AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology SEPTEMBER 2014 Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science Monitoring high-temperature CMC damage Recognizing member achievements-Awards 2014 • MS&T14 and 116th Annual Meeting program guide ⚫ Your kiln. Like no other. range Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. • Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\" kiln for your specific needs Robust, industrial design and construction • After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com contents September 2014 • Vol. 93 No. 7 feature articles Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science... 20 Glenn Alan Gates Conservation scientists use familiar characterization tools to discover the materials science secrets of art and archaeological objects. Electrical resistance monitoring of damage and crack growth in advanced SiC-based ceramic composites 28 Gregory N. Morscher, Craig Smith, Emmanuel Maillet, Chris Baker, and Rabih Mansour Electrical resistance measurements show promise for detecting damage and monitoring qualitycontrol of CMC commercial jet engine components. Honoring the ACerS Awards Class of 2014 32 cover story Discovering the material The Society announces awards that will be presented at the Awards Banquet of the 116th Annual Meeting in October to recognize significant contributions to the engineered ceramic and glass field by members and corporations. secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science Credit: Tobin; Walters Art Museum - page 20 meetings Electronic Materials and Applications 2015. 41 39th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites. 42 MS&T14: Materials Science & Technology 2014 premeeting planner. 44 5th Advances in Cement-based Materials highlights… . . 50 columns Deciphering the Discipline. Brian Donovan Pace yourself: Observations of working environments in industry and academia resources New Products & Services Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org feature Honoring the ACers Awards Class of 2014 Credit: ACerS 56 - page 32 departments News & Trends 3 ACers Spotlight 8 Research Briefs.. 12 51 52 Ceramics in 53 the Environment 15 55 Ceramics in Energy 16 Ceramics in Biomedicine 17 Advances in Nanomaterials ... 18 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org April Gocha, Associate Editor Jessica McMathis, Associate Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Andrew Gyekenyesi, Chair, Ohio Aerospace Institute Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London G. Scott Glaesemann, Corning Incorporated C. Scott Nordahl, Raytheon Company Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications & Marketing edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Director of Membership, Meetings & Technical Publications mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers David Green, President Kathleen Richardson, President-Elect Richard Brow, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 John Halloran, Director 2013-2016 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 Edgar Lara-Curzio, Director 2013-2016 Tatsuki Ohji, Director 2013-2016 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 contents September 2014 •Vol. 93 No. 7 Connect with ACers online! in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerstwitter http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss We have a brand new look that begs to be read! Subscribe to our e-newsletter, Ceramic Tech Today, and receive the latest ceramics, glass, and Society news in your inbox each Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday. Sign up at http://bit.ly/acersctt. Ceramic TechToday FROM THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Bubble wrap for more than packing and popping: Bubbles as mobile, self-contained laboratories By April Gochs Little in life is more satisfying that popping bubble wrap. But hold the pop-TED-talk-type creative scientists show that the bubbles can be much more scientifically useful and perhaps inspire some science on the move. Read more 1 Forward to a friend New \'sensing skin\' provides early warning for cracks in concrete By Jessica McMathis Top Tweets Have you connected with @acersnews on Twitter? Here are some top posts: GE\'s sweet new fuel tech SOFC technology makes the most of ceramic materials http://bit.ly/10GdBtr Structure and function Surface properties are the secret to smarter materials http://bit.ly/1y0Qlr1 Apple who? Kyocera changes the conversation with talk of its own sapphire screen bit.ly/1pETI9w Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2014. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 93, No. 7, pp 1-56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 news & trends Credit: Jason Richards; ORNL GE\'s new fuel cell tech makes the most of ceramic materials GE has taken its R&D destiny into its own hands, creating an internal start up to manufacture its new fuel cell technology that can produce 1-10 MW of power at a generation efficiency of 65%. According to a GE Reports story, the solid oxide fuel cell breakthrough spurred the start of the new facility dedicated to the manufacture and development of fuel cells. Located in upstate New York and backed by GE\'s ecoimagination program, the operation soon could provide low-cost electricity to residential energy customers. A \"game-changer,\" the new technology replaces the use of expensive platinum and rare-earth metals with morecost-effective stainless steel. The cells also contain ceramic materials, including the \"cathode on top, the anode on the bottom, and a dense layer of solid oxide electrolyte in the middle.\" GE Global Research fuel cell head Johanna Wellington and a team member inspect a test stand of fuel cell stacks. In addition, the fuel cell has no moving parts, with the internal components instead placed in a neat stack of metallic plates with cut flow channels. \"The cost challenges associated with the technology have stumped a lot of people for a long time,\" GE Global Research technology leader and fuel cell head Johanna Wellington says. \"But we made it work, and we made it work economically.\" GE uses the same additive thermal spray technology that puts coatings on the company\'s jet engines. The anode and electrolyte are thus applied, and the cathode is screen-printed on the tile. \"Our materials are easy to apply, can handle large temperature swings, and last a long time,\" Brosnan says. The fuel cell business is operating independently of GE Global Research and building its facility, which already includes the equipment needed to produce the new technology, near Saratoga Springs, N.Y. ORNL\'s new imaging institute is like \'Google for materials\' Oak Ridge National Laboratory recently announced the launch of the Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials (IFIM). According to an ORNL release, the institute-which will unite experts in imaging instrumentation, fundamentals in physical and chemical imaging processes, and data analytics-will accelerate the \"discovery, design, and deployment of new materials.\" It also will further President Obama\'s materials call-to-arms-the Materials Genome Initiative. The White House reports that since its launch in 2011, MGI has stimulated more than $250 million in new R&D and innovation infrastructure, which now includes IFIM. Sergei Kalinin is the inaugural director of ORNL\'s new Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials. \"Advances in imaging over two decades make it possible to observe and identify individual atoms in materials, but knowing the position and chemical identity of the atoms is not sufficient to understand how these atoms function in a material,\" says Sergei Kalinin, IFIM\'s inaugural director. \"Advances in imaging are now catalyzing a major transition in this field-making it possible to determine not only where things are, but what things do.\" By marrying data with demonstration, the institute will allow scientists to better capture and analyze the avalanche of data that results from exploring a material with imaging tools. \"Through computing tools we\'ll be able to quickly find the needle in a haystack of big data-think Google for materials,\" says Kalinin. “Today our imaging studies generate much more data than we can possibly process, and we\'re throwing most of it away. Realtime data analytics will allow us to build a bridge between materials theory and function.\" | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 3 4 iversitat Politècnica de València Campus de Gandia; Flickr; BY NC-SA 2.0 news & trends STEM\'s leaking diversity pipeline: Four solutions to stem the flow Over the years, universities, companies, and organizations have poured a great deal of time, energy, and money into cultivating a more inclusive and diverse STEM community. But a new paper in BioScience suggests that not much progress has been made. Two biologists from Brown University, Andrew G. Campbell and Stacy-Ann Allen-Ramdial, analyzed the STEM pipeline and found that despite the “decades of efforts\" devoted to developing a more diverse flow of scientists, engineers, technologists, and mathematicians, the groups that have traditionally been underrepresented remain underrepresented. An equal number (less than a third) of underrepresented minority (URM) and non-URM incoming college freshmen expressed an interest in STEM careers. The URM students, however, were less likely to graduate. In 2000, URM students made up 24.1% of U.S. college freshmen; in 2004, they represented only 18.5% of those receiving a bachelor\'s degree. The transition from undergrad to graduate program was not any smoother. Statistics from the National Science Foundation reported in the paper show that in 2009, rather than move on to graduate school or pursue a job in STEM, 36% of STEM-degree-holding URM students abandoned the field following graduation. Those who did enter the workplace were met with even less diversity. In 2010, URM individuals held only about 10% of STEM jobs in the United States. Regardless, Campbell and AllenRamdial offer specific solutions in their paper for educators and policymakers. Those potential solutions include aligning a diverse culture and climate, fostering partnerships between research and minority-serving universities, identifying critical masses of minority students, and encouraging faculty engagement in diversity. Although some progress has been made to create a more diverse STEM community, may not be enough to attract underrepresented groups. it Ultimately, the Brown researchers suggest that the goal is to attract URM students and to ensure they emerge from the pipeline as working scientists. To do so, the STEM status quo must change. \"We\'ve been doing the same thing and making the same investments for 30 years,\" Campbell says. \"The pipeline is the infrastructure. Some changes in the infrastructure need to be made.\" The paper is \"Reimagining the pipeline: Advancing STEM diversity, persistence, and success,\" (DOI: 10.1093/ biosci/biu076). Apple who? Kyocera changes the conversation with talk of its own sapphire screen According to a CNET report, mobile manufacturer Kyocera is hard at work creating a hard-to-scratch smartphone display. A YouTube video shows the company\'s sapphire screen-and a nonscratch-resistant, non-impact-resistant glass-standing tough against cell phone abuse. CNET reports that although company officials have not confirmed its legitimacy, its source reports it is actual video from the lab. Additionally, the company has posted its own YouTube video preview of the Kyocera Sapphire Shield-\"a truly affordable, pure sapphire display.\" Kyocera has synthesized sapphire for more than 41 years, including it in its electronics, LED lighting, and watches. Therefore, to announce that they are planning to include it in a smartphone is not too much of a stretch. However, making it \"truly affordable\" will be the real test for the company. 00:00:43:09 Screen capture from an unofficial YouTube video of a test between a Kyocera sapphire screen and impact-resistant glass. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Credit: Randy Katz; YouTube Made the same way since 1942. Including all the years we made it better. Fiberfrax UNIFRAX When you choose the original FiberfraxⓇ brand, you get more than leading refractory ceramic fiber products. Thanks to the shared expertise and support of our customers, distributors and employees, you also get more than 70 years of ORIGINAL FRAX BRAND comprehensive experience in the development of high temperature solutions for demanding industrial, emission control and fire protection applications. Over 50 Fiberfrax product forms, as well as our Insulfrax and IsofraxⓇ low bio-persistent fiber products are backed by our experienced application engineers, customer service team and extensive distributor network to deliver the support you need wherever you\'re located in the global market. Choose Fiberfrax and our other original Frax Brand products for innovative heat management and energy saving solutions of unparalleled quality, performance and value. For more information contact Unifrax at 716-768-6500. UNIFRAX www.unifrax.com news & trends 6 Audi to lightweight its vehicles with glass-fiber-reinforced suspension springs The automobiles of the future are getting lighter-a trend referred to as \"lightweighting\"-thanks to governmental standards that aim to increase fuel efficiency to 54.5 mpg by model year 2025. Audi recently announced its own lightweighting strategy to put some of its models on a diet that will trim almost 10 lb, from a perhaps unlikely source. The German automobile manufacturer says that traditional steel suspension system springs are out-and lightweight composite springs are in. The new glassfiber-reinforced-polymer composite will save about 2.5 lb per spring, a 40% weight reduction over steel springs. Audi forms the springs\' coils with twisted glass fibers embedded in epoxy resin. Before they are heat cured, the springs are wrapped with more glass fibers, positioned at 45° angles from the longitudinal axis, for maximum strength. Besides the savings in weight, which equates to increased fuel efficiency, the composite springs will not corrode as do steel springs, are produced with less energy than steel springs, and improve Business news Alcoa signs $1.1B deal to make jet engine parts (alcoa.com). . . Morgan produces large dimension PZT blocks (morganadvancedmaterials.com)…… Corning donates $1.8M mirror for space telescope (corning.com)... Fuyao purchases PPG glass plant (fuyaogroup. com)...Tses Glass launches construction of huge glass factory (www.facebook. com/tsesglass)... Bayer produces blastresistant safety glass for US embassies (bayer.com)...Minerals Make Life urges Congress to pass minerals legislation (mineralsmakelife.org)...Bucher Emhart Glass announces changes to refractories division (emhartglass.com)...PPG sells Mt. Zion float-glass facility (ppg. ww ми Audi\'s new glass-fiber-reinforced composite springs (left) are greener—literallythan steel springs (right). the car\'s overall driving precision and handling, according to Audi. Micro-LAM saves manufacturers time, money, and diamonds Diamond crystals are used in machining tools to cut, grind, and slice through materials, such as steel and ceramics. Despite diamonds\' hardness, all that machining wears out the crystals, adding time and money to manufacturing. Scientists at Western Michigan University\'s Manufacturing Research Center have come up with a better solucom)...Samena picks up 30.6% stake in RAK Ceramics (samenacapital.com)... Owens-Illinois plant in Waco plans $8M upgrades (o-i.com)... US advanced ceramics market to grow 5% annually to 2017 (rnrmarketresearch.com)... Samsung to build $1B display factory in Vietnam (samsung.com)... Ferro invests in Turkey (ferro.com)...Asahi Glass Co. to end production at Roux plant (agc. com)...Ardagh approved for $1.7B acquisition of Saint-Gobain Containers (ardaghgroup.com)...Motim Fused Cast Refractories cheers to 80 years (motim. hu)...SiEnergy Systems awarded $2.65M to develop innovative SOFCs (sienergy systems.com) tion by incorporating lasers with diamond machining tools. \"If you can find a way to soften the material it is cutting, that is, expose the diamond to a softer material, it doesn\'t wear as much, so you don\'t have to replace it as often, having to shut down the machine when you do,” John Patten, the Research Center\'s director, says in an National Science Foundation Discoveries report. The process that Patten pioneered with colleague Deepak Ravindra is called Micro-Laser Assisted Machining (MicroLAM). It incorporates a laser into a highpressure diamond cutter-focusing the laser right through the diamond-to soften the surface of the material being cut. Cutting softened material also results in a smoother surface, which requires less processing, and results in less breakage and fracturing-i.e., a better, stronger, smoother, and cheaper product. Micro-LAM \"addresses all of the main challenges associated with manufacturing hard and brittle materials, such as ceramics and semiconductors,\" Ravindra says in the NSF article. The technique is retrofittable, making it easy to integrate into current machining setups. According to the NSF article, \"the device could have a major impact in the aerospace and defense industries, including in the manufacture of high-powered electronics, computer chips, and lenses, windows and mirrors for optical and laser systems.\" μ-LAM UPT PELI The current version of the Micro-LAM system could be mounted directly on to an ultraprecision lathe or a diamond turning machine. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Credit: Deepak Ravindra; Micro-LAM DOE plan provides public access to funded research The United States Department of Energy is taking steps toward a more open stream of information from laboratories, introducing a new web directory that increases access to any publications or data derived from research funded by the DOE. According to a DOE release, the department\'s Public Access Gateway for Energy and Science (PAGES) portal provides free public access to accepted peer-reviewed manuscripts or published scientific journal articles within 12 months of publication. \"Increasing access to the results of research funded by the DOE will enable researchers and entrepreneurs to capitalize on our substantial research and development investments,\" says Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz. “These new policies set the stage for increased innovation, commercial opportunities, and accelerated scientific breakthroughs.” Though PAGES is still in beta, it is expected eventually to include \"distributed all-access text access to all DOE-affiliated accepted manuscripts or articles\" and increase its information assets by 20,000-30,000 manuscripts or articles each year. The articles currently available are only a collection to demonstrate functionality and the content that will eventually be made available, says the DOE. The department\'s Office of Science has also handed down new requirements-to be included in all funding solicitations and invites as of ACCESS OPEN 空 A ACCE OPEN CCESS OPEN ACCESS OPEN ACCESS October 1-for the \"management of digital research data” by researchers it supports, including the submission of a data management plan for all funding proposals. The plan must detail how researchers will share and preserve the data they collect. Is your idea going to grow? Nurture your seed of an idea with Harper as your scale-up partner. Harper helps companies custom engineer thermal processes for the production of advanced ceramics. Let us help take your seed of an idea from the lab to full commercialization. 000 \"Harper International harperintl.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Megan Bricker at mbricker@ceramics.org, or visit www. ceramics.org/corporate. Ortech Advanced Ceramics Ortech Inc. Sacramento, Calif., USA www.ortechceramics.com Solidia Technologies Solidia Technologies Piscataway, N.J., USA www.solidiatech.com ZIRKOLITH by zsystems Z-Systems USA Inc. Halifax, Mass., USA www.zsystemsusa.com Student stipend for MS&T14/ ACerS 116th Annual Meeting ACerS Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division is sponsoring two $500 stipends to assist students attending MS&T14, October 12-16 in Pittsburgh, Pa. These stipends will be awarded to deserving students with current or future interests in the nuclear or environmental fields of ceramic and materials engineering. The nomination form is due September 1. Complete details, including the nomination form, are available on the Nuclear & Environmental Division page at www.ceramics.org. 8 Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation debuts; appoints development director to lead donor and partner engagement Fish The American Ceramic Society has appointed Marcus J. Fish to the new position of development director for the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF). A new initiative of ACerS, the CGIF mission is to ensure that the global ceramic and glass industry is able to attract and train the highest-quality talent available to work with this unique class of engineered materials. The CGIF addresses two diverging trends impacting the ceramic and glass industry according to David Green, president of the Society. \"Universities have been consolidating ceramic engineering degree programs into materials science and engineering programs over the past several decades. Meanwhile, applications for engineered ceramic and glass materials in commercial products continue to expand. The CGIF addresses industry\'s need for materials scientists with the specialized knowledge to produce and engineer reliable ceramics and glasses,\" says Green. The CGIF will work with professors involved with ceramic and glass research or teaching to deliver scholarships and internships for undergraduate students. Also, it will deliver cost-efficient training and continuing education for working professionals, and outreach programs for elementary and secondary students to introduce materials science, especially, ceramic and glass materials. \"The addition of Marcus to our team is a significant step for the CGIF and builds on other important steps we\'ve taken in the first half of this year,\" says Charlie Spahr, executive director of ACerS. Spahr also serves as executive director of CGIF. \"Having Marcus work with individual and corporate donors will allow us to accelerate the pace of the Foundation\'s development and start building its programs,\" he says. ACerS has pledged an initial matching seed grant of $1 million to the Foundation. All donations will support CGIF programs. In addition to working with donors, Fish will develop partnerships with companies, education institutions, and government labs. ACerS Board of Directors approved establishing the CGIF in October 2013, which since has been incorporated as an LLC of The American Ceramic Society in the State of Ohio. A Board of Trustees comprising business and education leaders from around the globe is being formed to direct the CGIF. Fish joins ACerS after serving nine years as director of planned giving at Grove City College, Grove City, Pa. For information about the CGIF visit www.foundation.ceramics.org, or contact Fish directly at mfish@ceramics.org or 614-794-5863. CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION Calling all potential Emeritus members Will you be 65 years old (or older) by December 31, 2014, and have completed 35 or more years of continuous ACerS membership? If so, you qualify for Emeritus membership. Emeritus The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org members have their dues waived and receive reduced registration rates for ACerS meetings. To verify your eligibility, contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ ceramics.org. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition entry open The 2014 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition, organized by ACerS Basic Science Division, will be held at MS&T14 in October. Submit your entry to Karren More at morekl1@ornl.gov by September 30 or visit www.ceramics. org/awards for more information. Fellows nominations due September 1 Nominations for the ACerS 2015 Class of Fellows should be submitted by September 1. Fellows should have reached their 35th birthday and been members of the Society at least five continuous years. Visit www.ceramics. org/awards or contact Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. Register for Pittsburgh Section Golf Outing by September 1 ACerS Pittsburgh Section will host its annual golf outing on September 8 at The Links at Spring Church in Apollo, Pa. Reserve your spot by the September 1 deadline at www.ceramics.org/sections/pittsburgh-section. Opportunities for students abound at MS&T14 Join fellow Material Advantage student members from around the world at MS&T14, October 12-16. Students are invited to participate in special student activities and contests, so make your MS&T plans today. • Graduate Student Poster Contest: The Material Advantage Graduate Student Poster Contest is open to any graduate student who has an accepted poster in the general poster session at MS&T14. Cash prizes will be awarded to the first, second, and third place winners. Graduate students interested in participating should contact Tricia Freshour by September 12 at tfreshour@ceramics.org. Responses should include full name, title of poster, and school name. • Undergraduate student speaking and poster contests: The deadline for the Material Advantage Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest and Undergraduate Student Poster Contest is September 26. For contest rules, visit www.materialadvantage.org/financialopportunities/contests/. • Ceramic mug, ceramic disc golf contests: Two design contests-the ceramic mug drop and ceramic disc golf contests-are open to students. Both are very popular and will be held at MS&T on Tuesday, October 14, in the exhibit hall. Students who plan to make mugs and discs should notify Kevin Fox at Kevin.Fox@srnl.doe.gov by October 3, with their intent to compete. For more information about student activities at MS&T, visit www.material advantage.org/mst-student-activities. Students also will have the opportunity to tour the Pittsburgh Glass Works Windshield Manufacturing Plant in Creighton, Pa., on Monday, October 13, from noon to 5 p.m. To register for the tour, organized by ACerS\'s President\'s Council of Student Advisors, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org. The registration deadline is September 22. GPC student travel grants The Glass Manufacturing Industry Council is encouraging interest in glass industry careers by offering $500 travel grants to 20 students attending the 75th Conference on Glass Problems in Columbus, Ohio, November 3-6. Students also are invited to tour the Owens Corning plant in nearby Newark, Ohio, on November 3. To apply for a grant or RSVP for the tour, contact Donna Banks at dbanks@gmic. org by September 30. Student awards and competition at EMA 2015 The Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA) 2015 conference, scheduled for January 21-23, 2015, in Orlando, Fla., will support participation by undergraduate and graduate students by presenting at least six awards for preAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Easy to Choose. Easy to Use. Simultaneous Thermal Analysis 100% NETZSCH at the best price-performance ratio www.netzsch.com/n11718 STA 449 F5 Jupiter® - The New Standard for TGA-DSC Measurements ■Universal: For applications up to 1600°C. ■Easy-Access: Sample holder can be reached from above; furnace hoist rotates. ■Time-Saving: TGA-BeFlat baseline correction considerably lessens measuring effort. STA 449 F5 Jupiter® NETZSCH WETZSCH NETZSCH Instruments North America, LLC 129 Middlesex Turnpike Burlington, MA 01803-3305, USA Tel.: (+1) 781 272 5353 nib-sales@netzsch.com Graduating Soon and Wondering What to Do? The American Ceramic Society acers spotlight sentations and posters. Students should submit abstracts by September 10, after which the finalists will be selected. The student finalists will be given the option of presenting in their original symposium or during special lunchtime sessions that will highlight the work of the top students. Students who are invited and accept an invitation to present in the lunchtime sessions will be judged for the cash awards. For additional information, visit www.ceramics.org/ema2015. Institute for Ceramic and Glass celebrates golden anniversary www.ceramics.org FOTOGRAFILU 501016 Esmaltes Ecers ECERS I Sign up for a FREE year of membership in The American Ceramic Society! ACers can help you succeed with a FREE Associate Membership for the first year after graduation. As an ACerS Associate Member, you\'ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and throughout your career. With your complimentary membership, you will receive: • Young Professionals Network-customized programs & resources for early career professionals, plus the chance to rub elbows with some of the most accomplished people in the field • Employment career center • Online membership directory • Networking opportunities • Free online access to the Journal of the American Ceramic Society (searchable back to 1918), the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, and the International Journal of Applied Glass Science • ACers Bulletin―the monthly membership magazine ⚫ ceramicSOURCE-company directory and buyers\' guide • Discounted registration at all ACers meetings and discounts on all publications • Ceramic Tech Today-ACerS ceramic materials, applications, and business blog • Ceramic Knowledge Center-video gallery, applications, emerging technologies, and people Become an ACerS Associate Member After Graduation! To join, contact Tricia Freshour, ACers Membership Services Staff, at tfreshour@ceramics.org. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/associate. The Institute for Ceramic and Glass (Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio) in Spain recently celebrated its 50th anniversary. Pictured above with a gift from Names in the News James McCauley, former senior research engineer and chief scientist at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and a current emeritus/guest researcher there, was recently sworn in as a member of the Harford Community College (Bel Air, Md.) Board of Trustees. McCauley McCauley, who was the cooperative agreement manager of the metals and ceramics Materials Centers of Excellence at Johns Hopkins, Rutgers, and Pennsylvania State Universities for 17 years, also previously served as dean and professor of ceramic engineering at Alfred University. He is a past president, Fellow, and Distinguished Life Member of ACerS. ACerS recognizing the golden occasion are (from left): Fausto Rubio, director; Begoña Ferrari, tenured scientist; and Pilar Pena, vice director. Graeve Olivia Graeve, associate professor in the department of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University of California San Diego, has been named to the Tijuana (Mexico) Walk of Fame. Graeve, who helped start the Graduate Institute for the Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, was honored at a July induction ceremony for her work in science as well as in promoting careers in science and engineering among Hispanics and women. Her summer program—which gives high-achieving high school girls from Tijuana and San Ysidro the opportunity to work in the lab, develop engineering skills, and explore the scientific process-was expanded this summer to include close to 20 girls. 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 LOUISVILLE HIGH SCHOOL Keramos looks to future with new leadership, focus By Gregory Hilmas, Keramos president Often mistaken as an honor society, Keramos is a national fraternity that provides professional development to ceramic engineers while they are in school and throughout their careers. Although its members typically are initiated as students with an interest in ceramics, the fraternity also bestows honorary memberships upon established professionals through its 12 active student chapters at universities across the country. As the Keramos Board looks to an exciting year ahead, it does so following a major change in leadership. The key Board position has always been the general secretary-the keeper of fraternity records dating back more than 100 years. After six years in this position, Robert Schwartz—who, as of September 1, will serve as interim dean of the University of Missouri\'s College of Engineering—requested that the Board find a suitable replacement to assume the position. Filling Schwartz\'s shoes was a huge challenge, because he has served Keramos admirably for more than 15 years. We will greatly miss his passion and guidance. Following months of searching, however, the Board is happy to announce that Jeffrey Smith, associate professor of ceramic engineering at Missouri S&T, has agreed to serve as the next general secretary. \"It was with mixed emotions that I accepted the role of general secretary of Keramos as it meant that my good friend Bob Schwartz had stepped down. His passion and commitment to Keramos have been obvious throughout the years, and I hope that I too can do justice to the role,\" says Smith. “Having been the faculty advisor of the Missouri Chapter for more than a decade, I know well the importance of Keramos to our profession and will do all I can to ensure that it continues to impact future generations of ceramic engineers. Look for the board to focus on making Keramos a real asset to our current members while remembering the things that have made this fraternity great for more than a century.\" Smith That focus likely will be refined during Keramos\' annual convocation and business meeting, to be held in conjunction with MS&T14, October 12-16, in Pittsburgh, Pa. Thanks to travel support through fraternity funds, representatives from each student chapter will gather with their advisors and the Board to discuss best practices, exchange ideas, and conduct the year\'s business. This year\'s convocation also will feature two special guests. Carlo Pantano, distinguished professor of materials science and engineering at Pennsylvania State University, will receive the Greaves-Walker Roll of Honor award, and Richard Brow, immediate past president of ACerS and curators\' professor of ceramic engineering at Missouri S&T, will be the career speaker. On the morning of October 14, Keramos, in association with Material Advantage, will hold the annual student contests in the convention center\'s exhibit hall. (See page 9 for details). For more information on Keramos, visit www.ceramics.org/ classes/keramos. From left: Kelli Williams, OSU senior; Derek Miller, past PCSA chair and current OSU grad student; Mark Hornak, OSU grad student; and Tricia Freshour, ACers. ACers, Ohio State University promote ceramics, materials at Ohio State Fair Technology and Engineering Showcase On the final day of the 2014 Ohio State Fair, ACerS staff and Ohio State University materials science students took part in the Ohio Technology and Engineering Educators Association\'s Technology and Engineering Showcase. Their eye-catching demonstrations, many of which are included in the Materials Science Demo and Lab Kits developed by ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors, exposed fairgoers to the unique and unexpected ways advanced materials, such as ceramic body armor and titanium hip implants can advance technology. The exhibit took home the 2014 awards for Best Technology Exhibit and Outstanding Award for Technology Education, as well as the People\'s Choice Award for August 3. Discover More Advanced Ceramic and Glass Characterization DSC/TGA Rheology High Temp Viscometry Dilatometry Calorimetry TA Instruments Thermal Conductivity & Thermal Diffusivity Featuring unique new high temperature optical dilatometry and microscopy www.tainstruments.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 11 research briefs Bubble wrap for more than packing and popping A team of scientists at Harvard University, led by George M. Whitesides, has developed a potential new laboratory tool that is incredibly simple, cheap, and functional-bubble wrap as mobile storage vials, test tubes, or reaction vessels. Recently published in Analytical Chemistry, the team\'s research tested whether the bubbles themselves could function as individual microsize test tubes. Because bubble wrap is readily available, small, lightweight, uniform, and flexible, it is an ideal material for remote and undeveloped areas and for studies performed in the field. The method is simple-inject a sample solution, such as blood, urine, chemicals, or biological solutions, into a bubble wrap\'s bubble with a syringe and seal the small hole with clear nail polish. The little self-contained bubbles are incredibly versatile. They can be used to store chemicals or biological samples for healthcare diagnostics or zoological studies. They also can be used as miniature laboratories. Because the plastic is clear, each bubble can be used as a sample-containing cuvette. Insert a few little electrodes and you have a miniature electrochemical cell. Because bubble wrap is gas-permeable, each bubble also is a miniature culture dish to grow microorganisms, whether to transport microrganismal samples or to perform culture assays in the field. Each bubble can be used for bioassays for on-site bioanalysis, includBubbles of bubble wrap as cheap, flexible, and effective mobile test tubes. Credit: The American Chemical Society ing hemoglobin concentration and blood glucose levels. The paper is \"Adaptive use of bubble wrap for storing liquid samples and performing analytical assays\" (DOI: 10.1021/ac501206m). New \'sensing skin\' provides early warning for cracks in concrete A new concrete “sensing skin\" technology, developed by researchers from North Carolina State University and Gorilla Glass is getting an upgrade, and so are smartphonesto genius status gle Maps ITunes f Facebook to the press release. A laser writes an invisible waveguide into a smartphone\'s display glass. Scientists at Corning Incorporated in the United States and Polytechnique Montreal in Canada have debuted a new technology that may soon put seethrough sensors right into the glass of soon-to-be-smarter smartphones. The work, published in Optics Express, details the \"first laser-written light-guiding systems that are efficient enough to be developed for commercial use,\" according to a press release from The Optical Society. Using femtosecond lasers, the scientists created photonic waveguideschannels for light to travel within-in Corning\'s Gorilla Glass, creating a photonic system that can replace more traditional and constraining electronic systems. The research demonstrates the first high-quality photonic waveguides carved in the tough glass. The laser-etched guides are 10 times better at minimizing light loss from imperfections in the glass than previous attempts, according \"Using lasers enables researchers to make waveguides at any depth, allowing them to create many applications, one on top of each other, like layers in a cake. Layering the waveguides within the glass itself paves the way for more compact devices, which means you could squeeze more apps into your phone,\" according to the release. Beyond smarter smartphones, the technology could eventually lead to the integration of computing devices and sensors into other glass surfaces, such as tables and windows. \"We\'re opening the Pandora\'s box at the moment,\" coauthor Raman Kashyap, an engineering professor at Polytechnique Montreal, says in the press release. \"Now that the technique is viable, \'it\'s up to people to invent new uses for it. \"\" The open-access paper is \"Making smart phones smarter with photonics\" (DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.015473). Credit: The American Chemical Society 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 10 10 20 x (cm) 30 40 A new \"sensing skin” technology detects cracks in concrete (top image) and reports when and where the damage took place (bottom image). the University of Eastern Finland, could change how societies respond to the formation of critical (and dangerous) cracks in concrete. The sensing skin is an “electrically conductive\" coating of paint that can incorporate even inexpensive conductive materials like copper, making the skin affordable. \"The sensing skin could be used for a wide range of structures, but the impetus for the work was to help ensure the integrity of critical infrastructure such as nuclear waste storage facilities,\" says civil, construction, and environmental engineering professor Mohammad PourGhaz in an NC State press release. \"The idea is to identify problems quickly so that they can be addressed before they become big problems and—in the case of some critical infrastructure–so that public safety measures can be implemented.\" Pour-Ghaz, coauthor Aku Seppänen, and the rest of the research team applied electrodes to the perimeter of a concrete structure and then coated the structure with the sensing skin. They \"ran a small current between two of the electrodes at a time, cycling through a number of possible electrode combinations,\" according to the press release. A computer monitored and recorded the electrodes\' electrical potential, using the data collected to calculate the skin\'s \"spatially distributed electrical conductivity.\" Decreased conductivity indicated areas where the concrete had cracked or experienced damage. Next, the team plans to explore whether the technology will work in large-scale, realworld applications. The paper, published in Smart Materials and Structures, is \"Electrical impedance tomography-based sensing skin for quantitative imaging of damage in concrete\" (DOI: 10.1088/09641726/23/8/085001). New manufacturing method paves the way for production of \'soft machines,\' robots Researchers at Purdue University have developed a new manufacturing technique that will help make the commercial production of machines made of elastic materials and liquid metals more practical. According to a Purdue news release, using a 3D printer to create strain gauges-devices that measure how far a material will stretch\"the researchers embedded liquid-alloy devices into a rubberlike polymer called polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, a silicon-based \'elastomer.\' The liquid gallium-indium alloy was used to create patterns of lines to form a network of sensors.\" \"It has some odd properties,\" says Rebecca Kramer, lead researcher and mechanical engineering professor. \"Gallium oxidizes really quickly and forms a thick gallium oxide skin, which is American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Aku Seppänen challenging to work with using typical liquid-processing techniques.” \"We exploit this oxide skin by using it for structural stability. This means you can print liquid on a surface and it will maintain stable structures without moving around,\" she says. Conventional strain gauges made of metal film are rigid and break after reaching about 1% deformation. But the soft strain gauges stretch right alongside the material, measuring 100% of its strain. Kramer notes that the soft strain gauge can measure just about any material including the skin that surrounds joints, which means it could find immediate application in the development of soft and stretchable wearable technology that needs to bend and give with elbows, knees, and wrists. The findings, published in Advanced Functional Materials, show that unlike the liquid alloy, the oxide skin adheres easily to the PDMS. \"Most sensors made from these materials are prototyped individually and limited to the millimeter scale,\" Kramer says in the release. \"Our process enables digital fabrication of the sensors on the microscale.\" The team believes the process could be used in the production of soft machines as well as in pressure sensors, capacitors, and conductors. The paper is \"Direct writing of gallium-indium alloy for stretchable electronics,\" (DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201303220). Purdue researchers have a new way to pattern plastic-liquid metal strain gauges on glass. 13 Credit: Rebecca Kramer; Purdue University 14 research briefs Credit: A STAR IMRE, Singapore Could shape-shifting iron SMAS shift the construction industry? Like gymnasts and contortionists, shape memory alloys (SMAs) can just as easily return to their original shape after being deformed by heat. The presto-chango of these metals makes them the perfect material for everything from household appliances and clothing to eyeglasses. Although not currently widely used in the construction industry, SMAS could potentially prestress the concrete beams that shore up bridges. A team from Switzerland\'s Empa research lab is hoping to help these alloys live up to that potential. However, the nickel-titanium alloys used in eyeglasses are not ideal for concrete applications. Iron-based SMA products-the raw materials and processing of which are much less expensivemake more sense, but their use has been limited because the materials have to be heated to 400°C for the memory effect to kick in, a temperature far too hot for heat-sensitive materials such as concrete and mortar. Empa researchers, led by Christian Leinenbach of the group\'s Joining Technology and Corrosion Laboratory, have turned stumbling block to success, producing an iron-manganese-silicon SMA alloy that activates at a cool 160°C. According to the release, “The material science researchers \'designed\' a range Two FeSMA strips are embedded in a reinforced concrete beam and fixed with mortar. of virtual alloys using thermodynamic simulations, and then selected the most promising combinations. These were then manufactured in the laboratory and their shape memory characteristics tested, with great success. Several of the new materials met the construction engineers\' requirements, an important milestone on the path to providing economic shape memory steel alloys for industrial applications-in other words, manufacturing them by the ton.\" The team believes that these novel alloys could help engineers prestress structures that are not easily prestressed (such as \"short fibre concrete, near surface mounted laminates, column wrapping, and ribbed armoring steel\") using more conventional techniques. Switzerland\'s Commission for Technology and Innovation agrees-they recently financed a feasibility study that showed that the alloys could be produced in large quantities outside of the lab. The manufacturing process was developed in collaboration with Leoben University (Austria), the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg (Germany), and G. Rau GmbH (Germany). Swiss startup re-Fer AG plans to use the process to manufacture iron-based SMA on an industrial scale and anticipates the cost of the new product will \"be about the same order of magnitude as that for stainless-steel-based materials.\" Attracting water, rather than repelling it, could keep glass clearer. Durable, water-loving ceramic coating combats condensation, cleans up glass Scientists at Singapore\'s A*STAR\'S Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) have developed a \"durable and permanent” ceramic coating that is transparent and superhydrophilic. Unlike coatings that repel water, IMRE\'s CleanClear coating attracts and creates a layer of water that will not fog up the glass or plastic to which it is applied. According to a news release, it also keeps the surfaces cleaner for a longer period of time. The permanent coating is extremely durable and needs to be applied only once. And, according to IMRE, it simplifies the manufacturing process. The coating can be applied on glass and plastic materials at processing temperatures below 100°C and does not require activation by ultraviolet rays or sunlight, which means it can function without light (i.e., at night or in low light). \"Conventional technologies mainly use organic-based materials and some with nanoparticles but these don\'t last long, and need to be re-coated from time to time. The CleanClear process makes the coating part of the surface-permanently,\" says Gregory Goh, lead scientist from IMRE. Credit: Empa www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 ceramics in the environment Could a bamboo-fiber composite replace steel reinforcements in concrete? Future Cities Laboratory\'s bamboo-reinforced concrete could be the next sustainable building solution. The production and consumption of steel has been critical in shoring up the economies of China and other developing countries-Brazil, India, and South Korea among them-but these countries are not always capable of producing a supply that can meet an increasingly growing demand. Enter scientists at Singapore\'s Future Cities Laboratory (ETH Zürich\'s research lab), who offer bamboo-sustainable, resilient, and abundant—as a replacement in places where steel is not plentiful. What makes bamboo not so ideal, however, is that it can swell with water and rot if left untreated. As a result, it has not been used to reinforce concrete with much success at least, not until now. Led by Dirk Hebel, the research team at Future Cities has developed a bamboo-fiber composite that shows great promise as a replacement for steel reinforcements. According to a Civil Engineering (CE) magazine article, the composite-80% bamboo, 20% adhesive, and 300% more dense than raw bamboo-is “water resistant, does not swell, and is durable.\" Further, researchers say that testing of its pliancy and tensile strength show that the composite would be a viable replacement for a steel reinforcement. \"To reintroduce production into cities as part of a complex social and cultural lifestyle, it requires that this production-and the products themselves-do not harm our health or environment,\" Hebel says in the CE article. \"Renewable and \'green\' materials-like the one we are researching-which do not require a \'smoke industry,\' but rather a low-tech approach, could be the game-changers whereby small- and middle-sized companies can operate as part of an urban system. Wherever bamboo is growing, this process could work out.\" Catalytic converter \'greens\' up lawnmowers for little green Like their larger counterparts, small engines spew greenhouse gases. A study published in Environmental Science and Technology in 2001 reported that, in just one hour of mowing, a gasoline lawnmower sends as many pollutants into the environment as a 100-mile automobile roadtrip. That study recommended that lawnmowers and other small engines follow the path of automobiles and be equipped with catalytic converters to help keep air clean. A group of students from the University of California, Riverside is hoping to do just that with the development of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Future Cities Laboratory a simple add-on contraption that can remove 93% of pollutants from lawnmower exhaust. Their device-a catalytic converter for a lawnmower is a simple L-shaped stainless steel pipe. It contains a metal mesh filter to remove particulate pollutants from the exhaust. The device then douses the exhaust stream with an ultrafine mist of urea solution to prime the air for catalysis. The urea-primed but still polluted air then passes through a ceramic catalytic support, converting harmful nitrogen oxide and ammonia to neutral nitrogen gas and water. According to an email from the students\' adviser Kawai Tam, the team used a commercially available cordierite for the ceramic substrate. According to the UCR press release, \"When they tested the device it reduced the following harmful pollutants: carbon monoxide by 87%, nitrogen oxides by 67%, and particulate matter by 44%. With the improved version of the device, 93% of particulate matter emissions were eliminated.\" An L-shaped small-motor catalytic converter contains a metal mesh filter (back) and a cordierite substrate (front). Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ ceramictechtoday Online research, papers, policy news, interviews, and weekly video presentations 15 ceramics in energy Zinc provides the power for new high-energy-density battery Imprint Energy (Alameda, Calif.) is hoping to \"disrupt” the battery market for the $1-billion-and-growing wearables industry with a flexible and rechargeable battery that can be economically printed on industrial screen printers. According to Imprint\'s website, the company\'s Zinc Poly technology \"removes longstanding limitations on the rechargeability of zinc-based batteries and enables the production of ultrathin, flexible high-energy-density rechargeable batteries for significantly lower cost and without the design limitations or safety concerns of other battery technologies”—and its investors agree. Imprint, founded in 2010 by Christine Ho and Brooks Kincaid, recently secured $6 million in funding from Phoenix Venture Partners, Flextronics Lab IX, and AME Cloud Ventures to accelerate development of its less bulky batteries. Imprint prints its batteries in layers on machines that closely resemble the same machines that print silkscreen T-shirts. Their technology uses zinc, which is less reactive than lithium, and a solid polymer electrolyte that enhances the battery\'s capacity for recharging. Zinc also makes the battery more environmentally friendly and less toxic, providing a safer option, particularly in medical devices, than lithium. Imprint reports that, unlike competitors, its batteries “remained stable\" after 1,000 bending cycles. A screen capture from a YouTube video shows how Imprint Energy prints a flexible, thin zinc battery similar to how a T-shirt is screenprinted. Credit: Radiologie Co.; YouTube Solar-powered plane plans to circle the globe without gas OMEGA SOLVAY OMEGA SOLVAY Solar Impulse 2 gears up to attempt the world\'s first around-the-world solar flight. A plane powered only by the sun is set to become the first to complete an around-the-world solar flight. Solar Impulse 2-which completed its first test flight in early June-is the result of more than 12 years of blood, sweat, and R&D. With the wingspan of a 747 and the weight of an average minivan, the plane reaches top speeds of only 40 mph. But what it lacks in speed it makes up for in energy savings, soaking up the sun\'s power in the more than 17,000 solar cells that line the composite carbonfiber materials that keep Impulse lightand relying on lithium batteries to keep it flying through the night. According to the Solar Impulse project website, the idea for the solarpowered plane came to company president Bertrand Piccard after taking part in the first successful around-the-world Urine, or you\'re not—Pee power could someday charge smartphones Scientists at the Bristol Robotics Laboratory (BRL) in the United Kingdom are hoping to transform one of the world\'s most abundant and accessible resources-urine-into electricity. According to a report from The Economist, BRL researchers have been putting their \"urine-tricity\" to the test, and have found that pee power can put balloon flight. Stephanie Booth; Flickr; CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 Together, he and André Borschberg, Solar Impulse CEO and copilot, set out to show that alternative energy sources and technologies could achieve the impossible-in this case, the aforementioned around-the-world flight. In 2013, prototype plane Solar Impulse 1 crisscrossed the United States, flying from San Francisco to New York City at a snail\'s pace. The 18-hour and 23-minute trek gave engineers plenty of ideas for improvement, particularly regarding the materials (composites and honeycomb structure) that make Impulse the lightest airplane to date. There will be additional test flights before Piccard and Borschberg attempt their globe-encircling flight in March 2015. off more power than other waste products-three times as much. Urine-tricity is fueled by microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using ceramic earthenware tubes. \"When urine flows through an MFC, the microbes consume it as part of their normal metabolic process,\" reports The Economist. \"This, in turn, frees electrons. Electrodes within the cell gather these electrons and, when they are connected to an external circuit, a current is generated.\" Instead of feeding the MFCs scraps 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 of food, dead insects, or grass clippings, the team provided a steady stream of fresh urine—which has a lower level of organic carbon, “favorable” acidity, and the ability to conduct electricity-to stacks of the MFCs. The electricity produced by the stacks had an output three times higher than that of the other organic wastes, allowing the MFCs to charge a mobile phone. The team\'s findings were published in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics last year. The work at BRL, which is a joint venture between the University of Bristol and the University of the West of England, is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The paper is \"Waste to real energy: The first MFC powered mobile phone,\" (DOI: 10.1039/C3CP52889H). Microbial fuel cells made with porous earthenware tubes meet urine, resulting in an electrical output strong enough to power a smartphone. ceramics in biomedicine Clay may be key to thwarting antibiotic-resistant bacteria A National Science Foundation Discoveries story reports that clay deposits may be key to stemming worldwide increases in deadly antibacterial resistance-the ability of bacteria to avoid death at the hands of standard antibiotic treatment. Arizona State University and United States Geological Survey scientists tested various clay samples from an Oregonian mine pit, known to be rich in ash from ancient volcanic activity, for their bug-busting ability. They sampled three regions of various oxidation conditions within one clay pit-oxidized white and red clays from the upper part of the pit and unoxidized blue clays A nodule of Oregon blue clay, coated with red clay and sulfur crystals and encased in white clay. Credit: Lynda Williams; NSF from deeper levels. Taking the samples back to the lab and cozying them up to bacterial samples of common pathogens showed that the clays were indeed antibacterial, but were not created equal. The blue samples were the most effective, white clays were moderately effective, and red clays had no bugbusting power. To further understand why the clays were effective, the scientists turned to the bacteria themselves and took a closer look. Ultimately, they determined that the clays stop bacteria dead in their tracks largely because the bugs rapidly uptake iron, which interferes with their metabolism. According to the NSF report, \"Cells were flooded with excess iron, which overwhelmed iron storage proteins and killed the bacteria.\" The clays also may lend some of their antibacterial properties to their ability to buffer pH changes in wounds. Chronic wounds are more alkaline than healthy skin, but \"antibacterial clays can buffer wounds to a low [more acidic] pH,\" biogeochemist and senior author Lynda Williams says in the report. \"The clays may shift the wound environment to a pH range that favors healing, while killing invading bacteria.\" The paper is \"Mineralogical variables that control the antibacterial effectiveness of a natural clay deposit\" (DOI: 10.1007/s10653-013-9585-0). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 17 Credit: University of the West of England • advances in nanomaterials Self-folding silicon nanostructures mock Venus flytraps to catch single cells Microscopic images of individual cell grippers before and after closing. Laboratory science has come to appreciate that cells are unique. Therefore, interest in tiny tools that can help separate and capture single cells for analysisthe so-called lab on a chip-has become a robust area of research. New research from The Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.) and the United States Army Research Laboratory (Adelphi, Md.) details self-folding biocompatible nanostructures that can gingerly capture single live cells in-vitro. The research is published in Nano Letters. Using high-throughput photolithography techniques, the team patterned the little structures with four microscopic triangular arms. Making the structures out of prestressed bilayers of silicon monoxide and silicon dioxide made them biocompatible and bioresorbable. A \"sacrificial\" layer of silicon dissolves when the minature grippers are placed in a warm solution, causing the arms to spontaneously fold upward. Thicker layers of silicon monoxide were patterned into more rigid hinge shapes to guide the arms to fold upward, creating a little single cell-catching box. The scientists made the nanostructures (10-70 μm from tip to tip when open) into large arrays or as untethered, free-floating grippers. The authors speculate that when arrayed, up to 10 million grippers could potentially be patterned onto a 12-in. silicon wafer for in-vitro uses. Free-floating grippers might find potential in-vivo use to travel through places such as the circulatory system, enhanced with and guided by magnetic elements to control their location. The paper is \"Self-folding single cell grippers\" (DOI: 10.1021/nl500136a). Thermochromic paint warns when materials get too hot Credit: Malachowski, et al; Reprinted with permission Researchers at the New Jersey Institute of Technology have stirred up a new paint formulation that is more than just fun-their paint could give an early warning signal that equipment may malfunction, explode, or overheat. Supported by the U.S. Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center, the research team formulated a thermochromic paint that can indicate high-temperature exposure. The paint, called a \"thermal indicating composition,\" contains polydiacetylene (PDA) polymers in combination with nanoparticles (0.01-2.0 wt%) of ZnO alloyed with one or more transition-metal oxides, according to the filed U.S. patent. According to the patent, “the monomers making up the PDAs are typically colorless and become increasingly colored with polymerization.\" For the Army\'s purposes, the paint will be used on munitions to monitor exposure to high temperatures, which can deplete stabilizers within weapons and make them potentially dangerous. The technology also has applications on factory machines, household appliances, tools, and more. Professor Zafar Iqbal led a team of researchers in the development of a new thermochromic paint formulation. Credit: NJIT 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Building stronger, lighter ceramic microstructures sans the diffraction limit Almost a decade ago, a team of researchers led by Nicholas Fang unlocked a small-but important—part of science. Their 2005 Science paper showed that the diffraction limit was actually not a limit at all, as they achieved subdiffraction limit imaging. Now at MIT, Fang\'s team, collaborating with another team of scientists from Lawrence Livermore National Lab led by Christopher Spadaccini, most recently incorporated those subdiffraction limit principles to develop and fabricate new ultrastiff, ultralight, structures of metamaterials made by a high-precision additive manufacturing technique known as projection microstereolithography. \"Normally, stiffness and strength declines with the density of any material-that\'s why when bone density decreases, fractures become more likely,\" Fang explains in an MIT press release. “But using the right mathematically determined structures to distribute and direct the loads-the way the ment of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal beams do in a structure like the Eiffel Tower-the lighter structure can maintain its strength.\" arrangeProjection microstereolithography, which allows precision and complexity at smaller scales than other additive manufacturing techniques can provide, enabled researchers to generate microtruss-supported structures with high strength and low density. paper The authors write in the that the new materials “maintain a nearly linear scaling between stiffness and density spanning three orders of magnitude in density, over a variety of constituent materials\"-polymers, metals, and ceramics. For the ceramic structures, the researchers used photopolymer templates that were coated with aluminum oxide by atomic layer deposition. Thermal decomposition removed the polymer template, leaving hollow ceramic microlattices of aluminum oxide layers ~40 to 210 nm thick. \"This material is among the lightest in the world,\" Spadaccini says. \"However, because of its microarchitected layout, it performs with four orders of magnitude higher stiffness than unstructured materials, like aerogels, at a comparable density.\" The paper is \"Ultralight, ultrastiff mechanical metamaterials” (DOI: 10.1126/science.1252291). Reduce research time and avoid costly experimentation with ACerS-NIST critically-evaluated phase diagrams for ceramic systems. Version 4.0 contains 25,000 phase diagrams, 637 new figures and 1,000 new diagrams. ORDER NOW Single User License: $950 Multi User Licence: $1,625 VERSION 4.0 PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMIC SYSTEMS X A single octet truss unit cell comprises materials with uncharacteristically high strength at low density. Credit: MIT The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST ORDER TODAY ceramics.org/phasecd | 866-721-3322 | 240-646-7054 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 19 bulletin cover story XRF analysis in the Science Laboratory at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Md., of blue and rare violet Montana sapphires in the Iris Corsage Ornament (WAM No. 57.939). Tiffany and Company produced the piece for the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris, France. Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science By Glenn Alan Gates Conservation scientists use familiar characterization tools to discover the materials science secrets of art and archaeological objects. Nultural heritage science-sometimes Cult referred to as conservation science-is the scientific study of the materials associated with art and archaeology, including objects that can be moved and objects that must be studied on-site. Cultural heritage scientists study a wide range of materials that can include metals and corrosion products; textiles and dyes; mineral and organic pigments; gems; composite biomaterials, such as leather, vellum, parchment, and wood; paper and papyrus; natural and synthetic polymers; and even biofilms and biodeterioration. Perhaps the materials of greatest interest to the American Ceramic Society community would include fired ceramics, glazes, adobe, enamels, mortar, glasses, and ceramic nanocoatings. Cultural heritage scientists apply their unique skills in art museums, universities, and regional or national centers for the conservation of art or to landmarks, such as archaeological sites or architectural buildings. This highly interdisciplinary profession requires expertise in physical sciences (chemistry, physics, biology, geology, and material science), forensics, humanities (art history, archaeology, archaeometry, art conservation, ethics, and history), engineering, computer science, and economics. Therefore, collaborations are critical to success, and particularly strong working relationships 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Credit: Stephanie Jewell exist between conservators and curators. Within ACerS, the recently established Art, Archaeology, and Conservation Science Division supports the cultural heritage science community. Cultural heritage scientists assume various roles depending on the circumstances surrounding an artwork or a particular issue-a doctor one day, a detective the next, or even an explorer the following day. For example, if crystals spontaneously appear on a ceramic artwork, museum curators may ask scientists: \"What is it? Where did it come from? Why is this happening? How can this be prevented?” Alternatively, scientists may be asked to address questions of authenticity. If an art museum plans to acquire an object, a scientist might be asked to confirm that the materials used for the object\'s fabrication are consistent with the date of attribution. Sometimes, a scientist is asked to reverse engineer a work of art to determine how it was made or what technology was used to make it. Regardless of the question that sparks an investigation, the scientist faces unique challenges when working with art. Sampling a work of art is very limited because artwork is precious and should not be consumed-or visually impacted—during an analytical investigation. Therefore, scientists use nondestructive analytical tools first. These include visual examination, usually with a stereomicroscope, and possibly various forms of radiation that could include ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR). Computed tomography (CT), X-radiography, and elemental identification using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) also are tools of cultural (a) heritage science that can be applied without sampling. When sampling a work of art is deemed appropriate, scientists routinely use scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This article will highlight some of the specialized characterization tools used by cultural heritage scientists, using as examples analytical investigations of artwork from the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Md. Revealing tool marks with stereomicroscopy (b) (d) Figure 1. Authentically ancient or not? (a) Jade Crocodile Effigy Pendant (WAM No. 2009.20.273) (15.7 cm high) carved in Atlantic Watershed-style and attributed to ancient Costa Rica; gift of John G. Bourne Foundation, 2013. (b) Toolmarks are difficult to discern on Crocodile\'s surface in this 10-mmlong photomicrograph. (c) RTI and (d) SEM of silicone impression from Crocodile at 40x clearly document a surface prepared using loose abrasives. The ultimate sleuth Sherlock Holmes always has a magnifying glass ready. Similarly, a cultural heritage sleuth obtains a close look as the preliminary step for any examination of a work of art, and an optical stereomicroscope can enhance such an examination. For example, tool marks from abrasives on carved jade from the Americas provide evidence that helps distinguish between ancient and modern techniques and can inform questions of authenticity. Ancient American societies carved jade extensively using loose abrasives that created irregularly and variably sized marks. Modern cottage industries also supply collectors with carved jade objects that imitate ancient production, although these techniques make use of fixed abrasives that leave marks appearing as fine, regularly spaced parallel lines.¹ During a recent study of a jade artifact (Figure 1), surface tool marks and silicone molds of the surface were inspected using several imaging methods, including stereomicroscopy, SEM, and reflectance transformation imaging (RTI). RTI, once referred to as polynomial texture mapping, is a photo-documentation technique that uses computer algorithms to capture micrometer-scale Transferring cultural heritage science studies to materials science today Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM Will the study of 1,000-year-old Asian \"hare\'s fur\" glazes yield improved magnetic materials based on epsilon-phase iron(II) oxide, ε-Fe₂O₂? Might studies of the deterioration of enamels produced 500 years ago in France result in improved glass for future radioactive waste storage? American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Can understanding the degradation mechanisms of 100-year-old cadmium sulfo-selenide pigments result in superior semiconductor performance? Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM 21 Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science detail, texture, and even color of surfaces. This study confirmed authenticity of the artifact and showed that lower-cost RTI provides comparable results to traditional, but expensive, SEM imaging. Illuminating art with UV and IR Various types of illumination are central to the toolkit used to investigate art. Generally considered nondestructive during the short exposure times of an examination, UV and IR can reveal or differentiate many materials that the unaided eye cannot. For example, Figure 2 illustrates an inlaid steatite (or \"soapstone\") Egyptian Pectoral with Scarab from 1292-1070 B.C. The pigment known as \"Egyptian blue\" is a synthetic calcium copper silicate compound with a characteristic bright-white visible-light-induced IR fluorescence.³ Egyptian blue is one of few artists\' pigments with an end-of-use date. Although Egyptians used it from at least 2500 B.C., the method for making it appears to have been lost around the fall of the Roman Empire, A.D. 400. Therefore, the presence of Egyptian blue pigment indicates a paint created in ancient times, as opposed to a more modern restoration that might have been applied to enhance the value of an object for sale. At the lower edge of the pectoral, the register of stylized lotus blossoms retains four of the original shield-shaped inlays that appear indistinguishable from the steatite support under normal light (Figure 2(a)). Vsible-light-induced IR fluorescence (Figure 2(b)) indicated that these regions contained Egyptian blue pigment. However, reflected IR (Figure 2(c)) clearly showed that these stylized Figure 3. (a) Standing Female Figure (WAM No. 2009.20.62) (38.5 cm high) from Nayarit in ancient West Mexico (Lagunillas \"C\" type) was produced between 300 B.C. and A.D. 200 from burnished, slip-painted earthenware; gift of John Bourne, 2009. (b) X-radiograph and (c) CT scan of the figure show joins, suggesting that sections were created separately then affixed to one another. (a) lotus blossoms are made from a different material that is not steatite, but probably Egyptian faience-a partially sintered quartz-containing ceramic with surface vitrification. Under UV radiation (Figure 2(d)), the fluorescent remnants of a glaze on top of the steatite were clearly visible in the recesses and interstices of the incised lines and suggested the steatite was fired, probably to harden the normally soft stone substrate and set the glaze. ARAAJA (ɑ) (b) (d) Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM Figure 2. (a) Under normal light, this steatite Egyptian Pectoral with Scarab (WAM No. 42.91) (9.5 cm high) from 1292-1070 B.C. shows many colored inlays. (b) Using visible-light-induced IR fluorescence, Egyptian blue pigment appears bright white. (c) Reflected IR easily distinguishes Egyptian faience (white) from the steatite (gunmetal gray). (d) Remnants of glaze, which are preserved primarily in the recesses and interstices of incised lines, appear bright-white under UV. Peering inside-CT scanning and X-radiography Examining an artwork\'s interior often is instructive for determining how an object was made, but it is very difficult or sometimes impossible to achieve. X-radiography can help discover how an object was made with details regarding its construction or use. For example, it can reveal joins or points of attachment that are not visible to the eye. It also can show the contents of internal cavities of hollow objects, which provide clues to how the civilization used them. An X-radiograph records variations in density, with greater densities appearing lighter because of absorption of X-rays. Although it is an incredibly useful tool for many artifacts, interpreting an X-radiograph can be quite complicated, because it records the density variations of a three-dimensional object onto a two-dimensional surface (formerly film, but more commonly today a digiCredit: Susan Tobin; WAM (b) tal plate). CT scanning compiles X-ray images obtained in thin sub-millimeteror even micrometer-thick slices. As a result, CT scan images may be easier to interpret. In the case of the 2,000-yearold ceramic figure from ancient West Mexico (Figure 3), X-radiographs suggest that the head, body, and legs were hand-built, but it was difficult to clearly discern just how. A CT scan allowed a clear view of the interior walls, making it apparent that overlapping slabs of clay were used to create the figure. Additionally, it appears that the legs, torso, and head were created separately and then joined. Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM (c) Credit: U. of Maryland Medical Center 22 222 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Figure 4. XRF analyzes elemental differences between blue and violet Montana (or Yogo Gulch) sapphires used to form the petals of the Iris Corsage Ornament. Identifying chemical elements-XRF Some consider XRF the most powerful nondestructive analytical tool in the arsenal of the cultural heritage scientist. During the past 50 years, XRF has helped build a rich database of the elemental compositions of artwork surfaces. In very dense materials, such as gold-based materials, XRF can identify elements to a depth of 25 µm below the surface. In less dense materials, XRF can identify elements several hundred micrometers deep-sometimes at partsper-million concentrations. Historically, XRF instrumentation used for art analysis was comparatively bulky or had to be used in a lead-lined room, which required transportation of artwork to the analytical instrument. This is not an issue when the object is small and portable, such as the Tiffany Iris Corsage Ornament pictured in Figure 4. Many objects worth studying are not so easily moved. During the past decade, portable XRF instrumentation has come of age to allow routine, on-site analysis of monumental artifacts that cannot be moved. For example, certain sections of the life-sized, wall-mounted Adam and Eve glazed terracotta relief shown in Figure 5 were suspected of being restorations (Figure 5(c)). Using a portable instrument, XRF analysis distinguished original Renaissance parts from later restoration additions based on elemental differences in the glazed surfaces.5 Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM Discovering materials interactions with FTIR FTIR can be extremely useful to identify materials by providing information regarding how elements are combined. In the instance of the ceramic Mycenaean Jug in Figure 6(a), FTIR helped answer important questions about the appearance of a crystalline growth on the interior rim of this low-fired ceramic vessel (Figure 6(b)). The crystals appeared while the object was on display, and museum conservators knew the crystals were not part of the jug\'s archaeological history. Indeed, the crystals actually were forcing their way through the ancient slipdecorated surface, causing damage to the object, as observed with an optical microscope (Figure 6(c)). The spectrum of an FTIR analysis conducted through a microscope in transmission mode, with a microsample compressed between diamond plates, identified the crystals as a hydrated calcium acetate compound. 6 Organic acids in the form of acetates and formates from exhibition materials can be a serious pollution problem in the museum environment. Potential polluting organic materials include wood (particularly oak) and wood products, fabrics, and adhesives. In this case, the analytical results led to a federal (a) (b) (c) grant through the Institute of Museum and Library Services to retrofit exhibition cases. This included replacing fabrics in cases with paint to diminish exposure of objects to pollutants. This project resulted in a change of protocol and materials for all new case construction. In this way, materials studies informed materials selection decisions regarding exhibit construction to best preserve collections of cultural heritage for the future. Deterioration or artistic designXRD and SEM Determining if the appearance of an artwork results from its history and merits preservation or if its appearance is a product of decomposition or deterioration is not always as obvious as in the preceding case. For example, conservators noticed the presence of a white crystalline material on the surface of the Venetian glass Ewer (Figure 7(a) and (b)) while preparing it for exhibition. Because this artwork was created in the late 19th or early 20th centu ry with the intention of appearing ancient or antique, the question arose whether the accretion indicated an unstable glass composition or if it was evidence of the \"antiquing\" process used by the creator and, therefore, ought to be preserved as part of the object\'s history. :: Susan Tobin: W Figure 5. (a) and (b) A portable XRF spectrometer analyzed the glazed surface of the life-sized Adam and Eve (WAM No. 27.219) (280 cm high) created by Giovanni della Robbia in Italy circa 1515. (c) The red shadowing indicates areas of suspected restorations, which were confirmed by XRF. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 23 Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science (b) XRD analysis identified the accretion as malladrite, a sodium fluorosilicate. This mineral occurs in the vicinity of Italian volcanoes, including Mount Vesuvius, near where the object was created in Venice. However, the question remained whether the object itself was decomposing. Extracting a small sample that included the glass and the accretion for SEM-EDS analysis showed with certainty that the white material had been applied, because fluorine was detected only in the accretion, not in the underlying glass substrate (Figure 7(c) and (d)). In this case, material analysis informed the proper conservation of the object during its preparation for exhibition-the accretion was evidence (a) (b) (d) (c) of the maker\'s antiquing technique, thus it was preserved.? Teasing out provenance with neutron activation analysis Sometimes the scientific study of artwork materials helps inform the history or origin of an unprovenanced, undocumented artwork. Such was the case for a vast collection of more than 1,000 Byzantine ceramic tiles and tile fragments that were purchased as a group by the Walters in 1956 from an art dealer. This dealer purchased the collection at the Istanbul Bazaar, so little information existed about the context or geographical origin of this important collection of figurative and decorative tiles. Made approxiFigure 7. (a) Italian glass Ewer (WAM No. 47.339) (17.6 cm high) by Salviati and Co., produced in the late 19th or early 20th century to mimic the style and appearance of ancient glass. (b) Neck detail shows white encrustation on the glass. (c) Backscattered electron image of a sample from the surface shows the polygon shape of surface encrustations. (d) Energy-dispersive map of fluorine (green) and silicon (red) shows fluorine located in the encrustation but not in the underlying glass. Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM mately 1,000 years ago, such tiles are rare and likely served as decorative schemes for the interior of small chapels or sacred spaces. A similar group of tiles of known provenance in the collection at Dumbarton Oaks (Washington, D.C.) was excavated by M. Ramazanoglu from a site in Constantinople, the Byzantine capital known today as Istanbul, Turkey. The Walters tiles appeared to be similar but differed in significant ways. Therefore, scientists compared trace element compositions of the ceramic bodies to try to establish a secure connection to the Byzantine capital. Drilled samples from the ceramic body of the Walters tile fragments were compared with Dumbarton tile fragments using neutron activation analysis (Figure 8). Cluster analyses of the neutron activation results for 53 major, minor, and trace elements at parts-per-million concentrations Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM Figure 6. (a) Long-Beaked Jug (WAM No. 48.2098) (27 cm high) from Mycenae, circa 1425 B.C.; museum purchase in 1957. (b) Top view shows growth of new, unknown crystals in jug opening. (c) This microscopic image of the 0.5-mm-wide crystals in-situ shows deterioration of the ceramic body from volume expansion during crystallization of hydrated calcium acetate. revealed the Walters and the Dumbarton ceramics were of the same compositional group, providing strong evidence of a substantial connection to the Byzantine capital for the Walters tiles.8 Work in-progress: Examining a pigment particle with FIB and TEM Perhaps one of the most exciting opportunities for materials analysis in cultural heritage science occurs when a conservator observes something unusual in an artwork, such as a material beyond common experience. Determining what it is, or simply knowing more about it, provides potential lessons about the artwork or its materials. This situation occurred at the Walters with the observaFigure 8. (a) Painted icon wall tile of St. Nicholas (WAM No. 48.2086) (15 cm high) from Byzantium, 10th century; museum purchase in 1956 and partial gift of Robert E. Hecht Jr., 1957. (b) Fragment of Byzantine tile (WAM No. 48.2086 CV2) analyzed by neutron activation analysis. Susan Tobin; WAM 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 (a) (b) (d) (c) 200 nm Credit: Jatupom Burns and Yaqiao Wu Credit: Jatuporn Burns and Yaqiao Wu Credit: Susan Tobin; WAM Figure 9. (a) Portrait of a Bearded Man (WAM No. 32.6) (40 cm high) is an encaustic on wood Roman-Egyptian mummy portrait circa A.D. 170. (b) Detail of lower right side of portrait showing original mummification residues on top of sparkly purple paint. (c) Detail of gemlike particles with a millimeter-scale bar. (d) Focused ion-beam slices of a purple paint particle. (e) Purple paint under UV radiation shows characteristic orange fluorescence of an organic lake pigment. (f) TEM micrograph of the pigment\'s interior, including a light gray matrix, black irregularly-shaped spherical parrticles, and needleshaped particles rich in aluminum. tion of unusual purple, gemlike particles embedded in paint used for the Portrait of a Bearded Man mummy portrait, produced in Egypt around A.D. 170 (Figure 9(a)). The purple paint was used for the figure\'s clavi, a fashion element on the shoulder of a toga used to indicate senatorial or equestrian aristocratic rank (and from which today\'s word clavicle, meaning shoulder bone, comes). Elemental analysis of the unusual purple particles using XRF revealed the presence of chromium and iron. Glossary of tools for discovery in Stereomicroscopya Stereomicroscopy views objects through a two-eyepiece optical microscope, or stereomicroscope. The technique images samples in three dimensions and is especially useful for characterizing depth and contrast detail. Reflectance transformation imaging RTI photographs surface shape and color. Applying computational methods enables lighting of the sample from any direction as well as enhancing shape and color features. Ultraviolet and infrared illuminationc,d Ultraviolet light wavelengths range from 400 to 10 nm, which is shorter than visible light and longer than X-rays. Infrared wavelengths are longer than visible light and range from 700 to 1 mm. Visible-induced luminescence³ Images based on the reflective properties of luminescent surfaces in the near-infrared range (800-1,700 nm) aid the spatial characterization of historical blue pigments. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy An external energy source, such as a high-energy electron beam or X-ray, excites individual atoms, which emit X-ray photons with characteristic wavelengths. The characteristic wavelength identifies elements present, and the number of photons determines the proportion. Computed tomography CT involves digital construction of a three-dimensional image of an object\'s interior from a series of two-dimensional scans, usually generated by X-ray irradiation. Usually, chromium indicates a modern pigment because it was not used extensively as an intentional coloring agent until after the element\'s \"discovery\" in 1797. However, resinous residues of the original mummification process covered the purple paint, confirming that the unusual purple pigment particles were ancient, not modern. Given the gemlike it was suggested that appearance, semiprecious stones, perhaps ground-up garnets or spinels, were mixed into the paint to enhance the perceived status in conservation science X-radiography⁹ X-ray imaging reveals structure based on specimen density variations. Higher-density regions appear more white on a grayscale image, and voids appear black on the image. X-ray diffractometryh Crystal lattice planes diffract incident X-rays, which interfere with each other constructively to generate a spectrum of peaks that is characteristic for a given material. Fourier transform infrared radiation analysis\' Infrared radiation transmitted through a specimen creates a spectrum unique to the molecular structure of the material. Scanning electron microscopy (with BSE and EDS) High-energy electrons interact with solid samples to provide images of surface morphology. Elastic collisions between the electron beam and the sample emit backscattered electrons (BSE) to create high-resolution composition maps. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) captures emitted X-rays, which can be correlated to characteristic elements for compositional analysis. Neutron activation analysisk NAA measures characteristic radiation from radionuclides that results from neutron irradiation of the specimen and provides qualitative as well as quantitative element analysis. Focused ion-beam spectroscopy\" Commonly used to precision cut small samples, the focused ion-beam instrument can image samples by detecting electrons emitted from the ion beam\'s interaction with the material. The technique allows characterization of small features American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org the afterlife of the individual portrayed (Figures 9(b) and (c)). To identify this material, conservators removed a tiny sample of the unusual purple paint, retrieving a single particle about 20 μm in diameter for analysis—too small for XRD and susceptible to damage or burning during Raman analysis. The single particle was mailed to Darryl Butt, distinguished material science and engineering professor at Boise State University (Idaho). His team manipulated the particle with an eyelash for SEM-EDS analysis and confirmed the presence of chromium. Subsequently, he used a focused ion beam (Figure 9(d)) to create thin sections of the particle for analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the interior of the particle contained an organic phase rich in aluminum, potassium, and sulfur, with small amounts of iron. in Although this examination is a work progress, these findings are consistent with the use of a lake pigment, corroborating initial findings using ultraviolet radiation that revealed the characteristic orange fluorescence of a lake pigment (Figure 9(e)). Lake pigments are created by affixing an organic dye onto an inorganic substrate, usually using a polyvalent metal ion as a mordant that joins them. Structurally, lake pigments are poorly understood. However, the TEM that are difficult to access and some subsurface features. Transmission electron microscopyh High-energy electrons image ultrathin samples at resolutions of 1 to 2 Å. In diffraction mode, TEM provides crystallographic orientation data, and, similar to SEM-EDS, can provide images based on elemental contrast. References (accessed 8/11/2014) ahttp://www.nikonsmallworld.com/techniques/main/ stereomicroscopy bhttp://culturalheritageimaging.org/Technologies/RTI/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared http://archaeometry.missouri.edu/xrf_overview.html \'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_computed tomography ⁹http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/research-journal/ issue-03/x-radiography-as-a-tool-to-examine-the-makingand-remaking-of-historic-quilts/ \"http://www.eag.com/mc \'http://mmrc.caltech.edu/FTIR/FTIRintro.pdf http://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/ techniques/SEM.html khttp://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/te_1215_ prn.pdf 25 Discovering the material secrets of art: Tools of cultural heritage science Figure 10. (a) Amy Marquardt, graduate researcher at the University of Maryland Nanocenter, prepares samples. (b) At their 2013 annual meeting, U.S. art conservators compared three 70-year-old silver art objects: one with traditional polymeric coating (top), one with the new ceramic ALD coating (middle), and one without coating (bottom). All of the 27 professional evaluators agreed the new ceramic coating was acceptable for museum exhibition. images from this study provide the firstever visualization of the internal structure of an ancient lake pigment (Figure 9(f)). It remains to be determined if the chromium was intentionally added during the creation of the lake pigment, perhaps to modify the hue, or if the occurrence is unintentional. XRF analysis of a second mummy portrait also detected the presence of chromium in the purple paint, suggesting that a mordant rich in chromium was favored in ancient Egypt. Preserving art for the future Besides characterizing artifacts, cultural heritage scientists apply materials science knowledge to appropriately conserve artifacts for future study and appreciation. To this end, the Walters is collaborating with the University of Maryland to explore and develop atomic layer deposition (ALD) of amorphous aluminum oxide on silver art to add an imperceptible, stable barrier coating to reduce tarnish. This project is funded by the National Science Foundation. Tarnish, or the corrosion of highly polished silver surfaces, is a monumental problem for art collections throughout the United States and the world. Removing tarnish by polishing in preparation for exhibition removes silver metal. In fact, if a hallmark stamped onto silver to a depth of 0.5 mm was cleaned every few months, the hallmark would disappear in just more than 40 years. The development of a long-lasting barrier coating to reduce tarnish, suitable for one-of-a-kind silver artifacts, would significantly reduce the costs and labor devoted to maintenance and preservation of silver artwork. The standard practice in art conservation to reduce silver corrosion is to handapply a solvent-based polymeric coating on artwork-a tedious process. PolymerACerS Art, Archaeology, and Conservation Science Division The AACS Division mission is to advance the scientific understanding of materials found in ceramic art and to provide information that aids in the interpretation and preservation of traditional ceramic art and artifacts as well as the techniques and technologies used in their creation. AACS strives to help ACerS members better appreciate the artistic side of ceramics; work cooperatively with others in the field (e.g., craftspeople, historians, archaeologists, curators, conservators, and conservation scientists); attract and train the future workforce in this area; stimulate interest and foster interactions in this area; reconstruct older ceramic technologies; and improve public understanding and appreciation of ACerS, professional societies, and ceramists and ceramics (artistic and industrial). For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/divisions/art-division. based barrier coatings reduce the reaction of silver metal with tarnishing pollutants, but they have a lifetime of only 10 to 20 years. ALD, a technique developed by nanotechnology researchers, may prove an alternative preservation strategy. The technique is being refined to precisiondeposit nanometer-thick films of metal oxide on silver-metal artifacts to reduce corrosion (Figure 10). The service life of the metal oxide coating could be more than 100 years, but by mixing getters, such as zinc oxide, into the deposited film, the lifetime of the coating may be extended by many hundreds of years. (Below) The Walters Art Museum introduces Baltimore youngsters to conservation science. Here, Glenn Gates explains how nanotechnology coatings can preserve silver art and prevent metal loss from traditional, abrasive polishing. Walters Art Museum celebrates eight decades of art More than two-thirds of the 35,000 objects at the Walters were acquired by the Baltimore liquor merchant and railway tycoon, William T. Walters (1819-1894), and his son, Henry (1848–1931). The elder Walters began opening his home to the public in 1874, a tradition he continued almost annually. The proceeds of these openings, where admission cost 50 cents, were donated to the Baltimore Association for the Improvement in the Condition of the Poor. Following William\'s death, Henry continued to build the collection, opening his palazzo-style museum building to the public in 1909. The gallery\'s buildings and contents were given to the city of Baltimore when Henry died in 1931. Now known as the Walters Art Museum, it opened as a public institution in 1934. That same year, the Walters hired a staff scientist, becoming the third art museum in the U.S. to do so, after the Fogg at Harvard and the Freer Gallery. The 80th anniversary of the Walters opening will be celebrated with a special exhibition, From Rye to Raphael: The Walters Story, on view at the museum from October 26, 2014. For more information, visit www.thewalters.org. 26 Credit: Susan Tobin; Getting involved in cultural heritage science There are many ways to become involved in cultural heritage science. The NSF solicited proposals in 2010, 2011, and 2012 under the SCIART and CHS programs and now funds unsolicited research in the field. Increasingly, art museums feature scientific studies of art alongside more traditional stylistic or art historical presentations. If you appreciate this, make sure you let the museum know so that such programming can continue. Some major museums have science laboratories and may offer volunteer opportunities. Of course, professional societies, such as ACerS, are always a great way to extend professional networks outside of personal areas of expertise. The AACS Division of ACerS is looking for volunteers to help with fundraising, workshop organization, and annual meetings. For people looking to get into the field, graduate and postgraduate educational opportunities in cultural heritage science continue to increase, with programs at Harvard, Northwestern, and the University of Delaware. Get involved learn what you can bring to the study of cultural heritage and what ancient artifacts may be able to teach the modern ceramic engineer. Acknowledgments ALD work was supported by NSF Award No. 1041803. Julie Lauffenburger and Greg Bailey at the Walters greatly helped with this article, and their assistance is much appreciated. Photography by Susan Tobin unless otherwise indicated. About the author Glenn Gates is conservation scientist at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Md., and vice-chair of the AACS Division of ACerS. Contact at ggates@thewalters.org. References \'J. Lauffenburger, \"Approaches to authentication\"; pp. 198-200 in Exploring Art of the Ancient Americas. Giles, London, 2012. 2M. Mudge, C. Schroer, G. Earl, K. Martinez, H. Pagi, C. Toler-Franklin, S. Rusinkiewicz, G. Palma, M. Wachowiak, M. Ashley, N. Matthews, T. Noble, and M. Dellepiane, \"Principles and practices of robust, photogOrder today! raphy-based digital imaging techniques for museums\"; presented at VAST 2010, The 11th International Symposium on Virtual Reality, Archaeology, and Cultural Heritage, Paris, 2010. ³G. Verri, \"The application of visibleinduced luminescence imaging to the examination of museum objects\"; Proc. SPIE 7391, 03A: Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology II, 739105 (2009). doi: 10.1117/12.827331 4D. Reents-Budet, \"Mesoamerica”; p. 74 in Exploring Art of the Ancient Americas. Giles, London, 2012. 5G. Bailey, personal communication. J. Giaccai, Walters Art Museum, Analytical Report, 2008. 7A. Elliott and J. Giaccai, “The technical analysis of a glass Ewer by Salviati & Co.,\" The Journal of the Walters Art Museum, 70-71, 133-37 (2012-2013). 8J. Lauffenburger and J. Williams, “Byzantine tiles in the Walters Art Gallery and Dumbarton Oaks collections: A comparison of technique\"; Ch. 5 in Materials Analysis of Byzantine Pottery. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C., 1997. ISBN 0-88402-251-X. \'D. Stevens, \"The effects of fingerprints on silver,\" V&A Conservation Journal, 59, 12-13 (2011). BIOCERAMICS: Advances and Challenges for Affordable Healthcare short course Taught by Dr. Larry Hench, Florida Institute of Technology Bone up on bioceramics in just a few short lectures! The first in a series of short courses from ACerS/Florida Tech, the course provides an in-depth overview of bioceramics from the comfort of your desk. Tailored to professionals in the engineering and healthcare fields, the short course features five lectures that discuss tissue bonding, regenerative medicine, state-of-the-art medical implants and long-term viability, along with socioeconomic implications and ethical considerations. Explore the ethical and technical challenges facing affordable healthcare in the 21st century with the two-disc set. Hench Order at ceramics.org/bioceramicsdvd Customer Service: 866-721-3322 | 240-646-7054 The List: $250 ACerS members: $215 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 27 Electrical resistance monitoring of damage and crack growth in advanced SiC-based ceramic composites By Gregory N. Morscher, Craig Smith, Emmanuel Maillet, Chris Baker, and Rabih Mansour Beginning in 2016, new commercial jet engines will have ceramic-matrix composite components. Electrical resistance measurements show promise for detecting damage and monitoring quality-control of these critical parts. ontinuous-fiber-reinforced SiCContin ceramic-matrix composbased ites (CMCs) soon will be implemented as high-temperature components for advanced commercial jet engines. General Electric Aviation (Cincinnati, Ohio) and Safran (Paris, France) announced plans to use CMC hot-section parts in the upcoming LEAP (Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion) engine slated for 2016.¹ The new engine will fly on Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 aircraft. This is a historic step for ceramic composites after 30 years of intense research.² CMCs and, in particular, SiC-based CMCs, which consist of SiC fibers in a predominantly SiC matrix, offer much higher stress-temperature durability than nickel-based superalloys now used in jet engines. In addition, CMCs are much-lower-density materials, which affords the potential for more efficient engines, because they can tolerate higher turbine inlet temperatures and reduced cooling needs. Also, lighter-weight engines improve the thrust-toweight capability of the turbine engine. However, CMCs lack the toughness of superalloys, and the nature of strength degradation in this class of material differs considerably from the strength degradation mechanisms of superalloys. This requires understanding damage progression as it relates to useful life of the composite. It is important, therefore, to develop techniques that monitor damage accumulation in CMCs during stress-time-temperature-environment tests to determine and quantify mechanisms in order to better understand and model mechanical behavior and life-limiting phenomena. Another goal is to develop simple techniques to assess composite health and assess life expectancy of CMC components. Electrical resistance (ER) or change in ER of a composite holds promise for understanding damage in SiC/SiC CMCs. Because the fibers and matrix are SiC-a semiconducting material damage to either alters the “circuit” of the composite during or after stress/temperature exposure. Other ele28 ments, such as carbon or silicon, often exist in the composite fiber/matrix interphase or matrix and also are good electrical conductors. The presence of these constituents or the change in these constituents over the CMC stress lifetime, for example, through oxidation, also contributes to ER changes for various forms of damage. This article highlights research for using this self-sensing property of SiC-based CMCs, which also can be applied to the constituent composition of composites, damage detection, and crack growth in SiC-SiC composites. The first application is useful for quality-control, whereas the latter two are useful diagnostic techniques for determining damage mechanisms and developing service-life models. Four-point ER measurement ER measurement of tensile specimens uses a simple fourpoint probe approach (Figure 1).³ Four leads are attached to the specimen, a constant current is applied through the outer two leads, and the potential drop is measured across the inner two leads. Tests were performed on universal testing systems with hydraulic wedge-grips. For elevated-temperature tests, the fourpoint leads were placed in the cooled grip region such that the length between the inner leads encompassed the furnace region as well as the region of composite between the furnace and the grips. Polymer composite tabs inserted between the metal grips and the tensile specimen electrically insulate the specimen during room- and elevated-temperature tests. Constituent content and quality control Perhaps the simplest and greatest impact for ER measurement is to evaluate composite constituent content, including AE Current source Voltage measurement Current source 15 mm→ Gage section 45 mm 150 mm AE Figure 1. Example four-point probe ER measurement setup. The AE labels show locations of acoustic emission sensors.³ www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Resistivity (cm) 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 b g ཤྩ ཙུ སྤྱg° 0.1 1 mm 0 0 0.05 1 mm 0.15 0.2 0.1 Volume fraction of silicon Figure 2. The graph shows ER of woven melt-infiltrated composites with various silicon volume fractions. The micrographs correspond to two volume fractions of silicon for two different fiber-reinforced (Tyranno SA, UBE Industries, Japan) melt-infiltrated composites. Resistivity (Q2.cm) 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 MI matrix CVI matrix Figure 3. Comparison of resistivity measured on as-produced fiber-reinforced woven SiC-based composites with BN interphases and various matrices. porosity. For example, ER was measured using the four-point method for several 2D woven melt-infiltrated composite tensile specimens similar to those used by Morscher and Pujar.5 The melt-infiltration (MI) process infiltrates molten silicon, which also is the composite\'s best electrical-conducting constituent. Figure 2 shows the effect of silicon content on measured ER (resistance X cross-sectional area/length between inner leads). The silicon fraction shown in Figure 2 is based on panel processing data, which may not be locally accurate because of variations within the panel. However, there appears to be a strong relationship between resistivity and estimated silicon content. The graph and corresponding images in Figure 2 show that the better-infiltrated specimen (right image) has significantly lower resistivity. The difference is even more dramatic when comparing woven composites of the same fiber-type and interphase but different types of SiC-based matrices. Figure 3 shows the resistivities of SiCfiber-reinforced composites with woven 2D five-harness lay-up architectures and the same BN interphase, but with matrices synthesized differently. The MI matrix has a high volume fraction of silicon, whereas a matrix of exclusively chemically vapor infiltrated (CVI) SiC lacks silicon in the matrix. The silicon-containing MI composite has a factor of five lower resistivity than the CVI-matrix composite. Therefore, it may be possible for composite manufacturers to use ER for quality-control during composite production or to check completed components for effectiveness of the infiltration steps. Damage detection in SiC/SiC composites Matrix cracks, which form perpendicular to applied stress, are a critical source of damage in SiC/SiC composites. These cracks propagate and debond fibers and matrix at the weak interphase. This mechanism causes the desirable nonlinear stress-strain behavior (toughness). However, it also leads to environmental degradation via diffusion of oxidizing species, such as O2 or H₂O, through the matrix cracks. The O2 or H2O reacts with the fiber, interphase, or matrix to form gaseous or solid reaction products, which, in turn, lead to fiber degradation and composite embrittlement. ER provides information for understanding the formation and nature of matrix cracking in these composites during or after stress-temperature-oxidation exposure. Figure 4 shows an example ER change during a room-temperature tensile test. The nonlinear stress-strain behavior for 2D woven Sylramic™-iBN (COI Ceramics Inc., Magna, Utah) MI composite (Figure 4(a)) is for a test with successive unloading-reloading until failure. AE sensors monitored American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org damage events in the gage section, which has been shown to correlate well with transverse matrix cracking in this composite system. Figure 4(b) shows the stress, cumulative AE energy of events in the gage, and ER measured during the test with respect to time. The plot shows more dramatic AE activity earlier compared to ER, corresponding to formation of matrix cracks. However, with increasing stress, ER increases more dramatically because cracks open and force current to be carried by fibers only in the region of the transverse matrix crack. Figure 4(c) shows a similar effect, that is, the measured resistance and cumulative AE energy for events occurring in the gage during the test as a function of stress. Figure 4(c) shows that the reload stress dependence for ER differs considerably from the unload curve. Part of this is from the hysteretic behavior of stress for unloading compared to reloading. However, ER on reloading is much larger compared to the previous unloading over the same stress range, indicating that the composite has changed during the unload-reload cycle. This corresponds to a fatigue effect for ER and is associated with wear at the fibermatrix interphase. From a health-monitoring standpoint, the change in resistance with stress (damage) state is substantial. Over the course of the stress-strain test, ER changes by about 1,000% at peak stress for the MI CMC. Compare this with polymer-matrix composites, where ER rarely changes more than tens of percent, mostly because the fibers break at higher stresses. Also MI CMCS exhibit greater than 100% change in ER over the course of the test at zero stress after accumulating some stress history (Figure 4(c)). Thus, ER has 29 Electrical resistance monitoring of damage and crack growth in . . . Stress (MPa) Stress (MPa) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0+ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Strain (%) Stress Resistance Crack density (AE) | (b) 10 400 350300250200150100500 ° 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Time (s) Electrical resistance (2) Estimated crack density (#/mm) CA866543210 ER (a) 0.5 Electrical resistance (2) Estimated crack density (#/mm) (c) Crack density (AE) 100 200 Stress (MPa) 300 400 Figure 4. (a) Stress-strain response for typical tensile unload-reload test to failure of a woven Sylramic-iBN MI composite.6 (b) Stress, estimated crack density, and ER versus time measured from the gage section. (c) Stress dependence for ER and estimated crack density based on AE energy. (a) potential to be a routine inspection technique for critical components. Comparing elevated temperature ER with matrix crack density can evaluate high-temperature creep behavior. Figure 5 shows creep strain and ER measured during a 1,315°C stress rupture test on a CVImatrix composite. In the case of the 2D SylramiciBN/CVI composite system, the change in measured ER was directly proportional to the measured crack density for specimens subjected to various stresses. Again, this shows the potential for the technique to evaluate components exposed to stress-time-temperature in oxidizing environments. Efforts are underway to model the change in resistance during stresstime-temperature–environment conditions, taking into consideration the number and depth of matrix cracks, oxidation effects, temperature gradients along the specimen length, and fatigue effects. Insights gained will aid in understanding life-limiting mechanisms of this class of CMCs and, it is hoped, lead to ER health-monitoring of CMC components. 60 (b) Crack depth Crack growth in SiC/SiC composites ER has potential to monitor crack growth during fracture toughness testing at elevated temperatures. One particular interest is to use ER to monitor crack growth for Mode I double cantilever beam (DCB) testing of CMCs for interlaminar toughness parameters.⁹ Figure 6(a) shows a schematic of one test setup for a wedge-loaded test, 10 and Figure 6(b) shows a photograph of a test with only two leads attached. Essentially, the four-point probe method monitors resistance, as shown in Figure 6(a). If the axial resistivity of the composite is homogeneous and the notch is perfectly centered in the specimen, then the resistance, R, increases as the crack forms and propagates as the arms open from the force of the ceramic wedge, according to R total = = (2pL/A) + [2pa/(A/2)] +R (1) arm where p is the axial ER of the undamaged composite, A the cross-sectional area of the arm, A the cross-sectional area of the composite, L the distance between the inner lead and the end of the notch, a the crack length (Figure 6(a)), and R the constant resistance associated with \"extra\" resistance that will be described below. Solving for a and substituting the dimensions h (arm thickness), t (specimen thickness), and w (width) for the appropriate areas, then crack length is estimated as (c) 0.14 0.12 Total strain (%) Strain 0.1 0.08 & 0.06 0.04 Resistance 15 10 0.02 Resistance change (%) Resistance increase (%) + Crack density 40 30 20 10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 ° 10 20 30 40 Time (h) Cumulative crack depth per mm (pd) Cracks per mm (pc) Figure 5. (a) Strain and ER during a creep-rupture test at 1,315°C on a woven Sylramic-iBN CVI matrix composite. (b) Change in resistance compared with measured crack density and cumulative crack depth from polished sections of ruptured composites. (c) Red lines highlight location and depth of matrix cracks.4 30 2mm www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 (a) (b) Thickness -4 mm (d) (e) (c) 100 Load (N) 14 16 sec 12 17 sec 21 sec Length (mm) 90 80 70 8 8 8 2 8 8 8 & 2 30 20 10 Load Pictures Resistance 0.7 0.65 0.06. 0.55 0.5 0.45 0.4 о 0.35 0 10 20 30 40 Time (s) 10 ER predicted crack length based on total increase in resistance during the test 8 ER predicted post pre-crack length (i.e., increase of resistance after pre-crack resistance) 4 2 Potential pre-loaded precrack 27 sec 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Measured crack length Wedge displacement (mm) Figure 6. (a) Schematic representation and (b) test rig of a wedge-loaded interlaminar toughness test. During the test, load, resistance, and crosshead displacement are monitored. (c) Variation of load and resistance with time. (d) Crack progression in the specimen at specific times. (e) Comparison of measured and estimated crack lengths. a = (tw/4p)(R – R) – wL/2h (2) Additional factors contribute to measured resistance, which, for now, are encompassed in the R term. Damage begins around the notch. It can occur as transverse matrix cracks caused by normal stresses formed as the arms bend, or it can form as multiple interlaminar cracks at the notch-one of which will become the dominant crack. Once a dominant interlaminar crack forms and propagates a significant distance, the other damage formed early does not change, which allows R_ to be treated as a constant. Figure 6(c) shows the load progression and measured resistance during a wedge-DCB test. The circles on the load curve correspond to the time that a photograph was taken of the back of the specimen (the camera can be seen in the background of Figure 6(b)). Figure 6(d) shows the crack after propagating a few millimeters as well as crack length at several time intervals. The surface of the edge monitored with the camera was painted with \"white out\" prior to testing to help elucidate the crack.11 Resistance (2) Figure 6(e) shows the results of the test. Assuming R from Equation (2) is zero, then crack length is severely overestimated based on the change in ER. However, the trend for crack growth is consistent with optically measured crack growth. The initial overestimate is believed to be associated with the multiple sources of damage around the notch (described above) as well as the resistance associated with current going around the crack and reversing direction. In practice, initial wedge loading creates a crack, and R is determined by subtracting the R (from Equation (1)) assuming R = 0 from the measured R, and crack length is determined from Equation (2). Figure 6(e) shows an example for a 2-mm initial crack from the micrograph image at 17 s and the measured R at that time. This approach results in excellent agreement between optically measured and ER-estimated crack growth. In the future, this approach will be used in high-temperature experiments where the specimen can be inserted into a furnace such that the notched region and the composite are at elevatAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 0.6 ed temperature, while the arms extend out of the furnace for lead attachment at a cooler temperature. The goal is to develop a simple test for high-temperature interlaminar Mode I fracture without having to view the crack directly. Acknowledgments ONR Contract No. N00014-111-0765 (William Nickerson PI), Navy STTR Contract No. N6833513-C-0349, and NASA Glenn Research Center funded this work. About the authors Gregory N. Morscher is associate professor of mechanical engineering at University of Akron (Ohio). Craig Smith is a research engineer at NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. Emmanuel Maillet is a postdoctoral researcher at University of Akron. Chris Baker is a research scientist at Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Akron, Ohio. Rabih Mansour is a graduate student at University of Akron. Contact Gregory Morscher at gm33@ uakron.edu. References \"http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/13/france-safranidUSL6N0NZ4TQ20140513; http://www.gereports.com/ post/80676441761/the-right-stuff-new-ge-advanced-manufacturing-plant-to; (viewed on July 17, 2014). ²K.M. Prewo and J.J. Brennan, \"High-strength silicon carbide fibre-reinforced glass-matrix composites,\" J. Mater. Sci., 15, 463-68 (1980). 3C.E. Smith, G.N. Morscher, and Z.H. Xia, \"Monitoring damage accumulation in ceramic-matrix composites using electrical resistivity,\" Scr. Mater., 59, 463-66 (2008). 4C.E. Smith, G.N. Morscher, and Z. Xia, \"Electrical resistance as a nondestructive evaluation technique for CVI SiC/ SiC ceramic-matrix composites under stress-rupture conditions,\" Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 8 [2] 298-307 (2011). 5G.N. Morscher and V.V. Pujar, \"Design guidelines for in-plane mechanical properties of SiC fiber-reinforced meltinfiltrated SiC composites,\" Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 6 [2] 151-63 (2009). \"G.N. Morscher, C. Baker, and C. Smith, \"Electrical resistance of SiC fiber-reinforced SiC/Si matrix composites at room temperature during tensile testing,\" Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 11 [2] 263-72 (2014). \'C.R. Baker and G.N. Morscher, \"Acoustic emission and electrical resistivity monitoring of SiC/SiC composite cyclic behavior,\" Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 34 [2] 3-10 (2013). 8M. Kupke, K. Schulte, and R. Schuler, \"Nondestructive testing of FRP by dc and ac electrical methods,\" Comp. Sci. Technol., 61, 837-47 (2001). ⁹R. Mansour; unpublished research. 10A.G. Evans, \"Fracture mechanics determinations\"; pp. 17-48 in Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics, Vol. 1. Edited by R.C. Bradt, D.P.H. Hassleman, and F.F. Lange. Springer, New York, 1972. 11S.R. Choi and R.W. Kowalik, \"Interlaminar crack growth resistances of various ceramic-matrix composites in Mode I and Mode II loading,\" J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 130 [5] 031301-1 to 8 (2008). ■ 31 American Ceramic Society Honoring the ACerS Awards Class of 2014 Over its long history, The American Ceramic Society has established a tradition of awards to recognize its members\' outstanding contributions and accomplishments and to create career benchmarks for aspiring young scientists, engineers, and business leaders. The most prestigious of ACerS awards is designation as a Distinguished Life Member, a recognition bestowed upon only two or three members each year. In 2014, three individuals will receive DLM honors: Kathryn Logan, Arun Varshneya, and George Wicks. The Society will elevate 17 members to Fellow and recognize many more outstanding members with various Society, Division, and Class awards and lectures. Awards and lectures will be presented at ACerS\'s Annual Meeting, October 12-16, held in conjunction with MS&T14 in Pittsburgh, Pa. 2014 Distinguished Life Members Kathryn V. Logan Kathryn Logan says she has been \"fortunate enough to experience a lot of opportunities\" during her career opportunities that she has turned into great successes. A self-proclaimed \"rock hound,\" Logan got hooked on ceramics while attending Georgia Institute of Technology. As one of only about 100 women attending alongside 5,000 men at the time, Logan says she was only permitted to study engineering, rather than her first choice of chemistry. Her love of rocks led her to ceramic engi neering and the rest was history. After earning bachelor\'s and master\'s degrees in ceramic engineering and a doctoral degree in civil engineering from Georgia Tech, Logan has since held several research positions in Georgia Tech\'s School of Materials Science & Engineering and the Georgia Tech Research Institute. She is also former director of the Center for Multifunctional Aerospace Materials at the National Institute of Aerospace and visiting professor at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In addition, Logan has a successful background in industry, serving as chief technical officer at Cermetica LLC and founder and CEO of Powder Technologies Inc. 32 Although Logan says she \"failed at retirement\" from Georgia Tech in 2001, she has even managed to turn that failure into a success as well. She is now an adjunct professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, a position that has revealed a talent Logan never knew she possessed. \"I have a skill for recognizing students with what I refer to as a \'success-guaranteed personality,\" Logan says. \"They\'re not always A students, and they might not be motivatedbut they have a spark in their eye.\" ,,, Logan\'s failed retirement is characterized by her passion for helping students succeed by providing them with opportunities to do so. \"It is so wonderful to find students that are driven, inspired, and motivated-and to be able to facilitate their success,\" Logan says. In addition to her successful career and successful retirement, Logan has been an active and integral member of ACers since joining the Society in 1967. \"ACerS has been a door of opportunities,\" she: says. She has served in several leadership roles, including president, president-elect, and vice president, and her leadership has helped the Society expand its boundaries and extend its opportunities into the international community. She also has been an active member of the Engineering Ceramics Division and a member of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers since 1970, holding all offices in both organizations. Logan is a Fellow of both ACerS and NICE. Logan notes that ACerS has helped her establish lifelong friends and colleagues and has provided invaluable leadership Credit: ACerS opportunities. In addition, \"success-guaranteed students are everywhere at ACerS,\" Logan says. Arun K. Varshneya Arun Varshneya\'s father had plans for his son. A businessman in Agra, India, selling laboratory glassware, chemicals, and instruments such as microscopes, the elder Varshneya thought it would help the business to have his son study glass technology at Sheffield University in the U.K. So it was that Arun Varshneya began a lifelong love affair with glass science and technology that continues today. At Sheffield, Varshneya\'s career path started to diverge from his father\'s plans when he was studying ion concentration decay in glass under the influence of an electron beam. He says his discoveries were \"like an infection that never left me.\" While working on his undergraduate degree at Sheffield, Varshneya met the late Alfred R. Cooper who invited him to be the first graduate student in ceramics at Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University). With that opportunity, Varshneya says, \"Life changed forever. Cooper remained my guru, my mentor, and my friend for decades.\" He earned his B.S. from Agra University (India), a B.S. with honors from Sheffield University (UK), and M.S. and Ph.D. from www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Case Western Reserve University. On completing his education, Varshneya worked in industry for a dozen years at Ford Scientific Labs and the GE Lighting Research Group. In 1982 he joined the faculty at Alfred University. He says, “The satisfaction of teaching lots of students at Alfred who have now gone on to become established professionals themselves has been one of the most rewarding aspects\" of his five decades of association with glass. Varshneya\'s dedication to teaching continues with short courses on glass and his textbook, Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, which is in its second edition. Now retired from Alfred University after 28 years on the faculty, Varshneya is president of Saxon Glass Technologies, a company he cofounded in 1996. The company makes ion-exchange-strengthened glass cartridges for epinephrine autoinjector devices. Varshneya first met the Society when he attended the 1966 Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. Cooper introduced him to scientists whom he knew only through their publications. It was a formative experience. He says, \"The excitement never ended. In my mind, I had become a part of The American Ceramic Society then and there.\" He and his wife Darshana continue to champion the Society\'s mission through an endowment to the Society to support the Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Lectures. Looking back-as well as forward to the next generation-Varshneya says, “Glass and ceramic engineering is a pretty satisfying lifestyle to have.\" He encourages students and young professionals to \"expand your horizons to cover the globe.\" And, mindful of the influences to his career path, he says, \"Do think about your favorite teacher once in a while!\" And what about the father who pointed him toward a career that proved such a good fit for Varshneya but never benefited the family business? In 2011 Varshneya\'s hometown news agency named him one of 25 \"crown among stars\" of the Agra region. He says of the honor, \"That was sort of a repayment of my late father\'s hitherto unpaid debt.\" An ACerS Fellow since 1983, Varshneya held offices in the Northern Ohio section and several offices in the Glass and Optical Materials Division (GOMD). He served as ACerS treasurer 2008-2010 and delivered the GOMD Cooper Lecture in 2012. Besides the textbook, he authored more than 145 publications, and holds several patents. He received the President\'s Award from the International Commission on Glass in 2007. George G. Wicks Don Uhlmann, Dave Kingery, Bob Coble, Kent Bowan, Bernie Wench, John Cahn, David Turnbull, Mike Ashby, and others. Working toward his M.S. at Harvard and his Ph.D. at MIT, George Wicks sat under the tutelage of a veritable “who\'s who\" in materials science. Today, Wicks, too, is considered among the field\'s elite. Regarded as a national and international expert in nuclear materials, he worked at the Savannah River National Laboratory for more than 40 years, which included an educational leave of absence to continue his studies. Wicks began his career at the Savannah River site, and, after four decades, he retired having achieved the highest position on the technical ladder. It is rare these days for people to stay at a company for 10 years-let alone 40-but Wicks attributes his longevity at SRNL to the people who he says \"often made me look a lot better during my career than I probably deserved. I will always be grateful to the site, my many colleagues, and to DuPont ... without them and the support of my family, and especially my wife, Donna, I would never have been able to reach dream of being the first in my family to get a good education-and from some pretty good schools.\" my Over the course of his career, Wicks has been involved in many areas of science and engineering, including vitrification and management of high-level radioactive wastes. He also has been heavily involved in many other areas and disciplines, including environmental remediation, sensor development, corrosion of materials, hydrogen storage systems, alternative and renewable energy, nuclear disarmament American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org activities, C&B agents, hybrid microwave technology, and a variety of new medical initiatives. Today, as president of Wicks Consulting Services LLC, he provides independent consulting services, working with the Applied Research Center in South Carolina-where he is pursuing two inventions he helped develop and patent, including porous-wall hollow glass microspheres and hybrid microwave technology. He is an adjunct professor at Georgia Health Sciences University-Georgia Regents University and previously was adjunct professor at Clemson University, University of Florida, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. After joining the Society in 1979, he achieved Fellow status in 1986 and later served on the Board of Directors and as president of ACerS. He was instrumental in establishing the international Nuclear Waste Management Symposia and, more recently, the Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy conferences. \"I have been truly blessed during my career and have had the pleasure and honor of working with so many outstanding people and organizations, especially The American Ceramic Society,\" says Wicks. \"The Society has been an outstanding organization that allows those in the field to learn, grow, meet leaders in the disciplines, and to be on the front line of so many exciting innovations that can help so many in our communities.\" The holder of more than a dozen patents related to ceramic materials and processes, Wicks holds four degrees in various fields, which include a B.S. and M.S. from Florida State University, an M.S. from Harvard University, and a Ph.D. from MIT. Earlier this year he was inducted into the World Academy of Ceramics, and, now, he proudly adds the title of DLM to his list of accolades. \"There is no honor in ACerS that is more respected than that of Distinguished Life Member,\" he says. \"Over the past century, many of the most noted leaders in our field have been awarded this honor. Looking at the past recipients, it makes me shake my head that I am now a part of such an esteemed group. It is very humbling and I am very, very grateful.\" 33 33 The 2014 Class of Fellows Bullard Jeffrey W. Bullard is a materials research engineer in the Inorganic Materials Group (IMG) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. His current research focuses on the application of thermodynamics, kinetics, and digital-image modeling methods to simulate microstructure development during the hydration and degradation of cement pastes and concrete. A 28-year member of ACerS and former chair of the Cements Division (2006-2007), Bullard was a corecipient of the Department of Commerce\'s 2009 Silver Medal Award and NIST Engineering Laboratory\'s Communication Award in 2008 and 2010. Butt Darryl P. Butt is Distinguished Professor of materials science and engineering at Boise State University, Boise, Idaho. His diverse research interests include the development of materials for extreme environments and energy applications, technical solutions to carbon dioxide emissions, membrane technologies for gas separation and syngas production, and materials issues associated with art and cultural heritage. The author or coauthor of approximately 200 publications, Butt is a past recipient of the Robert L. Coble Award, a member of the Engineering Ceramics, Basic Science, and Art, Archaeology, and Conservation Science Divisions, and an associate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society (JACerS). Michael K. Cinibulk is research leader of ceramic materials and processes at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Dayton, Ohio, where he is responsible for the direction of in-house research focused on the development, 34 Cinibulk processing, and characterization of hightemperature structural ceramics. A member of the Engineering Ceramics Division, Cinibulk has authored or coauthored more than 80 publications, serves as an associate editor of JACerS, and is a past recipient of the Richard M. Fulrath Award. Reid F. Cooper is professor of solid earth dynamics and a member of the Center for Advanced Materials Research at Brown University, Providence, R.I. His research emphasizes high-temperature and high-pressure kinetics, and nonequilibrium thermodynamics in ceramic and mineral systems with scientific applications in earth and planetary evolution and technological applications. Cooper A member of ACerS since graduate school, Cooper is a former associate editor of JACerS (1999-2005), and was a member and chair of the committee on phase equilibria publications. He has published more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and holds five patents in the areas of ceramic-matrix composites, extreme float-glass technology, and microwaveeffected processing of semiconductors. Mark J. Davis is a senior research scientist at Schott Glass Technologies Inc., Duryea, Pa. Although his current work is largely of a materials science nature (glassceramics, particularly those with specific electrical functionality), his formal educational background is squarely in the field of geology. Davis Coauthor on 14 peer-reviewed papers, Davis is a member of the Glass and Optical Materials Division and served as its chair (2009-2010). He also chaired the 8th International Symposium on Crystallization in Glasses in Liquids, organized by The American Ceramic Society, in 2006. Kiyoshi Hirao is principal research manager at the National Institute Hirao of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan. His main scientific interests include the development of silicon nitrides with better mechanical and thermal properties, and novel processing for advanced ceramic materials. He was the first to successfully produce Si3N4 ceramics with unidirectionally aligned rodlike grains. Hirao has published more than 200 articles and filed some 80 applications for domestic and international patents. A member of the Engineering Ceramics Division, he has received numerous awards, including the Director General Award of Science and Technology Agency from the Japanese government in 2006. lyer Natraj C. Iyer is the director of materials science and technology at Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, S.C., and is presently on assignment as a senior technical advisor at the Energy Department\'s National Nuclear Security Administration\'s Office of Global Threat Reduction. He is a recognized expert in nuclear fuel cycle management. A member of the Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division, Iyer has authored more than 125 technical papers, holds 13 U.S. patents, and has received numerous honors, among them the 2012 and 2014 Secretary of Energy Honor Awards. Mathur Sanjay Mathur is the director of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Cologne, Germany, director of the Institute of Renewable Energy Sources at the Xian Jiao Tong University, China, and a world class university professor at Chonbuk University, Korea. His www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 research interests focus on the application of nanomaterials and advanced ceramics for energy technologies. The holder of six patents and author or coauthor of more than 275 original research publications, Mathur serves as the editor or associate editor of several prominent research journals. A former chair of the Engineering Ceramics Division and Jeppson Award committee, he received the Global Star Award from the ECD in 2010. McKittrick Joanna McKittrick is a professor in the department of mechanical and aerospace engineering and materials science and engineering program at the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla, Calif. Her research focuses on biological and bioinspired materials science and luminescence properties of materials involved in developing phosphors for heads-up displays, flat panel displays and scintillators for drug delivery systems, and, more recently, the synthesis and development of phosphors for LEDbased solid-state lighting. She is an associate editor of JACerS and member of the Basic Science Division. Scott T. Misture is Inamori Professor of materials science and engineering at Alfred University, Alfred, N.Y. His primary interests center on structure characterization of oxides, especially in-situ measurements using synchrotron radiation, neutrons, and laboratory X-ray sources. Misture A Fellow of and chair of the board of directors of the International Centre for Diffraction Data, Misture has served as an ex-officio member of the U.S. National Committee for Crystallography of the National Academy of Sciences since 2008. He recently chaired the ACerS Basic Science Division and Membership Committee. Elizabeth J. Opila is associate professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. Her research interests include thermodynamOpila ics and kinetics of high-temperature water-vapor interactions with metals and ceramics as well as oxidation mechanisms of silicon based ceramics, ceramic-matrix composites, and ultra-high-temperature ceramics. A member of the Basic Science Division since 1982, Opila has served on committees for the Richard and Patricia Spriggs Phase Equilibria Award and Robert L. Coble Award for Young Scholars, and was coeditor on a special topical issue of JACerS. Pyzik Aleksander J. Pyzik is a fellow at The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich. During a 28-year career at Dow, he has invented and led development of high-strength self-reinforced silicon nitride materials for cutting tools and automotive applications, lightweight ceramic-metal composites for armor and disc-drive components, and polymer fibers for reinforcement of concrete. His current research is focused on porous materials, 3D printing, and effective industrial innovation. Pyzik is a three-time recipient of Dow\'s inventor of the year award, holds 71 U.S. patents, has 28 publications, and is a member of the Engineering Ceramics Division. Reimanis Ivar E. Reimanis is the Herman F. Coors Distinguished Professor of Ceramic Engineering in the metallurgical and materials engineering department at the Colorado School of Mines, Boulder, Colo. He also serves as director of the Colorado Center for Advanced Ceramics. The author or coauthor of 110 refereed papers, his diverse research interests include mechanical behavior of transparent materials, synthesis and processing of doped oxides and glasses, magnetometry of nanoscale ceramics for energy applications, and mechanical behavior of ceramics with unusual thermal physical properties. Reimanis is a member of the ACerS Board of Directors and a former chair of the Basic Science Division and meetings subcommittee on technical programming. Rothen Lora Cooper Rothen is CEO and majority owner of Du-Co Ceramics Co., Saxonburg, Pa., a custom manufacturer of engineering components from various ceramic materials serv ing a wide variety of global industrial customers. Rothen, who graduated from the University of Pittsburgh and owned her own business prior to working at Du-Co, has held numerous positions at the company, including controller and treasurer, general manager, and president. A member of the ACerS Board of Directors, Rothen served as the Society\'s treasurer (2006-2008). Additionally, she is vice president of the Association of American Ceramic Component Manufacturers and previously served as its treasurer and president. Sigmund Wolfgang M. Sigmund is professor of materials science at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. Prior to joining the UF faculty in 1999, he worked at the Powder Metallurgical Laboratory within the Max Planck Institute of Metals Research where he was deputy director for the associated University of Stuttgart Institute of Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials. His current work focuses on fabrication and processing of ceramic nanomaterials American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 35 2014 Class of Fellows using electrospinning and surface science. A guest professor at South Korea\'s Hanyang University (2009-2013), Sigmund, who is a member of the Basic Science Division and the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, has published more than 200 articles and patents. Kelly Simmons-Potter is director of the Arizona Research Institute for Solar Energy and professor of electrical and computer engineering, optical sciences, and materials science and engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. Prior to joining the faculty in 2003, she spent nearly 10 years at Simmons-Potter Sandia National Laboratories, working as principal member of technical staff and project manager for advanced optical technologies. A member of ACerS since 1995, Simmons-Potter is a past recipient of the Norbert J. Kriedl Award and served four years on the executive committee of the Glass and Optical Materials Division, including one as chair (2012-2013). She has coauthored three textbooks in the field of optics, authored more than 80 peer-reviewed journal and conference publications, and holds several patents. Frank W. Zok is professor of materials at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and director of UCSB\'s Pratt & Whitney Center of Excellence in Composites. His research over the past 20 years has addressed issues in Zok mechanical and thermal properties of multiphase materials and structures, including ceramic-matrix composites, armor ceramics and cermets, mineralized biomaterials, lattices, and various polymer- and metal-matrix composites. A member of the Basic Science Division, Zok has contributed to five book chapters and coauthored 160 scientific publications, including 38 that appeared in JACerS, of which he has served as an associate editor for more than 20 years. He also led the UCSB team that won the 2010 DARPAsponsored $50,000 challenge on Digital Manufacturing Analysis, Correlation, and Estimation. 36 Richard M. Fulrath Symposium and Awards To promote technical and personal friendships between Japanese and American ceramic engineers and scientists Symposium: Monday, October 13, 2 p.m. Bose Enokido Herderick Susmita Bose Title: 3D Printing of Ceramics in Bone Tissue Engineering and Beyond Bose is professor at the school of mechanical and materials engineering and affiliate professor of chemistry at Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. Yasushi Enokido Title: Challenges on the Development of Rare-Earth Less and Free Magnets Enokido is a section chief in magnet materials development at the Advanced Technology Development Center of TDK Corporation, Chinba, Japan. Edward D. Herderick Title: Additive Manufacturing of Silicon Carbide Herderick is director of R&D at rapid prototype + manufacturing (rp+m) in Avon Lake, Ohio. Kakimoto Nakamura Ken-ichi Kakimoto Title: Alkali Niobate Perovskite for LeadFree Piezoelectrics Kakimoto is professor at Nagoya Institute of Technology (Japan) in the department of materials science and engineering and director of the NITech Europe Office at the University of ErlangenNuremberg (Germany). Takanori Nakamura Title: Development of Monolithic Multilayer Type Thermoelectric Generator by Co-Fire Technology Nakamura is chief researcher at Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Yasu, Shiga, Japan. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Society Awards W. David Kingery Award, to recognize distinguished lifelong achievements involving multidisplinary and global contributions to ceramic technology, science, education, and art. Rohrer Gregory S. Rohrer is W.W. Mullins Professor and head of materials science and engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. He joined the Materials Science and Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon University in 1990 and became director of the NSF-sponsored Materials Research Science and Engineering Center in 1999. He has authored or coauthored more than 220 publications describing research that is directed toward understanding how the properties of surfaces and internal interfaces are influenced by their geometric and crystallographic structure, their stoichiometry, and their defect structure. A member of the Basic Science Division since 1989, Rohrer is a former Division meeting chair (1998–1999) and Division chair (2005). Additionally, he has served on the Society\'s Meetings Committee, was the technical program chair for the 105th Annual Meeting, and has been an associate editor of JACerS since 1999. Rohrer was elevated to Fellow in 2003 and has been honored with the Roland B. Snow Award (1998), the Ross Coffin Purdy award (2002), the Richard M. Fulrath Award (2004), and the Robert B. Sosman Award (2009). John Jeppson Award, to recognize distinguished scientific, technical, or engineering achievements. Harlan U. Anderson is Curators\' Professor of ceramic engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. His teaching and research interests and long-term involvement in insulating and conducting oxides has led to him being recognized as one of the world\'s Anderson leading authorities on electronic ceramics, solid oxide fuel cells, and oxygen separation membranes. Anderson taught for more than 40 years, served as a research advisor to more than 60 graduate students, published more than 200 refereed publications, and has consulted extensively. He was named a Curators\' Professor, the University of Missouri\'s highest research honor, in 1988; elevated to ACerS Fellow in 1978; named an editor (1992) and senior editor (1999) of JACerS; and selected to present the Arthur L. Friedberg Memorial Lecture by The National Institute of Ceramic Engineers in 2008. Anderson is a member of the Electronics Division and the National Institute of Ceramic Engineering. Robert L. Coble Award for Young Scholars, to recognize an outstanding scientist who is conducting research in academia, in industry, or at a government funded laboratory. Castro Ricardo Castro is associate professor in the department of chemical engineering and materials sciences at University of California, Davis and leads the Laboratory of Thermochemistry of Nanoceramics. In 2011, he received the Department of Energy Early Career Program Award and the National Science Foundation Career Award, two of the most competitive awards for young researchers. More recently, Castro was honored as 20132014 UC Davis Chancellor\'s Fellow. He has published more than 40 scientific articles and is an active member of the Basic Science Division and vice president of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineering. Ross Coffin Purdy Award, to recognize the authors who made the most valuable contribution to the ceramic technical literature in 2012. \"Control of octahedral connectivity in perovskite oxide heterostructures: An emerging route to multifunctional materials discovery,\" published in the American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org MRS Bulletin, Volume 37, pp. 261-270, March 2012. James M. Rondinelli, Steven J. May, and John W. Freeland. James M. Rondinelli is currently assistant professor in the department of materials science and engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pa., but will, as of September 1, join the faculty at Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. From 20102011, he was the Joseph Katz Distinguished Fellow in the X-ray Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory. Rondinelli The author or coauthor of more than 40 peer-reviewed publications with more than 1,000 citations, Rondinelli received the DARPA Young Faculty Award (2012) and an ARO Young Investigator Program (YIP) Award (2012). May | Steven J. May is assistant professor in the department of materials science and engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pa. He joined the faculty in 2009 following a postdoctoral appointment in the Materials Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory. At Drexel, his lab works on synthesis of complex oxide heterostructures via molecular beam epitaxy and structural, electronic, optical, and magnetic characterization of thin films and superlattices. A member of the Electronics Division, May received the NSF CAREER Award (DMR Ceramics), ARO Young Investigator Award, and the Outstanding Teaching Award from the Drexel MSE Department. Freeland John W. Freeland works in the X-ray Science Division at Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill. He was previously a National Research Council Fellow at the Naval Research Laboratory (1996-1998) and assistant physicist at Argonne (1998-2003). His research focuses on the application of advanced experimental 37 Society Awards probes to understand surfaces and interfaces in complex systems. To date, Freeland has published almost 130 articles in the area of condensed matter physics and materials science. Richard and Patricia Spriggs Phase Equilibria Award, to honor the authors who made the most valuable contribution to phase stability relationships in ceramicbased systems literature in 2013. \"Phase Equilibrium Studies of \'Cu₂O\'-SiO2-Al2O3 System in Equilibrium with Metallic Copper,\" published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 96 [11] 3631-3636 (2013). Mao Chen; Baojun Zhao. Chen Mao Chen is a postdoctoral research fellow in the School of Chemical Engineering at The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Chen received his B.E. degree in chemical engineering and technology from China\'s Central South University in 2008 and his Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from UQ in 2013. The author or coauthor of seven refereed papers and 10 conference papers and presentations, his research interests focus on metallurgical process engineering, especially on metallurgical physical chemistry by studying phase equilibria and other physiochemical properties of oxides and metals. Baojun Zhao is Fangyuan Fellow and group leader of high-temperature process at The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. After receiving his Ph.D. in metallurgy from UQ in 1999, he started his postdoctoral research fellowship. He was a senior research fellow before he took his current position at the university. Zhao Zhao has authored or coauthored one book chapter, 87 refereed papers, and 16 conference papers and presentations. His primary fields of research are experimental investigation of physiochemical properties of high-temperature melts, i.e., phase equilibria and viscos ity of ceramics and metallurgical slags. Corporate Technical Achievement Award, to recognize a single outstanding technical achievement made by an ACerS corporate member in the field of ceramics. SOMANY Somany Ceramics Ltd., India, is the recipient of ACerS 2014 Corporate Technical Achievement Award for their development of Somany Veil Craft (VC) Shield Floor Tiles. VC shield tiles are high abrasion resistant floor tiles developed under the visionary leaderNICE and CEC awards ship of Mr. Shreekant Somany (CMD) and are the first of its kind in India. This was achieved by developing a glaze that is coated on the tile, above its print, which after firing, significantly improves the abrasion resistance. VC\'s unique patented composition makes it several times superior to the standard described in PEI V or Class 5. Somany Ceramics has established its presence as a leader in the Indian tiles sector. The company has manufacturing plants in Kadi, Gujarat and Kassar Haryana, India and other joint venture plants, generating a production capacity of 40 million sq. meters annually. ACerS/NICE: Arthur Frederick Greaves-Walker Lifetime Service Award, to an individual who has rendered outstanding service to the ceramic engineering profession and who, by life and career, has exemplified the aims, ideals, and purpose of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers. Stover Fred W. Stover Jr. is principal, chair, and founder of Matrix Enterprises. After earning a bachelors in ceramic engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology, he worked for a number of companies, cofounding Applied Ceramics Inc. and working as ceramic engineer and lab director for Thermo Materials (now Ceradyne). A consultant for the abrasive and refractory industries, Stover was elected to the Engineering Hall of Fame at Georgia Institute of Technology in 2005. A past-president of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, he has served on the meetings technology and manufacturing subcommittee, President\'s Council of Industrial Advisors, and chaired the John Jeppson and Corporate Environmental Achievement Award committees. Elevated to Fellow in 2012, Stover is currently the ACerS/NICE Link for the Order of the Engineer. Ceramic Education Council: Outstanding Educator Award, to recognize truly outstanding work and creativity in teaching, directing student research, or the general educational process of ceramic educators. C. Barry Carter is a professor at the University of Connecticut. During his 33-year teaching career, he has served as primary advisor for 32 Ph.D. students, broadened the participation of under-represented groups, and championed the involvement of undergraduate students in research. A strong supporter of the Material Advantage chapter at UConn, Carter served as faculty advisor for the ACerS student chapter at the University of Minnesota and worked to create a MA chapter there. Carter He is a six-time recipient of the Roland B. Snow Award, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Materials Science, and current president of the International Federation of Societies for Microscopy. 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Du-Co Ceramics Young Professional Award, to a young professional member of ACers who demonstrates exceptional leadership and service to ACerS and Karl Schwartzwalder-Professional Achievement in Ceramic Engineering Award, an ACerS/NICE award that recognizes an outstanding young ceramic engineer whose achievements have been significant to the profession and to the general welfare of the community. Brosnan Kristen H. Brosnan is a materials scientist in the Ceramic Structures and Processing Laboratory at General Electric Global Research in Niskayuna, N.Y. She primarily works on solid oxide fuel cell, thermal barrier coating, and environmental barrier coating programs. Brosnan is a featured science and Women in Science and Engineering blogger for the GE Global Research external website and active in the GE Women\'s Network. She has received eight individual General Electric Global Recognition Awards for outstanding teamwork, technical excellence, expertise, volunteerism, external focus, and organizational citizenship. A member of the Basic Science Division, Brosnan is the current president of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, a past-president of the Ceramic Education Council, served on the editorial advisory board for the ACerS Bulletin, and helped launch ACerS Young Professional Network. She is the recipient of the 2006 Graduate Excellence in Materials Science Diamond Award. Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship Award, to recognize the participation in ACerS activities of an undergraduate student in ceramic or materials engineering. Talley Kevin R. Talley is a senior in materials science and engineering at Boise State University in his hometown of Boise, Idaho, where he works as an undergraduate research assistant at the university. He is a member of the Boise State Materials Science Club and works for the Functional Ceramics Research Group, researching the relationship between structure and dielectric properties in doped perovskites of various vacancy concentrations. Talley was selected as an undergraduate research fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Md., where he spent two summers characterizing ceramic thermoelectric materials. He served two terms on the ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors, where he attended the yearly business meetings and helped produce the council\'s outreach materials science lab and demo kits for middle and high school educators. Upon completion of his second bachelor\'s degree at Boise State University, Talley plans to pursue a doctorate in applied physics and materials science. ACerS Award Lectures ACers Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture Sunday, October 12, 5 p.m. Wolfgang Rossner, Siemens AG, Corporate Technology, Munich, Germany Title: Ceramics for Innovation and Sustainability Wolfgang Rossner is research manager at Corporate Technology, Siemens AG, Munich, Germany. His main research interest is in high-temperature ceramics and related composites and advanced ceramic processing technologies, including additive manufacturing technologies. In 1997 he received the Siemens innovation award for the development of scintillating ceramics for application in medical X-ray computed tomography and in 2007 he was selected as Siemens Top Innovator in the field of luminescent and optical ceramics. Rossner has published, presented and coauthored about 100 articles and has been issued about 90 patents. He is a research consultant for Fraunhofer Society and Materials Research Center Freiburg, both in Germany, and is cochairing a joint board of the German Ceramic Society and German Society for Materials for advanced ceramics. Rossner Awards Banquet The winners of the Society\'s 2014 awards will be recognized at the ACerS Annual Awards and Honors Banquet, Monday, October 13. Banquet tickets may be purchased with conference registration or by contacting Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 39 Society Awards ACerS Award Lectures Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture Tuesday, October 14, 1 p.m. Adrian C. Wright, J.J. Thomson Physical Laboratory, University of Reading (U.K.) Lecture title: My Borate Life: An Enigmatic Journey Adrian C. Wright is professor emeritus at the University of Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom, where he was professor of amorphous solid-state physics. His research interests comprise neutron scattering and modelling studies of the structure and dynamics of a wide range of inorganic glasses and other amorphous solids, including silicate, borate, borosilicate, phosphate, chalcogenide, and fluoroberyllate glasses. He has more than 200 publications and has served on the steering committee and council of the International Commission on Glass. The former president of the Society of Glass Technology is an ACerS Fellow and the 1996 recipient of the ACerS GOMD George W. Morey Award. He shared the 2012 Otto Schott Research Award for his \"lifelong outstanding scholarly work devoted to the experimental study of glass structure in general.\" Wright ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture Tuesday, October 14, 9 a.m. John Ballato, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C. Lecture title: Rethinking Optical Fiber: New Demands, Old Glasses John Ballato is vice president for economic development at Clemson University. A professor of materials science and engineering, Ballato directed the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies for 14 years. Ballato has published 300 archival scientific papers, holds more than 25 U.S. and foreign patents, has given in excess of 150 keynote or invited lectures, and has been principal investigator on more than $46-million worth of sponsored programs. Among numerous other honors, he is an ACerS Fellow and received the 2014 Governor\'s Award for Excellence in Scientific Research from the governor of South Carolina. He also received the Class of \'39 Award for Excellence, which is presented annually to one distinguished member of the Clemson faculty whose outstanding contributions have been judged by his or her peers to represent the highest achievement of service to the University. Ballato Cook Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Award and Lecture Wednesday, October 15, 1 p.m. Robert F. Cook, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. Lecture title: Multi-Scale Effects in the Strength of Ceramics Robert F. Cook is a Fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md., and the former leader of NIST\'s nanomechanical properties group and deputy chief of the ceramics division. His primary field of research is the mechanical properties of materials, especially fracture. Cook has authored more than 160 archival publications and holds 14 patents, and he has received Department of Commerce Silver and Bronze medals for his research on nanoparticles and scanning probe microscopy. The former chair of the Basic Science Division (2002-2003) and ACerS Director (2004-2007), Cook is an ACerS Fellow and the 1999 recipient of the Richard M. Fulrath Award. 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org ceramics.org/ema2015 INTRODUCTION call for papers Submit your abstracts by September 11, 2014 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2015 January 21-23, 2015 DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Orlando, Florida USA Electronic Materials and Applications 2015, jointly programmed by the Electronics Division and Basic Science Division of The American Ceramic Society, is the sixth in a series of annual international meetings. EMA 2015 includes focused symposia on a wide array of topics addressing the basic and applied science and technology of ceramic materials for electronic, magnetic, dielectric, and optical components, devices, and systems for data and energy storage and conversion, lighting, sensing, actuation, power systems, and transduction, to name just a few. EMA 2015 features a tutorial on thin-film stability and a session on failure-two casual evening events that should be on everyone\'s agenda. The conference features plenary lectures from leaders in the field representing industry and academia. The technical program provides ample opportunity for information exchange on the latest developments in the theory, experimental investigation, and applications of TECHNICAL PROGRAM electroceramic materials. Participants represent an international mix of industry, university, and federal laboratory researchers, engineers, technologists, and leaders. Participation of students and young professionals in the meeting is particularly encouraged! In addition to student poster and, presentation awards, financial support has been set aside for students and I young professionals-please contact the organizers for more information. We are pleased to build on the previous successes of this conference series in providing a distinctive forum to address emerging needs, opportunities, and key challenges in the field of electronic materials and applications. This meeting will continue to highlight the most recent scientific advances and technological innovations in the field, and it will facilitate interactions and collaborations that will help shape its future. Please join us in Orlando, to participate in this unique experience. - EMA 2015 Organizing Committee S1 Advanced Electronic Materials: Processing, Structures, Properties, and Applications S2 Ceramic Composites, Coatings, and Fibers S3 Computational Design of Electronic Materials S4 Functional Thin Films: Processing and Integration Science S5 lon-Conducting Ceramics S6 LEDs and Photovoltaics Opportunities - Beyond the Light: Common Challenges and S7 Multiferroic Materials and Multilayer Ferroic Heterostructures: Properties and Applications S8 Recent Developments in High-Temperature Superconductivity S9 Structure of Emerging Perovskite Oxides: Bridging Length Scales and Unifying Experiment and Theory S10 Thermoelectrics: From Nanoscale Fundamental Science to Devices S11 Thin Films and Interfaces: Stability, Stress Relaxation, and Properties SPECIAL PROGRAMMING Tutorial on Thin-Film Stability Failure: The Greatest Teacher American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Haugan Dillon Timothy Haugan, Electronics Division U.S. Air Force Research Lab timothy.haugan@us.af.mil Brennecka Shen Dillon, Basic Science Division University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign sdillon@illinois.edu Geoff Brennecka, Electronics Division Colorado School of Mines gbrennec@mines.edu PLENARY SPEAKERS Kent Budd, 3M, USA Hiroshi Funakubo, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan Greg Rohrer, Carnegie Mellon University, USA HOTEL INFORMATION DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea WorldⓇ CENCIONOG 10100 International Drive Orlando, FL 32821 407-352-1100/800-327-0363 Rate: $149.00 41 300 32 W Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NO Engineering Ceramics Division The A-encor Ceram Society Register by Dec. 23 to save $150! 39TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES January 25-30, 2015 Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center Daytona Beach, Florida, USA ceramics.org/icacc2015 ICACC15 showcases cutting-edge research and product developments in advanced ceramics, ceramic armor, SOFCs, 3D printing, bioceramics, and more. The technical program includes 13 symposia, six focused sessions, the 4th Global Young Investigators Forum, and the 2nd European Union-USA Engineering Ceramics Summit. These technical sessions, along with an Industry Exposition, provide an open forum for scientists, researchers, engineers, and manufacturers from around the world to present and exchange recent advances in ceramic science and technology. Soshu Kirihara 2015 ICACC Program Chair Joining and Welding Institute Osaka University, Japan kirihara@jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp ICACC15 SYMPOSIA S1 Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics and Composites S2 Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications S3 12th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC): Materials, Science, and Technology S4 Armor Ceramics: Challenges and New Developments S5 Next-Generation Bioceramics and Biocomposites S6 Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation, Conversion, and Rechargeable Energy Storage S7 9th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials: Innovative Synthesis and Processing of Nanostructured, Nanocomposite, and Hybrid Functional Materials for Energy, Health, and Sustainability S8 9th International Symposium on Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials and Systems (APMT9) S9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications S10 Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic Genome S11 Advanced Materials and Innovative Processing Ideas for the Industrial Root Technology S12 Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultra-HighTemperature Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases) S13 International Symposium on Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy FS1 Geopolymers, Chemically Bonded Ceramics, and Eco-friendly and Sustainable Materials FS2 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy FS3 Materials Diagnostics and Structural Health Monitoring of Ceramic Components and Systems FS4 Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies FS5 Single-Crystalline Materials for Electrical, Optical, and Medical Applications 4th Global Young Investigators Forum 2nd European Union-USA Engineering Ceramics Summit 42 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 HILTON DAYTONA BEACH RESORT 100 North Atlantic Avenue Daytona Beach, FL Phone: 1-386-254-8200 Fax: 1-386-253-8841 Rates: One to Four Occupants $157 Students: $129 U.S. Government Employee: Prevailing Rate 00 W NO Mention The American Ceramic Society to obtain the special rate. Room rates are effective until December 14, 2014, and are based on availability. TENTATIVE SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Welcome Reception Sunday - January 25 Monday - January 26 Opening Awards Ceremony and Plenary Session Concurrent Technical Sessions Tuesday - January 27 5 p.m. - 7 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 1:30 p.m. - 6 p.m. Wednesday - January 28 Concurrent Technical Sessions Exposition and Reception Poster Session B Thursday - January 29 Concurrent Technical Sessions Friday - January 30 Concurrent Technical Sessions Concurrent Technical Sessions 8 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. Exposition and Reception Poster Session A 5 p.m. - 8 p.m. 5 p.m. - 8 p.m. 8 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 5 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. 5 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. 8 a.m. - - Noon EXHIBITION INFORMATION Reserve your booth space today for the premier advanced ceramics and composites event. This event offers an exceptional opportunity to present your company\'s latest products, services, and technology to a sophisticated audience sharply focused on this market. Exhibit Hours: Tuesday, January 27, 2015, 5 p.m. - 8 p.m. Wednesday, January 28, 2015, 5 p.m. – 7:30 p.m. Exhibit Location: Ocean Center Arena, 101 North Atlantic Avenue, Daytona Beach, FL Visit ceramics.org/icacc2015 for details or contact Mona Thiel at mthiel@ceramics.org or at 614-794-5834 to reserve your booth. Exhibitor Booth No. Exhibitor Booth No. Exhibitor Booth No. Alfred University 315 H.C. Starck North American Trading 305 New Lenox Machine Co. Inc. 302 AVS Inc. 107 LLC NIST 111 BTU International 307 Haiku Tech Inc. 313 Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. 320 C-Therm Technologies Ltd. 222 Harper International 317 Powder Processing & Technology 304 Carbolite Inc. 206 Harrop Industries Inc. 201 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics 210 Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. 200 Heraeus Thick Film Division 212 PTX-Pentronix - Gasbarre Presses 207 CM Furnaces Inc. 311 Imerys Fused Minerals 220 R.D. Webb Company Inc 216 Dorst America 301 Keith Company 205 Sonoscan Inc. 221 Eirich Machines Inc. 203 Linseis Inc. 202 Swindell Dressler International 303 ESL ElectroScience 223 MEL Chemicals 306 TevTech 214 Florida Institute of Technology 204 NETZSCH Instruments North America 300 Thermal Wave Imaging 321 LLC Zircar Ceramics Inc. 224 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 43 premeeting planner MS&T14® Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA Register by September 12 to save! 15 11 14 11 11 11 11 30 15 10 30 13 www.matscitech.org The MS&T partnership brings together scientists, engineers, students, suppliers, and others to discuss current research and technical applications and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Register now to take part in the leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community. lectures Sunday, October 12 Monday, October 13 5:00 6:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society Rustum Roy Lecture - Wolfgang Rossner, Siemens AG, Germany 2:00 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Session - Ken-ichi Kakimoto, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan - Takanori Nakamura, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan - Edward Herderick, rapid prototype + manufacturing (rp+m), USA - Yasushi Enokido, TDK Corp., Japan - Susmita Bose, Washington State University, USA 2:00-5:00 p.m. ACers Alfred R. Cooper Award Session - C. Austen Angell, Arizona State University, USA (Distinguished lecturer) - John Mauro, Corning Inc., USA - Cornelius T. Moynihan, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Distinguished lecturer) - Jared Seaman, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA - Cooper Scholar winner: Nicole T. Johnson, Coe College special events Sunday, October 12 Monday, October 13 6:00-7:30 p.m. Welcome Reception Network with your colleagues and make new connections. 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACerS 116th Annual Meeting Be there as newly elected officers take their positions. All ACerS members and guests are welcome. 5:30-6:30 p.m. Women in Materials Science and Engineering Reception Enjoy the chance to network with professionals and peers in a relaxed environment. 7:30-10:00 p.m. ACerS 116th Annual Honors and Awards Banquet Enjoy dinner, conversation, and the presentation of Society awards. Purchase tickets in advance for $90 via the conference registration form. 4:30 Tuesday, October 14 6:00 p.m. 9:00 10:00 a.m. Tuesday, October 14 ACers Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture - John Ballato, Clemson University, USA 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture - Adrian C. Wright, professor emeritus, University of Reading, U.K. Wednesday, October 15 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACerS Robert B. Sosman Lecture - Robert F. Cook, NIST, USA MS&T Young Professionals Reception Attend this reception to meet and network with fellow young professionals. 4:00 6:00 p.m. MS&T14 Exhibit Happy Hour Reception Network with colleagues and build relationships with knowledgable attendees, buyers, and prospects! 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 join us for the ACerS 116th annual meeting! plenary session Drivers for Advanced Manufacturing: Energy, Sustainability, and Economics Monday, October 13, 8:00 - 10:00 a.m. Advanced manufacturing encompasses a range of emerging technologies that will speed materials improvements from the laboratory to the shop floor. These technologies form the basis for the proposed National Network of Manufacturing Institutes (NNMI). Current institutes center on the following AM technologies: • Digital Design/ICME/Materials Genome Initiative Additive Manufacturing Lightweight and Modern Metals Manufacturing Innovations • Next-Generation Power Electronics short courses Saturday, October 11 Sunday, October 12 9:00 a.m. · 4:30 p.m. | 9:00 a.m. Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology 2:30 p.m. Instructor: Arun K. Varshneya, Alfred University Description: The course covers basic glass science and technology to broaden or improve one\'s foundation in the understanding of glass as a material of choice. This one-and-a-halfday course covers: - Glass science (commercial glass families, glassy state, nucleation and crystallization, phase separation, glass structure) - Glass technology, batch calculations - Glassmelting and glassforming - Glass properties, such as density, hardness, viscosity, thermal expansion coefficient, and chemical durability, and engineering principles, such as annealing, strength, and strengthening - Elementary fracture analysis Bréchet Yves Bréchet, Grenoble Institute of Technology King Alex King, Director, Critical Materials Institute registration Taub Alan Taub, Professor, University of Michigan Sunday, 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. October 12 Recent Innovations in Electroceramics and Their Applications Instructor: R. K. Pandey, Texas State University Description: Electroceramics have become an integral part of many emerging technologies because of the innovations made in the field in the past decade. Because of the advent of multifunctional oxides, multiferroics, energy harvesting, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), nanostructured ceramics, spintronics, radhard electronics, bioelectronics, detectors and sensors, etc., electroceramic materials have gained in importance and are likely to impact many emerging technologies. The objective of this course is to expose students to the current state of knowledge in this field with emphasis on practical applications and potential for inventions. On or before 9/12/14 After 9/12/14 Sunday, October 12 Member $625 $725 Nonmember $775 $900 Participant Member* $575 $675 Participant Nonmember* $725 $850 Student Member $125 $150 Student Nonmember $150 $175 Student Member Participant* $100 $125 Student Nonmember Participant* $125 $150 One-Day Member $500 $675 One-Day Nonmember $650 $875 Exhibit Only $25 $25 *Speakers, Poster Presenters, Organizers, Session Chairs 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and Designing for Safety Instructors: Stephen Freiman, Freiman Consulting Inc., and John J. (Jack) Mecholsky Jr., University of Florida Description: Engineers who use ceramic components, whether in electronic, optical, or structural applications, recognize that their brittleness can result in damage and possible mechanical failure. In this course we will explore the practical fracture mechanics background necessary to understand brittle failure and describe some of the unique characteristics of ceramic materials that must be taken into account in their design and use. Microstructural effects, which have a major influence on fracture toughness and strength, will be explored in some detail. The deleterious effects of external environments, particularly water, on crack growth and the test procedures needed to explore this phenomenon will be discussed. Best practices in the use of fracture mechanics and strength tests will be reviewed. Quantitative fractographic analysis of failed parts will be shown to be a powerful tool in understanding the cause of failure as well as to quantitatively determine failure stresses that occur in-service. Finally, a modern, computer-driven approach to statistically examine strength distributions for ceramics will be demonstrated. It will be shown that this tool can be used to set service stresses that will ensure safe lifetimes to very low probabilities of failure. Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org ASM INTERNATIONAL TMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society Cosponsor: Q NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY 45 MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 Legend: CC David L. Lawrence Convention Center WE = Westin Convention Center calendar of events Accurate as of 8/6/14 (times and locations are subject to change) Time Location Event Time Location SUNDAY, OCTOBER 12 ACers Committee Meetings Noon 5:00 p.m. WE Keramos Board, Student Representative, Noon - 1:00 p.m. Offsite and Chapter Advisors Meeting Publications Committee Meeting Electronics Division Executive Restaurant 12:30-3:00 p.m. WE 1:00 4:00 p.m. WE 9:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. WE Committee Meeting 8:00 a.m. 6:30 p.m. 9:30 a.m. -5:00 p.m. WE 12:30 1:30 p.m. WE WE Glass and Optical Materials Division Programming and Executive Committee Meeting 2:00 4:30 p.m. WE Basic Science Division Executive Committee Meeting 2:30 4:30 p.m. WE Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division Executive Committee Meeting Engineering Ceramics Division Executive Committee Meeting President\'s Council of Student Advisors Business Meeting MONDAY, OCTOBER 13 Conference Activities Registration 2:30 4:30 p.m. WE 3:00 4:30 p.m. WE 5:00 7:00 p.m. CC Event FRIDAY, OCTOBER 10 ACers Committee Meetings Executive Committee Meeting SATURDAY, OCTOBER 11 Educational Courses Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology ACers Committee Meetings President\'s Council of Student Advisors Business Meeting Board of Directors Meeting Board of Directors/President\'s Council of Student Advisors Luncheon SUNDAY, OCTOBER 12 Conference Activities Registration/Member Lounges Programming Support Desk ACerS Basic Science Division 2:00-7:00 p.m. 2:00 5:30 p.m. Noon 7:30 p.m. Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition Welcome Reception Educational Courses 6:00 7:30 p.m. 8888 CC CC CC CC 7:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. CC Understanding Why Ceramics Fail and 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. WE Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee 7:00 a.m. 5:30 p.m. CC 7:00 8:00a.m. CC Designing for Safety Recent Innovations in Electroceramics 8:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. WE and Their Applications Society Member Lounges ACerS Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. CC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. CC Fundamentals of Glass Science 9:00 a.m.2:30 p.m. WE and Competition and Technology Lectures Lectures MS&T Opening Plenary 8:00 10:00 a.m. CC ACerS Frontiers of Science and Society - 5:00 - 6:00 p.m. Rustum Roy Lecture CC ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Session ACerS Alfred R. Cooper Award Session 2:00 - 4:40 p.m. 2:00 5:00 p.m. CC CC Material Advantage Student Functions Chapter Leadership Workshop 10:00 a.m. Noon WE (Material Advantage Chapters Only) Undergraduate Student Poster 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. CC Contest Installation Social Functions Undergraduate Student Speaking 1:00-3:00 p.m. WE Contest Semifinal 1 Contest Semifinal 2 Undergraduate Student Speaking 1:00-3:00 p.m. WE Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display ACerS Student Tour MS&T Guest Tour Frank Lloyd Wright\'s Fallingwater MS&T Women in Materials 10:00 a.m. 3:30 p.m. CC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. Noon 5:00 p.m. CC CC 5:30-6:30 p.m. CC 8888 Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Finals 4:00 5:00 p.m. Science Reception WE ACerS Annual Honor and Awards 6:45 7:30 p.m. WE Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display 6:00 7:00 p.m. Banquet Reception CC ACerS Annual Honor and 7:30 10:00 p.m. WE Awards Banquet Student Networking Mixer ACers Committee Meetings Keramos National Board and Business Meeting Keramos Student Chapter Business Meeting Keramos Convocation and Business Meeting Board, Division, and Section Leaders Meeting Keramos Career Speaker 7:00-9:00 p.m. WE Alumni Events Case Western Reserve University 6:00-9:00 p.m. CC 7:00 9:00 a.m. WE Alumni Reception Purdue Materials Engineering Alumni 6:30-8:00 p.m. 8:00 9:00 a.m. WE and Friends Reception Offsite Tonic 9:00 11:00 a.m. WE Annual Meetings ACerS 116th Annual 1:00 2:00 p.m. CC 9:00 a.m. Noon WE Membership Meeting 11:00 a.m. Noon WE 46 46 Register by September 12! www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 www.matscitech.org Time Location Event Registration/Member Lounges 7:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. CC 7:00 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 7:00 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. CC CC сс Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition 2:00 6:00 p.m. CC Exhibition Show Hours Football Feature Career Pavilion MS&T Food Court Professional Recruitment and 9:00 11:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. CC 11:00 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. CC 11:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. CC сс Event MONDAY, OCTOBER 13 ACers Committee Meetings Basic Science Division General Business Meeting Engineering Ceramics Division General Business Meeting Electronics Division General Business Meeting Alumni Events Noon 1:00 p.m. Noon 1:00 p.m. CC Noon 1:00 p.m. Education Integration 2:00 4:00 p.m. Committee Business Meeting Meetings Committee Meeting 3:00 4:30 p.m. National Institute of Ceramic Engineers Business Meeting Glass and Optical Materials Division General Business Meeting Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division General Business Meeting TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14 Conference Activities Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee ACerS Basic Science Division General Poster Viewing Exhibition ASM Materials Camp 4:00-5:30 p.m. 5:30-6:30 p.m. 5:45 6:30 p.m. 88888 88 8 сс Alfred University Alumni Event RPI Alumni Social Committee Meetings 6:15 7:30 p.m. 7:00-9:00 p.m. сс CC сс ACerS International Journal of Applied Glass Science Associate Editors Meeting 7:30 9:00 a.m. WE сс CC Material Advantage Committee Meeting ACers Past Presidents Council Meeting ACers Panel of Fellows Meeting ACerS Books Subcommittee Meeting 8:00 – 9:00 a.m. CC 9:00 - 11:00 a.m. 3:00-5:00 p.m. 3:30 4:30 p.m. WE CC CC CC CC WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 15 Conference Activities Registration/Member Lounge Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee ACerS Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit and Competition Poster Session with Presenters Time Location TUESDAY, OCTOBER 14 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. CC 7:00 a.m. 5:30 p.m. CC 7:00 8:00 a.m. CC 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. CC 9:30 10:30 a.m. сс General Poster Session with Presenters Exhibition 11:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. CC Exhibitors\' Meeting ASM Materials Camp General Poster Session Exhibition Show Hours 8:00 9:00 a.m. сс 9:00 11:00 a.m. CC 9:00 11:00 a.m. сс 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. CC MS&T Food Court Noon 2:00 p.m. CC ASM Materials Camp Noon 2:00 p.m. CC ACers Lecture Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Lecture 1:00 2:00 p.m. CC ASM Materials Camp Happy Hour Reception Noon 2:00 p.m. сс 11:30 a.m. 1:30 p.m. CC 4:00 6:00 p.m. CC Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster 7:00 a.m 1:00 p.m. CC ACerS Lectures ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic 9:00 - 10:00 a.m. Engineering Tutorial and Lecture CC Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture 1:00 2:00 p.m. CC Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. CC Contest Display Mug Drop Contest Disc Golf Contest Student Awards Ceremony Social Functions 11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. CC 12:30 1:30 p.m. 2:00 3:00 p.m. CC CC Contest Display ACers Committee Meetings Strategic Planning for Emerging Opportunities Committee Meeting Nominating Committee Meeting ACerS/TMS Leadership Meeting Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science General Business Meeting THURSDAY, OCTOBER 16 Conference Activities Registration 7:00 9:00 a.m. WE 9:00 10:00 a.m. WE 11:30 a.m. 12:30 p.m. CC Noon 1:00 p.m. CC ACerS Companion Breakfast 8:00 10:00 a.m. WE Programming Support Desk Authors\' Coffee 7:00 a.m. Noon 7:00 a.m. Noon 7:00 8:00 a.m. CC CC 888 MS&T Guest Tour - Andy Warhol Museum MS&T Young Professionals Reception 10:00 a.m. - 3:00 p.m. CC 4:30-6:00 p.m. CC hotel For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at www.matscitech.org. Reservation deadline: September 12, 2014 Westin Convention Center - (ACerS HQ) $205 per night (sgl/dbl) U.S. Government rate rooms are extremely limited; proof of federal government employment must be shown at check-in or higher rate will be charged. U.S. Government rate is the prevailing government rate, as of October 1, 2014, and subject to change. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 47 MS&T14 Materials Science & Technology 2014 October 12-16, 2014 Register by September 12! program-at-a-glance Tentative schedule, subject to change BIOMATERIALS Bioinspired Materials Engineering Corrosion of Biomaterials Nanomechanics of Biomaterials Next-Generation Biomaterials Surface Properties of Biomaterials V CERAMIC AND GLASS MATERIALS Amorphous Materials: Common Issues within Science and Technology Ceramic-Matrix Composites Computational Design of Ceramic Materials Glass and Optical Materials Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites Multifunctional Oxides Phase Transformations in Ceramics: The Present and the Future ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL, AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS Advanced Spintronic Materials Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices Dielectric, Magnetic, and Semiconductor Materials for Harsh Environments Pb-Free Solders and Advanced Interconnecting Materials Semiconductor Heterostructures: Theory, Growth, Characterization, and Device Applications ENERGY Energy Storage IV: Materials, Systems, and Applications Symposium Materials Development for Nuclear Applications and Extreme Environments Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century FUNDAMENTALS AND CHARACTERIZATION Boron, Boron Compounds, and Boron Nanomaterials: Structure, Properties, Processing, and Applications Failure Analysis and Prevention Fluctuations and Collective Phenomena in Materials Deformation Interfaces, Grain Boundaries, and Surfaces from Atomistic and Macroscopic Approaches: Fundamental and Engineering Issues International Symposium on Defects, Transport, and Related Phenomena Mechanical Behavior of Technological Coatings and Thin Films Multiscale Modeling of Microstructure Deformation in Material Processing Phase Stability, Diffusion Kinetics, and Their Applications (PSDK-IX) Recent Advances in Electron Microscopy, Spectral Imaging, and Surface Analysis Techniques for Materials Characterization p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed Wed a.m. Thu p.m. a.m. • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • : • • • • • • • Role of Solidification Technology for Multifunctional Materials GREEN MANUFACTURING AND SUSTAINABILITY Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing VI • • Materials and Processes for CO₂ Capture, Conversion, and Sequestration • IRON AND STEEL (FERROUS ALLOYS) Advanced Steel Metallurgy: Products and Processing Ferrous Metallurgy: From Past to Present Fifth Symposium on Railroad Tank Cars Structural Characteristics for High-Toughness Steels Vanadium Microalloyed Steels: A Symposium in Memory of Michael Korchynsky 48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 www.matscitech.org program-at-a-glance MATERIALS-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Advanced Materials for Harsh Environments Corrosion Monitoring and Control Corrosion Testing and Modeling Degradation of Nonmetallic Materials Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Nuclear High-Temperature Corrosion Thermal Protection Materials and Systems Third Symposium on Surface Hardening of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys NANOMATERIALS Commercial Production and Applications of Nanomaterials: ECAP and Fullerenes Controlled Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Structural and Functional Nanomaterials Nanotechnology for Energy, Environment, Electronics, and Industry PROCESSING AND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING Advanced Aluminum Alloys, Composites, and Process Technologies Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Advanced Solution and Colloidal Processing for Ceramics Advances in Metal-Casting Technologies Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. • • Wed Thu p.m. a.m. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Advances in Titanium Manufacturing: Powder Processing, Powder Metallurgy, • • • and Additive/Emerging Manufacturing Techniques Fatigue of Materials III Friction Stir Processing Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials (JASM XVI) Materials Science of Additive Manufacturing Materials Technology Aspects in Product Remanufacturing Measurement and Modeling of High-Strain-Rate Deformation • • • • • • • • • • : Multifunctional Materials for Aerospace and Defense: Challenges and Prospects Processes, Applications, and Performance of Materials in Additive Manufacturing Sintering and Related Powder-Processing Science and Technologies Structural Intermetallics: Alloy Design, Processing, and Applications SPECIAL TOPICS Continuous Improvement of Academic Programs (and Satisfying ABET Along the Way): The Elizabeth Judson Memorial Symposium Innovation in Processing of Light Metals for Transportation Industries: A Symposium in Honor of C. Ravi Ravindran Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals Robert B. Sosman Award Symposium: Opportunities for Enhancement of Nanomechanical Properties of Materials Rustum Roy Symposium on Processing and Performance of Materials Using Microwaves, Electric and Magnetic Fields, Ultrasound, Lasers, and Mechanical Work Town Hall Meeting on the National and International Materials Data Infrastructure Understanding the Engineering Design of Art Objects and Cultural Heritage SURFACE MODIFICATION Advanced Coatings for Wear and Corrosion Advances in Smart and Functional Coatings and Thin Films Surface Protection for Enhanced Materials Performance: Science, Technology, and Application American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org • : • • • 40 49 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 5 E th Advances in Cement-based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling & Sensing ighty engineers, scientists, business people, and students gathered at Tennessee Technological University (TTU) in Cookeville, Tenn., for the 5th Advances in Cement-based Materials meeting, July 9-11, held in conjunction with the Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials. On the first afternoon, attendees heard an overview of cement and concrete research related to nuclear applications at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, followed by the annual poster session and reception, during which seven students received the Division\'s Best Student Poster Award. A student networking dinner drew a large crowd and gave the 47 student attendees a chance to get to know each other, the Cements Division officers, and special guests in a more informal setting. The next two days consisted of well-attended sessions on admixtures, alternative cements, characterization, durability, hydration, and mechanics. Jeffrey J. Thomas of Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, Mass., received the 2013 Stephen Brunauer Award for the best paper on cements published in 2012. His winning article, \"The Instantaneous Apparent Activation Energy of Cements Hydration Measured Using a Novel Calorimetry-Based Method,\" was published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 95 [10] 3291–3296 (2012). Meeting organizers Ben Mohr and Joe Biernacki, both of TTU, received certificates of appreciation during the Division business meeting, along with another certificate for Ben Mohr, past chair of Cements. A highlight of the meeting was the 2014 Della Roy Lecture, presented by Ellis Gartner, scientific director (chemistry) at Lafarge Central Research in France. His 4 interesting and sometimes humorous lecture was titled \"40 Years a Cement Scientist - Can This be Sustainable?\" The meeting concluded with the Della Roy reception and dinner held Thursday evening at the Saltbox Inn, a beautiful property that combines rustic charm and elegance, located in Tennessee\'s Upper Cumberland. Everyone kicked back and enjoyed great weather, excellent food, and good company. 1 Chair Kyle Riding (center) presents certificates of appreciation to meeting organizers Joe Biernacki (left) and Ben Mohr (right). 2 Student Raikhan Tokpatayeva with her winning poster. 3 Student Poster winners left to right: William Hunnicutt, Raikhan Tokpatayeva, Christoper Galitz, Ojas Chaudhari, Peter Stynoski, Mohammed Rashidi, and Alvaro Paul 4 Student Christopher Galitz (left) presenting his winning poster. 50 50 3 5 Ben Mohr (left) presents 2013 Brunauer Award certificate to Jeffrey J. Thomas (right). 6 2014 Della Roy Lecturer Ellis Gartner and wife at the Della Roy Reception. 7 Joe Biernacki (left) and Ben Mohr (right) present the 2014 Della Roy Award to Ellis Gartner (center). 8 Students enjoying the conference dinner at the Saltbox Inn. 8 7 5 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 new products CORDOKFIELD 000 Sta BROKK PROGRADE Rheometer software rookfield Engineering\'s Rheo3000 of touchscreen rheometers. The software can perform a variety of tests, including viscoelastic modulus, yield stress, viscos ity vs. shear rate profile, thixotropy calculation, creep behavior, recovery after flow, and temperature sensitivity. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc. (Middleboro, Mass.) www.brookfieldengineering.com 800-628-8139 Demolition machine The he upgraded Brokk 400 electric remote-controlled demolition machine now includes a larger undercarriage, an improved hydraulic system, and a bigger drive axis, rollers, and sidetracks for heavy tracking applications and enhanced stability. The machine can handle attachments up to 1,420 pounds, and its hydraulic quick-hitch system eliminates the need for hard pinning. Brokk Inc. (Monroe, Wash.) www.brokk.com 800-621-7856 Plate magnet E riez ProGrade plate magnets efficiently remove ferrous contamination from products traveling in chutes, spouts, ducts, pipes, and conveyors. The economical magnets are useful for an array of light industry applications and are available in ceramic, rare-earth, and Xtreme rare-earth magnet strengths. Sizes range from 6 to 24 inches in width. Eriez (Erie, Pa.) www.eriez.com 888-300-3743 Particle analyzer Air filter Purair ir Science\'s Purair Sky ceilingAir an ritsch\'s Analysette 28 ImageSizer analyzes particle shape and size of dry, free-flowing powders and bulk solids ranging from 20 µm to 20 mm. Via optical analysis, the device quickly and accurately identifies damaged particles, contaminates, agglomerates, or oversized or undersized particles. Depending on sample quantity, measuring time is less than 5 min, and results are available immediately, providing a fast alternative to sieving. Fritsch (Idar-Oberstein, Germany) www.fritsch.de +49-6784-700 a multiplex filtration system with enhanced technology to ensure protection in the work environment over a range of applications. The filter can be changed quickly, and units come with an epoxy-coated steel support frame with LED lighting and wall-mounted controls. Air Science USA (Fort Myers, Fla.) www.airscience.com 800-306-0656 Storage vessel storage Rvessels are custom-built to meet specifications for pressure, temperature, construction material, cover design, discharge assembly, and access ports. Vessels can accommodate capacities up to 100,000 gallons or larger and can come equipped with agitators, heating/cooling jackets, sheathing and insulation, special coatings and liners, and more. Charles Ross & Son Co. (Hauppauge, N.Y.) www.mixers.com 800-243-7677 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 51 Oresources Calendar of events September 2014 22-25 Int\'l Commission on Glass Annual Meeting - Parma, Italy; www.icglass.org 28-Oct. 1 COM 2014: 53rd Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Hyatt Regency Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; http://web.cim.org/ COM2014 October 2014 5-10 ➡EPD 2014: 5th Int\'l Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications - Schloss Hernstein Seminar Hotel, Hernstein, Austria; www.engconf.org 12-16 MS&T14: Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition -Materials 2014 - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www. matscitech.org 12-16 ACers Annual Meeting and Awards Banquet - David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; www. ceramics.org 21-24 Glasstec 2014: Int\'l Trade Fair for Glass Production - Düsseldorf, Germany; www.glasstec-online.com 26-29 ISHA2014: 4th Int\'l Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Conference - Bordeaux, France; www.isha2014.univ-bordeaux.fr November 2014 3-6 75th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www. glassproblemsconference.org 26-29 31st Int\'l Korea-Japan Seminar on Ceramics - Changwon Exhibition Convention Center, Changwon, Korea; http://kj-ceramics31.changwon.ac.kr December 2014 4-6 ➡ MET-14 (Materials Engineering Technology) with 11th Heat Treat Show The Exhibition Centre, Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India; www.methtexpo.com January 2015 21-23 EMA 2015: Electronic Materials and Applications - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando, Orlando, Fla.; www. ceramics.org 25-30 ICACC\'15: 39th Int\'l Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites - Daytona Beach, Fla.; www.ceramics.org 26-28 Piezo 2015: 8th Int\'l Biannual Conference on Electroceramics for EndUsers - Maribor, Slovenia; www.piezoinstitute.com February 2015 24-27 MCARE 2015: Materials Challenge in Alternative and Renewable Energy - DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando, Orlando, Fla.; www.ceramics.org March 2015 25-26 ACers St. Louis Section and Refractory Ceramics Division Joint Meeting - St. Louis, Mo.; www.ceramics.org April 2015 20-24 42nd Int\'l Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films San Diego, Calif.; www2.avs.org/conferences/icmctf 28-30 Ceramics Expo 2015 - I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio; www. ceramicsexpousa.com May 2015 17-21 ACerS GOMD-DGG Joint Annual Meeting – Miami, Fla.; www. ceramics.org June 2015 14-19 CMCEE: 11th Int\'l Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications - Hyatt Regency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; www.ceramics.org July 2015 7-10 ➡ICCCI2015: 5th Int\'l HighQuality Advanced Materials Conference - Fujiyoshida City, Japan; http:// ceramics.ynu.ac.jp/iccci2015/index.html August 2015 23-26 COM 2015: 54th Annual Conference of Metallurgists - Toronto, Ontario, Canada; www.metsoc.org 30-September 4 PACRIM 11: 11th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Jeju Island, Korea; www.ceramics.org September 2015 7-10 Int\'l Commission on Glass Annual Meeting - Bangkok, Thailand; www. icglass.org 15-18 UNITECR 2015 - Hofburg Congress Center, Vienna, Austria; www.unitecr2015.org 19-25 The XIV Int\'l Conference on the Physics of Non-Crystalline SolidsNiagara Falls, N.Y.; PNCS-XIV.com October 2015 4-8 ➡ MS&T15, combined with ACerS 117th Annual Meeting - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org 20-23 CERAMITEC 2015 - Messe Munich, Munich, Germany; www. ceramitec.de Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. 52 52 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Machining of Advanced Ceramics Since 1959 Business Services consulting/engineering services • DELKIC & ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS • Worldwide Services • Energy Saving Ceramic Coatings & Fiber Modules • FERIZ DELKIĆ Ceramic Engineer P.O. Box 1726, Ponte Vedra, FL 32004 Phone: (904) 285-0200 Fax: (904) 273-1616 custom finishing/machining Custom Machined Insulation Zircar Zirconia, Inc. 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Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 merican Ceramic Westerville, OH 43082 ociety ww.ceramics.org 55 O deciphering the discipline Brian Donovan Guest columnist Pace yourself: Observations of working environments in industry and academia Industry or academia? Many budding engineers and scientists will ask themselves that question at some point in their career. In the past five years, I have had the pleasure of experiencing both. After getting my masters degree, I worked on semiconductor characterization at IBM for more than two years. Last year, I made the difficult decision to leave a comfortable salary and nineto-five schedule to return to academia for a Ph.D. Although readjusting to life on a stipend can be difficult, a pregraduate stint in industry often can provide an invaluable perspective to prepare students. I have noticed major differences between industry and academia, including the scope of project ownership, breadth vs. depth of knowledge, opportunities for publishing, and, obviously, income (especially for us poor grad students). One of the biggest differences between working in industry and academia is the pace of work being done and the way an approach to a problem or project must be adapted to match that pace. Although my personal dataset is small, talking with colleagues suggests that my conclusions nonetheless hold true. In industry, \"time is money.\" When an entire multimillion dollar product line is down and one analysis is the key to bringing it back online, the engineer quickly learns the fastest and most conclusive diagnostics to run. Those initial results are often all there is time to evaluate before presenting an analysis of the issue, complete with a hypothesis of the problem and a list of actions to resolve it. Although the pace of industry yields amazing advances in technology, it is only natural that quick decisions occasionally lead to missteps. Experience plays a huge role in identifying previously seen issues and pinpointing historically proven solutions. The successful industry pace encourages employees to concretely solve only the immedi ate problem in front of them, which will eventually get folded into the bigger solution and ultimately THE solution that the company offers. Brian Donovan operating a time-domain thermoreflectance system, an ultrafast pulsed laser technique used to probe nanoscale thermal transport. In academia, on the other hand, the focus is less about putting out the shiniest new product as soon as possible and more about presenting proven conclusions to a global scientific audience—this dictates an inherently slower pace. It is important to take the same initial steps one might take in industry to find the most efficient and accurate way to preliminary results. In academia, however, findings need to be more conclusive and complete with persuasive data before reporting the outcomes through publication. A major driving factor behind this difference in pace, aside from the difference in end goals (products vs. papers), is differences in personnel structures and support systems. In industry, a teamsometimes a very large team-enables horizontal integration. One can rely on surrounding experts to put all of the pieces together. Individual team members do not have to be experts in each technique or process, but rather be ready with one part of the puzzle. In academia, the opposite is often true-researchers are empowered by and sometimes limited by a culture of personal vertical integration. Each scientist makes samples, tests samples, and completes almost all characterization. This takes time, but it also means academic scientists are experts because they know the ins and outs of all aspects of the project. Whether in industry or academia, the ideal engineer or scientist should strive to combine both aspects of the pace set for the work. It is those who can quickly identify solutions to problems while remaining thorough and complete that will ultimately succeed in any scientific endeavor. Brian Donovan is a graduate research assistant in the material science and engineering program at University of Virginia. He is president of the UVA chapter of the American Society of Engineering Education and is restarting its student chapter of the Materials Research Society as well. Brian would like to sincerely thank his wife and fellow materials engineer, Samantha, for her valuable insight and discussions. 56 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7 Donovan SAVE THE DATE CMCee June 14-19, 2015 Hyatt Regency Vancouver, BC Canada CALL FOR PAPERS available in September Organizers: Mrityunjay Singh, Ohio Aerospace Institute, USA Tatsuki Ohji, AIST, Japan Alexander Michaelis, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, IKTS, Germany 11th International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Energy and Environmental Applications The 11th CMCEE continues the International Symposium on Ceramic Materials and Components for Engines series, held every three to four years for the last 32 years in Asia, Europe, and America. A global, high-level event on ceramic materials and innovations, 11th CMCEE encourages and promotes ceramic research for energy and environmental applications. 11th CMCEE is designed for materials scientists, engineers, researchers and manufacturers, delivering the opportunity to share knowledge and state-of-the-art advancements in materials technology. Visit the CMCEE website to submit your abstract and save the date to attend this premier event. Proposed Symposia Topics • Ceramics for Energy Production Systems - Fuel Cells - Thermoelectrics - Photovoltaics - Nuclear Systems – Wind and Geothermal • Ceramics for Energy Storage and Distribution - Batteries - Supercapacitors - Hydrogen Storage Materials - Thermal Energy Storage/PCMs - High Temperature Superconductors • Ceramics for Energy Conservation and Efficiency - Ceramic and Composites for Gas Turbines - Heat Exchangers and Recuperators - Advanced Coatings and Bearings - Ceramic Integration Technologies • Ceramics for Environmental Systems - Photocatalysis and Water Purification - Ceramic Filters and Membranes - Materials for Hazardous Waste Remediation - Pollution Control Devices and Systems - Advanced Sensors Cross-Cutting Technologies - Computational Design and Modeling - Advanced and Green Manufacturing - Nanotechnology - Bio-inspired and Hybrid Materials - Advanced Sensors and Measurement Tools •Honorary Symposia ceramics.org/11cmcee The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org metamaterials Hepsynthetics strontium doped lanthanum III-IV nitride materials crystal growth cobalt odium spong Li Be battery lith Na Mg candium-aluminum organo-rHllics tantalum alloys cerium polishing powder sprosium pellets atomic layer deposition rospace ultra-light alloys iridium crucible green technology thin film B CN F Ne ΑΙ Al Si P S CI Ar ovskite mischmet K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr cathode solar ener vanadium Cs Ba La Hf Ta Ę semiconduct erbium single crystal s cones uperconduct Xe buckey ball Pb Bi Po At Rn tantalum Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb CIGS macromolec Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut FI Uup Lv Uus Uuo super alloys uropium phos optoelectronics yttrium foil Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu liquid gallium arsenide Th Pa spintronics laser crystals targets silicon carbide gallium lump diamond micropowde U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr gold nanoparticles rare earth metals fuel cell materials hafnium tubing ultra LED lighting iron Now Invent.™ dielectrics germanium windows 田 AMERICAN ELEMENTS The Materials Science Company Ⓡ um 99.999% ruthenium spheres platinum ink quantum dots anti-ballistic ceramics erbium doped fiber optics nickel foam ultra high purity meta alternative energy osmium catalog: americanelements.com photovoltaics Nd:YAG shape memory alloys © 2001-2014. 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