste situation is similar to the plastic waste problem―it comes down to cost. Producing a high-quality supply of recycled glass cullet requires several processing steps that, in the U.S., often add up to an inefficient and thus costly process. One costly part of this process is the single-stream recycling process used 4 commonly in the U.S. In single-stream recycling, all recyclables are mixed together in one collection bin. While extremely convenient for consumers because all recyclable materials get tossed into the same combined bin, it is not easy to separate different recyclable materials from one another. While individual mechanized processessuch as magnets to attract metallic waste and air streams to isolate lighter-weight items like paper-can help partially separate mixed recycling streams, there is still a lot of manual separation required. Challenges with single-stream recycling lead to lower-quality individual material streams being separated from the mix. In particular, glass cullet, for which a high-quality supply of consistent and pure materials is critical, singlestream recycling just doesn\'t cut it. Multi-stream recycling systems, in which consumers toss their recyclables into separate bins that are collected and maintained as separate material offers one solution to the contamination problem. However, multistream recycling is not a viable solution for all communities. streams, For one, multi-stream recycling is costly and logistically more complicated to implement than single-stream systemsconsumers must be educated about how to properly use the system, and collecting and maintaining separate materials streams necessarily requires greater coordination and resources. And, once collected, transporting those individual material streams-which in the U.S. often requires transport across relatively large distances-introduces yet another economical challenge. Cycling back What is the solution to the seemingly broken materials recycling cycle? Unfortunately, there is no easy solution. But in regard to glass, there are at least several options. According to the GMIC white paper, \"Increasing the amount of recycled glass in the U.S. can be considered as a two-fold problem.\" Those two problems are that we need • Actions to increase the amount and quality of glass entering and passing through the chain of custody, • Actions to improve the quality and lower the cost of recycled cullet along with actions to educate organizations in the chain of custody. Part of the challenge to improving waste collection streams, both in amount and content, is doing so at an economical cost. One potential solution is glass redemption centers, drop-off bins, and deposits for beverage containers (bottle bills), which have been successfully implemented in several areas in the U.S. (and many more areas beyond the U.S.). Bottle bills or container deposits have an interesting history. While they used to be the norm and are still used in several countries outside the U.S., a combination of technological and materials advances along with social, economic, and political influence have tossed bottle bills out with the trash. Another needed solution is improved sorting processes to better separate single-stream recyclables, as that remains the main form of recycling currently in the U.S. Updated high-tech sorting systems that use optical sorting and hyperspectral imaging could help reach higher cullet standards, but again the challenge with these technologies is prohibitive cost. For additional details on glass recycling, delve into the full GMIC white paper at http://gmic.org/wp-content/ uploads/2018/10/GMIC-Cullet-WhitePaper.pdf. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Business news PLANTS, CENTERS, AND FACILITIES America Makes\' second satellite center to be located on Texas A&M University campus America Makes announced its second America Makes Satellite Center will be located within the facilities of the Institute\'s Platinum-level member, the Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, a part of The Texas A&M University System. The objective of the Satellite Center is to extend the reach of the existing America Makes mission. https://www.americamakes.us Custom Glass Solutions opens new facility in Fostoria Custom Glass Solutions, a leading glass fabricator focused on transportation applications, opened their third Ohio manufacturing facility in Fostoria. CGS was recently acquired by Stellex Capital Management, a private equity firm that invests in middle-market companies in North America and Europe. http:// www.advertiser-tribune.com/news/local-news Biesse Group to open its first Diamut manufacturing facility in North America Biesse Group will open its first Diamut manufacturing facility in North America at the Biesse Charlotte Campus in North Carolina. The facility will assemble Italian-engineered Diamut diamond profiling wheels for glass, stone, and ceramic processing. https:// glassmagazine.com/news Saint-Gobain glass unit in Vizag Glass manufacturer Saint-Gobain will establish a manufacturing unit at Atchutapuram in Visakhapatnam district (India) at a cost of Rs 2,000 crore. At present, Saint-Gobain has a modern glass manufacturing unit at Sriperumbudur near Chennai in Tamil Nadu, and a similar unit is what will be set up at Atchutapuram. https://telanganatoday.com ACQUISITIONS AND COLLABORATIONS Vidroporto acquires Brazilian glassmaking site Vidroporto Embalagens acquired Glass Industry of the Northeast Corporate Partner news 3DCeram Sinto opens a site in the USA glassmaking facility in Estância, Sergipe, northeast Brazil. The site had been closed for two years before the Vidroporto acquisition in January. Production will be initially 60,000 tons a year but could rise to 90,000 tons after future expansion. https:// www.glass-international.com/news Cornell, Air Force to study \'disruptive material\' in new center new center established by Cornell and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) aims to develop growth and processing methodologies for beta-gallium oxide, a material that could allow electronic devices to handle more power. The center is funded by a 3-year, $3 million AFRL grant with additional funds from Cornell and an option for a two-year extension. http://news. cornell.edu MARKET TRENDS Global additive manufacturing market expected to grow US$28.17 billion by 2027 The global additive manufacturing market is expected to grow to US$36.61 billion by 2027 from US$8.44 billion in 2018, growing at a CAGR of 17.7 percent. The expansion in the manufacturing industry is expected to embrace technological advancements to enhance plant productivity, maintain an edge with the customers, and gain competitive advantage. https://www.prnewswire.com/ news-releases China became a net-importer of several rare earth oxides in 2018 According to a report from Adamas Intelligence, China became a net-importer of several rare earth oxides (or oxide equivalents) in 2018. Additionally, total global primary rare earth oxide production increased 20.8 percent as China raised domestic mining, smelting, and separation quotas for first time in five years, and production in Myanmar and U.S. surged. https://www. greencarcongress.com 3DCeram Sinto, a provider of 3D ceramic printing equipment, established 3DCeram Sinto Inc. on the east coast of the United States in Wallingford, Conn., to avail the growing market and provide proximity to their clients. The Wallingford site will include a showroom to see the technology in action. In 2017, 3DCeram joined the Japanese industrial group Sintokogio to accompany them in their diversification and growth. Through this relationship, 3DCeram Sinto Inc. became a member of the Sinto America group, an $80 million company employing over 250 people across the United States and Mexico in foundry, surface treatment, and automation industries. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org the 5 acers spotlight SOCIETY, DIVISION, SECTION, AND CHAPTER NEWS Corporate Partner news Welcome ACerS newest Sapphire Corporate Partner: Central Ohio Technical College. CENTRAL OHIO TECHNICAL COLLEGE ACerS\' Corporate Partnership Program offers benefits that include advertising, sponsorships, meeting registrations, technical resources, and more. For more details, contact Kevin Thompson at 614-794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. ACerS adopts policy on Board and Nominating Committee diversity To formally reflect its intentions, the ACerS Board of Directors updated the Society\'s Constitution to help ensure diversity and inclusion among the director corps and Nominating Committee members. With input from the Member Services Committee and its Diversity and Inclusion subcommittee, the ACerS Board of Directors recently approved the following diversity statement, which will be included in the ACers governing documents: To ensure that ACers leadership reflects the diverse communities that we serve, ACerS will strive to achieve diversity on the Board of Directors and Nominating Committee through (i) gender equity, (ii) representation of persons with disabilities, LGBTQ, underrepresented U.S. minorities, and/or indigenous peoples, (iii) representation of individuals domiciled both in the U.S. and abroad, and (iv) representation of both the academic and nonacademic work sectors. 6 ACers and Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers extend MCARE partnership through 2030 ACerS and the Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers (KIChE) signed a memorandum of understanding to coorganize the Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy (MCARE) annual conference, held alternately in Korea and the United States, through 2030. This year\'s meeting will be held at the Lotte Hotel Jeju, Jeju Island, South Korea, August 19-23. It will return to the U.S. August 16-21, 2020, at the Hyatt Regency Bellevue, Bellevue, Wash. ACerS establishes Pan American Ceramics Congress Presidents of ACerS, Sociedad Colombiana de Materiales y Minerales, ABCeram (the Brazilian Ceramics Association), and Argentine Technical Association of Ceramics signed a memorandum of understanding to create a new conference, the Pan American Ceramics Congress (PACC), anticipated for July 2020. Organizers envision that the PACC would be held every two years, similar to the Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology. ACerS president Sylvia Johnson said, “We are basing this meeting in the success of the PACRIM meetings, and are engaging ceramic and materials societies throughout North, Central, and South America.\" This new policy sets a vision for the Society and represents diversity and inclu sion goals the Society strives to achieve. New anti-harassment policy adopted Recognizing the importance for ACerS members to feel safe and comfortable when attending ACerS meetings, the ACerS Board of Directors recently approved a new comprehensive anti-harassment policy that will be included in every meeting guide in addition to the ACerS governing documents. The complete policy can be reviewed on ceramics.org at: https://ceramics.org/ www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Names in the news ே R 1161 Credit: Johnson wp-content/uploads/2018/12/AntiHarassment-Policy.pdf. This new policy lets members and guests know that ACerS does not tolerate harassment and provides guidance on how incidents should be reported and handled. ACerS president Sylvia Johnson with students at Alfred University. Sylvia Johnson visited Alfred University in March. Johnson met students and faculty, visited Saxon Glass, gave a graduate student seminar, and gave a seminar to Materials Advantage and New Chapter in Taiwan approved Keramos students. The topic was The ACerS Board of Directors approved the establishment of the Taiwan Chapter, which will be headquartered in Taipei. Chapter officers are Jow-Lay Huang (chair), Hua-Tay Lin (secretary), and Wei-Hsing Tuan (treasurer). The Society is pleased to welcome the founding members of the Taiwan Chapter. Become an International Chapter of ACerS To better serve our members around the world, ACerS supports the formation of International Chapters when requested by members in regions or localities outside of the United States where concentrations of ACerS members reside. ACerS International Chapters work cooperatively with national and regional ceramic, glass, and materials societies to further promote the local/regional ceramics and glass community. To learn more, contact Belinda Raines at braines@ceramics.org the history of thermal protection systems. Also, Johnson and ACerS members Steven Tidrow and Holly Shulman were initiated into Tau Beta Pi as eminent engineers. The following day Johnson took a comprehensive tour of Corning\'s Museum of Glass with Jane Cook, chief scientist. Sylvia Johnson (right) with Jane Cook (left) in front of the Labino sculpture at the Corning Museum of Glass. A world leader in bioactive and custom glass solutions Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions and will work with you to create tailored glass materials to match your application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. mo-sci.com/contact In memoriam Francis Galasso Warren Joseph Gyurk David Norman \"Norm\" Hill Eric \"Lou\" Vance Some detailed obituaries can also be found at www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. mo.sci CORPORATION www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C @moscicorp f @MoSciCorp linkedin.com/company/moscicorp in American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight Society, division, section, and chapter news (cont.) United Kingdom Chapter hosts additive manufacturing workshop Lucideon, the materials development and commercialization organization, is hosting a workshop in collaboration with the ACerS UK Chapter on May 16, 2019, at Lucideon\'s headquarters in Stoke-on-Trent. The workshop will focus on ceramics additive manufacturing and will foster a knowledge exchange between academics, businesses, and government. Registration and poster submission is open. Sign up now for this free event at https://www.eventbrite. co.uk/e/uk-chapter-acers-lucideonceramics-additive-manufacturingworkshop-tickets-57600829632. AWARDS AND DEADLINES Honorary Membership Schaeffer Helmut A. Schaeffer will receive the American Ceramic Society\'s Honorary Membership at the 25th International Congress on Glass, June 9-14, 2019, in Boston, Mass. Schaeffer\'s work focuses on diffusion and other transport properties, redox equilibria, the oxidation state of melts, and the physical chemistry of glass surfaces. His distinguished professional career spans over 40 years and has been characterized by scholarship, research, teaching and mentoring, and promoting collaboration among the global glass-ceramics community in general and the United States and German communities specifically. 8 www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday GOMD 2019 lecture awards Stookey Lecture of Discovery Yoldas Bulent Yoldas, Carnegie Mellon University Formation of glass and ceramics by chemical polymerization and its effects on properties George W. Morey Award | Himanshu Jain, T.L. Diamond Distinguished Chair in Engineering and Applied Science, professor of materials science and engineering, and the director of Institute for Jain Functional Materials and Devices at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa. The architectured glass Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars Emily M. Aaldenberg, Ph.D. candidate, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y. Surface stress relaxation of silica glass and the presence Aaldenberg of composition fluctuations Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Zwanziger Josef W. Zwanziger, Canada Research Chair in NMR Studies of Materials, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Mechanics, chemistry, and light: The photoelasticity of glass Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture Hill Robert Hill, professor, Queen Mary University of London, U.K. Structure-property relationships in halide containing bioactive glasses Samuel Geijsbeek PACRIM International Award recipients Samuel Geijsbeek PACRIM International Award honors Samuel Geijsbeek, one of the founders of ACerS, who died in 1943. The award recognizes individuals who are members of the Pacific Rim Conference societies, for their contributions in the field of ceramics and glass technology that have resulted in significant industrial or academic impact, international advocacy, and visibility of the field. Two Geijsbeek Awards will be presented at the 2019 PACRIM conference in Okinawa, Japan in October. Fu | Zhengi Fu is chief professor of materials science and engineering at the Wuhan University of Technology, China. He received a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from the Wuhan University of Technology. Fu\'s research focuses on multifunctional ceramics and ceramic-based composites, structural/functional integrative composites, novel materials structure and properties, combustion synthesis, insitu reaction synthesis and processing, fast and ultra-fast sintering, and bio-process inspired synthesis and fabrication. Singh Mrityunjay Singh is chief scientist at the Ohio Aerospace Institute (Cleveland, Ohio). He holds a Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology-BHU. Singh\'s research activities include processing, manufacturing, integration, property characterization, and application technologies of ceramics and ceramic composites for a wide variety of aerospace, energy, and environmental applications. Deadlines for upcoming nominations May 15, 2019 Glass & Optical Materials: Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award recognizes undergraduate students who have demwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 AdValue Technology Awards and deadlines (cont.) onstrated excellence in research, engineering, or study in glass science or technology. Electronics: Edward C. Henry Award recognizes an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Electronics: Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship recognizes academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics/materials science and engineering. July 1, 2019 The Mueller Award The award recognizes long-term service to Engineering Ceramics Division and work in the area of engineering ceramics that has resulted in significant industrial, national, or academic impact. The award consists of a memorial plaque, certificate, and a $1,000 honorarium. For information, contact Manabu Fukushima at manabu-fukushima@aist.go.jp. The Bridge Building Award The Bridge Building Award recognizes contributions to the field of engineering ceramics, including expansion of the knowledge base and commercial use thereof, and contributions to the visibility of the field and international advocacy. The award consists of a glass piece, certificate, and a $1,000 honorarium. For information, contact Surojit Gupta at gsurojit1@gmail.com. The Global Young Investigator Award The Global Young Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding scientist conducting research in academia, industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. Candidates must be ACerS members 35 years of age or younger. Selection is based on scientific contributions and visibility of the field, and advocacy of the global young investigator and professional scientific forum. The award consists of $1,000, a glass piece, and a certificate. For information, contact Valerie Wiesner at valerie.l.wiesner@nasa.go. August 15, 2019 2020 Class of Fellows nominations The 2020 Class of Society Fellows recognizes members who have made outstanding contributions to the ceramic arts or sciences through productive scholarship or conspicuous achievement in the industry or by outstanding service to the Society. Nominees shall be persons of good reputation who have reached their 35th birthday and who have been members of the Society at least five years continuously. Visit http://bit. ly/SocietyFellows to download the nomination form. ECD secretary nominations The Engineering Ceramics Division Nominating Committee invites nominations for the incoming 2019-2020 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Alumina Sapphire Quartz High Purity Powders Metallization Laser Machining Http://www.advaluetech.com YOUR VALUABLE PARTNER IN MATERIAL SCIENCE Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A GASBARRE POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM ON-SITE SERVICE Engineered Solutions FOR POWDER COMPACTION CNC HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC PRESSES Easy to Setup and Flexible for Simple to Complex Parts HIGH SPEED PTX PRESSES Repeatable. Reliable. Precise. 814.371.3015 press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com COLD ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing GASBARRE POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS 9 acers spotlight Awards and deadlines (cont.) division secretary. Nominees will be presented for approval at ECD\'s annual business meeting at MS&T19 and included on the ACerS spring 2020 division officer ballot. Submit nominations and a short description of the candidate\'s qualifications to Mrityunjay Singh, nominating committee chair, at mrityunjaysingh@oai.org, Jingyang Wang at jywang@imr.ac.cn or Andy Ericks at aericks@ucsb.edu. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/divisions. VOLUNTEER SPOTLIGHT ACerS is pleased to announce that Steve Jung has been selected for the Volunteer Spotlight program through which we recognize a member who Jung demonstrates outstanding service to The American Ceramic Society through volunteerism. Jung earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from the Missouri University of Science and Technology while studying ceramic engineering. He has spent the last nine years at Mo-Sci Corporation, now serving as chief technology officer, working on design and development of specialty glass primarily in the healthcare industry for orthopedics and spine, dentistry, wound care, and cancer treatment. Jung was instrumental in creating ACerS Bioceramics Division and serves as its first chair. He is also the Manufacturing Division\'s vice chair. He participated in the Materials Camp at MS&T, cochaired the first two Innovations in Bioceramics conferences, was an organizer of ACerS Bioceramics Technical Interest Group, and served on the Du-Co Ceramics scholarship selection committee. We extend our deep appreciation to Jung for his service to our Society! STUDENTS AND OUTREACH ICG/PCSA early career networking event Students and young professionals attending ICG 2019, June 9-14, 2019, should register to attend an informal discussion with scientists from industry, national laboratories, and academia. This will be an opportunity for attendees to ask questions in a casual environment on diverse topics (work-life balance, career opportunities, etc.). Attendees will be encouraged to rotate every 15 minutes so they will have a chance for candid discussions with several professionals during the session. Lunch will be provided. Registration for this event will be opening soon. ACers Young Professionals Network Consider joining ACerS Young Professionals Network once you become an ACerS member. YPN is designed for members who have completed their degree and are between 25 and 40 years old. YPN gives young ceramic and glass scientists access to invaluable connections and opportunities. Visit www. ceramics.org/ypn for more information, or contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. ACerS Associate Membership The American Ceramic Society offers a one year Associate Membership at no charge for recent graduates who have completed their terminal degree. To receive the benefits of membership in the world\'s premier membership organization for ceramics and glass professionals, visit www.ceramics.org/associate. ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network ACerS GGRN membership is for graduate-level ceramic and glass students, and it addresses the professional and career development needs and builds an international network of peers and contacts who have a primary interest in ceramics and glass. Membership is only $30 per year, and members receive all ACerS individual member benefits plus special events at meetings and free webinars on relevent topics. If you are a current graduate student focusing on ceramics or glass, visit www. ceramics.org/ggrn to learn how GGRN can help your career. If you submitted an abstract to MS&T19, you may be eligible for the GEMS award The Basic Science Division organizes the annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) awards to recognize outstanding achievements of graduate students in materials science and engineering. The award is open to all graduate students who are making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at MS&T. In addition to their abstract, students must also submit a nomination packet to the Basic Science Division chair-elect, John Blendell, by Monday, July 15, 2019. For details, visit www.ceramics.org/GEMS. An abundance of student opportunities available at MS&T19 There are many opportunities available at this year\'s MS&T. Make sure to sign up for the following student contests: • • Undergraduate student poster contest Undergraduate student speaking contest • Graduate student poster contest Ceramic mug drop contest • Ceramic disc golf contest • NEW! Humanitarian pitch competition For more information on any of the contests or student activities at MS&T, visit www.matscitech.org/students or contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Starbar and Moly-Delements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION CGIF 2018 Annual Report highlights the year\'s many successes The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation continued its mission of attracting, inspiring, and training the next generation of ceramic and glass professionals and is proud to highlight some of its success stories in its 2018 Annual Report. The report, distributed in April, is available online at https://foundation.ceramics. org/cgif-news. Highlights include: • Materials Science Classroom Kit: 225 kits were distributed throughout the United States and abroad. • Student travel grants: 10 students received financial assistance to attend the European Ceramic Society\'s Summer School in Hasselt, Belgium. • Student outreach and exchanges: The CGIF hosted 50 university students from around the world at Winter Workshop 2018, held in conjunction with the 42nd International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites in Daytona Beach, Fla. • Student and teacher outreach: Exhibited and demonstrated materials science at the 2018 USA Science and Engineering Festival in Washington, D.C. • Student leadership development and outreach: PCSA students demonstrated ceramic and glass-oriented labs for middle and high school students for two days at MS&T18 in Columbus, Ohio. • External grants for student outreach: Provided over $87,000 to 12 recipients. • Keramos collaboration: 14 university-based Keramos chapters were offered funding to perform outreach activities on campus and to younger students in the community. • Teacher workshop: Provided a free one-day materials science workshop for teachers with co-sponsor HarbisonWalker International; 21 teachers from 19 high schools participated. • National Science Foundation award: Received a $500,000 grant to support a three-year international research experience with project partners The Pennsylvania State University and Kiel University in Germany. 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(978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 11 ceramics in manufacturing Welding glass to metal Researchers at Heriot-Watt University (Edinburgh, Scotland) and their partners from industry accomplished a feat once thought impossible: direct welding of glass and metal. \"Traditionally it has been very difficult to weld together dissimilar materials like glass and metal due to their different thermal properties-the high temperatures and highly different thermal expansions involved cause the glass to shatter,\" says Duncan Hand, director of the five-university EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Laser-based Production Processes based at HeriotWatt, in a Heriot-Watt press release. Currently, glass and metal often are held together with adhesives, but that process is messy, and parts can gradually move out of place. Additionally, \"organic chemicals from the adhesive can be gradually released and can lead to reduced product lifetime,\" Hand adds. Instead of adhesives, the method Hand and his research team used to join glass and metal is a technique of recent interest called ultrafast laser microwelding. Ultrafast laser microwelding involves aiming laser pulses at the interface between two materials in quick succession so that heat accumulates at the interface and leads to localized melting. When the laser pulses stop and the material resolidifies, strong and robust bonds form between the materials along the interface. So far, the majority of research on ultrafast laser microwelding has focused on similar or slightly dissimilar materials (e.g., glass-glass), while research on highly dissimilar materials has concentrated on bonding glass and silicon. For research on glass and metal welding, Hand and his team explain that previous studies were limited to proofof-principle demonstrations involving specific material combinations and limited systematic studies. That is why the researchers \"aim to move ultrafast microwelding closer to an industrially Researchers from Heriot-Watt University and industry successfully welded glass and metal together using an ultrafast laser microwelding process. viable technique through a systematic study of the parameter space for welding and demonstrating accelerated lifetime survivability,\" as they explain in their paper. However, due to the brittle nature of glass, creating enough samples to produce statistically relevant tests of all parameters was impractical-each process parameter set would require at least 20 samples. So, the researchers focused only on pulse energy and focal plane for this study. The researchers carried out two tests for each pair of parameters to create a parameter map. They used the map to identify regions of interest to run full, 20-sample tests. After running these tests, they identified an “optimized\" set of parameters for accelerated lifetime testing (e.g., thermal cycling). While the Heriot-Watt press release states various optical materials like quartz, borosilicate glass, and sapphire were all successfully welded to metals like aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel, the actual paper focuses on welding two specific glasses [Spectrosil 2000 (SiO2) and Schott N-BK7 (BK7)] to 6082 aluminum alloy (A16082). Credit: Heriot-Watt University The researchers found a single-pass process was sufficient to wield BK7 and A16082 together, but SiO2 and A16082 required two passes, likely due to the roughness of the aluminum surface. Despite this difference in weld mechanism, \"the optimal weld parameters in each case are very similar and easily within the capabilities of one laser system,\" the researchers explain in the paper. In the future, the authors note that further work in thermal compensation, either through interlayers or surface patterning to relieve thermal stress, is needed to develop a reliable welding process, \"particularly for material combinations with a large mismatch of thermal expansion, e.g., Al6082-SiO,.\" For now, Hand and his team are working with a consortium led by Oxford Lasers, a laser micromachining systems integrator, and laser specialists Coherent Scotland, as well as Leonardo and Gooch & Housego, both end-users of the technology, to develop a prototype to take the laser processing system closer to commercialization. Two other partners, Glass Technology Services and the Centre for Process Innovation, provide additional routes to commercialization, including in packaging of OLED devices. The open-access paper, published in Applied Optics, is \"Towards industrial ultrafast laser microwelding: SiO2 and BK7 to aluminum alloy” (DOI: 10.1364/AO.56.004873). Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday Online research, papers, policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 research briefs Alkali silicate glass appears to defy Joule\'s first law According to Joule\'s first law of heating, heat is produced in proportion to the square of electrical current passing through a material. While this law holds true for homogeneous conductors or semiconductors—and, with small modifications, to inhomogeneous materials like composites-alkali silicate glasses appear to defy the law. Alkali silicate glasses are homogeneous materials, so one would expect them to heat uniformly according to Joule\'s law. However, upon exposure to an electric field, the local temperature near the anode reaches temperatures more than 1,000°C hotter than the rest of the glass-well above the predicted Joule temperature for homogeneous materials. In a new open-access paper by Lehigh University and Corning Inc. researchers, they explain why alkali silicate glasses appear to defy Joule\'s law-as alkali silicate glasses heat, they become inhomogeneous on the nanoscale and thus do not fit the requirements necessary to be predicted by traditional Joule\'s law. \"Trivial expressions of Joule heating are well-established,\" the researchers say in the paper. “However, much less is known about the manifestation of Joule\'s law for the case of a material that is homogeneous to begin with, but wherein the effect itself (by migrating charge-carriers) may modify the material over time.\" The researchers studied homogeneous-to-inhomogeneous transformations in alkali silicate glass because of a recently discovered phenomenon in model glasses: electric field induced softening (EFIS). This mechanism, first reported in 2015, softens glass at much lower furnace temperatures than conventional heating methods, making it easier to fabricate different structures in glass, such as microlenses. By studying EFIS in alkali silicate glass, the Lehigh and Corning researchers hoped to both better understand EFIS and how Joule\'s first law may need to be modified to accurately depict other cases where materials change structure under an applied Charles T. McLaren (left) and Himanshu Jain studied alkali silicate glass and its transformation from homogeneous to inhomogeneous on exposure to an electric field. sinto 3DCERAM New Harmony >> New Solutions™ www.3DCeram.us TURNKEY SOLUTION FOR CERAMIC 3D PRODUCTION Engineering, hardware & consumable ✓ 3DMIX ceramic pastes ✓ CERAMAKER 3D printer, hybrid 3D printer and 3DCERAM 4.0 automated production line ✓ SERVICES Research News Heat can act like sound wave when moving through pencil lead Researchers from Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggest that graphite, and perhaps its high-performance relative, graphene, may efficiently remove heat in microelectronic devices in a way that was previously unrecognized. At temperatures of -240°F, they saw clear signs that heat can travel through graphite in a wavelike motion, which causes warm points to instantly cool (normally, heat travels through crystals in a diffusive manner, carried by packets of acoustic vibrational energy). This mode of heat transport is dubbed \"second sound\" in resemblance to the wavelike way sound travels through air. The new results represent the highest temperature at which scientists have observed second sound. For more information, visit http://news.mit.edu. Let\'s bring Technical Ceramics into the 3D Dimension Biomedical Foundry cores Aerospatial The leading Ceramics Additive manufacturing expert 3DCERAM-SINTO, 37 Capital Drive, Wallingford, 06492 CT US. Info@3dceram.us - Phone: 203 695 2218 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 13 Credit: Lehigh University research briefs electric field, such as thin film and nanoscale devices (devices in which inhomogeneity becomes destructive more readily). For their study, the Lehigh and Corning researchers created two lithium sodium silicate glasses and a sodium silicate glass to serve as models of common glasses. Using representative infrared images, the researchers identified four stages of glass heating that occur when an electric field is applied (building on research from a previous study). Scientists have largely attributed the EFIS process to formation of a highly resistive alkali ion depletion layer near the anode, which leads to dielectric breakdown (the glass goes from being insulating to electrically conductive) and thermal runaway (an increase in temperature causes a further increase in current and thus temperature). However, whether dielectric breakdown causes thermal runaway or thermal runaway causes dielectric breakdown is still an open question. As the researchers say, \"The present results may not fully resolve this dilemma of cause and effect between dielectric breakdown and thermal runaway.\" Though this study could not conclusively answer this specific technicality, the researchers did shine light on part of the EFIS process: thickness of the alkali ion depletion layer influences the extent of thermal runaway. \"We had no purpose of controlling [the depletion layer\'s] thickness,\" says Himanshu Jain, ACerS fellow and professor of materials science and engineering at Lehigh University, in an email. \"Formation of depletion layer. is induced by the application of electric field. The depletion layer develops and grows with time until reaching its stable value.\" However, by observing what happened at each thickness as the depletion layer grew, the researchers were able to gather some insights. \"The maximum temperature experienced by the depletion layer was when its thickness was 100 nm,\" the researchers explain in the paper. At 100 nm thickness, they found local temperature increased by about 1,400°C in less than 30 seconds, while the furnace temperature increased by only 10.1°C. In contrast, when depletion thickness was very small (about 5 nm), the generated heat “could dissipate quickly out into the electrode by conduction\" and thus avoid thermal runaway, while thickness beyond 100 nm began to limit the amount of current that could pass through, and thus “the reduced current decreased the attendant Joule heating effects.\" Once depletion layer thickness reached 50 µm, there was no indication of thermal runaway and the sample “represents the condition of classic Joule\'s law.\" Importantly, these results occurred when using DC applied voltage. The researchers found \"resistive heating in AC-EFIS could be more controllable compared to the dramatic thermal runaway of DC-EFIS, likely due to a more uniform internal field and corresponding heat distribution under AC than in the analogous DC case.\" While this study showed macroscale Joule\'s law for homogeneous samples does not apply to ionically conducting solids when metal or graphite electrodes are used, Jain says the study does lend support to the idea that Joule\'s law will continue to work for ionically conducting solids on the microscale. \"A reasonable agreement between the observed and calcu lated temperature values based on Joule\'s law gives credibility to the applicability of this law at the microscale,\" Jain says. \"Notwithstanding, we are well aware of the simplifying assumptions of our calculations and other observations that indicate the presence of additional mechanisms of heating as well. So we need to conduct more detailed experiments and accurate modeling.\" Currently, Jain says their research focuses on exploiting their observations in practical applications, such as in the structuring of glass surface. The open-access paper, published in Scientific Reports, is \"Development of highly inhomogeneous temperature profile within electrically heated alkali silicate glasses\" (DOI: 10.1038/ s41598-019-39431-8). Research News NIST researchers boost intensity of nanowire LEDs Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology made ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that, thanks to a special type of shell, produce five times higher light intensity than do comparable LEDs based on a simpler shell design. The new, brighter LEDs are an outcome of NIST\'s expertise in making high-quality gallium nitride nanowires. They previously demonstrated GaN LEDs that produced light attributed to electrons injected into the shell layer to recombine with holes. The new LEDs have a tiny bit of aluminum added to the shell layer, which reduces losses from electron overflow and light reabsorption. For more information, visit https://www.nist. gov/news-events/news. 14 Researchers investigate complex uranium oxides with help from CADES resources To accelerate the process of identifying novel uranium oxide phases, researchers from the Department of Energy\'s Oak Ridge National Laboratory studied 4,600 different potential crystal structures of uranium oxide compositions on Metis, a CADES high-performance computing cluster. An improved understanding of uranium oxides, which fuel the vast majority of the United States nuclear power fleet, could lead to the development of improved fuels or waste storage materials. They identified a potentially stable crystalline phase for a material, U₂07, which has only been observed experimentally as an amorphous phase. For more information, visit https://www.ornl.gov/news. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Credit: Xiangfeng Duan and Xiang Xu, University of California, Los Angeles Durable, lightweight ceramic aerogels for aerospace applications An international team of researchers from the United States, China, and Saudi Arabia recently published a paper on a new ceramic aerogel that withstands extreme heat and repeated temperature spikes better than other ceramic aerogels because of a unique property-instead of expanding when heated, it contracts. \"The key to the durability of our new ceramic aerogel is its unique architecture,\" Xiangfeng Duan, a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, says in a UCLA press release. Duan led the research along with Yu Huang (UCLA professor of materials science and engineering) and Hui Li (professor of civil engineering and mechanics at Harbin Institute of Technology in China). The reason their ceramic aerogel contracted when exposed to heat rather than expanded is due to its negative-index properties. Materials with a negative Poisson\'s ratio expand when they are stretched and contract when they are compressed; similarly, materials with a negative thermal expansion coefficient contract when they are heated and expand when they are cooled. The ceramic aerogel in this research had both properties. To create their ceramic aerogel, the researchers first produced specially-designed 3D graphene aerogel templates, and they used these templates to synthesize two ceramic aerogelshexagonal boron nitride aerogels (hBNAGs) and ẞ silicon carbide aerogels (ẞSiCAGS)-using a chemical vapor deposition process. They ended up with aerogels containing interior \"walls\" reinforced with a double-pane structure, which reduced the material\'s weight and contributed to its insulating abilities. Though two ceramic aerogels were created for this research, \"[f]or simplicity, we focus our discussion on hBNAGS,\" the researchers explain in the paper. The UCLA press release describes what tests the researchers put their ceramic aerogels through-tests that would have likely caused other aerogels to fracture. “[E]ngineers raised and lowered the temperature in a testing container between [-198°C] and [900°C] above zero over just A new highly durable ceramic aerogel created by an international research collaboration is so lightweight that it can rest on a flower without damaging it. a few seconds,\" the press release describes. “In another test, [the ceramic aerogel] lost less than 1 percent of its mechanical strength after being stored for one week at [1,400°C].\" Laddle Lining Shroud & Stopper Kiln Lining Ceramic Fibre HINDALCO CHEMICALS Speciality Alumina Chemicals for REFRACTORIES Fusion Slide Gate Blast Furnace Troughs New family of glass good for lenses Researchers at The Pennsylvania State University developed a new composition of germanosilicate glass by adding zinc oxide, which has properties good for lens applications. This new family of zinc germanosilicate glass has a high refractive index comparable to that of pure germania glass, and also high transparency, good ultravioletshielding properties, and good glass forming ability. These properties, in addition to the glass\'s resistance to crystallization and the lower cost of zinc oxide compared to germania, make this new glass composition a practical choice for manufacturing on a mass scale. The researchers have filed a patent for the glass. For more information, visit https://news. psu.edu. ADITYA BIRLE Calcium Aluminate Cement High Alumina Bricks & Shapes Continuous Casting Refractories Electrocast Refractories Monolithic Refractories Ceramic Fibre Synthetic Aggregates For more details, contact: HINDALCO INDUSTRIES LIMITED Thermal stability & strength makes Alumina an excellent as well as essential ingredients for highend Refractory applications. 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Mumbai +91-22-66917000 Delhi +91-120-6692100 Kolkata +91-33-22882680 Bangalore +91-80-40416109 www.hindalco.com/alumina-chemicals American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 15 research briefs Credit: Xiangfeng Duan and Xiang Xu, University of California, Los Angeles Even though the researchers focused on describing the response of hBNAGs, they did mention a significant finding when compared to ẞSiCAGS. \"We found similar superelastic behavior (strain up to 95%) in ẞSiCAGS,\" the researchers say in the paper. “[This finding indicates] that the templating method should be a general one for making elastic ceramics.\' \" Duan notes in the press release that their material could also be useful for thermal energy storage, catalysis, or filtration. The paper, published in Science, is \"Double-negative-index ceramic aerogels for thermal superinsulation” (DOI: 10.1126/ science.aav7304). An easier way to measure out-of-plane resistivity Borrowing from neurology, researchers developed a nondestrucin CMCs Researchers from The University of Akron in Ohio and the Institute of Structures and Design at the German Aerospace Center in Germany demonstrated a nondestructive method for measuring resistivity that has great potential for in-situ monitoring of the health of composites. Resistivity has been shown to act as a sensitive probe for identifying damage in composites. Because some types of damage affect in-plane structure while others disrupt stacking of the layers, monitoring resistivity both in-plane and out-of-plane is required for a complete picture of the composite. But due to sampling constraints and architectural complexity, the out-ofplane measurement is rarely reported. Is there an easier way to take out-of-plane resistivity measurements? Using simple electrical measurements and sample geometry along with the concept of length constant from the field of neurology, the U.S. and German researchers were able to determine both in-plane and out-of-plane resistivity simultaneously for three composite samples: melt-infiltrated tive method for monitoring stress state of CMCs. SiC/SiC composite (MI SiC/SiC), polymer impregnation and pyrolysis SiC/SiNC composite (PIP SiC/SiNC), and melt-infiltrated C/C-SiC (MI C/C-SiC). To verify the validity of their technique, the researchers also measured out-of-plane resistivity values using a standard 4-point method. The result? The values calculated from both techniques were comparable for the MI SiC/SiC and PIP SiC/SiNC composites, but their third composite, MI C/C-SiC, was too thin to use in the standard method. Though only early results were presented, one can imagine refining the technique and applying it to real-time monitoring of damage resulting from mechanical and thermal stresses on composite materials, both in the lab and in end-use products. The paper, published in International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, is \"Determination of out-of-plane electrical resistivity for nonoxide ceramic matrix composites\" (DOI: 10.1111/ijac. 12865) Research News New record on the growth of graphene single crystals A research group from Wuhan University in China explored the rapid growth of large graphene single crystal on liquid copper with the rate up to 79 µm/s, based on the liquid metal chemical vapor deposition strategy. They systematically studied the nucleation and growth behavior of graphene on solid copper and liquid copper and found that, in comparison to solid copper, the nucleation density of graphene on liquid copper exhibits a strong decline and the related activation energy also declines. As for the growth rate, the growth rate of graphene on liquid copper is almost two orders larger compared to that on solid copper. For more information, visit https://www.eurekalert.org/bysubject/chemistry.php. Hidden deicer risks affecting bridge health Washington State University and Montana State University researchers found concrete samples exposed to magnesium chloride in the lab with repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles lost more strength than samples exposed to rock salt-even though the samples showed no visual signs of damage. Magnesium chloride is thought to be a more environmentally friendly alternative to rock salt. However, this research showed that while rock salt will show visible degradation symptoms such as scaling and spalling, magnesium chloride does not; the worst effects often occur half an inch to one inch inside a concrete sample, instead of on the surface. For more information, visit https://news.wsu.edu. 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 ceramics in biomedicine Credit: University of Central Florida Cerium oxide enables first rapid detector of dopamine Developing point-of-care diagnostics for use in low resource settings is an important way to extend healthcare access to those most in need. In the case of point-of-care diagnostics for measuring dopamine concentration, reality may be closer than ever thanks to researchers at the University of Central Florida. In a recent study, the UCF researchers describe how they created the first-ever rapid detector of dopamine. Their device takes the usual time-consuming, rigorous dopamine-detecting process and reduces it to just a few drops of blood and a single, palm-sized chip. \"There is no preprocessing needed,\" says Abraham VázquezGuardado, a graduate of UCF and now a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University, in a UCF press release. \"Our plan was to make a much quicker, enzyme-free kind of detection.\" By measuring dopamine levels in a person\'s body, doctors are able to better diagnose and manage neurological disorders (such as Parkinson\'s and depression) and diseases (specifically, some cancers). Unfortunately, current technologies to measure dopamine concentration require rigorous sample preparation and specialized laboratory equipment, preventing these methods from being used in places lacking access to high-end technologies. The success of the UCF method rests on the integration of three essential elements: a sensitive nanostructured plasmonic substrate (NPS), selective cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP), and a microfluidic plasma separator. Blood is separated into plasma by the microfluidic plasma separator-from there, the CNPs capture dopamine molecules from the plasma. Captured dopamine changes how light reflects from the sensor, creating an optical readout that indicates dopamine levels. Of these three parts, Sudipta Seal, ACerS member, engineering professor, and chair of UCF\'s Department of Materials Science and Engineering, says use of CNPs was a key to their success. \"[Compared to other ceramics], nanoceria has the highest redox capability with switching +3/+4 states in a cell microenvironment. Therefore, it has an excellent electrochemical activity toward the oxidation of dopamine,\" Seal explains in an email. \"Also, increased concentration of oxygen vacancies in nanoceria leads to faster charge transfer.\" He adds that if other ceramics are created with increased concentrations of oxygen vacancies, they may exhibit similar activity, although this would need to be explored. Although the chip allows for dopamine detection without rigorous preparation of blood, the researchers note this can result in protein fouling that must be dealt with during analysis. \"Performing the detection of [dopamine], as well as other antigen or biomarkers, in plasma without preparation or purification is susceptible to inherent protein fouling from the high protein content in biological fluids,\" the researchers say in the paper. \"Hence, further work is still needed to establish a generalized detection protocol.\" American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Debashis Chanda, principal investigator and associate professor of physics at the University of Central Florida, holds the first-ever rapid detector of dopamine, created by researchers at UCF. Seal says research is ongoing to examine this issue and other questions. The paper, published in Nano Letters, is \"Enzyme-free plasmonic biosensor for direct detection of neurotransmitter dopamine from whole blood\" (DOI: 10.1021/ acs.nanolett.8b04253). I HITACHI Inspire the Next Ceramics EXPO Booth #504 Something BIG Is Coming to Ceramics Expo The All-New SU3900 Large Sample Chamber Variable-Pressure SEM Debuting at Ceramics EXPO! NEW Book your demo time in advance: microscopy@hitachi-hta.com Innovation Synergy Solutions Hitachi High Technologies America, Inc. www.hitachi-hightech.com/us Science for a better tomorrow 17 ceramics in biomedicine Antibacterial Collagen copper-doped bioactive glass scaffolds Osteogenic Angiogenic An international, interdisciplinary research collaboration developed a multifunctional bioglass scaffold that can simultaneously prevent infection, stimulate bone repair, and prompt the body to heal supportive tissues. Bioactive glass controls infection, stimulates repair in bone Bioglass has been used to heal large bone defects, protect sensitive teeth, repair cartilage, plus more. And, based on new research, treating bone infections may soon be added to its roster of accomplishments. An international, interdisciplinary research collaboration led by Fergal O\'Brien, professor of bioengineering and regenerative medicine at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and including coinvestigator Aldo Boccaccini, ACerS Fellow and head of the Institute of Biomaterials at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany, developed a multifunctional bioglass scaffold that can simultaneously prevent infection, stimulate bone repair, and prompt the body to heal supportive tissues—all without added antibiotics nor growth factors. While this new bioglass could help treat multiple bonebased medical problems, it looks particularly promising for treating osteomyelitis. Osteomyelitis is a difficult-to-treat bone infection usually caused by a bacteria called Staphylococcus aureus-the same bug of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) antibiotic resistance fame. While relatively rare, osteomyelitis is a big clinical problem simply because it is not easy to treat, especially when cases are chronic and severe. The bioglass scaffold\'s secret weapon is that the bioglass is doped with 2 percent copper, an element that is inherently antibacterial. Copper kills bacteria (and other microbes) by disrupting their outer membranes. \"Copper-doped bioglasses are being increasingly considered in several tissue engineering approaches, both for bone and soft tissues,\" Boccaccini says in an email. “One novelty is the exploitation of the release of [copper] ions to promote angiogenesis, without using (rather expensive) growth factors.\" 18 While new bone growth is an obvious component of repair, Credit: Aldo Boccaccini the ability to grow new blood vessels, called angiogenesis, is another critical component. Without adequate blood supply, new tissue will eventually die, lacking the oxygen and nutrients supplied by blood. The research team used a sol-gel method to fabricate their copper-doped bioglass, composed of 60 percent silicon dioxide (SiO2), 34 percent calcium oxide (CaO), 4 percent phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5), and 2 percent copper oxide (CuO). Then they ground the bioglass and integrated it into a collagen scaffold for structural support. According to Boccaccini, this combination of bioglass in particulate form with a collagen scaffold is a particular novelty of their bioglass. In regard to scaffold strength, Boccaccini says the bioglass actually makes the collagen scaffold better. “Incorporation of bioglass particles has improved the mechanical properties to levels seen in previous collagen-hydroxyapatite scaffolds, which the O\'Brien lab at Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland have successfully tested in rats, mice, rabbits, goats, horses and, most importantly, in almost 50 human patients,” he explains in the email. In cell culture experiments, the team\'s scaffolds released copper ions and killed up to 66 percent of bacteria. Importantly, the copper ions were not toxic to human cells. The scaffolds also indicated increased ability to form new bone and blood vessels, although there were eventually some inhibitory effects over longer time periods in cell culture. However, cell culture experiments are not entirely reliable— after all, cell culture is a model system that does not perfectly replicate what would happen in an actual living organism. So, the researchers took their experiments to the next step-they also tested how their bioglass scaffolds performed in chick embryos grown in the lab, out of their shells. The chick experiments showed that the scaffolds enhanced both bone growth and vessel growth. Taken together, these results are signs that the bioglass can help heal and support new bone tissue, both critical components for long-term bone repair. Ultimately, an all-in-one material solution that can prevent infection, heal bone, and stimulate growth of new blood supply is a promising possibility, and one that opens up additional possibilities as well. \"This platform system could be further modified and used to deliver a variety of other non-antibiotic antimicrobial metal ion-doped minerals,\" O\'Brien says in an RCSI press release. What are next steps for the researchers? “The next obvious study would be to test the biomaterials in an infected bone defect model,\" Boccaccini says. “Based on the special properties of the collagen-bioactive glass combination, there is also interest in expanding the application of the technology to soft tissue applications, including wound healing.\" The paper, published in Biomaterials, is \"Collagen scaffolds functionalised with copper-eluting bioactive glass reduce infection and enhance osteogenesis and angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo\" (DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.031). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 advances in nanomaterials Borophene advances as 2D materials platform In a recent study, researchers at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Yale University showed for the first time how borophene can be grown in large-area sheets. Borophene, a 2D sheet of boron atoms, is similar to graphene-both are flexible, strong, and lightweight, though borophene is even more so. Borophene was first theorized in the 1990s, but it was not experimentally confirmed until 2015. Soon after the first group confirmed synthesis of borophene, another group also achieved synthesis. However, even though both groups used silver substrates to grow their borophene, each group proposed entirely different crystal structures of the material. How was this possible? \"Borophene is different [than graphene] in that it periodically has an extra boron atom in the center of the hexagon,\" says Ivan Božović, senior scientist and molecular beam epitaxy group leader at Brookhaven National Laboratory and adjunct professor of applied physics at Yale University, in a Brookhaven news release. \"The crystal structure tends to be theoretically stable when about four out of every five center positions are occupied and one is vacant.\' \" In their study, Božović and his colleagues took a close look at borophene\'s potential as a foundation to fabricate nextgeneration electronics. They set out to do two things: 1) confirm existence of the two previously seen crystal structures and understand why they occur, and 2) see if they could grow large-area single-crystal domains of borophene (previously only nanometer-size single-crystal flakes have been produced). To achieve their first goal, the researchers synthesized borophene on silver substrates, as the previous two studies had done. They found both structures do exist, and temperature dictates which structure will grow. Then, to achieve their second goal, the researchers moved into unchartered territorygrowing borophene on a copper substrate instead of silver. \"From theoretical insights, we expected copper to produce larger single crystals because it interacts more strongly with borophene than silver,\" says Božović. \"Copper donates some electrons to stabilize borophene, but the materials do not interact too much as to form a compound.\" After growing borophene on copper substrate, they performed multiple rounds of experimental and theoretical checks in an iterative process until theory and experiment agreed-at which time they came to a few conclusions. \"Not only are the single crystals larger, but the structures of borophene on copper are different from any of those grown on silver,\" Bozovic says. According to the Brookhaven news release, the next step is to transfer borophene sheets from the metallic copper surfaces to insulating device-compatible substrates. Looking further ahead, Božović and others anticipate testing borophene for superconducting capabilities. As the Brookhaven news release notes, \"Some theorists have speculated [borophene\'s] unusual electronic structure may even open a path to lossless transmission of electricity at room temperature, as opposed to the ultracold temperatures usually required for superconductivity.\" American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 2pm Brookhaven National Laboratory and Yale University scientists used a low-energy electron microscope to watch \"islands\" of borophene (yellow triangles in left circle) grow. The islands grew until the entire substrate was covered in borophene (right circle). Each color represents one of six possible orientations of borophene crystals. The paper, published in Nature Nanotechnology, is \"Largearea single-crystal sheets of borophene on Cu(111) surfaces\" (DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0317-6). E EIRICH MACHINES EIRICH GROUP • Glazes EIRICH Mixing • Ferrites • Ceramics • Refractories • Fiber Materials • Plastic Bodies • Press Bodies • Granules • Slurries eirichusa.com Technology for the Ceramic Industry Unique Mixing Principle Learn more at eirich@eirichusa.com ceramics expo Booth #118 847-336-2444 19 ceramics in the environment Predicting macroscale friction in clay-like materials In a recent study from Japan, four researchers worked together to answer a basic yet surprisingly complex question: What is the origin of macroscopic friction? There are various theories aimed at explaining the mechanisms causing friction. Some theories focus on the microscale, such as chemical bonding and electrical effects, while other theories focus on the macroscale, such as surface roughness. For their study, the researchers chose to look at what causes macroscopic friction in muscovite. Muscovite is one of the three mica minerals often considered a clay due to its clay-like properties. Studies have looked at mica\'s role in seismic anisotropy, but the mechanisms that drive frictional forces in mica are still poorly understood. To determine the microscopic and macroscopic frictions in muscovite, the researchers used experimental double-direct shear tests and first-principles electronic calculations based on density functional theory. According to a National Institute for Materials Science press release, this approach was successful. \"The research team confirmed for the first time that frictions occurring between the surfaces of clay minerals of tens of centimeters in size [macroscale] are controlled by atomic-scale electrostatic forces [microscale],\" the press release states. In particular, the researchers explain in the paper that microscale friction between muscovite sheets can be explained by roughness of potential energy surfaces. When these theoretical calculations are scaled up to predict muscovite friction on the macroscale, they are able to do so with high accuracy as long as the presence of wear particles are taken into consideration. The press release states that the researchers plan to develop their theory further so that it can explain frictional strength across a broad range of clay minerals in addition to muscovite. By understanding what causes friction in clay and clay-like materials, researchers can better understand and predict natural disasters like earthquakes and landslides. If they are successful, “[s]uch theory may provide material design guidelines for friction-reducing solid lubricants and other friction-related products.\" Their research was funded in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research project to understand intra-island deformation in Japan. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami struck Japan and caused serious damage-the effects of which still reverberate to this day-Japan put a lot of research into better understanding and monitoring earthquakes. Understanding what causes friction in different earth materials is one way for scientists to better understand and predict earthquakes. The open-access paper, published in Science Advances, is \"What is the origin of macroscopic friction?\" (DOI: 10.1126/ sciadv.aav2268). 20 20 www.ceramics.org/brick2019 ACERS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION & SOUTHWEST SECTION MEETING in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting REGISTER TODAY! June 24-27, 2019 Indianapolis, IN USA If you are involved in the structural clay industryand that includes manufacturing, sales and marketing, consultants, and material or equipment suppliers-then join us June 24-27, 2019, at the Omni Severin Hotel in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana. This is the third year for combined meetings with ACerS Structural Clay Products, its Southwest Section, and the National Brick Research Center. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Credit: PxHere bulletin | cover story Tissue engineering and additively manufactured ceramic-based biomaterials: Addressing real-world needs with effective and practical materials technologies By Adam E. Jakus Medicine and materials converge for new approaches to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org ges of human history and prog☐ress have been defined and titled by our ability to access, manipulate, and master use of certain materials-stone, bronze, iron, steel, and silicon-to create new technologies and shape the world. However, throughout the course of this history, the human condition and form have arguably changed very little. Humans today are still comprised of the same complex materials as the ancestors of thousands of years ago. This bodily materials harmony is frequently disrupted by injury or illness-just like damaging a material-which has prioritized medicine among many societies. Despite long, parallel histories, it has only been in the past few decades that the fields of medicine and materials science and engineering have begun to intimately converge, yielding what may be considered the beginning of the age of advanced 21 Credit: Adam Jakus, PhD - Dimension inx Tissue engineering and additively manufactured ceramic-based biomaterials Capsule summary AGE OF ADVANCED BIOMATERIALS Recent convergence of the fields of medicine and materials science and engineering— combined with advanced manufacturing techniques—may usher in a new age of advanced biomaterials to dynamically repair human tissues. TECHNICAL Connected porosity Osteoregenerative 3D-printable Absorbent Cytocompatible Biocompatible Raw Materials Available Low-cost Manufacturing Rapid & scalable Low-cost Shelf-stable ECONOMIC CERAMIC SOLUTIONS Ceramic-based biomaterials offer structural, biological, handling, manufacturing, and economic advantages that make the materials well-suited for tissue repair and regeneration. Emerging ceramic-based biomaterials that also are compatible with additive manufacturing and clinically suitable may enable entirely new directions. SURGICAL Non-brittle Cuttable Suturable Press-fittable Absorbent Purely synthetic Predicate Device Similar compositions Similar intended use Safety Non-immunogenic Cyto/biocompatible REGULATORY Figure 1. Technical, surgical, regulatory, and economic criteria all must be satisfied to yield an ideal ceramic-based biomaterial (star) for bone repair and regeneration. Credit: Adam Jakus, PhD - Dimension inx biomaterials. At the same time, advanced manufacturing technologies, such as additive manufacturing and 3D-printing processes, are enabling clinical use of traditional and emerging advanced biomaterials. With this three-way convergence of biomaterials, medicine, and advanced manufacturing, it is now becoming possible to access, manipulate, and master the use of biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration. But what kind of materials can recapitulate the natural form and function of complex biological tissues, or even transform into those tissues after implantation? And how can those materials be formed to fit the human body? A great need for bone reparative materials Many materials comprise the human body. But at its core are more than 200 bones that provide both structural support and systemic, functional support. Bones are ceramic composites with incredible properties, but they are not immune to damage or failure. If you have not personally suffered from a ADDING UP TO A NEW FUTURE Together, a new additive materials platform technology and ceramic-based biomaterials permit extensive versatility to explore musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. However, continued development must consider not only technical criteria, but also the end-user and reality of medical costs. bone-related injury at some point in your life, there is a good chance you know someone who has. Despite ongoing improvements in preventative and restorative healthcare, boney defects such as those resulting from congenital abnormalities, osteotomies (bone cancer removal), and trauma can be physically debilitating, socially incapacitating, economically burdensome, and even deadly.¹ Thus, there is significant need for not only technically effective bone repair and regeneration treatments, but, given the scale of the problem, solutions that also are cost-effective. Conventional treatments to repair or replace bone include use of autologous bone grafts (bone removed from one part of the body to treat a defect in another), allografts (material from human cadavers), and/or synthetic materials. However, these strategies currently suffer from several limitations and deficiencies, including donor site morbidity and pain (autograft), inconsistency and risk of infection (allograft), and minimal tissue integration and bone repair (synthetics). Thus, based on extensive global medical need and existing material deficiencies, more resources are being devoted to develop ceramic-based biomaterials that take advantage of natural tissue regenerative responses, a field known as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, to effectively treat both orthopedic and craniofacial boney defects. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine The field broadly referred to as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has been active for 30-40 years and generally seeks to leverage individual and combined properties and potential of three major systems-living cells, external stimuli (e.g., chemical, electrical, mechanical), and scaffolding materials-to create or biofabricate reparative, regenerative, and/or replacement constructs that recapitulate biological form and/or function. From a cellular perspective, hundreds of distinct cell types comprise the human body. Cells constantly produce and utilize various bioactive molecules, such as growth factors and structural proteins, that act as instructions, building components, and stimuli. With so much dynamic complexity, it may seem futile to try to reconstruct existing or create new biological tissues and organs. However, the same complexity that makes the task of addressing biological tissues and organs appear so challenging also has a major benefit-the body is smart and can respond to, integrate with, and reform and repurpose implanted materials 22 22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 and structures. Regardless of the approach, the resulting technology must meet numerous technical, surgical, economic, and regulatory criteria (Figure 1). A brief introduction to bone composition and structure The foundation of TERM approaches relies on introducing material compositions and structures to the body that can be recognized by host cells, integrated with surrounding biology, and transformed to have both form and function of native tissues. Thus, it is important to understand the targeted tissue-in this case, bone. Bone is a natural composite of discrete, ceramic particles (60-70 percent by dry weight) bound together in a porous matrix by ordered collagen protein, a natural structural polymer (25-30 percent by dry weight), and additional structural and functional proteins. The ceramic component of human bone is crystalline hydroxyapatite, Ca₁(PO)(OH)2. Two primary types of boney structures exist: cortical or compact bone, and trabecular or spongy (also known as cancellous) bone. The cortical structure makes up the exterior of bones and provides structural strength, while the interior trabecular structure houses bone marrow, which generates red and white blood cells as well as platelets. The function of bones thus extends far beyond structural support. Therefore, permanent implants made of metals and polymers, which may only impart the structural function of bone, are not ideal materials for bone repair and replacement, Ceramics, which can potentially transform into new bone, are ideal materials. Ceramic-based biomaterials for bone repair and regeneration-technical considerations For a ceramic-based biomaterial to be effective, it must meet numerous compositional, physical, biological, and structural criteria. Compositionally, ceramic-based biomaterials intended for bone repair and regeneration should be or should exhibit resemblance to the calcium phosphate comprising natural bone, hydroxyapatite. It is for this reason that hydroxyapatites and additional calcium phosphates, such as beta tricalcium phosphate, Ca, (PO4)2, in the forms of powders, granules, putties, and cements are widely used as bone grafting materials. Other ceramics, including calcium carbonates and sulfates as well as silicon nitrides and carbides, are also finding increasing clinical use. Additionally, ceramics doped with strontium or zinc ions, further emulating the composition of bone, have yielded improved bone repair over base ceramic efforts.³ Beyond ceramics, glasses such as bioglass are also increasingly used to treat boney defects. Growth factors such as synthetically derived bone morphogenic proteins (BMP), which are found naturally in bone tissue, are also frequently added to implants to increase bone formation. Biologically, the material/structure must be safe and must not elicit a strong, negative immune response after implantation. The immune response will be mitigated if the implanted structure rapidly integrates with its surroundings. This tissue integration and its corresponding vascularization are also necAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Coated metals or alloys and surface modified polymers Advanced Biomaterials Traditional Structural implants Surgical guides Cutting guides Gel- and cell-filled polymer or metallic structures Training guides Orthotics Transform into natural tissues after implantation without added factors Bioprinting 3D-Printing with live cells - almost exclusively using hydrogels Gel- and cell-filled advanced biomaterials Figure 2. Three general types of medical additive manufacturing and their hybrids. Star represents technologies that marry biological tissue interfaces with nonbiological mechanics and electronics. essary for the implant to achieve its primary purpose of bone repair and regeneration. The details are beyond the scope of this article, but new bone formation can be achieved via two mechanisms: osteoconduction (new bone growth from existing bone) and/or osteoinduction (new bone growth independent from existing bone). Many ceramic-based biomaterials, such as those described previously, are osteoconductive in nature but lack inherent osteoinductivity without addition of bioactive factors such as BMPs. From a physical and structural perspective, the implanted ceramic should be highly porous and absorbent (\"liquid wicking\"), which often requires the materials to be hydrophilic in nature. Implants that lack porosity typically do not integrate well with biological tissue, become fibrously encapsulated, and subsequently exhibit a higher risk of infection and expulsion. This porosity should be hierarchical in nature and should span nano-, micro-, and millimeter length scales. With sufficient interconnected porosity and absorption qualities, implants of the correct compositions can rapidly vascularize, improving cell transport as well as nutrient and waste diffusion-ultimately ensuring that the implant can transform into viable living tissue. Interconnected porosity also has an added benefit of permitting a surgeon to preload the construct with patient bone marrow, antibiotics, growth factors, and other biological agents that could improve the patient outcome. Although they exhibit biological advantages over metals, alloys, polymers, and composites thereof, ceramics are relatively difficult to form into complex structures with interconnected porosity suitable for biological ingrowth and integration. Further compounding this geometry challenge, every bone defect is unique, requiring each implant to be individually manufactured to directly fit the defect or be altered before or during surgery to fit the defect. 23 Credit: Adam Jakus, PhD Dimension inx Tissue engineering and additively manufactured ceramic-based biomaterials To address this forming and geometry challenge, two general approaches have been pursued: coating prefabricated and shaped metals, alloys, polymers, and composites with ceramics, and using additive manufacturing. Ceramic coatings greatly improve integration of metallic and polymeric implants, although the underlying implant does not transform into natural bone. For this reason, there have been significant efforts to additive manufacture ceramic-based biomaterials. Additive manufacturing to capture form in ceramicbased biomaterials The term \"additive manufacturing\" is broad in meaning and effectively covers any manufacturing process that is not subtractive in nature. However, the colloquial meaning of additive manufacturing is equated with 3D printing. Medical 3D printing can be divided into three primary categories and multiple subcategories based upon the type of materials used and intended application of the end object (Figure 2). Briefly, traditional medical 3D printing focuses on production of surgical and training guides and models and permanent, nonregenerative implants. Bioprinting refers to any 3D printing process that uses living cells within the material as it is 3D-printed (not added after). Advanced biomaterial 3D printing includes emerging biomaterials, such as Hyperelastic Bone® (Dimension Inx, LLC; Chicago, Ill.), that are capable of independently inducing a strong regenerative response. More information on the three categories can be found in a book chapter by Jakus et al.5 Beyond the three medical 3D printing categories, there are six major 3D printing process technologies: fused deposition modeling (FDM), material extrusion, jetting, inkjet binding, powder-bed energy fusion, and resin-bath lithography. 5 All of these technologies have been used to additively manufacture ceramics and their composites. FDM deposits molten thermoplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA) or polycaprolactone (PCL), which can be lightly loaded with ceramic powders, to create composite structures that are primarily polymer. Material extrusion (nonthermal extrusion) processes are highly varied in nature, but traditionally use ceramic slurries suspended in water or an alcohol that are extruded to create green body structures, which are dried and sintered. Inkjet binding uses ceramic powder beds and selectively deposits adhesives to generate green bodies layer-by-layer, which are cleaned of excess powders and then sintered. Jetting processes use thermal or piezoelectric print heads to deposit ceramic-adhesive, liquid suspensions that are typically solidified via photo-crosslinking. Powder bed fusion through selective application of thermal energy via laser or electron beam have also been used with some success to create complex ceramic parts, but the high sintering and melting temperatures of ceramics generally make the application of this approach more challenging and slower than metal or polymer counterparts. Finally, stereolithographic methods can also be used to create complex, silicon-based ceramics (oxides and carbides) 24 through thermal processing, decomposition, and sintering of polymeric objects formed through vat-polymerization of silicone-based resins.6 The end-user and clinical translation: surgical, economic, and regulatory considerations What good is a new technology if the intended end-user cannot use it, does not want to use it, cannot afford to use it, and/or cannot access it? Beyond technical efficacy and ability to repair and regenerate bone, an ideal ceramic-based biomaterial must also be appealing to surgeons, cost-comparable or costreducing relative to other treatments/products, and cleared safe for human use by regulatory bodies, such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Broadly defined, surgical-friendliness refers to the quality of a product to be easily handled and surgically deployed into a biological defect site without complications or failure and without substantially extending overall surgery time. In any surgical procedure, limiting the amount of tissue that needs to be cut and exposed as well as limiting operation time is paramount. Deploying a rigid, brittle object, such as a traditional sintered ceramic, into a complex boney defect not only requires maximum tissue exposure but also operating time. Additionally, native bone often must be moved, removed, shaped, and otherwise manipulated during surgery. Likewise, an implant must be modifiable to match the resulting defect geometry. Traditional structural ceramics cannot be readily shaped, formed, or attached to native tissues without additional metallic hardware (plates and screws). Thus, even with ability to make complex, porous ceramic structures, existing ceramicbased biomaterial properties still suffer from this handling and shaping problem. An ideal ceramic-based biomaterial would not be brittle and could be trimmed, press-fit to complex voids, and sutured to surrounding tissues. For a new technology and product to be translated, it must receive regulatory clearance, which is determined by the FDA in the U.S. The details of FDA medical device and biologic approval are beyond the scope of this article, but there are several important points. Contrary to common statements within the biomaterials research community, materials are not cleared by the FDA-products for specific applications (indications) are cleared. This does not create any unique, additional challenge for additively manufactured products if all are standard shapes and sizes. In late 2017, the FDA released a guidance document on technical considerations for additive manufactured medical devices (available at fda.gov). An ideal ceramic-based biomaterial must also have clear regulatory clearance pathways. Finally, while unfortunate, cost is king when it comes to most national healthcare systems as well as industries that manufacture and sell medical products. Surgeons, hospitals, and health systems are not likely to adopt a new product unless its cost is at least comparable with what is already in use. From raw material availability and price to processing costs, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 manufacturing costs, regulatory clearance and maintenance costs, logistics and storage, packaging and sterilization, and profit margins on product sales, numerous factors combine to create a final unit price. Thus, an ideal ceramic-based biomaterial must be cost-effective relative to existing technologies. 3D-painting: a materials-centric approach to advanced manufacturing Keeping these technical, manufacturing, surgical, regulatory, and economic considerations in mind, it might seem impractical if not impossible to create a ceramic-based biomaterial that addresses all these needs while also being compatible with 3D printing and capable of being implemented to create additional generations of TERM products and multimaterial TERM products that can address multiple tissues. To address these needs, Ramille N. Shah and I created a 3D-painting materials manufacturing technology platform and ceramic-based composite called Hyperelastic Bone. Initially demonstrated in 2012, first published in 2016, made commercially available through Dimension Inx in 2017, and currently progressing toward clinical use, 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone and its variants represent a distinct approach to ceramic-based biomaterials that fulfil the necessary criteria of a translationally effective bone biomaterial. 3D-painting is a materials-centric advanced manufacturing technology that permits nearly any material to be transformed 3D-Paint and Generic Forms 3 4 into a 3D-printable \"3D-paint” via simple, room-temperature extrusion without the need for support materials, powder-beds, resin-baths, cross-linking, or curing. 3D-paint materials developed to date include biological decellularized extracellular matrices, ceramics, metals and alloys, 10 graphene, 11 and advanced polymers.12 A full list of 3D-paints is available at dimensioninx. com, as well as additional 3D-painting related publications. 8 All 3D-paints are co-3D-printing compatible with each other (multimaterial fabrication) and can be mixed or blended prior to or during 3D printing to create compound 3D-paints comprising multiple distinct base materials. Compatible with existing bioprinter platforms (simple x-y-z extruders) and modified FDM platforms, 3D-paints are analogous to common paints in terms of major components, but they dry or solidify substantially faster. Upon extrusion from a nozzle, 3D-paint rapidly solidifies via near-instantaneous evaporation of the evaporant while also being able to chemically weld with previously deposited materials. 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone: changing the way we think of ceramic-based biomaterials Although more than 100 3D-paints have been developed to date, Hyperelastic Bone represents a singular 3D-paint specifically engineered for bone repair and regeneration applications. Like all 3D-paints, Hyperelastic Bone can be rapidly 3D-printed at room-temperature into simple or complex forms, Anatomically Matched Forms 9 10 5 6 7 8 11 12 CT Projections of #10 Figure 3. Hyperelastic Bone 3D-paint (1) and extruded fiber (2) can generate various generic 3D-painted forms (3-8) and forms based on patient 3D imaging data, including partial skull and orbital bone (9), lumbar vertebra (10), femoral head (11), and mandible and teeth (12). Bottom right panel shows projections of computed tomography (CT) reconstruction of lumbar vertebra from panel 10, which demonstrates imaging signature of 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone and its similarity to natural bone. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 25 Credit: Adam Jakus, PhD - Dimension i Tissue engineering and additively manufactured ceramic-based biomaterials Top-Down View Cross-Section View 200 μm 100 μm Wicking Figure 4. (Top) Scanning electron micrographs of 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone scaffold, highlighting micro- to nanoporosity within the material and linking of discrete ceramic particles by elastomer. (Bottom) Photographs of Hyperelastic Bone absorbing and distributing viscous liquid throughout its volume. extruded into fibers, and subsequently braided or woven into textiles, cast into sheets, and more (Figure 3). 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone is comprised of 90 wt.% calcium phosphate ceramic microparticles linked by a matrix of 10 wt.% high-quality, medical grade, biodegradable elastomer. Because the elastomer binder component of Hyperelastic Bone is medical-grade, biocompatible, bioresorbable, and manufacMouse Subcutaneous Credit: Adam Jakus, PhD - Dimension inx tured specifically for medical implants, 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone structures do not need thermal processing and, consequently, do not need to be sintered to yield stable ceramic-based structures. 3D-painted objects only need to be washed and sterilized prior to biological use. The composition and microstructure of 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone are so similar to natural bone that resulting computed tomography reconstructions of 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone parts are difficult to distinguish from natural bone (Figure 3). The ceramic-elastomer composite matrix microstructure is characterized by interconnected micro- and nanoporosity, producing a total microstructural porosity of up to 50 percent― imparting advantageous mechanical and handling properties and liquid absorption (wicking) characteristics (Figure 4). With such high ceramic content—20-30 percent higher than natural bone-one might expect Hyperelastic Bone to be brittle and ultimately unsuitable for surgical use. However, its unique composition and architecture of rigid ceramic particles linked by elastomer bridges and surrounded by substantial porosity results in elastic-like and macroscopically observable mechanical properties, which is of great interest to surgeons. Hyperelastic Bone essentially acts as a flexible bioceramic capable of being cut, rolled, folded, press-fit into complex boney defects, and even sutured to biological tissues for fixation (Figure 4)-all characteristics that are ideal for surgical applications to treat complex, irregularly shaped boney defects. Biologically, Hyperelastic Bone has been demonstrated over the past seven to eight years to be highly bioactive and osteoregenerative in both in vitro and in vivo studies (Figure 5). 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone scaffolds not only support adult stem cell attachment and proliferation but also stem cell differentiation to osteoblast-like (bone-producing) cells Rat Spinal Fusion Primate Cranium Repair vertebral Body HB Sc 4 Weeks 60 Weeks Native Skall HB Implant Figure 5. Selected in vivo studies have examined safety and efficacy of Hyperelastic Bone, including mouse subcutaneous implant, rat posterolateral spinal fusion, and Rhesus macaque large segmental cranium repair. 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Credit: Adam Jakus, PhD - Dimension inx without the need for added growth factors or chemical or mechanical stimuli. Additional studies show that Hyperelastic Bone scaffolds support attachment, proliferation, and alignment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, which are primarily responsible for forming vessels and vasculature. 13 Hyperelastic Bone also has been extensively used in various 3D-painted forms in numerous animal models for implant periods ranging from several weeks to 15 months. Hyperelastic Bone scaffolds implanted under the skin of mice for up to seven weeks rapidly integrate with tissues and form blood vessels, without eliciting a significant immunological response.? In rat spine fusion models, Hyperelastic Bone scaffolds promote boney ingrowth and fusion, with results similar to allograft demineralized bone matrix. In large primates with full-thickness cranial defects, 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone sandwich laminate structures (solid top and bottom with porous interior) up to cm in length that are surgically shaped intraoperatively to fit the complex boney void rapidly vascularize and integrate with surrounding tissue after four weeks, and they remain stable and show full boney regeneration and integration at 15 months.? Beyond technical and surgical benefits of 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone, the material is also compatible with costeffective, advanced manufacturing and appears to be economically viable. With respect to raw materials, Hyperelastic Bone 3D-paint and corresponding 3D-painted structures are comprised of purely synthetic, mass-manufactured, high-quality materials already in widespread clinical use. 3D-paints can be rapidly synthesized in small (<5 mL) or large (multiliter) batches, are chemically stable, and can be 3D-printed at rapid speeds with any extrusion-based printing hardware. Combined, these factors indicate that, even after regulatory approval processes, 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone products could be cost-competitive with contemporary, less efficacious bone grafting products in clinical use. Beyond the structural, biological, handling, manufacturing, and economic advantage of Hyperelastic Bone, its current form offers many future opportunities for ceramic-based 3D-painted products that take advantage of the unique nature of 3D-painting technologies. One such advantage is compositional versatil ity. Because the 3D-painting process is primarily chemistry-independent, many distinct types of ceramics and even glasses can be used to create 3D-paints and 3D-painted structures. \"Classic\" Hyperelastic Bone is based on hydroxyapatite, but 3D-paints comprised of the previously mentioned ceramics have all been demonstrated. Further, additional agents, such as antibiotics, small molecules, peptides, proteins, or nanoparticles, can be directly incorporated into 3D-paints prior to 3D-painting. 3D-painted Hyperelastic Bone and other 3D-painted biomaterials can also act as effective carriers for cells, hydrogels, and more. The near future of 3D-printed ceramic-based biomaterials Due to extensive understanding of the benefits and deficiencies of existing ceramic-based biomaterials, targeted engineering and surgeon-guided development, and application of materials science principals, Hyperelastic Bone has come a long way in just the past several years. Although not yet FDA cleared, the rapid progression of Hyperelastic Bone demonstrates that there is a clear clinical need and medical desire for ceramic-based biomaterials for bone repair and regeneration. At the same time, Hyperelastic Bone represents a singular composition from the 3D-painting materials platform technology, which permits near-endless versatility and room to explore musculoskeletal tissue repair and regeneration. However, as development continues to progress, one must consider not only technical criteria, but also the end-user (i.e., surgeons) and reality of cost in medicine. Ceramic-based biomaterials will continue to play a key role in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, but that role is still part of a much larger story that will require knowledge and integration of extremely diverse materials to repair, regenerate, and replace the complex materials that make us human. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org About the author Adam E. Jakus, Ph.D., is cofounder and chief technology officer at Dimension Inx LLC (Chicago, Ill.). Visit dimensioninx.com for more information, and contact Jakus at Adamjakus@ dimensioninx.com. References ¹R. Dimitriou, E. Jones, D. McGonagle, P.V. Giannoudis, \"Bone regeneration: current concepts and future directions,\" BMC Med. 9(1):, 66 (2011). 2F.M. Wodajo, A.E. Jakus, “Nanopatterning and bioprinting in orthopedic surgery,\" Orthop. Clin. North Am. 50(1), 21-33 (2019). 3H. Zreiqat, Y. Ramaswamy, C. Wu, et al., \"The incorporation of strontium and zinc into a calcium-silicon ceramic for bone tissue engineering,\" Biomaterials 31(12), 3175–3184 (2010). 4J. Yang, \"Progress of Bioceramic and Bioglass Bone Scaffolds for Load-Bearing Applications\". In Orthopedic Biomaterials: Progress in Biology, Manufacturing, and Industry Perspectives. Edited by B. Li, T. Webster. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 453-486 (2018). 5A.E. Jakus, \"Chapter 1 - An Introduction to 3D Printing Past, Present, and Future Promise\". In 3D Printing in Orthopaedic Surgery. Edited by M. Dipaola, F.M. Wodajo. Elsevier. pp. 1-15 (2019). 6Z.C. Eckel, C. Zhou, J.H. Martin, A.J. Jacobsen, W.B. Carter, T.A. Schaedler. \"Additive manufacturing of polymer-derived ceramics,\" Science. 351(6268), 58 (2016). \'A.E. Jakus, A.L. Rutz, S.W. Jordan SW, et al., \"Hyperelastic \'bone\': A highly versatile, growth factor-free, osteoregenerative, scalable, and surgically friendly biomaterial,\" Sci. Transl. Med. 8(358), 358ra127-358ra127 (2016). 8A.E. Jakus, M.M. Laronda, A.S. Rashedi, et al., \"Tissue papers\' from organ-specific decellularized extracellular matrices,\" Adv. Funct. Mater. 27(34), 1700992 (2017). \'A.E. Jakus, K.D. Koube, N.R. Geisendorfer, R.N. Shah, \"Robust and elastic lunar and Martian structures from 3D-printed regolith inks,” Sci. Rep. 7, 44931 (2017). 10A.E. Jakus, S.L. Taylor, N.R. Geisendorfer, D.C. Dunand, R.N. Shah, \"Metallic architectures from 3D-printed powder-based liquid inks,\" Adv. Funct. Mater. 25(45), 6985-6995 (2015). \"A.E. Jakus, R.N. Shah, \"3D printing graphene ink: creating electronic and biomedical structures and devices,\" Material Matters, Aldrich Materials Science. 11(2) (2016). 12A.E. Jakus, N.R. Geisendorfer, P.L. Lewis, R.N. Shah, \"3D-printing porosity: a new approach to creating elevated porosity materials and structures,\" Acta Biomater. 72 (2018). 13X. Liu, A.E. Jakus, M. Kural, et al., \"Vascularization of natural and synthetic bone scaffolds,\"\" J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. In review. 27 Isoprene sensor/ breathalyzer for monitoring.. sleep disorder By P. I. Gouma The he increase in isoprene concentration under normal conditions depends on sleep, and isoprene is believed to play a role in sleep regulation and to also be involved in sleep upholding. 1-3 Studies involving human subjects, where their breath samples were collected in 1 L Teflon bags through the use of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, have confirmed that healthy humans 15 to 60 years old who stay awake have an isoprene level of 14.6 ± 6.4 nmol/L (i.e., 8.2-21 nmol/L).¹ The molar mass of isoprene is 68.12g/mol, so the normal isoprene concentration in wakefulness corresponds to 509 ppb-1.43 ppm in adults. When asleep, adults\' isoprene levels rise to 3 ppm or more. Furthermore, \"in the absence of sleep during the night, the concentration of isoprene in the breath did not increase.\"1 Because isoprene gas has a high volatility and a boiling point at 34°C, its concentration may rapidly change in the exhaled breath for the transition from sleep to wakefulness. Furthermore, in adults, isoprene levels do not depend on age, gender, diet, nor fasting— levels only depend on sleep under normal conditions.¹ Isoprene may increase with exercise, during myocardial infarction, and increased Capsule summary Breath isoprene is a biomarker signaling wakefulness. Hexagonal tungsten trioxide was used as the sensing element and it was able to detect and discriminate among various iso28 cardiac output that is under stressful conditions.² Therefore, monitoring isoprene levels in exhaled breath under normal conditions may provide a noninvasive method to detect, monitor, and control sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea. The work described here involves the development of an isoprene sensor for detection of sleep disorders. Whereas our group has developed several other isoprene detectors (e.g., as part of a flu monitoring breathalyzer system, among others), 4-5 the sensing range in this technology is set from a few hundred ppb and to a few ppm of isoprene. The resistive sensor technology described here can be directly integrated into the breathalyzer platform that we demonstrated in our earlier research.4Experimental methods 4-5 Hexagonal tungsten trioxide powders that were prepared by hydrothermal processing were used to prepare sensors. The substrates used were 15 mm by 15 mm alumina plates with interdigitated gold electrodes acquired from the electronics design center at Case Western Reserve University (product design 102). Sensing tests were carried out on a gas flow bench using dry or breathing air as the background gas. Testing temperature was 350°C and the sensor calibration step was completed prior to the gas sensing. XRD diffraction analysis was carried out at the Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis at The Ohio State University, as well as SEM analysis using the Phenom ProX available in our lab. Results and discussion The as-received powders were found to aggregate in clusters ranging in size from a few to 100 microns (Figure 1). The crystal structure of the material is the hexagonal phase of the tungsten trioxide. The XRD spectrum shown in Figure 2 matches with JCPDS file 01-085-2460.6 This is a metastable polymorph of the tungsten trioxide system. It does not follow the ReO3 arrangement of the stable polymorphs—rather, it represents an open structure with hexagonal and triangular prism channels formed by the arrangement of WO octahedra. In the open channel structure of the hexagonal phase, every three adjacent octahedron units connect with each other by sharing corner oxygen atoms in the same layer. Such connection extends along the a, b, and c axes in a hexagonal lattice to form a network. The hexagonal prism channels along the c-axis allow for small molecules to travel through it. prene concentrations in the range of 300 ppb to 1 ppm and above-the range of interest for the detection and monitoring of sleep disorders. The fast response, high sensitivity, and noninvasive, nonintrusive nature of the isoprene detector suggests that it can potentially be used as a diagnostic tool for sleep apnea. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Dangers of undiagnosed sleep apnea According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, about 40 million people in the United States suffer from chronic longterm sleep disorders each year, and an additional 20 million people experience occasional sleep problems. Of those experiencing sleep disorders, a large majority-approximately 22 million-have what is known as sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a disorder in which breathing stops or gets very shallow during sleep. Obstructive sleep apnea, which represents the bulk of cases, can lead to cardiovascular problems such as high blood pressure and chronic heart failure when left untreated, and is associated with type 2 diabetes and depression. Despite the negative health impacts that sleep apnea brings, an estimated 80 percent of moderate and severe obstructive sleep apnea cases go undiagnosed. By educating health professionals and the public on recognizing symptoms of sleep apnea, and developing tools that can provide definitive diagnoses, people with sleep apnea can lead healthier lives. Sensing data: The responses of the material to isoprene concentration between 300 ppb and 1 ppm are reported in Figure 3. There is an order of magnitude increase in the sensitivity of the sensor between the lowest and highest isoprene concentration values. This finding suggests it is feasible to use this sensor to detect changes in the exhaled breath of individuals in a state of sleep and for those suffering from wakefulness. Also, testing in breathing air as background gas increased the sensor\'s sensitivity. Acknowledgements This work was supported by NSF DMR-1818843. This work was presented at the opening plenary presentation given by P. Gouma at the IMCS conference in Vienna, Austria, in July 2018. About the author Pelagia-Irene Gouma is director of the Advanced Ceramics Research Laboratory, Edward Orton, Jr. Chair in Ceramic Engineering, and joint professor of materials science and engineering and of mechanical and aerospace engineering at The Ohio State University. Contact Gouma at gouma.2@osu.edu References ¹J. King et al. (2012). \"Measurement of endogenous acetone and isoprene in exhaled breath during sleep,\" Physiol. Meas., 33, 413. 2A. Cailleux and P. Allain. (1989). \"Isoprene and sleep,\" Life Sciences, 44, 1877-1880. 100 μm 500x 537 μm 15kV-Ima BSD Full Figure 1. Back-scattered electron micrograph of the powder material used as a sensing element. Intensity (Arb. Units) 7000 60005000 40003000 2000 1000(100) (002) (200) (202) h-WO3 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 (deg) Figure 2. XRD pattern corresponding to the hexagonal polymorph of tungsten trioxidesopace group P63/mcm (193). Sensitivity Sensitivity vs Concentration 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 4P. Gouma et al. (2017). \"Novel isoprene sensor for a flu virus breath monitor,\" Sensors, 17(1), 17010199. 0.1 ° ° 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Concentration (ppb) 3R. Salerno-Kennedy and K. D. Cashman. (2005). \"Potential applications of breath isoprene as a biomarker in modern medicine,\" Wien Klin Wochenschr, 117/5-6, 180-186. 5A. Prasad et al. (2011). \"A selective nanosensor device for exhaled breath analysis,\" J. Breath Res., 5(3), 037110. \"Oi et al. (1992). \"Hexagonal tungsten trioxide obtained from peroxopolytungstate and reversible lithium electro-intercalation into its framework,\" J. Solid State Chem., 96, 13. ■ American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org • Average sensitivity in dry air ▲ Average sensitivity in breath air Figure 3. Sensor sensitivity to isoprene gas. 29 Credit: P.I. Gouma Credit: P.I. Bubbles― a glass-ceramic plague By Oscar Peitl and Edgar D. Zanotto Understanding the mechanism behind bubble formation in glass-ceramics can lead to the creation of bubble-free glass. An experimental “bubble map” could help increase understanding. G lass-ceramics (GC) were discovered by S. D. Stookey approximately 65 years ago.¹ GC research and technology can now be considered a mature field described by over 10,000 scientific articles and 5,000 patents, although many other GC may still be discovered, and a plethora of issues pertaining to their development and production remain to be solved. 1-4 Deubener et al. (2018) recently described GCs thus: \"Glassceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials prepared by controlled crystallization of glasses via different processing methods. They contain at least one type of functional crystalline phase and a residual glass. The volume fraction crystallized may vary from ppm to almost 100%.\" GCs can be produced by sintering with concurrent surface crystallization of crushed glass powders or more traditionally by catalyzed internal crystallization of monolithic glass articles. 1-5 Sintered GCs usually contain some residual porosity that degrades most of their properties, especially optical transparency and fracture strength. 6-10 However, in some situations-such as the development of insulation materials, substrates for catalytic converters, or bioactive scaffolds-pores are desirable and therefore deliberately induced. This short article does not discuss residual pores in sintered GCs because that topic has been examined and reported in several studies.6. 6-10 One facet that is likely familiar to industrial GC researchers but is not well known by the glass research community is that even traditional GCs are frequently plagued with bubbles, which appear after partial crystallization of bubble-free glasses. However, to the best of our knowledge (and surprisingly), the microstructural conditions that favor spontaneous bubble formation in traditional GCs have been mostly overlooked and underreported. Our interest in this research work focused on understanding the causes of (undesirable) porosity that sometimes forms during glass crystallization. There are two main mechanisms of pore or bubble 30 30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Capsule summary BUBBLES ARE A BOTHER Glass-ceramics are frequently plagued with bubbles, which appear after partial crystallization of bubble-free glasses. However, the microstructural conditions that favor spontaneous bubble formation have been mostly overlooked and underreported. STOPPING BUBBLE FORMATION A \"bubble map,\" an experimental diagram showing regions of bubble formation as a function of crystallinity and crystal size, can be a useful tool for developing bubble-free glass-ceramics. THE ROLE OF GAS A bubble map for 1.07N2C3S showed bubbles tend to grow in glass-ceramics containing high crystallinity and large crystal sizes, suggesting that crystals can absorb less dissolved gases than the liquid phase. nucleation and growth in (nonsintered) traditional GCs: i) large density misfits between parent glass and crystal phases, 11 and ii) the release of dissolved gases during crystallization, which become supersaturated when the crystallized volume fraction increases.\" 12-13 In this paper, we compile and discuss experimental results involving the second mechanism. We believe that current knowledge about spontaneous pore formation in traditional GCs may be disguised as an industrial secret. To a large extent, academic researchers have ignored this bubble formation mechanism, typically limiting themselves to statements such as \"the glass-ceramic microstructure consists of... crystal phases, a residual glass, and some porosity...,\" without seeking to determine the conditions for and causes of such porosity. In this work, we carried out an experimental study of bubble formation in a specially designed soda-lime-silica GC, by systematically varying its microstructure in terms of crystallized volume fraction and crystal size. Using this GC as an example, we constructed, for the first time, an (A) experimental \"bubble map,\" i.e., a porefree zone in a crystallized fraction versus average crystal size plot. In a subsequent study, we intend to discuss in detail the cause of bubble formation in this particular GC, and will also present similar results obtained for other types of GCs that show crystallization-induced bubbles. Material and methods The desired 1.07Na₂O.2CaO.3SiO2 glass (1.07N2C3S) that shows copious internal nucleation was produced using Na2CO3 (99.8 percent) and CaCO3 (99.9 percent), both from Merck, USA, and quartz sand (99.99 percent) from Vitrovita, Brazil. Proper amounts of these chemicals were weighed and mixed in a powerful planetary mixer for two hours. They were then placed in a platinum crucible and melted for two hours between 1,300-1,360°C in an electric furnace, poured three times, crushed and remelted, and finally cast into a cylindrical graphite mold 8 mm in diameter and 35 mm in length. The glass samples were then subjected to an annealing treatment at 550°C (T ~ (B) g 570°C), held there for three hours, and slowly cooled. Finally, using a diamond disk cutter operating at low speed, diskshaped specimens were cut into approximately 3 mm thick slices and chemically analyzed by X-ray fluorescence, which confirmed the actual composition was close to the target one. A two-stage heat treatment was employed to determine the crystal nucleation kinetics at various temperatures. The number of crystals per unit area were determined by optical microscopy and analyzed as a function of the nucleation time at different temperatures. After counting approximately 300 crystals per heat treatment, the number of crystals per unit area (N) was determined using reflected light optical microscopy. The average number of crystals per unit volume (N₁) was then calculated using a standard stereological formula. Crystal growth rates were determined by the same method as that used to estimate the nucleation rates. After heat treatment at a given nucleation temperature (T) for time t-which was designed to produce only a small amount of crystalFigure 1. Optical micrographs of the 1.07N2C3S glass-ceramic, showing crystals and bubbles by reflected light (A); and transmitted light mode (B) highlighting the bubble structure. Micrograph A was taken from a surface polished with cerium oxide (1 μm) after etching with a diluted solution of HF (0.1 percent) + HCl (0.05 percent). The largest crystal size is approximately 50 microns. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 31 Credit: Zanotto Bubbles a glass-ceramic plague Crystal size (mm) 10080■Bubble-free • With bubbles 60 60 40. 40 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 Crystallinity (%) 70 80 90 100 Figure 2. Bubble map of the 1.07N2C3S glass-ceramic. The red spheres indicate the region undergoing bubble formation, whereas the black squares show the bubble-free microstructural conditions. line nuclei-the samples were “developed\" at a temperature T for various times t The growth rates were then determined from the slope of crystal size versus time plots at 675°C and 700°C. These estimated nucleation and growth curves were used to design several microstructures employed to create a pore map. Results and discussion Figure 1 shows examples of a bubble inside a partially crystallized GC. These micrographs were recorded using a Nikon Eclipse LV100N POL optical microscope. Two methods were applied to the same region of the sample and same magnification: Figure 1A, using reflected light; and Figure 1B, using transmitted light. Figure 1A shows a cross-section with quasi-cubic crystals, the residual glass matrix, three pores, and a shadow surrounding them. These bubbles are immersed in the residual glass phase, and hence were probably formed at the crystal/liquid interfaces and grew into the liquid phase during crystallization. The shadows are due to the interconnected shape of the bubbles, which are not individually separated spheres, as commonly observed in ordinary glasses. Micrograph 1B, which highlights the complex 3D bubble structure snaking across the crystals, was 32 recorded using an accessory that allows one to obtain images by step scanning the z-axis and assemble them using dedicated software. 14-15 It should be noted that these bubbles are located not at the surface of the sample but inside the glass. The nucleation rate at glass surfaces is greatly enhanced by defects, dust, cracks, and flaws.\" Hence, glass surfaces usually crystallize completely during crystal growth treatments, while the crystallized volume fraction at the center of the sample remains relatively low. A degassing effect begins (to be further described in this article) as crystallization proceeds. The \"bubble map\" in Figure 2 shows the microstructural conditions that favor bubble/pore formation (black squares) in a crystal size versus volume fraction crystallized plot for the 1.07N2C3S glass-ceramic. This diagram indicates that a large transformed volume fraction (in this case, greater than 50 percent) leads to pore formation, suggesting that some dissolved gas becomes supersaturated in the liquid phase and is expelled at the crystal growth front. However, in three experiments with crystallized volume fractions of up to 95 percent, no bubbles were formed when the average crystal size was smaller than 10 μm. Credit: Zanotto To generalize (or not) the current findings, we conducted the same type of experiment with a stoichiometric lithium disilicate (Li₂O.2SiO2) glass and confirmed that a similar bubble map profile could be created. The results will be demonstrated and discussed in detail in a forthcoming paper. inside the To identify the type of gas bubbles, a series of GC samples containing visible bubbles were prepared. The samples were then broken up under vacuum at room temperature, using a screw that presses the sample against a wall and produces a partial fracture. At each turn of the screw another portion of the sample was fractured, releasing gases that were trapped in the pores. These gases were analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results confirmed the presence of (at least) oxygen. More in-depth studies are needed to understand the formation of oxygen and to check for the presence of other gases. We then hypothesize that, since most crystals can absorb less dissolved gases than the liquid phase, an increase in the microstructure\'s crystallinity likely leads to gas supersaturation in the liquid, favoring bubble nucleation at the crystal/liquid interface. Therefore, it is understandable that bubbles are formed at the crystal/glass interface and grow into the liquid phase. However, it is still not clear why, even with very high transformed volume fractions, relatively small crystals do not trigger bubble formation. This finding warrants further study. Conclusions We proposed and created, for the first time, a bubble map-an experimental diagram showing bubble formation as a function of the percentage of crystallinity and average crystal size-for a 1.07 Na, O.2CaO.3SiO, glass-ceramic. The diagram demonstrates that bubbles tend to nucleate and grow in GCs containing high crystallized volume fractions and large crystal sizes. A rational explanation is therefore that crystals can absorb less dissolved gases than the liquid phase. Hence, increased crystallinity leads to gas supersaturation in the liquid, favoring bubble nucleation at the crystal/liquid interface. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Further studies are necessary to pinpoint the cause of bubble formation in other GCs. Be that as it may, the creation of bubble maps can be a useful strategy for the development of bubblefree GCs. Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to the São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP, Brazil, for its generous funding through the CEPID Program (Process # 2013/007796-3). We are grateful to George Beall for his valuable suggestions. About the authors Oscar Peitl is adjunct professor and Edgar D. Zanotto is professor of materials science and engineering in the Center for Research, Technology, and Education in Vitreous Materials at the Federal University of São Carlos. Contact Zanotto at dedz@ufscar.br. References \'Holand, W. & Beall, G.H. (2012). Glass Ceramic Technology: Second Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2Davis, M.J. & Zanotto, E.D. (2017). Glassceramics and realization of the unobtainable: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Property combinations that push the envelope. MRS Bulletin, 42(3), pp. 195-199. 3Montazerian, M., Singh, S.P., & Zanotto, E.D. (20150. An analysis of glass-ceramic research and commercialization. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 94(4), pp. 30-35. Zanotto, E.D. (2010). A bright future for glass-ceramics. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 89(8), pp. 19-27. \"Deubener, J., Allix, M., Davis, M.J., Duran, A., Höche, T., & Zhou, S. (2018). Updated definition of glass-ceramics. Journal of NonCrystalline Solids, 501, pp. 3-10. Karamanov, A. & Pelino, M. (2008). Induced crystallization porosity and properties of sintered diopside and wollastonite glass-ceramics. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 28(3), pp. 555-562. \"Karamanov, A. & Pelino, M. (2006). Sintercrystallisation in the diopside-albite system. Part I. Formation of induced crystallisation porosity. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 26(13), pp. 2511-2517. 8Prado, M.O., Fredericci, C., & Zanotto, E.D. (2003). Isothermal sintering with concurrent crystallization of polydispersed soda-lime-silica glass beads. Journal of NonCrystalline Solids, 331(1-3), pp. 145–156. \'Prado, M.O., Fredericci, C., & Zanotto, E.D. (2003). Non-isothermal sintering with concurrent crystallization of polydispersed soda-lime-silica glass beads. Journal of NonCrystalline Solids, 331(1–3), pp. 157–167. 10Prado, M.O. & Zanotto, E.D. (2002). Glass sintering with concurrent crystallization. Comptes rendus Chimie, 5(11), pp. 773-786. \"Fokin, V.M., Abyzov, A.S., Schmelzer, J.W.P., & Zanotto, E.D. (2010). Stress induced pore formation and phase selection in a crystallizing stretched glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 356(33-34), pp. 1679-1688. 12Heide, K., Hartmann, E., Stelzner, Th., & Müller, R. (1996). Degassing of a cordierite glass melt during nucleation and crystallization. Thermochimica Acta, 280-281 (special issue), pp. 243-250. 13 Akatsuka, C., Honma T., Müller R., Reinsch, S., Tanaka S., & Komatsu T. (2019). Surface crystallization and gas bubble formation during conventional heat treatment in Na,MnP₂O, glass. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 510, pp. 36-41. 14Müller, R., Zanotto, E.D., & Fokin, V.M. (2000). Surface crystallization of silicate glasses: Nucleation sites and kinetics. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 274(1), pp. 208-231. 15 Zanotto, E.D. (2013). Glass Crystallization Research A 36-year retrospective. Part II, Methods of study and glass-ceramics. International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 4(2), pp. 117-124. Register Today! www.ceramics.org/cements2019 10TH ADVANCES IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS June 16 - 18, 2019 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | Champaign, IL USA Technical program • Additive Manufacturing Using Cementitious Materials • Rheology and Advances in SCC • Smart Materials and Sensors • Cement Chemistry, Processing, and Hydration • Computational Materials Science . Supplementary and Alternative Cementitious Materials . Durability and Service-Life Modeling • Materials Characterization Techniques • Nanotechnology in Cementitious Materials . Non-destructive Testing American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 33 43 ACERS - NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS NIST STANDARD Reference DATABASE 31 Produced jointly by ACerS and NIST under the ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria for Ceramics program The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE KATIONAL INSTITJ\"L OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY TRUSTED. Fully documented diagrams critically evaluated by ceramic experts. COMPREHENSIVE. 28,500 diagrams compiled over 85 years with explanatory notes. CONVENIENT. Easy to search by using elements, compounds, and bibliographic information. Highresolution, downloadable PDFs of diagrams are available. SMART. Target your research for better resource management and faster results. PORTABLE. Now available on USB, access diagrams anywhere with a laptop: No internet required. UNIQUE. With editor functions, view key information, directly read key data within a diagram, manipulate diagrams, and more. UP-TO-DATE. Version 4.3 adds 896 new phase diagrams used in the ceramics field. AFFORDABLE. The cost is a fraction of other phase diagram products on the market. ONE-TIME FEE: Single-user USB: $1,095 Multiple-user USB: $1,895 Ask us about Phase Online subscriptions PHASE Equilibria Diagrams www.ceramics.org/buyphase The Refractories Symposium55 YEARS STRONG AND GROWING (Credit all images: ACerS) TERS T he St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division welcomed a record-breaking 234 attendees to the 55th annual Refractories Symposium in St. Louis, Mo., on March 27-28, 2019. This year, attendees came from all regions of the United States and 11 foreign countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, Poland, and Turkey. Besides the international flavor, the emerging youthfulness of the refractories community was notable and a testament to the success of the refractories industry\'s ability to attract young engineers to the industry. \"This is the youngest-looking group so far,\" remarked Ashley Hampton, the new RCD chair. The symposium began with brief tributes to two industry luminaries who died in 2018—Richard “Dick” Bradt and Dennis Hageman, Sr. Bradt was professor emeritus at the University of Alabama, Birmingham, and Hageman worked for Missouri Refractories Company (Morco, Pevely, Mo.). In honor of Bradt, next year\'s theme is \"Structure and properties of ceramics.\" This year\'s theme was \"Shaped refractories,\" and talks covered a wide variety of topics, including forming processes, precast monolithics, fused cast refractories, and detection of internal defects. Dana Goski, vice president of research at Allied Mineral Products and ACerS president-elect, gave the St. Louis Section Theodore Planje Award lecture. Her talk tied together her personal interests in DNA research, her professional interests in refractories, and emerging opportunities for artificial intelligence in materials science. The table top exhibit during the reception provided an opportunity to demonstrate equipment. The audience enjoyed a day-and-a-half of excellent talks. The symposium finished strong. In the final talk, Keith DeCarlo of Blasch Precision Ceramics presented his work on slip casting of magnesium oxide shapes. Because magnesia is highly reactive in aqueous suspensions, DeCarlo turned to classic ceramic engiKelly Wilkerson, assistant teaching professor at Missouri University of neering principles to evaluate nonaqueous suspension media and Science and Technology, gave an unusual but interesting talk on the history of the refractories industry in Missouri. She picked her way through a maze of old refractory companies, mergers, name changes, and closures, eventually revealing the still-active refractories industry Missouri enjoys today. pH-controlled aqueous medium. Plan now to attend next year\'s Refractories Symposium in St. Louis, March 25-26, 2020. Read more about the Refractories Symposium at http://bit.ly/Refractories2019wrapup. View images from the Refractories Symposium at http://bit.ly/Refractories2019photos. Bill Headrick (left) makes his case to Michel Rigaud (center) and others. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Dana Goski (front row, second from left), 2019 recipient of the St. Louis Section Theodore Planje Award, joins the august ranks of previous Planje Award winners. 5 35 REGISTER BY MAY 6, 2019 TO SAVE! www.ceramics.org/icg2019 25 TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON GLASS (ICG2019) HOSTED BY ACERS GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION 100 years June 9–14, 2019 | BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL AND TOWERS | BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS | USA Make your plans now to attend the International Congress on Glass (ICG) 2019 in Boston, Mass., June 9–14, 2019, and join the expected 1,000 attendees and more than 900 papers and posters representing the best and brightest glass science and technology minds in the world. Held every three years since the late 1980s, the International Congress on Glass provides valuable networking and collaborative efforts. ICG 2019 will include: • Special recognition of the 100th anniversary of GOMD • A strong and vibrant technical program • Sessions organized by ICG Technical Committees • Student activities including a poster contest • The Arun K. Varshneya Festschrift Register now for this important glass science and technology meeting. ACers Glass & Optical Materials Division is the ICG 2019 host. Organized by ICG International Commission on Glass The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Glass Trend Premier Sponsor ORGANIZATION CHAIRS: Brow Mauro mo.sci CORPORATION ICG 2019 Congress president Richard K. Brow Missouri University of Science & Technology brow@mst.edu ICG 2019 program chair John C. Mauro The Pennsylvania State University jcm426@psu.edu Diamond Sponsor GLASS FOR FUTURE Nippon Electric Glass GUARDIAN GLASS CORNING AGC Your Dreams, Our Challenge 36 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE Sunday, June 9, 2019 ICG Technical Committee meetings Registration Monday, June 10, 2019 Registration ICG opening ceremony, awards presentation, and plenary session Technology Fair Lunch and GOMD 100th anniversary celebration Concurrent sessions CTC business meeting Welcome reception, poster session (1 of 2), and Technology Fair Tuesday, June 11, 2019 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Technology Fair 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. 3-6 p.m. 7 a.m. - 5 p.m. 8-11:15 a.m. 9:30 a.m. - 8 p.m. 11:30 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. 1:20 - 5 p.m. 2:30-5 p.m. 6-8 p.m. 7:30 a.m. - 5 p.m. 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. Noon - 1:20 p.m. 10 a.m. - 7 p.m. Wednesday, June 12, 2019 Registration Michael Cable Memorial lecture Concurrent sessions Technology Fair Free time Thursday, June 13, 2019 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Dinner banquet Friday, June 14, 2019 Registration Concurrent sessions Lunch on own Closing ceremony 7:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. 8-9 a.m. 9:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. - 12:30 p.m. 12:30 p.m. to end of day 7:30 a.m.-5 p.m. 8 a.m. - 6:20 p.m. Noon - 1:20 p.m. 7 - 9:30 p.m. 7:30 a.m. - Noon 8 a.m.-12:30 p.m 12:30 -2 p.m. 2- 2:30 p.m. ICG Steering Committee meeting 9 a.m. - Noon ICG Council meeting 1-4 p.m. Poster session (2 of 2), technology fair, and 5-7 p.m. reception BOSTON PARK PLAZA SYMPOSIA Symposium : Glass Structure and Chemistry Symposium II: Glass Physics Symposium III: Glass Technology and Manufacturing Symposium IV: Emerging Applications of Glass Symposium V: Glass Education Symposium VI: Archaeometry Symposium VII: Arun K. Varshneya Festschrift Sapphire Sponsor Program Sponsor TON PARK PLAZA 50 Park Plaza at Arlington Street Boston, MA 02116-3912 Ph: 617.426.2000 BOOK TODAY! This room block will sell out. Group name: The American Ceramic Society Group rate from $254 + tax is based on availability. Cut off is on or before May 8, 2019. Media Sponsor AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin WILEY DOW ivoclar OWENS Vivadent: CORNING al Journal of passion vision innovation emerging ceramics & glass technology Ceramic TechToday Applied Glass Ceramic Engineering SCIENCE & Science glass WORLDWIDE American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 37 32 TORONTON REGISTER NOW! www.ceramics.org/gfmat-2-and-bio-4 2 nd Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development (GFMAT-2) 4 th International Conference on Innovations in Biomaterials, Biomanufacturing, and Biotechnologies (Bio-4) SOLVING SOCIETY\'S CHALLENGES GFMAT-2 PLENARY SPEAKERS IN TWO IMPORTANT MEETINGS Is sustainability integrated into your research? Are you working on energy-efficient and eco-friendly technologies? Are you studying biomaterials for health-related applications? GFMAT-2/Bio-4 brings together researchers and subject matter experts to address the societal challenges of population growth and the opportunities they present for creating sustainable solutions for energy and health care applications. As the population increases, the goal of sustainability becomes more important as we continue to deplete our natuClaude Delmas, CNRS research director at the Bordeaux Institute of Condensed-Matter Chemistry, University of Bordeaux 1, France Title: From Volta to Solar Impulse: A battery journey Delmas Mrityunjay Singh, chief scientist, Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA Title: Fourth Industrial Revolution and its impact on sustainable societal development Singh ral resources, produce more waste, and discharge additional BIO-4 PLENARY SPEAKERS toxic emissions into the environment. If you are interested in cutting-edge research that addresses these environmental challenges, you will want to attend GFMAT-2. GFMAT-2 symposia include topics like green manufacturing technologies, energy storage applications, and advanced ceramics and composites for energy and environmental applications, to name a few. If you want to hear about the latest advancements and product developments for the health care industry, including orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial applications; or manufacturing technologies, nanomedicine, sensors, and diagnostic devices, plan to attend Bio-4. Bio-4 also includes topics on advanced materials and devices for brain disorder treatments, material needs for medical devices, and nanotechnology in medicine. Pilliar Best Robert M. Pilliar, professor emeritus, Faculty of Dentistry and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada Title: Porous calcium polyphosphates-Biodegradable bone substitutes and beyond Serena M. Best, professor, Materials Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Title: Optimizing bioactive scaffolds: Cellular response to calcium phosphate composition and architecture Xingdong Zhang, professor, National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, China Title: Biofunctionalization-A new direction for bioceramics research Mark your calendar now and plan to attend GFMAT-2/Bio-4. 38 Zhang www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Organized by ACerS The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Bio-4 is organized by ACerS and its Bioceramics Division and endorsed by: Society For Biomaterials Giving life to a world of materials BMESBOR BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF IAOC CERAMIC IMPLANTOLOGY July 21–26, 2019 | Marriott Downtown at CF Toronto Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada TECHNICAL PROGRAM BIO-4 GFMAT-2 G1 Powder Processing Innovation and Technologies for Advanced Materials and Sustainable Development B1 G2 Novel, Green, and Strategic Processing and Manufacturing Technologies G3 Crystalline Materials for Electrical, Optical and Medical Applications G4 Porous Ceramics for Advanced Applications through Innovative Processing G5 Advanced Functional Materials, Devices, and Systems for Environmental Conservation, Pollution Control and Critical Materials B2 Innovations in Glasses for Healthcare Applications: A Symposium in Honor of Delbert E. Day Advanced Additive Manufacturing Technologies for Bioapplications; Materials, Processes, and Systems B3 Clinical Translation of Biomaterials and Biophysical Stimulation B4 Multifunctional Bioceramics: Current and Future Therapy B5 Nanotechnology in Medicine B6 B7 G6 Multifunctional Coatings for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Applications B9 G7 Ceramics modeling, genome and informatics G8 Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors for Energy Storage Applications G9 Innovative Processing of Metal Oxide Nanostructures, Heterostructures and Composite Materials for Energy Storage and Production G11 Smart Processing and Production Root Technology for Hybrid Materials G12 Advanced Ceramics and Composites Derived from Condensed Molecular Phases for Energy and Environmental Applications G13 Ceramic Additive Manufacturing and Integration Technologies G14 Advanced CMCs: Processing, Evaluation, and Applications G15 Advanced Luminescent Materials and Their Applications Young Professional Forum II: Next-Generation Materials for Multifunctional Applications and Sustainable Development, and Concurrent Societal Challenges in the New Millennium Advance Materials and Devices for the Treatment of Brain Disorders Materials and Process Challenges to Upscale Fabrication of 3D Tissue Constructs Advances in Production Methods and High-Performance Materials for Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Applications B10 Point-of-Care Sensors and Diagnostic Devices B11 Material Needs for Medical Devices B12 Advanced Bioceramics and Clinical Applications B13 Zirconia Bioceramics in Metal Free Implant Dentistry HOTEL INFORMATION Marriott Downtown at CF Toronto Eaton Centre Hotel 525 Bay St. Toronto, Ontario, Canada 1-416-597-9200 Group rate from $229 CAD + taxes (currently 16%) based upon availability. The cut off is on or before June 18, 2019, or until the block sells out. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 39 3RD ANNUAL ENERGY HARVESTING SAVE THE DATE! SOCIETY MEETING (EHS 2019) SEPTEMBER 4-6, 2019 Falls Church, Virginia USA www.ceramics.org/ehs19 Energy harvesting has become the key to the future of wireless sensor and actuator networks for a variety of applications including monitoring of temperature, humidity, light, location of persons in the building, chemical/gas sensors, and structural health monitoring. EHS19 WILL FEATURE PLENARY LECTURES, INVITED TALKS, AND CONTRIBUTED TALKS WITHIN THE TOPICAL AREAS BELOW. • Energy harvesting (piezoelectric, inductive, photovoltaic, thermoelectric, electrostatic, dielectric, radioactive, electrets, etc.) • . • Energy storage (supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, microbial cells, etc.) Applications (structural and industrial health monitoring, human body network, wireless sensor nodes, telemetry, personal power, etc.) Emerging energy harvesting technologies (perovskite solar cells, shape memory engines, CNT textiles, thermomagnetics, bio-based processes, etc.) Energy management, transmission, and distribution; energyefficient electronics for energy harvesters and distribution • Fluid-flow energy harvesting •Solar-thermal converters • • Multi-junction energy harvesting systems • Wireless power transfer PROGRAM CHAIRS The American Ceramic Society FALLS CHURCH MARRIOTT FAIRVIEW PARK Servall 3111 Fairview Park Dr. Falls Church, Va. 22042-4550 USA 1-800-228-9290 (within U.S.) Mention ACers Energy Harvesting conference to get the conference rate. RESERVATIONS Deadline: August 13, 2019 Single/Double/Triple/Quad/Student: $149/night + tax Shashank Priya The Pennsylvania State University, USA Sup103@psu.edu Jungho Ryu Yeungnam University, Korea jhryu@ynu.ac.kr Yang Bai University of Oulu, Finland Yang.Bai@oulu.fi 40 40 SPONSOR Polytec MEDIA SPONSORS AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin Applied Ceramic emerging ceramics & glass technology International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science TECHNOLOGY Journal the American Ceramic Society Incorporating Advanced Ceramic Materials and Communications www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 19 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org SAVE THE DATE SEPTEMBER 29 – OCTOBER 3, 2019 PORT LAND ORE GON WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG WHERE MATERIALS INNOVATION HAPPENS AIST ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY ASM INTERNATIONAL TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Sponsored by: ANACE INTERNATIONAL The Worldwide Corrosion Authority ACers Associate Membership ACers can help you ease the transition to becoming a seasoned professional. We are offering a FREE Associate Membership for the first year following your graduation! Your second year of membership is only $40. Associate members have access to leadership development programs, special networking receptions, volunteer opportunities, and more. Visit us at ceramics.org/associate to join today! \"Membership has been an invaluable resource as I start my career by connecting me to the ceramics community at large through various ACers\' publications, news articles, and conferences. Being an associate member has helped me access the tools and resources I need to help me build my career in ceramics.\" – Valerie Wiesner, NASA Langley Research Center Need more information? Contact ACerS Customer Service at 866-721-3322 email: customerservice@ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society TRAMEX FEEDBACK DATA LOGGER Oftam new products OL-RHTA New Paul N. Gardner Company feedback data loggers Th he feedback data logger and app log up to 100,000 data point entries for relative humidity, temperature, dew point, and grains per pound, transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth BLE technology to a mobile device. The app can visualize live readings, thermal conditions, and psychrometric charts, as well as creating and exporting spreadsheets, charts, and reports. The data logger allows for connectivity up to 165 ft (50 meters). Paul N. Gardner Company, Inc. (Pompano Beach, Fla.) 954-946-9454 www.gardco.com Sanitary lump breaker has dual drives, side removal screens A new DeClumpe lump breaker Machinery reduces agglomerates and compacted materials to original particle sizes. Material entering the 30 in. (762 mm) square inlet is reduced in size by four rotors with three-point, single-piece breaking heads rotating with minimum clearance inside twin, curved, perforated bedscreens. Unlike conventional units, the unit is equipped with interlocked side-removal bedscreens that can be removed without tools for cleaning, changing, or inspection. Munson Machinery Company, Inc. (Utica, N.Y.) 1-315-797-0090 www.munsonmachinery.com Electrical dual chamber box furnace for heat treatment of machine tooling The ▪he L&L model QD836 furnace\'s hardening chamber has an effective work zone of 16\" wide by 16\" high by 32\" deep. The tempering chamber has an effective work zone of 14\" wide by 14\" high by 32\" deep. The top chamber has a uniformity of ±20° above 1,200°F and the bottom chamber has a uniformity of ±10°F from 300°F to 1,250°F. All of L&L\'s furnaces can be configured with various options and be specifically tailored to meet your thermal needs. L&L Special Furnace Co., Inc. (Aston, Pa.) 610-459-9216 www.llfurnace.com Goodfellow introduces boron nitride nanotubes to a range of industries oodfellow announces the addiGo tion of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) to its line of boron nitride products. Although similar to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in features including light weight, mechanical strength, and stability, some properties of BNNTs are distinctly different. For example, BNNTs demonstrate superior thermal and chemical stability compared to CNTs and have 200,000 times higher thermal neutron absorption capacity than that of CNTs. There are two grades of BNNTs in powder form: product with purity 70% or higher, and 90 wt% or higher. Goodfellow (Coraopolis, Pa.) 1-800-821-2870 www.goodfellowusa.com Planetary dispersers produce powerful shear in viscous applications he ROSS PowerMix is a hybrid The planetary mixer equipped with the patented high viscosity \"HV\" stirrer blade providing axial product movement and radial exposure to a high speed disperse blade, which in turn breaks down agglomerates and promotes rapid solids wet-out. Both the stirrer blade and saw-tooth disperser revolve around the batch while rotating on individual axes at independent speeds. The PowerMix is available across a full range of working capacities, from 1 quart to 1,000 gallons. Charles Ross & Son Company (Hauppauge, N.Y.) 1-800-243-ROSS www.mixers.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 1055 43 43 EM resources Calendar of events May 2019 13-15 MagForum 2019, Magnesium Minerals & Markets Conference Occidental Bilbao, Bilbao, Spain; http://imformed.com/get-imformed/ forums/magforum-2019 June 2019 9-14 25th Int\'l Congress on Glass Boston Park Plaza Hotel and Towers, Boston, Mass.; www.ceramics.org/icg2019 16-18 10th Advances in CementBased Materials – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, III.; www.ceramics.org/cements2019 24-27 ACers Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting - Omni Severin Hotel, Indianapolis, Ind.; www.ceramics.org/scpd2019 July 2019 10-11 Ceramics UK colocated with The Advanced Materials Show - The International Centre, Telford, UK; www.ceramics-uk.com 21-26 4th Int\'l Conference on Innovations in Biomaterials, Biomanufacturing, and Biotechnologies (Bio-4), combined with the 2nd Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development (GFMAT-2) - Toronto Marriott Downtown Eaton Centre Hotel, Toronto, Canada; www.ceramics.org/gfmat-2-and-bio-4 August 2019 19-23 Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy 2019 (MCARE2019) - Lotte Hotel, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea; www.mcare2019.org September 2019 2-6 Materials Research Society of Serbia Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2019 and 11th IISS World Round Table Conference on Sintering - Herceg Novi, Montenegro; www.mrs-serbia.org.rs 4-6 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS19) - Falls Church Marriott Farview Park, Falls Church, Va.; www.ceramics.org/ehs2019 22-27 HTCMC10: 10th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Palais des Congrès, Bordeaux, France; www.ht-cmc10.org 23-25 Annual conference of the Serbian Ceramic Society - Belgrade, Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety.rs/ index.htm 29-Oct. 3 MS&T19 combined with the ACerS 121st Annual Meeting Portland, Ore.; www.matscitech.org October 2019 13-16 UNITECR 2019: United Int\'l Technical Conference on Refractories Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan; www.unitecr2019.org 27-31 PACRIM 13: 13th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Okinawa Convention Center, Ginowan City, Okinawa, Japan; www.ceramics.org/pacrim13 28-31 80th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org November 2019 18-20 Indian Minerals & Markets Forum 2019 - JW Marriott Mumbai Juhu, Mumbai, India; http://imformed. com/get-imformed/forums/indiaminerals-markets-forum-2019 December 2019 1-6 2019 MRS Fall Meeting - Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Mass.; www.mrs.org/fall2019 January 2020 22-24 EMA2020: Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/ema2020 26-31 ICACC20: 44th Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org/icacc20 April 2020 13-17 2020 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit - Phoenix, Ariz.; www.mrs.org/spring2020 May 2020 17-21 2020 Glass and Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Hotel Monteleone, New Orleans, La.; www.ceramics.org/gomd2020 June 2020 7-10 Ultra-high Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications V - The Lodge at Snowbird, Snowbird, Utah; http://bit.ly/5thUHTC Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. SEAL denotes Corporate partner 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 classified advertising Contract Machining Service Since 1980 CUSTOM MACHINED INSULATION TO 2200°C Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com • Utmost Confidentiality • Alumina to Zirconia including MMC •Exacting Tolerances •Complex shapes to slicing & dicing • Fast & reliable service Business Services custom finishing/machining Technical Ceramics German Quality and Innovation Rauschert Industries, Inc. (U.S.A.) 949.421.9804 c.brayman@rauschert.com Rauschert www.rauschert.com Custom Machining Five Modern CNC Routers Two Shifts a Day, Five Days a Week! 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Call Mona Thiel at 6514-794-5826 or email mthiel@ceramics.org 46 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 ADINDEX MAY 2019 *Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2018 Buyer\'s Guide AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin DISPLAY ADVERTISER 3DCeram AdValue Technology* American Elements* Deltech Furnaces* Eirich* Gasbarre Products* Harrop Industries Inc.* Hindalco Chemicals Hitachi www.3DCeram.us I-Squared R Element* Mo-Sci Corporation* TevTech* The American Ceramic Society* 13 www.advaluetech.com 9 www.americanelements.com Outside back cover www.deltechfurnaces.com 3 www.eirichusa.com 19 www.gasbarre.com 9 www.harropusa.com www.hindalco.com/alumina-chemicals www.hitachi-hightech.com/us www.isquaredrelement.com www.mo-sci.com www.tevtechllc.com www.ceramics.org Inside Front Cover 15 17 11 7 11 Inside back cover, 20, 33, 34, 42, 47 CLASSIFIED & BUSINESS SERVICES ADVERTISER Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Program Professors, researchers, retirees, post-docs, and graduate students ... 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Zircar Zirconia Inc. www.zircarceramics.com 45 www.zircarzirconia.com 45 NIST MS 8520 Gaithersburg, Md. 20899-8524, USA 301-975-6009 | phase2@nist.gov Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-899-6109 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Pamela J. Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-942-5607 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST 47 O deciphering the discipline A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors. Michael L. Kindle Guest columnist An interdisciplinary problem: How glass and ceramics could be the future of energy storage People encounter lithium-ion batteries everywhere in their daily lives: in their phones, laptops, other portable electronic devices. Modern electric vehicles also use lithium-ion batteries as a clean alternative power source to traditional internal combustion engines. It is projected that commercial lithium-ion batteries and nextgeneration batteries will find their applications in advanced transportation (including electric aircraft) and grid energy storage. The broad application of batteries across these high-tech industries is what makes them fascinating, and why advances in this field can impact such a wide variety of other disciplines. However, opportunities for advancement come with significant hurdles. In lithium batteries, one hurdle is finding battery materials that provide higher energy storage capability than commer cial lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) cathodes while maintaining or improving safety. Currently, fires are occasionally reported in LCO batteries because the electrolyte is a flammable organic liquid (Figure 1). However, many high-capacity electrode materials like nickel-rich and lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes are inherently less safe, and not as stable in performance. So, the question is \'how do glasses and ceramics enhance the safety of batteries while improving energy density?\" Considering safety first, if we were to eliminate the flammable organic electrolyte and use a solid-state ionic conductor instead, it would be possible to use higher voltages (greater than 4.5 V) and highcapacity electrode materials, like lithium metal anodes, without the concern of decomposing or igniting the electrolyte. For this reason, numerous oxides, phosphates, and sulfides of glass, glass-ceramic, and ceramic have been investigated as possible solid-state conductors. 1,2 2-x My specific research is based on the glass-ceramic Li Al T₁₂(PO), or LATP. To create my conductor, I melt a LATP base glass with another glass48 Cathode cap Polymer separator Anode Spring Assembled 2032 coin cell ↓ 1 1 Cathode ↑ Gasket Spacer Anode cap Figure 1. Parts of the common 2032 coin cell assembly, in which the polymer separator is wetted with an organic liquid electrolyte. In the future, this part may be replaced by glass, glass-ceramic, or ceramic solid-state electrolyte. forming oxide, like B₂O3, to modify the glasses\' structural units. Then, various heat-treatments are used to cause preferential nucleation of LATP crystals, leaving a residual borate-rich glass phase. Alterations to this residual glass phase composition and structure can improve chemical durability and ionic conductivity of the solid-state conductor. In addition to my research on solidstate conductors, I have also looked at improving electrode material in batteries using glass. It is possible to tailor the redox state of glasses by changing the composition, melt time, and temperature, and thus glass electrodes can avoid the undesirable and irreversible phase change issues common in crystalline materials.³ Studies of most glass electrodes focus on how changes to composition alters performance. My work on borovanadate glasses as cathodes focuses on obtaining an in-depth structural knowledge of vanadate glasses. Understanding how structural units of glassy materials affect electrochemical performance is essential to developing better glass electrodes. Ceramic materials have also been considered for electrode materials, as some have higher energy densities, safer features, and allow faster transportation of ions and electrons. However, what remains consistent with both glass and ceramic systems is that electrochemical and structural processes taking place at the interfaces are typically detrimental and complicated. These issues may be even more critical when a solid-state electrolyte is employed, which will require novel approaches and a deeper understanding of their interfaces. Overcoming these battery performance issues would be enormously beneficial to a significant number of industries, and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential in solving these problems. So, it is highly advantageous for the energy storage community and glass and ceramic community to collaborate more frequently. I am privileged to be coadvised by a professor who specializes in glass and ceramics, and another in electrochemistry. Through this partnership, I have experienced how beneficial it is to have both perspectives available to me, as I seek to develop better energy storage materials. References \'Lau et al. (2018). \"Sulfide Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications,\" Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 1800933. 2Ren et al. (2015). “Oxide Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 98, 3603. 3Kercher et al. (2016). \"Mixed Polyanion Glass Cathodes: Glass-State Conversion Reactions,\" J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A131. *Zhang et al. (2018). \"Recent progress in advanced electrode materials, separators and electrolytes for lithium batteries,\" J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 20564. year Michael Kindle is in his third of doctoral studies at Washington State University in the Materials Science and Engineering Program. In his free time, Kindle is an avid reader of science-fiction and fantasy. He also enjoys creative writing. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 4 Credit: Michael L. Kindle The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org ADD TO YOUR KNOWLEDGE WITH AN ACERS SHORT COURSE THERE IS ALWAYS SOMETHING NEW TO LEARN IN AN ACERS SHORT COURSE. EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION DEADLINE IS MAY 9 ULTRAFAST GLASS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Perovskite June 9, 8 a.m.-Noon BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL, (in conjunction with ICG 2019), BOSTON, MASS. Instructor: S.K. Sundaram, ACerS Fellow How can ultrashort laser pulse-glass interactions be used to produce novel structures in glasses, ceramics, and glass-ceramics? You will get an overview of generation and control of ultrashort pulses covering nano-, pico-, femto-, and attosecond timescales and how these pulses interact with oxide as well as nonoxide glasses. June 9, 8:30 a.m.-4 p.m. GLASS CORROSION BOSTON PARK PLAZA HOTEL (in conjunction with ICG 2019), BOSTON, MASS. Instructors: Stéphane Gin, Joe Ryan, Jincheng Du, Nick Smith, Delia Brauer, John Vienna, and Aurélie Verney-Carron How do silicate glasses behave when they come into contact with water? You will learn about corrosion of various types of glasses and their relation with kinetics; and the modeling approaches used to investigate glass corrosion at different scales. EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION DEADLINE IS JUNE 24 EARLY BIRD REGISTRATION DEADLINE IS MAY 9 INTRODUCTION TO ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING July 21, 8 a.m.-Noon TORONTO MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN EASTON CENTRE HOTEL (in conjunction with GFMAT-2/Bio-4), TORONTO, CANADA Instructor: Roger Narayan, ACerS Fellow What are the fundamental principles of additive manufacturing (AM)? What are AM\'s advantages over traditional subtractive manufacturing processes? This course will provide an introduction to additive manufacturing with a focus on ceramics. www.ceramics.org/courses 田 AMERICAN ELEMENTS yttrium iron garnet glassy carbon THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER ® fused quartz beamsplitters H 1.00794 Hydrogen photonics piezoceramics III-IV semiconductors bioimplants europium phosphors additive manufacturing transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process Be B с barium fluoride 14.0067 Nitrogen zeolite Li 6.941 Lithium 12 9.012182 Beryllium Na Mg 22.98976928 Sodium 24.305 Magnesium raman substrates sapphire windows anod oxides K 39.0983 Potassium 20 Ca 40.078 Calcium 21 Sc 44.955912 Scandium Rb 85.4678 Sr TiCN Rubidium Strontium 132.9054 Cesium 39 Y 88.90585 Yttrium 137.327 Barium 138.90647 Lanthanum 40 27 Ti V Cr Mn Fe 55.845 Iron 47.867 Titanium 50.9415 Vanadium Zr 91.224 Zirconium 41 105 42 51.9961 Chromium 54.938045 Manganese 43 Nb Mo Tc 92.90638 Niobium 95.96 Molybdenum 106 107 (98.0) Technetium 44 108 Ru 101.07 Ruthenium Hs 45 109 10.811 Boron anti-ballistic Co Ni Cu 58.6934 Nickel Copper 13 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum 14 58.933196 Cobalt Rh 102.9055 Rhodium = Mt ༥ ཚ ཿག 110 47 Pd Ag Palladium 79 107.8682 Silver Pt Au 195.084 Platinum 111 196.966569 Gold Ds Rg 48 80 112 31 Zn 65.38 Zinc Cd 112.411 Cadmium Hg 200.59 Mercury 49 81 113 32 12.0107 Carbon Si 28.0855 Silicon Ga Ge 69.723 Gallium In 114.818 Indium ΤΙ 204.3833 Thallium Nh 50 82 114 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead FI 15 33 51 83 NP 30.973762 Phosphorus 115 As 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 16 84 116 O 15.9994 Oxygen S 32.065 Sulfur Se 78.96 Selenium Te Tellurium 17 53 F 18.9984032 Fluorine CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine 18 He 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar 39.948 Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon Po At Rn (209) Polonium (210) Astatine 118 Mc Lv 117 (222) Radon Ts Og Cn (226) Radium (227) Actinium (267) Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium (276) Meitnerium (281) (280) (285) Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium (284) Nihonium (289) Flerovium (288) Moscovium (293) Livermorium (294) Tennessine ZnS Cs Ba La Fr (223) Francium Si3N4 88 Ra Ac quantum dots 72 104 Hf 178.48 Hafnium 73 Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 74 W 183.84 Tungsten 75 76 Re Os 186.207 Rhenium Rf Db Sg Bh 190.23 Osmium epitaxial crystal growth Ce Pr 140.116 Cerium 60 61 62 Nd Pm Sm Eu (145) Promethium 150.36 Samarium 151.964 Europium 77 Ir 192.217 Iridium 140.90765 144.242 Praseodymium Neodymium 91 Th Pa ཨསྨཱནཾ 95 96 cerium oxide polishing powder 67 68 Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 158.92536 Terbium 162.5 Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 167.259 Erbium 168.93421 Thulium 173.054 Ytterbium 157.25 Gadolinium 97 93 Np 94 Pu Am Cm Bk Cf E Lu 174.9668 Lutetium 101 102 103 U Es Fm Md No Lr 232.03806 Thorium 231.03588 Protactinium 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) (243) (247) Plutonium Americium Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium transparent ceramics SiALON GDC alumina substrates sputtering targets deposition slugs MBE grade materials lithium niobate magnesia thin film chalcogenides superconductors nanodispersions fuel cell materials Now Invent. beta-barium borate (294) Oganesson ITO YSZ ribbons silicates termet h-BN InGaAs rutile spintronics YBCO perovskites laser crystals TM CVD precursors silicon carbide solar energy photovoltaics scintillation Ce:YAG The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs Over 15,000 certified high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a state-of-the-art Research Center. Printable GHS-compliant Safety Data Sheets. Thousands of new products. And much more. All on a secure multi-language \"Mobile Responsive\" platform. dialectric coatings ultra high purity materials borosilicate glass fiber optics MgF2 metamaterial American Elements opens a world of possibilities so you can Now Invent! superconductors www.americanelements.com indium tin oxide © 2001-2019. American Elements is a U.S.Registered Trademark
