AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology SEPTEMBER 2019 Solid-state batteries: Unlocking lithium\'s potential with ceramic solid electrolytes 3 Li Lithium 6.941 PLUS ACerS Annual Meeting & awards issue!*. 110 9 Ceramics and glass outreach | Residential energy storage | Annual Meeting preview 40 FIRING YOUR IMAGINATION FOR 100 YEARS HARROP HARROP a full spectrum of equipment and services in thermal processing Ads from the 1960\'s and 1970\'s Ceramic Bulletin HARRON 1000000 H THE AMERICAN SOCIETY BULLETR HARROP CAPABILITIES in the DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION of PRECISION EQUIPMENT for the controlled application of heat the measurement of the effect of temperature Production power! New 382-ft. Harrop kiln boosts output and quality of high voltage porcelain hing their HARROP HARROP PRECISION FURNACE CO. 0 ANNIVERSARY 2019 th HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com contents September 2019 • Vol. 98 No.7 feature articles The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 17 Announcing ACerS Awards of 2019 The Society will honor members and coporations at the Awards Banquet of the 121st Annual Meeting in October to recognize significant contributions to the engineered ceramic and glass field. department News & Trends Spotlight.... 7 11 14 Advances in Nanomaterials 16 Research Briefs. Ceramics in Energy cover story Solid-state batteries: Unlocking lithium\'s 26 potential with ceramic solid electrolytes Recent progress indicates that ceramic materials may soon supplant liquid electrolytes in batteries, offering improved energy capacity and safety. by Nathan J. Taylor and Jeff Sakamoto columns Letter to the Editor . . 3 Toward a United Nations Declaration of 2022 as The International Year of Glass by Alicia Durán Business and Market View 6 Residential energy storage, blockchain, and energy sharing systems How can you participate in ceramics and 32 glass education outreach? Education outreach shares the magic of ceramic and glass materials with the next generation-and everyone can find a way to participate. by David W. Richerson by Christopher Maara Deciphering the Discipline Thermodynamic perspective on nanoparticles for Li-ion battery cathode by Kimiko Nakajima Inspire the next generation through 36 CGIF programs The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation offers a number of outreach programs to inspire the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists and engineers-and there are a number of ways you can get involved! meetings GFMAT-2/Bio-4 recap Materials Science and Technology (MS&T19) 48 37 38 44th International Conference. . 40 and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC20) Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA 2020) 42 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org resources New Products... 43 Calendar 44 Classified Advertising 45 Display Ad Index. 47 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor edeguire@ceramics.org Lisa McDonald, Science Writer Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory Fei Chen, Wuhan University of Technology, China Thomas Fischer, University of Cologne, Germany Kang Lee, Chair NASA Glenn Research Center Chunlei Wan, Tsinghua University, China Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com Executive Staff ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher mmecklenborg@ceramics.org online www.ceramics.org September 2019 Vol. 98 No.7 http://bit.ly/acerstwitter in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Credit: Pixabay Fluoride strengthens both teeth and solar cells Researchers in the Netherlands and China found adding fluoride to perovskite solar cells helps stabilize the material\'s structure, much like fluoride in toothpaste protects tooth enamel from decay. Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Mark Kibble, Director of Information Technology mkibble@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing aross@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Sylvia Johnson, President Tatsuki Ohji, President-Elect Michael Alexander, Past President Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Board of Directors Mario Affatigato, Director 2018-2021 Kevin Fox, Director 2017-2020 Dana Goski, Director 2016-2019 John Kieffer, Director 2018-2021 Lynnette Madsen, Director 2016-2019 Sanjay Mathur, Director 2017-2020 Martha Mecartney, Director 2017-2020 Gregory Rohrer, Director 2015-2019 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018-2021 Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian Read more at www.ceramics.org/fluoride Also see our ACers journals... Pressureless all-solid-state sodium-ion battery consisting of sodium iron pyrophosphate glass-ceramic cathode and ẞ\"-alumina solid electrolyte composite By H. Yamauchi, J. Ikejiri, F. Sato, et al. Journal of the American Ceramic Society Life cycle assessment of functional materials and devices: opportunities, challenges and current and future trends By L. Smith, T. Ibn Mohammed, S.C. Koh, and I.M. Reaney Journal of the American Ceramic Society Reactive flash sintering of powders of four constituents into a single phase of a complex oxide in a few seconds below 700°C By V. Avila and R. Raj Journal of the American Ceramic Society Charge compensation mechanisms in Li-substituted high-entropy oxides and influence on Li superionic conductivity By N. Osenciat, D. Bérardan, D. Dragoe, et al. Journal of the American Ceramic Society International Journal of l Applied Ceramic Applied Glass TECHNOLOGY Applied Glass Ceramic Engineering Journal Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2019. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. * International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 98, No. 7, pp 1- 48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 letter to the editor Toward a United Nations Declaration of 2022 as The International Year of Glass Greetings to all! Over the past 60 years, the General Assembly of the United Nations has declared “International Years” to recognize global initiatives of important contributions to society. Across the globe, United Nations resolutions have enabled professional societies, museums, journals, and academia to recognize and celebrate their history, their current state, their future and, in their totality, their major contributions to society. In the 21st century, the United Nations has recognized the International Year of Astronomy (2009), the Year of Chemistry (2011), the Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies (2015), and, in 2019, the Year of the Periodic Table and the International Year of Indigenous Languages. UN declarations of these major fields of international endeavor have given rise to renewed contributions to society world-wide. International Year of Glass proposed Against this storied background, an international groundswell has arisen to pursue a United Nations International Year of Glass for 2022. This concept was first introduced at the 2018 Fall Annual Meeting of the International Commission on Glass (ICG) in Yokohama, Japan. In May 2019, ICG, The Corning Museum of Glass, The American Ceramic Society, and The Glass Art Society endorsed the idea in a presentation to the Office of the United States Mission of the United Nations in New York City. Encouragement received at this meeting gave rise to renewed effort to secure a UN Year of Glass. A subsequent meeting with the UN ambassador from Spain further encouraged the effort to go forth with this historical undertaking. The work begins Extensive planning is now underway to inform international art and scientific glass-themed societies and museums of this endeavor to secure the United Nations declaration of the 2022 International Year of Glass. Once a formal resolution is finalized to the UN General Assembly, these groups will be invited to endorse the request to recognize glass as the first material ever to be celebrated in this manner. I encourage you to consider how your organization might participate in celebration of this seminal moment in the history of our ancient material-glass. Please contact me to learn more and to help us achieve this worthy goal. Yours in glass, Dr. Alicia Durán President, International Commission on Glass Chair, International Steering Committee for a 2022 Year of Glass aduran@icv.csic.es A Deltech Furnaces An ISO 9001:2015 certified company KI Control Systems are Intertek certified UL508A compliant www.deltechfurnaces.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 3 4 news & trends Credit: Alpha SQUAD official, YouTube Hydrogen and its applications The 2019 Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium focused on hydrogen and its applications in energy storage and power generation. What follows is a summary of the advantages, challenges, and opportunities for hydrogen technologies that presenters discussed at the symposium. The global adaptation of solar and wind power generation has created a significant need for energy storage to ensure availability when the sun does not shine and the winds do not blow. Batteries and pumped storage systems are often used for this application. However, in recent years, the use of hydrogen for energy storage and power generation has been moving forward from technology development to having real-world, business-use value. Hydrogen advantages Hydrogen for storage and power generation is not new. Niche applications in communications and warehouse lift trucks have been around for more than 10 years. The key for these applications is the cost of capacity to meet specific up-time needs. For lift trucks, hydrogen tanks can be changed in minutes while recharging batteries takes hours. For communications, the cost of installing and operating batteries that store enough energy to power a cell phone tower for 48 or 72 hours (e.g., during a hurricane or blackout) is much higher than for hydrogen storage systems. Plug Power (Latham, N.Y.), a leader in these applications of hydrogen power, spoke about how hydrogen and fuel cell production and reliability have been growing steadily through vertical integration. Another key to hydrogen is long-term storage. Batteries suffer from self-discharge, meaning that while batteries are effective for short-term storage needs (minutes or hours), the internal loss of energy provides challenges for longer term uses. Symposium speakers presented various scenarios for long-term storage, including colocating hydrogen within the nation\'s compressed natural gas pipeline system. Hydrogen challenges A significant stumbling block to using hydrogen for utility scale energy storage has been the environmental and economic costs of production. Currently the leading method for producing hydrogen is steam methane reforming, which is no cleaner than burning natural gas. Nel Hydrogen (Oslo, Norway), a producer of hydrogen by large-scale electrolysis using grid electricity, made the business case that hydrogen produced with lowcost electricity (i.e., when solar and wind are over-producing) can be used to generate high-cost electricity. The economics FUEL CELL BUS TOYOTA Late last year, Toyota Motor Corporation announced the launch of the \"Soral,\" a Toyota fuel cell bus concept. The company expects to introduce over 100 Sora, mainly within the Tokyo metropolitan area, ahead of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. support this scenario even when considering efficiencies that are lower than current battery technology. Raw materials are a challenge for both batteries and hydrogen electrolysis. Using batteries to solve the global electric energy storage needs would require thousands of metric tons of lithium and cobalt. Global reserves of these materials are estimated to be in the hundreds of metric tons. Hydrogen and hydrogen fuel cells use platinum as electrode catalysts. While platinum reclamation is part of the fuel cell and electrolysis companies\' business plans, finding a replacement catalyst is an ongoing opportu nity for ceramists and other materials scientists. Hydrogen markets and opportunities A huge opportunity for hydrogen and fuel cells is transportation. Driven mainly by environmental concerns, many of the major manufacturers of automobiles and buses have produced fuel cell vehicles. Due to limited availability of hydrogen fueling stations, the early adopters of these vehicles are limited to certain regions of the world such as California, Europe, and cities in China. Many of these vehicles have exceeded performance and longevity goals. Symposium speakers discussed markets for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). For example, small-scale SOFCs (2-10 kW) have better prospects in Europe and Japan where electricity is relatively expensive, and houses are heated with hot-water boilers (which takes advantage of the thermal energy given off by SOFCs). Building-sized combined heat and power units are being tested in the United States, though representatives of the most active companies in this space did not attend the symposium. Presenters did suggest that appliance-sized SOFC and solid oxide electrolysis units have benefits over turbine technology in grid balancing and off-grid applications. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Onews & trends Business news PLANTS, CENTERS, AND FACILITIES Pilkington invests €30 million on Gladbeck float glass line renovation NSP Pilkington spent €30 million and created 530 jobs by renovating its Gladbeck float glass line. Pilkington hopes the complete renewal of the glass melting furnace\'s technique can improve the energy efficiency of the plant, reduce gas consumption, and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 20%. https://www.glass-international.com Centorr Vacuum Industries invests in its Applied Technology Center Centorr Vacuum Industries added new furnace capability to its Applied Technology Center for customer use for process proofing, toll work, and process development runs. The new furnace is based on Centorr\'s successful Super VII platform and will join two smaller System VII furnaces and induction melting furnace, and a continuous belt furnace already in use. https://vacuum-furnaces.com ACQUISITIONS AND COLLABORATIONS Korea, Germany to jointly develop laser glass-welding technology The Korea Institute of Machinery Materials will jointly develop laser-enabled glasswelding and underwater processing technologies with the Laser Zentrum Hannover in Germany, a globally renowned research institution in the field of cuttingedge laser technology. http://www.donga.com/en BYD and Toyota join forces to develop electric cars and batteries Asian carmakers BYD and Toyota are teaming up to develop electric cars and batteries with a view to bringing the jointly developed vehicles to market by 2020. The deal will see electric sedans and \"low-floor\" SUVS developed by the two companies, which will then be launched in China under the Toyota badge early next year. https://thedriven.io MARKET TRENDS Optical ceramics market to reach US$552.3 million by 2026 According to a recent Reports and Data report, the global optical ceramics market I was valued at US$148 million in 2018 and is expected to reach US$552.3 million by year 2026, at a CAGR of 15.3%. Currently, aluminum oxynitride holds the largest share of the market. https://www.reportsanddata.com Medical ceramics booming at a CAGR of 6.1% by 2025 The Global Medical Ceramics Market report expects the global medical ceramics market to reach US$23.10 billion by 2025, from US$13.64 billion, growing at a CAGR of 6.1% during the forecast period 2018 to 2025. https://risemedia.net From spark to finish. The only choice for the scale-up of advanced materials. Get to market faster and more efficiently with Harper\'s Ignite™ process. Harper enables companies in the development of thermal processes for advanced materials, from the lab to full commercialization, helping make their innovations a reality. ROTARY FURNACES PUSHER FURNACES CONVEYOR FURNACES XHarper International American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 5 business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. bcc Research Residential energy storage, blockchain, and energy sharing systems By Christopher Maara \'he global residenThe tial energy storage systems (RESS) market grew from nearly $2.5 billion in 2017 to $3.0 billion in 2018. Over the forecast period 2018-2023, overall revenues from global RESS shipments are forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30.0% to reach a value of $11.2 billion. The market is spurred by a number of factors, including feed-in tariff (FIT) and net metering revisions in historic residential photovoltaic (PV) hotspots, subsidies and tax incentives, rapid price reductions in lithium-ion battery prices, and rising electricity tariffs. The largest RESS market is PV rooftop plus storage, which is valued at $1.6 billion in 2018, accounting for 52.8% of the application market. Backup power accounts for 27.9% of the market ($842 million), electric vehicle applications account for 14.8% ($447 million), and energy cost management accounts for 4.5% ($137 million). Energy storage deployed behind-the-meter in residential applications has the potential to eclipse the utility storage segment (Figure 1). The largest technology submarket is lithium-ion storage, on account of its low cost (Table 1). The market for these systems is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 33.2% over the next five years to reach a market value of nearly $6.3 billion by 2023. Lead-acid chemistry is the most stable and most widely used battery storage electrochemical across a number of applications. However, it has ceded its dominance to lithium-ion as the latter\'s costs have come down and it is more suit6 Millions 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 S 3,000 2,000 1,000 2017 PV rooftop storage 2018 2023 Backup power Electric vehicle recharging Energy cost management Figure 1. Global market for residential energy storage systems, by application, 20172023 ($ millions) able for electricity storage applications. The market for other electrochemical battery technologies is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 24.2% to reach $890 million by 2023. This market will be driven by emerging end-user markets such as electric vehicle and e-bike charging and consumer needs, leading to a wider variety of solutions/applications. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy-trading platforms are currently the most common blockchain-based applications in the energy market. Implications for this business model on the electricity market include • Lower electricity costs by skipping intermediaries and automating processes, Reduced burden on transmission grids by localizing energy markets, and Higher sense of community by allowing consumers to independently negotiate the prices on the P2P platform and set their own price preferences. • • Germany and Japan currently represent the largest markets for residential storage by a significant margin, but the market is expected to diversify significantly, with the U.S. and Australia representing the two largest break-out markets, and other European markets such as Italy and the U.K. forecast to show significant growth over the forecast period. Table 1. Global market for residential energy storage, by battery type, through 2023 ($ millions) Battery type 2017 2018 2023 CAGR%, Lithium-ion Lead-acid Other electrochemicals 271 301 2,462 3,021 11,208 30.0 1,182 1,489 6,254 1,009 1,231 4,064 2018-2023 33.2 27.0 890 24.2 Total Unlike traditional power plants, storage systems are capable of both absorbing electricity from and providing electricity to the grid. The falling price of electric storage systems and the increasing integration of renewables in the electricity production mix mean that a greater number of households will find renewable and electric storage systems more affordable. About the author Christopher Maara is a research analyst for BCC Research. Contact Maara at analysts@bccresearch.com. Resource C. Maara, \"Residential energy storage, blockchain and energy sharing systems: Technologies and global market\" BCC Research Report FCB043A, February 2019. www.bccresearch.com. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Credit: BCC Research Oacers spotlight SOCIETY AND DIVISION NEWS Corporate Partner news We are pleased to welcome the following Corporate Partner: - Cancarb Limited For more details contact Kevin Thompson at 614-794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. Attend your Division business meeting at MS&T19 Six ACerS divisions will hold executive and general business meetings at MS&T19 in Portland, Ore. General business meetings will be held Monday and Tuesday in the Oregon Convention Center. Plan to attend to get the latest updates and to share your ideas with Division officers. Most Division Executive Committee meetings will be held Sunday afternoon (September 29) in the Portland Marriott Downtown. For times and locations, check with the Division chair or Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ ceramics.org. Monday, September 30 • Basic Science Division: Noon–1:00 p.m. • Electronics Division:12:30-1:30 p.m. • Engineering Ceramics Division: 12:30-1:30 p.m. • Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division: 6:00-7:00 p.m. Tuesday, October 1: • Glass & Optical Materials Division: 4:45-5:45 p.m. • Bioceramics Division: 1:00-2:00 p.m. One and done - pay your dues once with an ACerS Lifetime Membership ACerS Lifetime Membership allows members to avoid future dues increases, maintain awards eligibility, and eliminates the need to renew each year. The cost to become a Lifetime Member is a one-time payment of $2,000. Join the growing list of Lifetime Members while securing ACerS member benefits for your entire lifetime. To learn more about Lifetime Membership, contact Kevin Thompson at (614) 794-5894 or kthompson@ ceramics.org. Volunteer Spotlight Wiesner ACerS is pleased to announce that Valerie Wiesner has been selected for Volunteer Spotlight. Wiesner has been a very active and committed member of ACers since joining in 2010 as a graduate student. Her notable contributions to date include advancing and enhancing the involvement of students and young professionals, as well as underrepresented populations in the Society. In addition to serving as an officer of the Engineering Ceramics Division, Wiesner is chairing the 44th ICACC to take place in February 2020. Wiesner is also a member of the Strategic Planning and Emerging Opportunities Committee (2019-present), Member Services Committee (2018-present), and Education and Professional Development Council (2014-present), and serves as an ACerS representative to the Materials Advantage Committee. She previously was an officer of the Northern Ohio Section. Wiesner is a research materials engineer at NASA Glenn Research Center. She received a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from Purdue University. We extend our deep appreciation to Wiesner for her service to our Society. A world leader in bioactive and custom glass solutions Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions and will work with you to create tailored glass materials to match your application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. mo-sci.com/contact mo.sci CORPORATION www.mo-sci.com .573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C @moscicorpf @MoSciCorp linkedin.com/company/moscicorp in American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 7 8 Credit: G. S acers spotlight Society and Division news (continued) Names in the news ACerS members Farshad Rajabipour (professor) and Mina Mohebbi (a recent doctoral graduate) at The Pennsylvania State University received the Rajabipour 2019 Outstanding Article Award by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) journal, Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, for their article published in said journal. Mohebbi Herman The Nuclear & The NSF-funded Partnerships for International Research and Education (PIRE) collaboration held its second workshop from July 15-19, 2019, in Boulder, Colo. PIRE is a multi-institution collaboration led by Gurpreet Singh (Kansas State University), along with six coprinciple investigators from five universities. The workshop included a symposium in honor of Rishi Raj\'s 75th birthday to mark his significant contributions to the field of materials sciences. Raj\'s research focuses on polymer-derived ceramics and flash sintering. Environmental Technology STUDENTS AND OUTREACH Division will present the D.T. Rankin Award to Connie Herman, who has demonstrated exemplary service to the Division. Herman is associate laboratory director, environmental stewardship at Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) and an ACerS Fellow. AWARDS AND DEADLINES ACerS/BSD Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition Compete in student contests at MS&T19 Join fellow Material Advantage student members from around the world at MS&T19 in Portland, Ore., and compete in the following student contests: Undergraduate Student Speaking and Poster Contests Submit entries for the MA Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest and the Undergraduate Student Poster Contest by Sept. 9, 2019. Rules for each contest as well as where to send entries can be found at matscitech.org/students. Design contests for students The Roland B. Snow Award is presented to the Best of Show winner of the 2019 Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition organized by the ACerS Basic Science Division. This unique competition, held at MS&T19 in Portland, Ore., is an annual poster exhibit that promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. Winning entries are featured on the back covers of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Learn more at http://bit. ynatividad@ceramics.org ly/RolandBSnowAward. Start working on your pieces for the Ceramic Mug Drop and Ceramic Disc Golf Contests. These popular contests will be held during MS&T19 on Tuesday, October 1 in the exhibit hall. Contact Geoff Brennecka at geoff.brennecka@ mines.edu with your intent to participate. For more information on the contests and student activities at MS&T19, visit matscitech.org/students, or contact Yolanda Natividad at ACerS student tour to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Students will have an opportunity to attend a tour at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Wash. on Wednesday, Oct. 2, 2019 during MS&T19. The ACerS student tour to PNNL will be an all-day event and is open to all MS&T19 student registrants. The tour offers students the chance to see the national laboratory\'s cutting-edge scientific research, instrumentation, and unique facilities for advancing batteries, solid oxide fuel cells, glass and ceramic wasteforms, and more. Space is limited and registration is on a first come, first served basis. To regis ter visit www.matscitech.org/students. U.S. Citizens: Registration forms must be submitted by September 9. Please note that the registration deadline for Non-U.S. Citizens has now passed. If you have any questions, please contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 AdValue Technology Students and outreach (continued) NEW - PCSA Humanitarian Pitch Competition at MS&T19 The President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) is hosting the Humanitarian Pitch Competition for students to pitch ideas to a panel of judges about how improved materials and processes can address a challenge that a community is experiencing. A team may consist of up to four participants. They will develop a solution to a real-world problem using materials science. Both undergraduate and graduate students are eligible to participate. Visit www.ceramics.org/pitchcomp for further details and be sure to submit abstracts by September 1. 4th Annual ACerS PCSA Creativity and Microstory Contest Ever tried to combine science with art? Give it a try and compete in ACerS PCSA\'s 4th Annual Creativity and Microstory Competition! Deadline for submissions has been extended to Aug. 30, 2019. There are multiple prize categories, so there are many ways to win. The winning entries will be displayed in the ACerS booth at MS&T19 in Portland, Ore. Check out all the details at www.ceramics.org/pcsacreative. Student travel grants and tour offered at the 80th GPC The Glass Manufacturing Industry Council offers $500 travel grants to graduate and undergraduate students who will be attending the 80th Conference on Glass Problems, Oct. 28-31, 2019, in Columbus, Ohio. Student travel grants are available on a first-come, first-served basis. Students are also invited to attend the Owens Corning plant tour in Newark, Ohio, on October 28, from noon to 4 p.m. Students must register in advance to participate. To apply for a grant or register for the tour, visit the Student tab at http://glassproblemsconference.org and submit your application(s) by Sept. 23, 2019. Contact Donna Banks at dbanks@gmic.org with any questions. Give GGRN a \"like\" on Facebook Whether you are an ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network (GGRN) member or not, we invite you to join us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/acersgrads to stay up to date with ACers news, opportunities, competitions, career development tips and tricks, and more. If you are not a current GGRN member but are a graduate student or working towards your Ph.D. and your work includes ceramics or glass, be sure to stop by www.ceramics. org/ggrn to join GGRN today. Alumina Sapphire Quartz High Purity Powders Metallization Laser Machining Http://www.advaluetech.com YOUR VALUABLE PARTNER IN MATERIAL SCIENCE Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 3158 S. Chrysler Ave., Tucson, AZ 85713, U.S.A GASBARRE POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM ON-SITE SERVICE Engineered Solutions FOR POWDER COMPACTION CNC HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC PRESSES Easy to Setup and Flexible for Simple to Complex Parts HIGH SPEED PTX PRESSES Repeatable. Reliable. Precise. 814.371.3015 press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com COLD ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing GASBARRE American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 9 acers spotlight CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION Glass Camp and chemistry of raku pottery-Creative introductions to chemistry and glass materials • Ursinus College, a CGIF grant recipient, offered its unique Glass and Materials Science Camp to students in June. Ursinus\' first GAMES (Glass and Materials Science to Engage Students) camp is designed to be both fun and educational and to provide real opportunities for students ages 10-16, especially girls and those from underserved student populations, to engage in scientific learning, collaborative research, problem solving, and discussion. Led by Casey Schwarz, an assistant professor of physics, as well as two Ursinus summer fellows, Kateryna Swan \'20 and Max Liggett \'20, the camp was funded by a grant from The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation. • In June, the CGIF made a generous donation to the Donors Choose organization to benefit the science department at Louisville High School in Louisville, Ohio. Pete Carpico, a chemistry teacher and Science Club advisor at Louisville High, made a project request to Donors Choose, an organization that connects the public with public high schools to make it easy for anyone to help a classroom in need. Carpico requested funding for an enameling kiln and related materials to combine art and chemistry to enable his students to see the ways that chemistry applies. “Combining raku pottery making and glass projects into chemistry class may seem like a stretch, but materials science provides the needed connection,\" explains Carpico. \"I love to challenge my students to see the application of chemistry into everything around them. • ACerS members Andrew Hoffman, Olivia Rodell, Les Harmon, Andy Gerbing, and Kaylea Pogue recently volunteered their time and expertise at the National Science Teachers Association National Conference in St. Louis, Mo., on April 11-13, 2019. They assisted CGIF staff by explaining scientific concepts and demonstrating lab activities from the CGIF\'s Materials Science Classroom Kit at the conference. ICK WALS The CGIF was pleased to offer 13 students, both domestic and international, travel grants of $1,000 each to attend the European Ceramic Society\'s (ECerS) Summer School on high and ultra-high temperature ceramics in Turin, Italy, June 14-15, 2019. From left to right top to bottom: Summer School Attendees Beecher Watson, Becca Walton, Robin De Meyere, Andrew Gibson, Alex Leide, Meteo Groet, Nick Goossens, Mike Brova, Niquana Smith, Jamesa Stokes, Lavina Backman. Credit: ECerS ACERS BOOKSHELF GLASS-CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY 10 WILEY CHECK OUT THREE NEW TITLES FROM ACERS/WILEY Looking for a new book to read this year? Three new titles by WileyACerS are available on www.wiley. com/ceramics. Glass-Ceramic Technology, 3rd Edition explores glass-ceramics new materials and properties and reviews the expanding regions for applying these materials. Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking WILEY Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion and Corrosion-assisted Cracking is an important resource that covers the critical interdisciplinary topic of nondestructive evaluation of degradation of materials due to environment. BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES Bioceramics and Biocomposites: From Research to Clinical Practice covers the basic science and engineering of bioceramics and biocomposites WILFF for applications in dentistry and orthopedics, as well as the state-of-the-art aspects of biofabrication techniques, tissue engineering, remodeling, and regeneration of bone tissue. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Oresearch briefsBreaking the limit of oxide glass microductility Researchers from Aalborg University in Denmark, Technical University of Denmark, and University of California, Los Angeles, created a microductile oxide glass with crack resistance more than ten times higher than previous glasses. Oxide glasses, though ubiquitous in modern day technologies, are known for being brittle. To reduce brittleness, scientists have attempted several post-processing methods, including thermal tempering, chemical strengthening, and crack-sealing particle inclusion. While these methods do overcome some limitations of brittleness, post-processing steps can increase production costs significantly. Instead of post-processing, another more economical way that scientists are investigating to reduce brittleness is to create intrinsically ductile glasses. At this point, creating truly ductile glasses is still out of reach. However, creating microductile glasses, or glasses that deform under sharp contact without cracking, is achievable. Scientists create microductile glasses by tuning a glass\'s network structure to promote densification, a type of plastic deformation. Caesium aluminoborate, the oxide glass created in the recent study, has shown fairly decent crack resistance in previous work. What pushed the glass to strikingly high crack resistance levels in this study was a counterintuitive trick-the researchers aged the glass in a humid atmosphere. Usually a material becomes more brittle with chemical aging. But in the case of caesium aluminoborate glass, the researchers discovered aging actually decreased the glass\'s susceptibility to cracking. \"Vickers indents at loads as high as 490 N (50 kgf) can be generated by subjecting the caesium glass surface to humid aging, whereas only around 30 N loading was possible in freshly polished samples of the same composition reported elsewhere,\" the researchers report in the paper. In an email, ACerS member and Aalborg University professor of chemistry Morten Smedskjaer explains they came up with the idea to age the glass during a previous study. \"We norResearch News Metal oxide-infused membranes could offer low-energy alternative for chemical separations In a bid to reduce the amount of energy used in chemical separations, researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology are working on membranes that separate chemicals without using energy-intensive processes. Currently, the majority of separation techniques used are thermally-driven systems, such as distillation. The Georgia Tech researchers avoided the use of heat by creating a polymer-based membrane infused with a metal oxide network. Unlike plastic membranes, the polymer membrane withstands solvents and improves chemical separation capabilities. For more information, visit https://www.news.gatech.edu. Starbar and Moly-Delements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. FR-Over 50 years of service and reliability 55 1964-2019 I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com TT TevTech MATERIALS PROCESSING SOLUTIONS Custom Designed Vacuum Furnaces for: • CVD SIC Etch & RTP rings CVD/CVI systems for CMC components • Sintering, Debind, Annealing Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Each system custom designed to suit your specific requirements Laboratory to Production Exceptional automated control systems providing improved product quality, consistency and monitoring Worldwide commissioning, training and service www.tevtechllc.com Tel. (978) 667-4557 100 Billerica Ave, Billerica, MA 01862 Fax. (978) 667-4554 sales@tevtechllc.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 11 research briefs 200 μm Vickers indents produced in caesium-aluminoborate glass at 490 N (50 kgf). The indent does not show any sign of radial cracking. mally quantify the densification contribution to indentation by annealing indents below Tg and look at the indent volume changes after annealing,” he says. “However, we were having problems to do this for the caesium aluminoborate glass, because its indent volume was changing over time under ambient conditions, i.e., not only due to annealing.\" \"We had not seen this effect previously, which was caused by the aging in ambient air, so this is how we got interested in the effect of aging on indentation deformation and cracking,\" he adds. In the study, the researchers explain that aging the caesium aluminoborate glass in ambient air causes the glass to become hydrated. The reason why hydration so significantly increases the glass\'s crack resistance, though, is not certain. \"We have some discussion about possible reasons in the new paper,\" Smedskjaer says, including Credit: Januchta et al., Advanced Science (CC BY 4.0) 1. Compressive stresses arising due to volume expansion created by hydration, 2. Water promoting stress relaxation (as has been found in other studies), and 3. OH-groups in the surface making the glass network very flexible. There are other possibilities as well, and the researchers plan to conduct more studies to work out the details and to see if hydration has a similar effect on other glass compositions. The open-access paper, published in Advanced Science, is \"Breaking the limit of micro-ductility in oxide glasses\" (DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901281). Unified thermal transport formula for crystals and glass In the case of ordered and disordered materials such as crystals and glass, these materials exhibit fundamentally different heat conduction mechanisms. However, researchers from Switzerland and Italy show the two thermal transport theories used to model heat conduction in these materials may be more similar than previously believed. Michele Simoncelli (Ph.D. student) and Nicola Marzari (professor; director of NCCR MARVEL) at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne-EPFL, and professor Francesco Mauri at the University of Rome Sapienza derived a general formula of thermal transport that describes equally well both ordered and disordered materials, as well as everything in between. Depending on what limits they place on the formula, it reduces to either the Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) for simple crystals or the Allen-Feldman formulation for harmonic glasses. The key to developing their general formula was accounting for a fundamental component of heat propagation-quantum tunneling. \"[Phonon wave packets] are not only allowed to propagate particle-like in space but also to tunnel, wave-like, Research News Oddball edge wins nanotube faceoff Rice University theoretical researchers discovered that nanotubes with segregated sections of \"zigzag\" and \"armchair\" facets growing from a solid catalyst are far more energetically stable than a circular arrangement would be. The theory is a continuation of the team\'s discovery last year that Janus interfaces are likely to form on a catalyst of tungsten and cobalt, leading to a single chirality that other labs reported growing in 2014. The Rice team now shows such structures are not unique to a specific catalyst, but are a general characteristic of a number of rigid catalysts. For more information, visit https://news.rice.edu. Innovative Al system could help make Army fuel cells more efficient The Army Research Office funded a research team to develop an Al system that identifies promising materials for creating more efficient fuel cells. The system, called CRYSTAL for crystal phase mapping, involves multiple bots each taking on a different part of the problem, from predicting the phase structures of various combinations to making sure those predictions obey the rules of thermodynamics. The system identified a unique catalyst composed of three elements crystallized into a certain structure, which is effective for methanol oxidation and could be incorporated into methanol-based fuel cells. For more information, visit https://www.army.mil. 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Credit: dit: Raquelaa54, Wikimedia (CC BY 4.0) DORST TECHNOLOGIES Automated powder provision and part handling Small footprint / Flexible layout arrangement Super silent hydraulic system CNC-controlled DORST THE NEXT GENERATION Ordered and disordered materials transport heat quite differently based on their contrasting atomic structures. A new theory can describe thermal transport in both. from one branch to another,\" the researchers explain in their paper. While such tunneling contributions are negligible in perfect crystals, the tunnels become more relevant as system disorder increases. In a glass, these tunnels result in the AllenFeldman formalism. To account for quantum tunneling, the researchers derived their general transport equation from the Wigner phase space formulation of quantum mechanics. They then showed how this general equation can be reduced to both the BTE and Allen-Feldman formulations. More than uniting the BTE and Allen-Feldman formulations, the largest benefit of the general theory is the ability to calculate heat transport for intermediate materials that are both crystal-like and glass-like, such as thermoelectrics. The paper, published in Nature Physics, is \"Unified theory of thermal transport in crystals and glasses\" (DOI: 10.1038/ $41567-019-0520-x). 43 ACERS - NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS NIST STANDARD REFERENCE DATABASE 31 PI 60/4 Isostatic Press +1 (610) 317-2000 MADE IN GERMANY ▬▬▬ www.dorstamerica.com MRF Custom Designed Furnace Solutions Produced jointly by ACers and NIST under the ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria for Ceramics program The American Ceramic Society NIST ONE-TIME FEE: Single-user USB: $1,095 Multiple-user USB: $1,895 PHASE Equilibria Diagrams www.ceramics.org/buyphase American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org mrf-furnaces.com Serving the Ceramic Industry since 1990 13 ceramics in energy Credit: Yan et al., Science (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Oxide ceramic films could replace polymeric separators Researchers from Donghua University in Shangai showed a separator made from an oxide ceramic film could prove a better option than polymeric separators in batteries. The main reason Li-ion batteries short circuit is due to failure of the separator, the permeable membrane between a battery\'s anode and cathode that keeps the two from touching. Many separators fail because they are made of polymeric materials that have low melting temperature, poor mechanical strength, and poor chemical inertness. To enhance the stability of separators, efforts have been focused on several methods, including • Fabricating ultrastrong separators with special polymers that can withstand high temperatures of 120°C-350°C, • Blending different polymers together to construct multicomponent separators, and • Forming composite separators by filling or coating polymeric separators with chemically and thermally stable ceramic particles. Though these methods do improve polymer separator stability, there are still some challenges. For example, thermal runaway can cause temperatures to reach over 500°C, at which point the separators degrade immediately. Also, ceramic particles block pores and impede may Li-ion transfer. Though polymer is the precedent material for Li-ion battery separators, it is not the only option. \"Oxide ceramics have been widely used in engineering and technology fields and enjoyed rapid development because of their superior properties such as robust mechanical strength, exceptional thermal and chemical stability, and physical integrity,” the Donghua researchers explain in an open-access paper on their research. Specifically, the researchers note that recently scientists have successfully fabricated binary oxide ceramic films such Polymer & salts sol-gel Electrospinning 600-900°C Calcination. +8 Hybrid-solid separators A general depiction of sol-gel electrospinning followed by calcination to fabricate ceramic nanofiber separators for Li-ion batteries. as ZrO2, TiO2, and Al₂O, with shape memory performance. The mechanical responses of these \"soft\" oxide ceramics offer appealing prospects to a variety of fields, with one application being Li-ion battery separators. In their study, the Donghua researchers developed a scalable ceramic nanofiber fabrication technique based on electrospinning and calcination. They used this method to create a variety of ceramic films, including binary oxide of SiO2, ternary oxide of BaTiO2 (BTO), and quaternary oxides of Li,La₂Zr₂O12 (LLZO) and Li0.33 La0.56TiO3 (LLTO). The researchers found that when applied to Li-ion batteries, all their synthesized ceramic nanofiber separators exhibited low internal ionic penetration resistivity, high chemical stability, and robust mechanical strength. Additionally, the ceramic separators rendered batteries with high thermal stability over the operating temperature range without thermal runaway. The researchers gave two words of caution in their conclusion. One, despite attempting to minimize the separators\' pore sizes by increasing film thickness and by adding a small amount of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymers in the electrolytes, the films still had a larger average pore size than commercial separators. Two, they did not characterize the separators\' ability to resist lithium dendrite growth, which is another safety factor that should be considered. Despite these limitations, the researchers conclude, \"This work provides a promising strategy to produce oxide ceramic films that possess both soft and rigid properties with a low-cost and scalable synthesis method.\" The open-access paper, published in iScience, is \"Polymer template synthesis of soft, light, and robust oxide ceramic films\" (DOI: 10.1016/j. isci.2019.04.028). Rust: Another way to generate electricity From the viewpoint of DOD, rust is a problem to suppress. Rust costs the Pentagon up to $21 billion per year. Corrosion of metals is such a large problem that the DOD established the Office of Corrosion Policy and Oversight in 2002 to help branches determine how much money to spend on rust prevention and to ensure oxidation does not take big-dollar weapons systems offline. However, in other situations, rust may be beneficial. In a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers at the California Institute of Technology and Northwestern University show that rust could offer a new means of sustainable power production. They demonstrated rust can generate electricity when saltwater runs over it. Electricity is often generated via interactions between metal compounds and saltwater (think of batteries). However, electricity generated this way is usually the result of a chemical reaction in which one or more compounds are converted to new compounds. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 ceramics in energyLITHOZ Manufacture the future. Rust is a common problem for infrastructure, but when combined with saltwater, it can be a source of electricity. Credit: Bill Collison, Flickr (CC BY-NC 2.0) In the case of rust, electricity is generated from kinetic energy of the flowing saltwater, a phenomenon known as the electrokinetic effect. Studies testing this effect on carbon nanotubes, graphene, and dielectric-semiconductor architectures have demonstrated promising conversion efficiencies of 30%. In comparison, some of the best solar panels are around 20%. Fabricating carbon nanostructured films of usable size, though, is difficult. But rust does not face that limitation. \"It\'s basically just rust on iron, so it\'s pretty easy to make in large areas,\" Thomas Miller, Caltech professor of chemistry, says in a Caltech press release. \"This is a more robust implementation of the thing seen in graphene.\" The researchers used physical vapor deposition (PVD) to deposit nanolayers of iron, nickel, vanadium, aluminum, and chromium in 5, 10, 20, and 50 nm thick layers on glass slides. When the slides were removed from the PVD machine, the metals spontaneously oxidized in air. The researchers flowed saltwater solutions of varying concentrations over the oxidized slides and found slides with iron, vanadium, and nickel nanolayers produced open-circuit potentials of several tens of millivolts and current densities of several microamps per cm². In the paper, the researchers explain why these oxidized metals demonstrated better results than aluminum and chromium. \"Structures whose oxide nanooverlayers contain only a single oxidation state, such as those formed from [aluminum] or [chromium] metal, should still produce currents due to contact electrification, but the lack of intraoxide electron transfer would diminish their current output,\" they say. In the press release, Miller says the electrokinetic effect could be useful in scenarios involving moving saline solutions. “For example, tidal energy, or things bobbing in the ocean, like buoys, could be used for passive electrical energy conversion,\" he says. \"You have saltwater flowing in your veins in periodic pulses. That could be used to generate electricity for powering implants.\" The paper, published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is \"Energy conversion via metal nanolayers\" (DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906601116). NOW READY FOR SERIAL PRODUCTION OF 3D-PRINTED CERAMICS: CERAFAB SYSTEM S65 Please contact: FIND US ON: LITHOZ.COM VP Shawn Allen | sallan@lithoz.com | www.lithoz.com/en M MSE Supplies Partner in Materials Research™ www.msesupplies.com Ball Mills, Milling Jars & Balls Agate Tungsten Carbide A trusted supplier to both academia and industry Planetary Ball Mills (up to 80L size) Roller Jar Mills (w/ safety guard) Milling Jars (custom jars available) Milling Media Balls Zirconia Stainless Steel (0.1mm to 50mm) Special Offer: 10% OFF with code: ACERS2019 (valid until Oct. 15th, 2019) Phone: 520-789-6673 • Email: sales@msesupplies.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 15 16 advances in nanomaterials Credit: Dharmesh Patel, Texas A&M Protect MXenes with vitamin C In a recent paper published in Matter, researchers from Texas A&M propose a new technique that could extend the shelf life of 2D material MXene by years. MXenes rapidly degrade when kept in the open, and current strategies for mitigating MXene oxidation have mostly involved restricting oxygen exposure or freeze-drying MXenes under vacuum. However, Texas A&M professor of materials science and engineering Miladin Radovic explains these techniques are not ideal. \"Restricting oxygen exposure is not an option for most of the potential applications of MXenes,\" he says in an email. In their study, the researchers led by Radovic and associate professors of chemical engineering Micah Green and Jodie Lutkenhaus looked for new techniques to increase oxidation stability of MXene nanosheets. Radovic says the researchers decided to expose MXenes to antioxidants because “[t]hese antixoidants have proven effective in other applications.\" x\' The researchers focused on Ti̟CT, the most common MXene. They diluted colloidal Ti̟CT nanosheet dispersions with a premixed aqueous solution of sodium L-ascorbate (NaAsc) and then stored the NaAsc-stabilized dispersions for 21 days in closed bottles at ambient temperature. X-ray diffraction patterns of NaAsc-stabilized dispersions and control dispersions made with deionized water showed marked differences. \"[T]he colloidal Ti₂C₂T nanosheets retained their pronounced (002) peak at a 20 angle of around 6.5°,\" the researchers write in the paper. \"However, the (002) peak disappeared completely from the XRD spectrum for Ti, CT stored in deionized water, indicating the total oxidation of crystalline MXene to an amorphous structure.\" \"Collectively, these XRD results suggest that the crystalline structure of TiCT nanosheets can be effectively retained by introducing an antioxidant,” they state. The researchers conducted several other tests, such as measuring changes in electrical conductivity and chemical composition, to complement their X-ray diffraction findings. Taken together, the tests supported the conclusion that antioxidants restrict oxidation in MXenes. Why do antioxidants so effectively restrict oxidation? According to the researchers, \"The origin of this stability against oxidation is attributed to the association of L-ascorbate anions to the edges of Ti̟CT nanosheets, which prevent otherwise detrimental oxidation reactions.\" NaAsc is not the only antioxidant that associates with reactive sites on the MXene nanosheets. The researchers tested several related compounds, including vitamin C, and found these antioxidants offer the same protection. In a Texas A&M press release on the research, Green notes the researchers made the discovery about a year ago, and the treated MXenes are still stable. Graduate researcher assistant Xiaofei Zhao prepares a Ti₂C₂ MXene dispersion in sodium L-ascorbate solution. Radovic says they are currently testing the effectiveness of this method for other MXenes and also testing some other antioxidants. \"[F]irst results are quite promising,\" he says. The paper, published in Matter, is \"Antioxidants unlock shelf-stable Ti₂CT (MXene) nanosheet dispersions\" (DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.05.020). Optimizing performance is our specialty We have experience with more than 3,000 unique compositions of specialty ceramics for a diverse group of applications, markets and industries to meet even your most exacting operational needs. Specialty Ceramics Battery Materials Environmental & Thermal Barrier Coatings Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Materials Chemically Synthesized Multi-Component Oxide Powders and Shapes 1.425.487.1769 PRAXAIR SURFACE TECHNOLOGIES www.praxairsurfacetechnologies.com www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 HONORING THE ACERS AWARDS CLASS OF 2019 Over its long history, The American Ceramic Society has established a tradition of awards to recognize its members\' outstanding contributions and accomplishments and to create career benchmarks for aspiring young scientists, engineers, and business leaders. The most prestigious of ACerS awards is Distinguished Life Member designation, a recognition bestowed upon only two or three members each year. In 2019, three individuals will receive DLM honors: Dawn Bonnell, Minoru Tomozawa, and Winnie Wong-Ng. The Society will elevate 20 members to Fellow and recognize many more outstanding members with various Society, Division, and Class awards that will be presented at the ACerS Annual Awards Banquet on Monday, Sept. 30, 2019, in Portland, Ore. 2019 DISTINGUISHED LIFE MEMBERS Dawn Bonnell At many points in Dawn Bonnell\'s career, she has found herself in uncharted territory at the low end of a learning curve. \"It can be stressful, but ultimately if you can wade through it, then you can accomplish something,\" she says. Bonnell is quite familiar with accomplishments. She is currently vice provost for research as well as Henry Robinson Towne Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, with a long list of awards, accolades, and other accomplishments that attest to her success. But as an undergraduate at the University of Michigan, Bonnell knew little about ceramic materials. That all changed when she had the opportunity to work in the lab of T.Y. Tien studying structural technical ceramics. \"After I learned some of the techniques and measurement tools, particularly microscopy, I just fell in love.\" Bonnell continued climbing the learning curve through graduate work, studying ceramics at the University of Michigan. But just as she reached the top oof that Ph.D. in hand, curve, Bonnell slid to the bottom of a new learning curve when she took a temporary diversion to work in industry before beginning her academic career. At the time, IBM had recently invented and won a Nobel Prize for the scanning tunneling microscope. When Bonnell got an opportunity to work at IBM using this new imaging tool to examine the surface of materials, she jumped at the chance. \"It changed my trajectory entirely,\" she notes. Scanning tunneling microscopy had mostly been used in the semiconductor industry to study silicon. But Bonnell recognized the potential of the technique and an opportunity that was completely wide open. It was a risk, Bonnell says, yet one that paid off-her work was some of the first to apply scanning tunneling microscopy to ceramic materials. \"It\'s extremely intellectually rewarding to find something new that other people haven\'t seen before, to actually be able to discover things and move the field in a new direction,\" she says. Yet beyond this personal success, Bonnell also strives to create supportive research environments through her mentoring, leadership, and even administrative duties. \"The more gratifying aspect of my career to date has been working with students and postdocs, with all the things they\'ve accomplished,\" Bonnell explains. \"They are incredibly talented and creative, able to take ideas that I started with into new directions.\" Of course, Bonnell herself does not shy away from venturing in new directions. As professor at the University of Pennsylvania, Bonnell founded and directed the Nano/Bio Interface Center, a National Science Foundation-funded center that studies nanobiotechnology by merging arts, science, engineering, and medicine. Through both her work with the Nano/Bio Interface Center and her American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org current role as vice provost of research, Bonnell deeply values her ability to support new ideas. \"To be able to provide resources for people who are doing really great things and help support them to find new directions is extremely satisfying,\" she says. \"They can make a lot bigger impact than I can make individually myself. And to be a small part of that feels very good.\" Such a collaborative approach is also what Bonnell appreciates about the ceramics community. When she was a young scientist, Bonnell says she did not appreciate how uniquely supportive the ceramics community was to professional growth and development. “I didn\'t think of that as unique, because that was the only environment I had at the time,\" she reflects. But now having experienced other disciplines and other fields that are not nearly as supportive, Bonnell recognizes how special the ceramics community is and how large of a role ACerS plays in fostering that spirit. “It really is a unique aspect of the ceramics community—and I think the Society really embodies that.\" Minoru Tomozawa Electric Company. Minoru Tomozawa earned his B.S. from Yokohama National University in Japan and, without any thought of graduate school, took a position as a research engineer with Nippon It was 1961-the dusk before the dawn of the semiconductor era. This timing was 17 fortunate for Tomozawa because working on vacuum tube technology put him on the path that became his life\'s work. \"At the time, semiconductors just started. I wanted to work on semiconductors, but as a materials engineer I was assigned to work on glasses. I had no idea what it is, but gradually I found out it was an important part of electronics,\" he recalls. As vacuum tube technology became obsolete, new and exciting applications for glass emerged with the development of laser glasses and color television. Tomozawa says, \"There was some need for glass research and engineering. I spent four and a half years learning the basics of glass processing and research. Then I felt I needed more basic study of materials science, and that\'s when I thought maybe I should go back to graduate school.\" Thinking he would get a master\'s degree and then return to Japan, he accepted a fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. \"I found out you don\'t have to get a master\'s degree. If you try hard enough you can get a Ph.D. in three years.\" He studied spinodal phase separation, the theory developed by John Cahn, which was a hot topic at the time. Graduation led to a postdoctoral position at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., and before long opportunity found the young researcher during a faculty search. \"I was a post doc, and the subject was glass, so I was very much interested. Then the advisor said, why don\'t you apply for the position?\" The rest was history-a very long history. Initially, proposal writing to acquire funding challenged Tomozawa. \"Then I began to think, maybe writing proposals is a good way to think hard, he says. Proposal writing really makes you think hard. In retrospect, I thought proposal writing was good training to plan research carefully,\" After six years on the faculty, Tomozawa took one-year sabbatical to work in glass manufacturing industry in Japan. He says, “That helped me to connect science and practical applications. So even though I do science, when I want to sell an idea and say why this is important in society, that was a good connection.\" Tomozawa says his life\'s work will be his research on the effect of water content on mechanical properties of glasses. \"I knew a small amount of water had a great impact on properties. I thought if you put in lots of water, you magnify the phenomenon so you can clearly see how the small amount of water is affecting the glass,\" he explains. Having been to nearly all Glass and Optical Materials Division meetings and most MS&T conferences, Tomozawa credits ACers with helping him find information and colleagues. Tomozawa notes that the ancient Roman motto, \"Happy is the man who finds the cause of things,\" applies to basic science research. \"I feel very fortunate having a job with its main objective being my pursuit of happiness.” Winnie Wong-Ng When Winnie Wong-Ng was accepted into the chemistry rather than mathematics program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, she was unsure at first about pursuing a degree in that field. Now a senior researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Wong-Ng is glad she gave chemistry a chance. \"I enjoy my work here every day very much,\" she Growing up in Hong Kong, university was not a given for Wong-Ng. Yet WongNg was an ambitious child, and she says her father, whom she lost at an early age, inspired her to work hard and pursue higher education. says. After receiving her bachelor of science in chemistry, a \"number of miracles,\" including sponsorship from a stranger, enabled Wong-Ng to move to the United States and earn her Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry at Louisiana State University. She then moved to Canada for a postdoctoral and research/associate lecturer position in the chemistry department at the University of Toronto, but she found securing a permanent job difficult. That is when she heard about a position as a crystallographer with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (now the International Centre for Diffraction Data, ICDD) and she returned to the U.S. \"That job changed my life,\" Wong-Ng says. At ICDD, Wong-Ng worked on a collaboration with the National Bureau of Standards and realized just how much she enjoyed lab work. When the collaboration came to an end, she applied for and began a full-time job as a research chemist at the Bureau, now called the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Over her 30 years as a NIST researcher, Wong-Ng took part in and led diverse projects that greatly benefitted the ceramics community, including developing more than 800 reference X-ray powder diffraction patterns, about 50 phase diagrams for ceramic systems, and publishing more than 350 scientific papers. She also created two standard reference materials for the alignment of single crystal diffractometers (SRM 1990) and for the calibration of Seebeck coefficient measurements (SRM 3451), . Wong-Ng joined ACerS right after she went to work at NIST. \"We in the ceramics division were all encouraged to go to the ACerS Annual Meeting,\" she recalls. Since that first meeting in 1986, Wong-Ng says she has attended every Annual Meeting. Wong-Ng served as chair (20052006) and trustee (2013-2016) of the Electronics Division (ED) and during her time as trustee, she oversaw significant membership growth as a result of the hard work of the division leaders. Prior to 2013, ED membership had been steadily declining, but during Wong-Ng\'s time as trustee, membership increased over 40% by 2015. In addition to her roles in the ED, Wong-Ng serves as associate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, and has been involved with a number of ACerS committees including the Nominating Committee and the Publications Committee. For Wong-Ng, holding these leadership roles in ACerS is an honor. “To be able to serve ACerS and its membership is the most meaningful part to me,\" she says of her time as a member. \"And I\'m having fun doing all these activities!\" 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 The 2019 Class of Fellows Balaya Palani Balaya is associ ate professor at the National University of Singapore. He received his Ph.D. and M.Phil. in physics from the | University of Hyderabad in India. Balaya belongs to ACerS Engineering Ceramics, Basic Science, and Manufacturing Divisions and is a member of the Education and Professional Development Council. Bikramjit Basu is professor at the Materials Research Center with joint appointment at Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering and Interdisciplinary Center for Energy Research at Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He earned his Ph.D. in engineering ceramics at Katholieke Basu Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. He is an active member of ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division. Brosnan Kristen H. Brosnan joined GE Research in 2007 and is technology manager leading the Metals & Ceramics team in the Structural Materials Division. Brosnan was recognized with the GE Women in Technology award. She serves as vice-chair of the Basic Science Division, chair of the ACerS Jeppson Award Committee, and on the Nominating Committee and Diversity & Inclusion Subcommittee. Castro Ricardo H.R. Castro is professor in the Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering at University of California, Davis. Castro has a Ph.D. in metallurgical and materials engineering from the University of São Paulo, Brazil. He is founding editor-in-chief of the ACerS International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science, a new online, gold open-access journal. Castro is a regular instructor for ACerS Sintering of Ceramics short course and is a member of ACerS Basic Science and Engineering Ceramics Divisions. | J.Gary Childress recently retired from the Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Foundation in Westerville, Ohio, after serving 17 years as Orton\'s general manager. Childress graduated Childress from Clemson University with a B.S. in ceramic engineering. Prior to joining Orton, Childress served as vice president of Hecla Mining Company and president of Kentucky-Tennessee Clay Company. Childress served on the ACerS political action committee and as past chair of the Southwest Section and the former Whitewares Division. Gouma Pelagia-Irene (Perena) Gouma is the Edward Orton Jr., chair in Ceramic Engineering at The Ohio State University. Her previous appointment was with the Institute of Predictive Performance Methodologies and with the MSE Dept. at the University of Texas-Arlington. Gouma is a member of the National Academy of Inventors, was a Fulbright Scholar to UNICAMP in Brazil, and has received the prestigious ACerS Richard M. Fulrath award. Hahn Yoon-Bong Hahn is Fellow of Korea Academy of Science and Technology, director of BK21 Center for Future Energy Materials and Devices, and head of the School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University. He received his Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering from University of Utah. Hahn, now acting as a Global Ambassador for ACerS, has served as a lead and cochair of Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Energy (MCARE) and has coorganized over 18 symposia and conferences on ceramic and related materials. Haile Sossina M. Haile received her Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She assumed her current position at Northwestern University after serving 18 years on the faculty of California Institute of Technology. Haile has held continuous membership in ACerS since 2012. She currently serves on the Diversity and Inclusion Subcommittee. Hendrick, Jr. William Lloyd Headrick, Jr. is director of research and technology at Missouri Refractories in Pevely, Mo. He had been assistant research professor at Missouri University of Science and Technology, where he received a Ph.D. in ceramic engineering. He serves in ACerS, ASTM International, The Refractories Institute, and the Association for Iron & Steel Technology with the goal of improving youth outreach from the refractories industry. He has held many officer positions and served on many committees for Refractory Ceramics Division and ACerS St. Louis Section. He is currently secretary of ACers Manufacturing Division. He has received an ACerS Global Ambassador award for his student outreach work and is an incoming member of ACerS Board of Directors. | Nobuhito Imanaka is full professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan. Imanaka received a Ph.D. in applied chemistry from Osaka University. He is a member of ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division as well as president of the Rare Earth Society of Japan, an executive member of Japan Association of Chemical Sensors, and an executive member of the Japan Society of Colour Material. Imanaka 19 The 2019 Class of Fellows (continued) Lewinsohn Charles Lewinsohn is associate technical fellow in Coors Tek\'s corporate R&D in Golden, Colo. He earned a Ph.D. in ceramic science and engineering from The Pennsylvania State University. He belongs to ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division and Colorado Section and is an associate editor for the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. He has served on the Meetings, Corporate Achievement Award, and Coble Award Committees. He received the Fulrath Award in 2010. Liu Xingbo Liu is the Statler Endowed Chair Professor of Engineering and associate chair of Research, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department, Statler College of Engineering & Mineral Resources, West Virginia University. He received his Ph.D. in materials science from University of Science and Technology, Beijing, and subsequently joined WVU in early 2000 as a postdoctoral student. Liu is with ACerS Basic Science and Engineering Ceramics Divisions and served as chair of the BSD. Matyas Josef Matyas has his Ph.D. in chemistry and technology of inorganic materials from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Czech Republic. He currently researches development of advanced waste forms for safe sequestration of nuclear waste streams to maximize loading of waste and minimize disposal volumes. He is past chair of the Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division and has served as chair-elect, secretary, and program committee chair. He has also served as secretary and treasurer of the former National Institute of Ceramic Engineers. He organized more than a dozen symposia for the Division at MS&T, ICACC, MCARE, and CMCEE meetings. John L. Provis is professor of cement materials science and engineering, and head of the Engineering Graduate School at the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. He holds a Ph.D. from the University of Melbourne, Australia, and has held his current position at Sheffield since 2012. He is a member of the Cements Division and the U.K. Chapter of ACerS. Provis Jianrong Qiu is chair professor at Zhejiang University, China. He received his Ph.D. in materials science from Okayama University, Japan. Qiu is a member of ACerS Glass & Optical Materials Division and received the G. W. Morey Award in 2015. Qiu Tanguy Rouxel is a mechanical engineer (ENSAM, Paris), doctor in ceramic science | (ENSCI, Limoges) and professor of glass science and solid mechanics at the University of Rennes 1. Rouxel received the Alfred R. Cooper lecture award from the ACerS Glass & Optical Materials Division. Rouxel Trice Rodney Trice is professor at the School of Materials Engineering at Purdue University and has focused on many fundamental and applied research topics over the last 25 years. Trice has encouraged his students to participate in ACerS through the President\'s Council of Student Advisors. He is currently ACerS Meetings Committee chair and a member of the Technical Programming Committee. Tsurumi Takaaki Tsurumi is professor of NanoPhononics Laboratory in the Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science at Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, where he received his Ph.D. degree. His awards include the ACerS Fulrath Award, the Tejima Award for Ph.D. thesis of Tokyo Institute of Technology, the Awards Advancements in Ceramics Science and Technology of the Ceramics Society of Japan, and the Award of Academic Achievements in Ceramics Science and Technology of the Ceramics Society of Japan. Wang Jingyang Wang is distinguished professor of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and division head of the Advanced Ceramics and Composites Division at the Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, and the Institute of Metal Research (IMR), CAS, China. He received his Ph.D. in materials science from IMR, CAS, China. He started his academic career as assistant professor in IMR and was promoted to full professor. He serves/served as a board of director of ACerS, chair of Engineering Ceramics Divisions, chair of ACerS John Jeppson Award Committee, committee member of Geijsbeek PACRIM International Award, president of WAC Forum Committee, and is a member of the International Advisory Board of the European Ceramic Society. | Shujun Zhang is professor at ISEM, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. He received his Ph.D. in Zhang solid state chemistry from Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University. He is associate editor-in-chief of IEEE Transaction on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectric and Frequency Control; associate editor for Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Science Bulletin, and Journal of Electronic Materials; and section editor-in-chief of Crystals. He is a member of ACerS Electronics Division and senior member of IEEE. 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Society Awards Navrotsky Award for Experimental Thermodynamics of Solids Monday, September 30, 2019 8:10 - 8:55 a.m. The Navrotsky Award for Experimental Thermodynamics of Solids was established through a gift from Alexandra Navrotsky, Arizona State University professor, who has built a distinguished career studying thermodynamics of materials. The biennial award will be presented to an author who made the most innovative contribution to experimental thermodynamics of solids technical literature during the two calendar years prior to selection. The recipient will receive a certificate, $5,000 prize, and is expected to give a talk on the cited work during the conference at which the award is made. Navrotsky says \"I just celebrated my 75th birthday. In that spirit, I thought that an award in thermodynamics through The American Ceramic Society would give the field more visibility and show that in ceramics, and materials science in general, thermodynamics is alive and well.\" Beutl Alexander Beutl Navrotsky \"A novel apparatus for coulometric titrations in lithium containing systems,\" Theromochimica Acta 653 (2017): 8-15. Beutl, Alexander; Flanorfer, Hans; Furtauer, Siegried. Beutl is currently a junior scientist at Austrian Institute of Technology. He received his Ph.D. from the Department of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Vienna. W. DAVID KINGERY AWARD recognizes distinguished lifelong achievements involving multidisciplinary and global contributions to ceramic technology, science, education, and art. Michael J. Cima is professor of materials science and engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and has an appointment at the David Cima H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research. Cima\'s research concerns advanced forming technology such as complex macro- and microdevices, colloid science, MEMS, and other microcomponents for medical devices used for drug delivery and diagnostics, high-throughput development methods for formulations of materials, and pharmaceutical formulations. JOHN JEPPSON AWARD recognizes distinguished scientific, technical, or engineering achievements. Sanjay Sampath is Distinguished Professor of Materials Science at Stony Brook University (State University of New York) and director of the Center for Thermal Spray Research, an interdisciplinary industry-university collaborative research center in-field of thermal spray processing and coatings. Sampath He is associate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. He was also principal investigator on a major DARPA grant aimed at developing new 3D processing tools for maskless direct writing of mesoscale electronics and sensors. Sampath is an elected Fellow of ACerS and ASM. ROBERT L. COBLE AWARD FOR YOUNG SCHOLARS recognizes an outstanding scientist who is conducting research in academia, in industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. Krogstad | Jessica Krogstad is assistant professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. She received her Ph.D. from University of California, Santa Barbara. She researches microstructural evolution of porous ceramics subject to irradiation, microstructural and phase evolution in highly porous ceramic aerogels subject to extreme thermal gradients, and microstructural contributions to twinmediated, nonlinear deformation of polycrystalline ceramics. Krogstad belongs to ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division and ACerS Young Professionals Network. She is faculty advisor to ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors, vice-chair of the Material Advantage Committee, and faculty advisor for the UIUC Material Advantage Chapter. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org ROSS COFFIN PURDY AWARD recognizes authors who made the most valuable contribution to ceramic technical literature in 2017. \"Ultra-fast firing: Effect of heating rate on sintering of 3YSZ, without electric field\" in Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2017; Volume: 37, Issue 6; 2547-2551 Falco Fu Simone Falco is research associate at the Department of Aeronautics of Imperial College London, U.K. Zhengyi Fu is director of the State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, and a Cheung Kong Scholar of the Ministry of Education of China. Wei Ji is assistant professor at State Key Lab of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Ji Wuhan, China. 21 Society Awards (continued) Parker Todd Zhang |Barnaby Parker currently works for an engineering consultancy (Frazer-Nash Consultancy) as a software engineer supporting a variety of modelling and process streamlining projects. Richard Todd is professor of materials, University of Oxford, U.K. and a Goldsmiths\' Fellow in Materials Science, St. Catherine\'s College, Oxford, U.K. Jinyong Zhang is professor at the Wuhan University of Technology in the Materials Science and Engineering Department, China. RICHARD AND PATRICIA SPRIGGS PHASE EQUILIBRIA AWARD honors authors who made the most valuable contribution to phase stability relationships in ceramic-based systems literature in 2018. \"Simple model for particle phase transformation kinetics\" in Acta Materialia, 2018; 154 228-236 Reis Raphael M.C.V. Reis is professor of materials engineering at Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Brazil. Edgar D. Zanotto is professor of materials science and engineering at the Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil, and directs CERTEV (Center for Research, Technology and Education in Vitreous Materials). Zanotto MORGAN MEDAL AND GLOBAL DISTINGUISHED DOCTORAL DISSERTATION AWARD recognizes a distinguished doctoral dissertation in the ceramics and glass discipline. Jan Schulteiss currently is working as a postdoctoral researcher at TU Darmstadt, Germany. He received his Ph.D. in 2018. In his Ph.D. thesis, Schulteiss investigated the mechanism of polarization reversal in polycrystalline ferroelectric/ferroelastic ceramics. The mechanism was illustrated as a well-defined sequence of switching events physically originating from an interplay between local electric and mechanical fields. Schulteiss MEDAL FOR LEADERSHIP IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY recognizes individuals who have made substantial contributions to the success of their organization and expanded the frontiers of the ceramics industry through leadership. Okawa Teppei Okawa is representative director and executive vice president of NGK Spark Plug Co., LTD (Nagoya, Japan). He has been primarily engaged with developments and commercialization of automotive oxygen ceramic sensors for internal combustion engines at the R&D center and Sensor Department. He developed a planar-type wide range oxygen sensor, called UEGO (Universal AirFuel Ratio Heated Exhaust Gas Oxygen) sensor. He is an ACerS corporate partner and received a Corporate Environmental Achievement Award from ACerS. DU-CO CERAMICS YOUNG PROFESSIONAL AWARD is given to a young professional member of ACers who demonstrates exceptional leadership and service to ACerS. | Surojit Gupta is associate professor of mechanical engineering at the University of North Dakota. Gupta is an active researcher in sustainable Gupta materials, high temperature ceramics and alloys, nanotechnology, additive, and green manufacturing. He is an active member of ACerS, TMS, ASM International, ACS, ASME, and Sigma Xi. Currently, he serves as chair-elect of ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division, and member-at-large of ACS. Gupta has won several awards including Global Young Investigator Award from ACerS ECD, Dean Professorship, Dean\'s Outstanding Faculty Award, and ASM/ IIM lectureship award. KARL SCHWARTZWALDER-PROFESSIONAL ACHIEVEMENT IN CERAMIC ENGINEERING (PACE) AWARD honors the past president of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers, focuseing on public attention on outstanding achievements of young persons in ceramic engineering and illustrates opportunities available in the ceramic engineering profession. Nathan D. Orloff is microwave materials project leader at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colo., and adjunct faculty at the University of Colorado. He received his Ph.D. in physOrloff Corporate Technical Achievement Award recognizes a single outstanding technical achievement made by an ACerS corporate GE partner in the field of ceramics. The award recognizes General Electric for the development and commercialization of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) in aircraft engines. CMCS offer the high-temperature capability of ceramics with the durability of metals, which allows engines to run hotter with less cooling. These factors have enabled them to deliver higher thrust, with lower emissions and less fuel burn. GE Aviation produces one LEAP shroud every 12 minutes and recently shipped its 50,000th shroud. With a backlog of over 16,300 LEAP engines valued at more than $230B and over 700 9X engines valued at more than $30B, GE\'s ceramic manufacturing engineers have years of work ahead of them. As the cost to manufacture CMCs continues to decrease, GE is revisiting applications for CMCs in large-industrialgas-turbines and beginning to explore future CMC applications in reusable space and hypersonics. 22 22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Class Awards ics at the University of Maryland. His current focus is on the microwave materials project which has several concurrent activities in different program areas. In thin-film tunable materials, he works on measurements of new low loss tunable dielectrics. Orlaff is an officer of the Colorado Section. the younger faculty at S&T to develop glasses for biomedical applications, and he is always looking for opportunities to connect students to the glass industry. Brow serves on the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation Board. ACERS/EPDC: ARTHUR FREDERICK GREAVES-WALKER LIFETIME SERVICE AWARD recognizes an individual who has rendered outstanding service to the ceramic engineering profession and who, by life and career, has exemplified the aims, ideals, and purpose of the Education and Professional Development Council. Reidmeyer Mary R. Reidmeyer is teaching professor emeritus at the Missouri University of Science & Technology in Rolla, Mo. She teaches applied glass forming and oversees the operation of the Materials Science & Engineering Hot Glass Shop. She studied technical glasses with Delbert Day and received a Ph.D. She left academia for a decade to found two companies that provide ceramic product development and testing. Reidmeyer has resumed teaching, advising, and continues to create and innovate outreach activities. She remains active with ACerS St. Louis Section, where she served as officer. CERAMIC EDUCATION COUNCIL: OUTSTANDING EDUCATOR AWARD recognizes truly outstanding work and creativity in teaching, directing student research, or the general educational process of ceramic educators. Brow Richard K. Brow is Curators\' Professor of Ceramic Engineering and interim director, Center for Biomedical Research at Missouri University of Science and Technology in Rolla, Mo. He received his Ph.D. in ceramic science from The Pennsylvania State University. Currently, his research involves collaborations with several of THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 2019 ANNUAL HONORS AND AWARDS BANQUET 121 YEARS OF ADVANCING THE CERAMICS AND GLASS COMMUNITY Join us to honor the Society\'s 2019 award winners at ACerS Annual Honors and Awards Banquet Monday, September 30 at MS&T19 6:45 – 7:30 p.m. Reception 7:30 10:00 p.m. Salon EF, Marriott, Downtown Waterfront Please note: This year we are providing open seating. You are free to select your table when the doors open at 7 p.m. Purchase banquet tickets with your conference registration or contact Erica Zimmerman at ezimmerman@ceramics.org. Tickets must be purchased by noon on September 30, 2019. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 23 Richard M. Fulrath Symposium and Awards To promote technical and personal friendships between Japanese and American ceramic engineers and scientists Symposium: September 30, 2019 | 2–4:40 p.m. US Academic Vilas G. Pol Engineered ceramic materials for energy storage Pol Vilas G. Pol is associate professor at Purdue University\'s School of Chemical Engineering. Previously, he was a materials scientist at the Department of Energy\'s Argonne National Laboratory. Pol has 20 years of research experience in the fields of chemistry, sustainability, energy storage, materials chemistry, engineering and electrochemistry. The Vilas Pol\'s Energy Research (VIPER) laboratory at Purdue University focuses its research activities on the development of high-capacity ceramic based electrode materials and engineering for longer cycle life and improved battery safety. Polcawich US Industrial Ronald G Polcawich Piezoelectric thin film processing, piezoMEMS devices, and an overview of PRIGM, SHRIMP, & AMEBA programs program Ronald G. Polcawich manager at DARPA in the Microsystems Technology Office and currently on detail to DARPA from the Micro & Nano Materials & Devices Branch of U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Md. He received a Ph.D. in materials science and engineering from The Pennsylvania State University. As program manager, Polcawich leads the Precise Robust Inertial Guidance for Munitions (PRIGM) program, the SHort-Range Independent Microrobotic Platforms (SHRIMP) program, and A Mechanically Based Antenna (AMEBA) program. Fukushima Japan Academic Manabu Fukushima Engineering cellular ceramics with modulated pore configurations Manabu Fukushima is senior research scientist at Structural Materials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Japan. He received his Ph.D. at Tokyo Institute of Technology. His research interests include controlled microstructural design of porous ceramics for better performance and their technical transfer to industries. He serves as chair of ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division. Suzuki | Japan Industrial Keigo Suzuki Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale dielectrics for the design of advanced ceramic capacitors Keigo Suzuki is principal researcher Check matscitech.org for latest updates. at Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Japan. He received his Ph.D. degree in engineering from the Kyoto Institute of Technology. Suzuki has been actively involved in the development of new synthesis methods for ferroelectric and semiconductor oxide nanoparticles, and thin films based on dry and wet processes. His research focuses on development of novel electronic devices based on functional nanoparticles and thin films. He is developing advanced SPM techniques to investigate the nature of nanomaterials in terms of nanoscale for the design of future electronic devices. Japan Industrial Koichiro Morita Dielectric material design and lifetime prediction for highly reliable MLCCs Morita Koichiro Morita is group leader on the development of dielectric materials for multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) in the R&D Laboratory at Taiyo Yuden Co., Ltd., Japan. Morita received a M.E. from Institute for Advanced Materials Processing, Tohoku University. His research interests focus on MLCCs, including but not limited to dielectric material synthesis, fabrication process control, quality evaluation, and failure analysis. 24 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 ACerS Award Lectures ACERS/EPDC ARTHUR L. FRIEDBERG CERAMIC ENGINEERING TUTORIAL AND LECTURE Monday, September 30, 2019 | 9-10 a.m. Kathleen A. Richardson, is Pegasus Professor of Optics and Materials Science and Engineering and Florida Photonics Center of Excellence and professor at CREOL/College of Optics and Photonics at the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Fla. Redefining material design for next generation optical material Kathleen A. Richardson is a recognized world leader in infrared glass science research and education. Her group is a leading source of global expertise in the design, fabrication, and characterization of next generation materials for use in infrared components and systems for diverse optical applications. EDWARD ORTON JR. MEMORIAL LECTURE MS&T PLENARY SESSION Tuesday, October 1, 2019 | 8-10:40 p.m. Minoru Tomozawa, is professor of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y. Glass and water: Fast surface relaxation Minoru Tomozawa received his Ph.D. in metallurgy and materials science at the University of Pennsylvania. His current research interest is in glass and water interaction. His work, found fast surface relaxation, led to a new method of making stronger glass fibers and clarification of various mysteries of glasses such as fatigue limit. ACERS FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND SOCIETY RUSTUM ROY LECTURE Tuesday, October 1, 2019 | 1-2 p.m. Jennifer A. Lewis, is the Wyss Professor for Biologically Inspired Engineering in the Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and a core faculty member of the Wyss Institute at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. Printing architected matter in three dimensions Jennifer A. Lewis\'s research focuses on the programmable assembly of functional, structural, and biological materials. She is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Inventors, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. GLASS AND OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION ALFRED R. COOPER AWARD SESSION Tuesday, October 1, 2019 | 2-4:40 p.m. COOPER DISTINGUISHED LECTURE Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida Function-tailoring strategies for broadband infrared glasses 2019 ALFRED R. COOPER YOUNG SCHOLAR AWARD PRESENTATION Wataru Takeda, Coe College Topological constraint model of high lithium content borate glasses BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION ROBERT B. SOSMAN AWARD AND LECTURE CENTER Wednesday, October 2, 2019 | 1-2 p.m. Yury Gogotsi, is Distinguished University Professor and Charles T. and Ruth M. Bach Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Pa. He also serves as director of the A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute. Nanomaterials born from ceramics: Transformative synthesis of carbons, carbides, and nitrides Yury Gogotsi received his Ph.D. from Kiev Polytechnic, Ukraine, and a D.Sc. degree from the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. His research group works on 2D carbides and nitrides (MXenes), nanostructured carbons, and other nanomaterials for energy, water, and biomedical applications. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Check matscitech.org for latest updates. 25 Solid-state batteries: Unlocking lithium\'s potential with ceramic solid electrolytes Induction coils heat a die for rapid densification of Li-ion conducting Li,La Zr₂O₁₂ ceramic solid electrolyte. 12 By Nathan J. Taylor and Jeff Sakamoto Recent progress indicates that ceramic materials may soon supplant liquid electrolytes in batteries, offering improved energy capacity and safety. W idespread adoption of electric vehicles (EV) will require dramatic changes to the energy storage market. Total worldwide lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery production was 221 GWh in 2018, while EV demand alone is projected to grow to more than 1,700 GWh by 2030.¹ As economies of scale have been met in Li-ion battery production, price at the pack level has fallen and is expected to break $100/kWh within the next few years. Li-ion batteries are expected to address near-term energy storage needs, with advances in cell chemistry providing steady improvement in cell capacity. Yet Li-ion batteries will eventually approach the practical limits of their energy storage capacity, and the volatile flammable liquid electrolyte in Li-ion cells requires thermal management systems that add cost, mass, and complexity to EV battery packs. Recent progress demonstrates that Li-ion conducting solid electrolytes have fundamental properties to supplant current Li-ion liquid electrolytes. Moreover, using solid electrolytes enables all-solid-state batteries, a new class of lithium batteries that are expected to reach storage capacities well beyond that of today\'s Li-ion batteries. The promise of a safer high-capacity battery has attracted enormous attention from fundamental research through start-up companies, with significant investment from venture capitalists and automakers. The Li-ion battery The 1970s marked development of the first Li-ion cathode intercalation materials. Cells with a metallic lithium anode were commercialized in the 1980s, but it was soon discovered 26 that lithium deposits in dendritic structures upon battery cycling. These dendrites eventually grow through the separator, connecting the anode and cathode and causing a dangerous short circuit of the cell. The solution was to replace the lithium anode with a graphite Li-ion host material, thereby producing the modern Li-ion battery. First introduced by Sony in 1991, the graphite anode is paired with a LiCoO2 cathode and flooded with a liquid organic electrolyte with dissolved lithium salt. The dissolved lithium provides Li-ion transport within the cell. A thin and porous polymer separator prevents physical contact between the anode and cathode while allowing ionic transport between electrodes. This basic cell structure remains unchanged today, albeit with numerous energy-boosting innovations, including silicon anode additions, electrolyte additives to increase cycle life, and high nickel-content cathodes. These innovations have led to an average of 8% annualized energy density improvement in Li-ion batteries.² Despite this progress, the volumetric energy density of Li-ion batteries can only reach a practical limit of about 900 Wh/L at the cell level. For Li-ion batteries, active cathode and anode powders are mixed with binder and cast on a current collector using doctor blade, reverse comma, or slot die coating. These electrodes are slit into desired dimensions, interleaved with a separator, and either wound-as is the case of an 18650 (18 mm diameter; 65 mm length) cylindrical cell-or stacked or folded to produce a prismatic pouch cell. Figure 1 shows 18650 cylindrical wound cells and 10-Ah pouch cells. For EV applications, cells are arranged into modules, which are placed into a battery pack. For example, a Tesla Model 3 contains more than 4,000 individual cylindrical cells, producing about 80 kWh of storage. Other manufacturers, such as GM, use pouch-type cells, with 288 cells producing 60 kWh of storage in the Chevy Bolt. Li-ion battery packs contain significant battery management systems to keep cells within a safe operating range. Heat generated within the pack must be removed by cooling systems to protect both the performance and lifetime of Li-ion cells. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Credit: Evan Dougherty/University of Michigan Engineering Communications and Marketing Capsule summary POWERING DOWN The rise of electric vehicles is expected to demand the majority of lithium-ion battery capacity in the coming years. While the cost of lithium-ion batteries is low, they are reaching their practical limits. This limit pushes innovators to offer new kinds of batteries with higher energy density storage with increased safety. Generally, temperatures must remain below 60°C to limit the rate of reactions between the electrolyte and electrodes. Finally, the pack and surrounding structures must be designed to prevent catastrophic failure of the pack in the event of a vehicle crash. These battery management systems lead to a pack cost of about 1.2-1.4 times the cell-level cost. While the graphite anode enabled the modern Li-ion battery, six atoms of carbon are needed to intercalate one lithium ion, creating the compound C Li in a fully charged battery. This requirement limits the theoretical capacity of graphite to 382 mAh/g. 3 Silicon is a promising replacement with a capacity of 4,200 mAh/g, but the significant (300X) mechanical strain it experiences during cell cycling results in capacity fade over time.4 Despite these capacity losses, as understanding of silicon lithiation and the effect of particle morphology have advanced, manufacturers have created silicon/ graphite composite anodes with gradually increasing silicon levels. The most energy-dense anode is lithium metal with a capacity of 3,860 mAh/g. While lithium dendrite growth prevents use in liquid electrolyte-based cells, physically stabilizing the lithium metal with a Li-conducting solid electrolyte can prevent dendrite growth and cell failure. Several Li-ion-conducting solid electrolytes are promising for this role. Solid-state batteries All solid-state batteries center around the approach of enabling a high-capacity metallic lithium anode, which greatly increases volumetric energy density at the cell level. Figure 2 schematically illustrates both the Li-ion and solid-state battery. Gains over Li-ion in gravimetric energy density, or amount of energy stored per mass, are lower given that solid electrolytes with denCHARGING UP Recent progress demonstrates that solid electrolytes have the properties to supplant current liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries, offering improved safety. Solid electrolytes also enable all-solid-state batteries, a class of batteries that could reach energy storage capacities well beyond that of lithium-ion. a) BASTIONICA BATTERY LAB ENERGIZING THE FUTURE As solid-state battery technology builds momentum toward commercialization, several challenges remain. Manufacturing techniques that leverage scalable processes are needed, as well as solutions to materials challenges such as preventing lithium filament growth and mitigating cathode volume change during cycling. b) Figure 1. (a) Typical formats for Li-ion cells: wound cylindrical 18650 (left) and pouch cells (right). (b) Cross section of 18650 battery shows electrode layers. sities of 1.8-5.0 g/cm³ are replacing organic liquid electrolytes with densities close to 1.0 g/cm³. However, many consumer and automotive applications are increasingly driven by volumetric considerations. Solid-state batteries also offer significant simplification over Li-ion batteries at the pack level, where individual cells are connected. Solid-state batteries do not require significant thermal management systems, as battery performance improves as temperature increases. Ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes increases with increasing temperature, along with maximum charge and discharge rates. As a result, maximum operating temperature of a solid-state cell is only limited by that of lithium, which melts at 180°C. Additionally, elimination of the flammable liquid electrolyte of Li-ion alleviates design considerations of catastrophic cell or pack-level failure. In total, solid-state batteries offer significant mass and volume savings at the pack level, translating to increased pack capacity. Because the graphite anode used in modern Li-ion batteries has a low potential compared to lithium (0.20 V), lithium metal-based solid-state batteries can be drop-in replacements for Li-ion batteries, offering higher volumetric energy capacity with similar voltage and performance. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Solid electrolytes Solid electrolytes have been investigated for batteries since the discovery of fast sodium-ion conduction in B-Al₂O by Ford Motor Company in the 1960s. In the mid-1990s, attention turned to lithium solid electrolytes when the first thin-film batteries using radio frequency magnetron sputtered lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) were introduced. Thin-film batteries consist of a LiPON solid electrolyte layer under 10 um with a thin layer of cathode and lithium metal anode.5 The capacity of thin-film batteries is limited by ionic transport in the cathode. If cathode thickness is increased beyond 10 μm, Li-ion diffusion rate within the cathode limits the ability to access the full cathode capacity. Ideally, the solid-state cathode emulates a Li-ion cathode that is a three-dimensional blend of electrolyte and cathode particles to increase areal loading. Nevertheless, thin-film batteries show excellent capacity retention over tens of thousands of cycles. However, this technol ogy cannot fundamentally provide the storage of bulk-type Li-ion batteries needed for consumer electronics or EV applications. More recently, multiple Li-ion solid electrolytes have emerged with conductivities that are competitive with liquid electrolytes, 27 Credit: University of Michigan, Bruno Vanzieleghem Solid-state batteries: Unlocking lithium\'s potential with ceramic solid electrolytes a) Li-ion battery b) Solid-state battery 31° Graphite Liquid electrolyte Li* Li⭑MO2 Li metal LixMO2 Solid electrolyte Figure 2. (a) Schematic of Li-ion battery with liquid electrolyte, separator, and graphite anode. (b) Schematic of solid-state battery with solid electrolyte stabilizing a Li-metal anode. opening the door to bulk solid-state batteries with cell capacities on par with Li-ion. Requirements of solid electrolytes Successful solid-state battery commercialization will require solid electrolytes with a unique combination of properties. First, solid electrolytes must have lithium ionic conductivities over 0.1 mS/cm to be viable liquid electrolyte replacements. Second, the electrolyte must also be stable against lithium metal, one of the most electropositive elements. The electrolyte must either be chemically stable to lithium reduction or form a passivating reaction layer. Third, the electrolyte must form low-resistance interfaces (<1 Q.cm²) to ensure low internal cell resistance. Forming low-resistance interfaces presents significant challenge at the alkali metal interface, where atmosphere reacted surface layers, reduced oxides, and nonuniform wetting can contribute to significant interface resistance. Fourth, the electrolyte must have a strength and fracture toughness high enough to prevent lithium filament propagation through the electrolyte. Fifth, the electrolyte must be stable at the anode and cathode potentials. Current state-of-the-art Li-ion cathodes operate at or below 4.5 V, so the cathode must resist electron or hole injection over the entire 0-4.5 V versus the Li/Li* operating range. Types of solid electrolytes Polymer solid electrolytes have low ionic conductivities and typically operate 28 at increased temperature (60°C-80°C) to take advantage of increased ionic transport at these temperatures. While polymers are easily processed, their mechanical properties are generally insufficient to stabilize the lithium metal anode.6 Thus, most attention has focused on inorganic solid electrolytes (Figure 3). Sulfide solid electrolytes have some of the highest conductivities of solid electrolytes. While there are multiple chemistries, the Li,S-PS system is most popular.? Electrolytes in the L₁₂S-P2S system can be glassy, crystalline, or partially crystalline. Undoped, Li₂S-PS, electrolytes have poor electrochemical stability with lithium, but doped variants have increased stability. One advantage of sulfide electrolytes is the ductile nature of particles, which compress to form compacts with good electrochemical bridging between particles at room temperature or below 400°C. Accordingly, sulfide electrolytes are the most easily processed inorganic solid electrolytes. However, with some sulfide electrolyte compositions, reactivity with water vapor in air can be a challenge, releasing H,S and degrading the electrolyte. As such, they are usually processed under argon or extremely low humidity dry room atmospheres. A second class of inorganic solid electrolytes is oxide-based. A few types exist, but garnet Li,La ZrO₁ has emerged as the most popular. Oxide solid electrolytes have fair ionic conductivities at room temperature and the broadest electrochemical window and highest chemical stability toward lithium. Credit: Nathan Taylor Additionally, the elastic moduli and fracture toughness of oxide materials are the highest of all solid electrolytes, favorable to physical stabilization of the lithium metal anode and long-term cell lifetimes. Although they have the most favorable combination of electrochemical properties, sintering temperatures of 1,000°C-1,300°C are required to produce dense electrolytes with high ionic conductivity. Li,La Zr,O,, (LLZO) 8 12 First discovered by Weppner et al. in 2007, LLZO has a garnet crystal structure and is a lithium-conducting oxide electrolyte. The low-conductivity tetragonal room temperature structure can be aliovalently doped to stabilize the high-conductivity cubic phase. Typical dopants are Al³* or Ga³ on the 24d Li site or Ta5+ or Nb5+ on the 16a site, with aluminum, tantalum, and gallium remaining the most popular due to chemical stability toward metallic lithium. LLZO has a high ionic conductivity up to 1 mS/cm at 25°C and low electronic conductivity of about 10-8-10-10 S/cm. The electrochemical window of LLZO extends beyond 5 V, enabling next-generation highvoltage cathode materials. Recent research within our group shows that LLZO exhibits many of the criteria to produce a practical solid electrolyte to enable use of lithium metal electrodes. LLZO powders can be produced through a solid-state reaction method and scaled to kilogram batch sizes. One approach is to use rapid induction hot pressing, a technique developed at the University of Michigan in which uniaxial force is applied to a die contained within an induction heating coil. The high heating rates enabled by induction heating rapidly eliminate porosity, limiting lithium volatilization to maintain stoichiometry. With this process, relative densities up to 99% have been achieved in under 10 minutes. Critical current density Faster charge or discharge rates put additional demand on the battery. At low charge rates or current densities (mA/cm²), lithium passes stably from the lithium metal electrode into the solid electrolyte. At high current densities, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 lithium metal filaments or dendrites form along grain boundaries or directly within electrolyte grains. Ease of synthesis Ionic conductivity Oxide Sulfide Polymer Lithium stability In solid electrolytes, resistance to dendrite or lithium filament formation appears to be closely correlated with current density, or total cell current divided by the electrolyte cross-sectional area. Consequently, there should be a critical current density (CCD) at which the cell fails due to lithium metal penetration. At current densities below this critical value, stable charging is possible. A typical test of CCD is stepped constant current plating of lithium using a symmetric cell, with lithium electrodes on either side of a solid electrolyte. Upon application of a current, lithium at one electrode is oxidized and enters the solid electrolyte. At the other electrode, lithium ions are reduced to form lithium metal and plate the electrolyte surface. Upon reversal of the applied current, lithium can be stripped back and plated in its original position. In a CCD test, current is increased in increments until steady-state ohmic resistance of the cell drops, indicating that lithium has shorted or partially shorted the cell. Figure 4 illustrates the DC profile for a typical CCD test. A sudden drop in cell voltage indicates a drop in cell resistance due to lithium metal short circuit. Figure 4c shows a lithium dendrite on the electrolyte surface after anode removal. Early Li/LLZO cells had CCD values less than 0.1 mA/cm², reflecting a 30-hour charge cycle for an equivalent Li-ion replacement battery. A CCD of this magnitude would limit charging speeds to values unacceptable for today\'s applications. These early demonstrations also suffered from poor contact between the lithium electrode and LLZO electrolyte, manifesting as high interfacial resistance. While metals do not typically wet oxides well, some groups established that thin metal or metal oxide coatings could dramatically improve the wetting of lithium metal on LLZO. However, these coatings may not be amenable to large-scale manufacturing. Elemental analysis of the native LLZO surface reveals a thin layer of Li₂CO3 on LLZO, resulting from reaction with water vapor and CO2 in air. This Li₂CO3 layer occludes the LLZO surface, preEase of processing Cathode stability Figure 3. Radar chart for electrochemical and physical properties of oxide, sulfide, and polymer solid electrolytes. E. M 0.100.050.00-0.05-0.1020000 Time [s] 2.0 Cell failure 1.5 1.0 -0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 40000 Current density [mA/cm²] 5 mm Figure 4. (a) Typical CCD test of lithium symmetric cell with increasing stepped current values until cell failure, establishing CCD. (b) LLZO cycled below the CCD with no visible damage. (c) LLZO after failure during CCD test, with black spot indicating failure due to lithium penetration.* venting facile lithium migration into the LLZO. Simple heat treatment in an inert environment can decompose the surface layer, revealing pristine LLZO that is easily wet by metallic lithium. As a result, the typical lithium interfacial resistance falls to below 5 Q.cm², and homogenous coverage of LLZO by lithium dramatically increases CCD values. 10 Fundamental research, such as the role of LLZO surface chemistry at the lithium metal interface, has significantly improved properties like CCD, which is an important performance metric for solid-state cell commercialization. Another area of investigation is the role of defects in mechanical properties in limiting CCD. One study showed that lithium can preferentially plate at grain boundaries in polycrystalline LLZO. Coarsening the microstructure decreases the areal number average grain boundaries and increases CCD in kind.¹¹ Figure 5 illustrates recent fundamental LLZO research that has aided understanding of cell interfaces and failure mechanisms. In a more practical demonstration, LLZO with an optimized lithium interface and grain size was recently cycled for over 100 cycles at a current density (1.0 mA/cm²) and capacity equivalent to a 3-hour charge of a Li-ion cell. 12 *Adapted from N.J. Taylor, S. Stangeland-Molo, C.G. Haslam, et al. “Demonstration of high current densities and extended cycling in the garnet Li̟La¸ZrO̟ solid electrolyte”, J. Power Sources, 396 (2018). Copyright 2018 Elsevier, used with permission. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 29 Credit: Nathan Taylor Credit: Elsevier Solid-state batteries: Unlocking lithium\'s potential with ceramic solid electrolytes Recent LLZO basic science progress 100 μm Evaluating microstructure/ performance C) -LLZO EELS line scan (3 nm/step) 0-nm positionin b and c 50 nm M Characterizing Li/electrolyte Below interface chemistry 5 unit cells b) 3 μm Identifying and mitigating Li induced failure <-LLZO t-LLZO-like Interphase (Li metal) Credit: See footnote. Figure 5. Recent progress on LLZO basic science. Center shows transparent 1-mm-thick sintered LLZO disc. (a) Electron backscatter map of LLZO used to characterize microstructure coarsening and the effect on electrochemical properties.* (b) SEM micrograph of lithium dendrite growth along grain boundaries in polycrystalline LLZO.* (c) STEM image of cubic LLZO in contact with lithium metal. EELS line scan revealed formation of a thin stabilizing tetragonal LLZO interphase.* After this extended cycling, no degradation at the lithium interface or short circuiting was observed, offering promise for LLZO-based solid-state cells with equivalent or better lifetime than Li-ion cells. Remaining challenges Lithium dendrites Despite the aforementioned progress on increasing CCD though understanding of lithium metal interface chemistry and mechanics, lithium dendrites remain a challenging roadblock to solidstate battery commercialization. Early fundamental models predicted that a separator material with over 2X the shear modulus of lithium (4.5 GPa) would be resistant to dendrite growth. In practice, however, most solid electrolytes show lithium dendrite growth despite shear moduli many times that of lithium. The mode of lithium filament propagation is still unclear and may take different forms. Lithium has been observed preferentially plating at grain boundaries within polycrystalline electrolytes, but filaments have also been observed within grains and within single crystal specimens. Careful management of the lithium interface and plating parameters have demonstrated current densities representative of real-world charging conditions. In spite of this progress, dendrite growth is still the major factor in solid-state cell cycling lifetime. As a more fundamental understanding of lithium filament growth in solid electrolytes develops, solid-state batteries are expected to continue to increase in power performance and lifetime. As CCD increases with temperature, early commercial cells may fully operate or charge at increased temperature (50°C-80°C) to prevent dendrite formation, with the added benefit of lower cell internal resistance. Composite cathode While the properties and understanding of solid electrolytes have greatly improved, significant challenges remain in constructing a cathode. In a conventional Li-ion cathode, active particles are cast with a conductive carbon onto a current collector bound by a polymeric binder, commonly PVDF. Once the cell is filled with liquid electrolyte, active particles can be supplied with lithium ions and electrons through the electrolyte and carbon phase, respectively. Replicating this structure with solid-state materials remains more challenging. Composite cathodes must be developed with active materials connected with a continuous ionic and electronic 3D percolating network. Early work cosintering active materials and common electrolytes shows that deleterious solid-state chemical reactions occur at the interface between the two phases, hindering Li-ion transport. As sulfide or polymer electrolytes can be densified without extensive thermal processing, they may be more ideal than oxide electrolytes to limit solid-state reactions within the composite cathode. Most Li-ion active cathode materials have significant volume change upon cycling. In response to lithium intercalation or deintercalation, the unit cell of the cathode swells or contracts. For today\'s state-of-the-art Li-Ni-Mn-Co layered oxide cathode, volume decreases about 3.4% for full discharge. In a composite cathode with a rigid sintered electrolyte phase, active materials may be physically constrained such that they cannot easily change volume. This situation may be alleviated by adding a compliant phase to take up this volume *a (Adapted from A. Sharafi, C.G. Haslam, R.D. Kerns et al., \"Controlling and correlating the effect of grain size with the mechanical and electrochemical properties of Li, La Zr₂O₁₂ solid-state electrolyte” J. Mater. Chem. A, 5 (2017), with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry.) 12 *b (Adapted from E.J. Cheng, A. Sharafi, J. Sakamoto, “Intergranular litium metal propagation through polycrystalline Li 6.25 Al0.25La¸Zr₂O12 ceramic electrolyte” Electrochemica Acta, 223 (2017). Copyright 2017 Elsevier, used with permission.) *c (Adapted with permission from C. Ma, Y. Cheng, K. Yin, et al., “Interfacial stability of litium metal-solid electrolyte elucidated via in situ electron microscopy\" Nano Lett. 16 (2016). Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society, used with permission.) 30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 change. Similarly, solid-solid electrochemical interfaces within the cathode could lose contact due to repeated cycling stresses, resulting in capacity loss. Manufacturing As the technical challenges facing solid-state battery technology are resolved, the largest remaining roadblock to widespread adoption is a low-cost manufacturing strategy. Li-ion batteries are produced in large quantities with well-established manufacturing technologies. The cost of a typical polymeric separator in a Li-ion battery is about $1/m², so it may be difficult for a ceramic solid electrolyte to compete as a drop-in replacement. 14 However, solid-state batteries can be cost-competitive with Li-ion batteries if a holistic approach to cell manufacturing can be realized. Significant opportunity remains for the ceramic industry to lend manufacturing and quality control expertise to develop solid-state battery technology. With Li-ion pack prices projected to fall below $100/kWh, competitive solid-state battery manufacturing must use scalable processes. 15 Roll-to-roll processing is ideal, given its low cost and the large existing capital investment. Additionally, roll-to-roll processing offers high-volume controlled application of discrete layers 5-150 µm in thickness. Due to the high sensitivity of lithium battery materials to residual water, dry rooms with controlled dewpoints of -40°C or less are an important component of manufacturing and represent a significant cost. In Li-ion manufacturing, battery electrodes typically are cast, dried, and calendared in atmosphere before moving to a controlled environment for assembly and electrolyte filling. Many solid-state battery materials have similar or higher moisture sensitivity than Li-ion materials, which may extend the need for controlled atmosphere to the entire manufacturing process. Unlike Li-ion batteries, solid-state batteries based on oxide solid electrolytes require a sintering step to produce ionically conducting electrolyte layers. Careful attention must be taken during sintering to achieve dense materials while retaining good electrochemical performance. Li₂O volatilization is significant at densification temperatures (1,000°C-1,300°C), requiring lithium reservoirs or over-lithiated starting materials. Another approach to prevent Li₂O loss is rapid thermal processing or hot-pressing of materials to avoid lithium loss. One additional concern during manufacturing is electrolyte thickness. While the electrolyte is an important component of the cell architecture, it does not contribute to storage capacity of the battery. As such, there is significant pressure to reduce the separator thickness. Energy-dense cell designs require a separator less than 50 µm in thickness, with less than 20 μm being ideal. An added benefit of reduced separator thickness is reduced raw material cost. Forming defectfree dense ceramic films at this thickness is challenging but within the scope of current tape-casting and densification technology. Conclusions Transportation is expected to demand the majority of Li-ion manufacturing capac ity in the next few years. While the costs of Li-ion batteries have fallen dramatically, there is still need for higher energy density storage with increased safety. Recent progress has shown some solid electrolytes have a combination of properties to reliably integrate the lithium metal anode into batteries. With a lithium metal anode, solidstate batteries offer much higher energy densities than Li-ion batteries and reduced pack-level cooling and monitoring. As solid-state battery technology builds momentum toward commercialization, many challenges remain. Chiefly, as solidstate technology scales-up, manufacturing techniques must be developed that leverage scalable processes, such as slurry casting and roll-to-roll processing. Material challenges also remain, including preventing lithium filament shorting of cells and mitigating issues arising from the cathode volume change during cycling. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge support through DOE ARPA-E (DE-AR0000653). A. Sharafi, R. Garcia, M. Wang, and T. Thompson made significant technical contributions to the background material presented here. About the authors Nathan J. Taylor is a postdoctoral felAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org low in the laboratory of Jeff Sakamoto, associate professor of mechanical engineering, at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Mich.). Contact Sakamoto at jeffsaka@umich.edu. For more information Greg Less manages pilot scale Li-ion production for commercial customers at the University of Michigan Battery Lab. Contact Less at gless@umich.edu. References \'BloombergNEF, \"Electric Vehicle Outlook 2019.\" http://about.bnef.com 2A. Masias, \"Lithium-ion Battery Design for Transportation\"; pp. 1-33 in Behavior of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles. Edited by G. Pistoia and B. Liaw. Springer, 2018. ³M.J. Safoutin, J. McDonald, B. Ellies, \"Predicting the future manufacturing cost of batteries for plug-in vehicles for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2017-2025 light-duty greenhouse gas standards,\" World Electric Vehicle Journal, 9 (2018). 4A. Magasinkski, P. Dixon, B. Hertzberg, A. Kvit, J. Ayala, G. Yushin, \"High-performance lithium-ion anodes using a hierarchical bottom-up approach,” Nat. Mater., 9, 353-8 (2010). 5N.J. Dudney, B.J. Neudecker, \"Solid state thin-film lithium battery systems,\" Curr. Opin. Solid St. M., 4, 479-82 (1999). \'K. Xu, “Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond,\" Chem. Rev., 114, 11503-618 (2014). \'T. Minami, A. Hayashi, M. Tatsumisago, \"Recent progress of glass and glass-ceramics as solid electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries,\" Solid State Ion., 26-32, 2715-20 (2006). 8R. Murugan, V. Thangadurai, W. Weppner, \"Fast lithium ion conduction in garnet-type Li,La,Zr₂O₁₂,\" Angew. Chem., 46 [41] 7778-81 (2007). \'J.L. Allen, J. Wolfenstein, E. Rangasamy, J. Sakamoto, \"Effect of substitution (Ta, Al, Ga) on the conductivity of Li,La Zr,O,\" J. Power Sources, 206, 315 (2012). 10A. Sharafi, S. Yu, M. Naguib, M. Lee, C. Ma, H.M. Meyer, J. Nanda, M. Chi, D.J. Siegel, J. Sakamoto, “Impact of air exposure and surface chemistry on Li-Li, La, Zr₂O12 interfacial resistance,\" J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 13475 (2017). \"A. Sharafi, C.G. Haslam, R.D. Kerns, J. Wolfenstine, J. Sakamoto, \"Controlling and correlating the effect of grain size with the mechanical and electrochemical properties of Li,La ZrO2 solid-state electrolyte,\" J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 21491 (2017). 12 12 12N.J. Taylor, S. Stangeland-Molo, C.G. Haslam, A. Sharafi, T. Thompson, M. Wang, R. Garcia-Mendez, J. Sakamoto, \"Demonstration of high current densities and extended cycling in the garnet Li, La Zr₂O₁₂ solid electrolyte,\" J. Power Sources, 396, 314 (2018). 13U.S. Department of Energy, \"Basic Needs for Next Generation Electrical Energy Storage.\" From Department of Energy Basic Research Needs Workshop, March 27-29, 2017. http://science.energy.gov/bes/community-resources/ reports 14P. Albertus, S. Babinec, S. Litzelman, A. Newman, \"Status and challenges in enabling the lithium metal electrode for high-energy and low-cost rechargeable batteries,\" Nature, 9, 16-21 (2018). 15R. Schmuch, R. Wagner, G. Horpel, T. Placke, M. Winter, \"Performance and cost of materials for lithiumbased rechargeable automotive batteries,\" Nat. Energy, 3, 267-78 (2018). 31 How can you participate in ceramics and glass education outreach? By David W. Richerson Education outreach shares the magic of ceramic and glass materials with the next generation—and everyone can find a way to participate. 32 ducation outreach is critical to recruit the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists and engineers-but it also provides a fun science experience to youth that just might inspire a STEM career. Recognizing the importance of education outreach, ACerS established an Education Committee around 1991 at the behest of then ACerS president Bob Egan. I was part of this team of motivated individuals who assembled and met at the Annual Meeting, where we defined goals and a strategy and began forming an action plan. The Committee chose two primary areas of focus: outreach to the community and continuing education to members. We implemented continuing education by helping develop National Institute of Ceramic Engineers (NICE) short courses to be offered in conjunction with annual meetings. I prepared a course on structural ceramics and recruited Richard Mistler, Ilhan Aksay, and Bryan McEntire to join me in a course on fabrication of ceramics. We later added other courses, such as sintering. The Committee\'s first outreach project was to assemble a Ceramic Demonstration Kit that could be used by individuals and distributed to Sections, student groups, and universities. Mark Glasper, who was ACerS communications director at that time, worked closely with the Committee to assemble and distribute kits. The first kits contained about 12 items, including a space shuttle tile, a catalytic converter substrate, and a superconductor demonstration set (Figure 1). I still have one of the first kits and have used it extensively over the years at the University of Utah and visits to schools and various community organizations. Once the committee assembled the kits, we provided training seminars to Sections at annual meetings to encourage use of the kits. The committee initiated and implemented many other outreach activities with ACerS support: Ceramic Science and Engineering Day at a high school in Westerville, Ohio; visits of high school teachers and students to the Expo at the ACerS Annual Meeting; broad distribution of periodic tables; and an ACerS traveling museum exhibit. The traveling museum exhibit was titled The Magic of Ceramics and included 10 large display cases containing various ceramic and www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 glass applications. The exhibit covered topics such as electrical and electronic ceramics, optical ceramics and glass, structural ceramics and composites, automotive ceramics (including magnetic and piezoelectric), and beautiful ceramic and glass art. The exhibit was part of the ACerS centennial celebration and traveled around the United States for three years, visiting nine different cities. In each city, we trained local members and Sections to conduct tours and outreach activities. The exhibit introduced hundreds of thousands of people to ceramics and glass. After touring, the traveling museum exhibit was set up for a couple of years at ACers headquarters in Westerville, Ohio. Because the exhibit represented such an excellent cross-section of uses of ceramics and glass, and because I had photographs of all the items in the exhibit, I offered to write an outreach book to be published by ACerS. This book would be different than anything ACerS had published previously. First, it would have to be in color and written at a level understandable by the general public. Second, it would have to be much less expensive than the technical volumes normally published by ACerS. The Society stepped up to this challenge-and the result was the book \"The Magic of Ceramics.\" In addition to the Society, students also stepped up to the challenge of ceramics outreach. They expanded use of demonstration kits, wrote curriculum materials, and developed classroom experiments to provide hands-on experience in materials science and engineering for middle school and high school teachers and students. These projects evolved into the Materials Science Classroom Kits that are supported today by the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation (CGIF). My experience with education outreach Now that you have the background, I can get to the important question-how can you participate? I will share my journey through education outreach to provide some inspiration and examples. Figure 1. Typical ceramic items in an early ACers Education Committee Ceramic Demonstration Kit (clockwise from upper left): molten metal filters, zirconia extrusion die, cordierite catalytic converter substrate, early space shuttle tile, superconductor demonstration set, silicon nitride cutting tool inserts, piezoelectric transducer, alumina IC package, zirconia oxygen sensor, alumina thread guide, silicon nitride bearing, and zirconia pump ball. As materials science and engineering students assumed leadership in outreach activities, I changed my personal focus to local projects. My concern was that K-12 students were not getting enough exposure to science and were not going into STEM fields. My goal was to find one fun and meaningful activity that would fit into the curriculum for each grade level. Through substitute teaching, my wife learned that earth science was part of the 2nd and 4th grade curriculum, but that many of the teachers had no background in earth science and were uncomfortable teaching the subject. I have been interested in minerals and fossils since elementary school, so I began receiving invitations from teachers to visit their classes. Within a few years, I was visiting as many as 20 classes per year and had prepared study modules on minerals and fossils that I could leave with each class. Figure 2 shows a portion of one of these study modules that illustrates various types of fossils. Such modules are easy to assemble and can be used over and over. To check what is taught in each grade in your town, go to the website for your local school district. If you have children or grandchildren in school, talk to their teachers and ask if some portion of the science curriculum could be enhanced. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Over the years, I developed an outreach partnership with the Geology and Geophysics Department at the University of Utah. One of the professors was working on a National Science Foundation (NSF) proposal to gather data on carbon dioxide from human compared to natural sources, which became known as the UTES program. I joined the program to design outreach and year-long partnerships in schools, starting projects on energy and air quality in 5th and 6th grades. These projects are another science-based activity that anyone in the ceramic and glass fields could easily take into school classes. Part of the approach I have used is discussion about energy efficiency, air pollution, and how materials play an important role in solving these issues. When the UTES program ended, I contacted Lynnette Madsen at NSF and recommended a small program to continue efforts with 5th and 6th grade classes. This suggestion resulted in the Materials Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future program (NSF grant DMR-0652634). Over a period of about five years, I developed year-long partnerships with several schools. At these schools, I visited classes at the beginning of the school year and talked with students about sources of 33 Credit: David W. Richerson How can you participate in ceramics and glass education outreach? TYPES OF FOSSILS TRILOBITES SHARK TEETH BRYOZOAN SABER-TOOTH FISH TOOTH GASTROPODS (Snails) CRINOID STEMS AMMONITES CORAL CLAM OYSTERS BRACHIOPODS PETRIFIED DRIFTWOOD Figure 2. One example of various fossil study modules used in 4th grade classes. pollution in the Salt Lake Valley, where bad air often results from inversion layers. I would challenge students to study issues of energy production (which in Utah was mostly burning coal) and sources of air pollution and then to plan and implement projects to reach out to their parents, communities, and even the governor and legislators. Students at one school, Morningside Elementary, were so effective that they got bills introduced and passed in the legislature and even got the governor to declare special days, such as \"Change a Light\" (switch from incandescent to fluorescent and LED), “Stop Idling,\" and \"Clean the Air\" days (Figure 3). Morningside students on the Stop Wasting Energy Everywhere Today (SWEET) team also met with Jane Goodall when she visited Salt Lake City (Figure 4). Morningside classes won the state Community Problem Solving award seven years in a row and went on to win top honors at the national level. One year, they won the Presidential Award Credit: David W. Richerson and were invited to Washington, D.C. Subsequent to the NSF program, I conducted an energy and air quality program in 5th and 6th grade classes in Tucson, Ariz., through Advanced Ceramics Research Foundation funding from the U.S. Department of Labor. Figure 5 illustrates one of the hands-on activities at the Gallego School in this program. You may think that such activities would take a great deal of my time, but that was not the case. I typically visited a class about six times during the year and then joined them on some outreach activities, such as visits to the governor and legislature. The key was finding a great teacher as a partner. Anyone can have an important impact on science education with relatively small time commitment by simply partnering with a motivated teacher. The teacher I worked with at Morningside Elementary went on to lead state-wide restructuring of the curriculum, so the small NSF program had a significant longterm impact on science education. In support of the 6th grade outreach activities, I organized city-wide venues where students could communicate what they were learning. These included art exhibits on energy and air quality and an annual Library Square Festival of Science and Art, where I partnered with about a dozen other community and university organizations. I also became active in the Utah Alliance for Science, Math, and Thank You Governor Huntsman! Figure 3. Members of the Morningside Elementary Get Really Energy Efficient Now (GREEN) team meeting with then Utah governor John Huntsman Jr., who supported the students\' \"Change a Light, Save the World\" initiative. 34 Credit: David W. Richerson Figure 4. Morningside Elementary Stop Wasting Energy Everywhere Today (SWEET) team students with their teacher and Jane Goodall. The students presented at a press conference for Goodall. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 Credit: David W. Richerson SCHOOL IS COO Technology Education, where I met other individuals that led to collaborations. Another personal goal is to extend career opportunity information to middle school and high school students. I have visited several classes and participated in various career day activities using the Ceramic Demonstration Kit. Anyone in materials science can easily do this-the first time may be a little intimidating, but then it is easy, fun, and effective. The kids really respond to hands-on activities. My largest outreach effort with high school students resulted when Anil Virkar, then department chair for the Materials Science and Engineering Department at the University of Utah, asked me to plan and propose a program to NSF. I partnered with faculty from each engineering department at the university, and together we proposed a program in which student teams in each department would plan handson activities and demonstrations (following the idea of the Ceramic Demonstration Kit). The goal was to inform high school students about career opportunities in engineering and to ultimately reach the governor\'s goal to double the number of engineering students at the University of Utah. NSF funded the program—not only did it greatly increase knowledge and interest of high school teachers and students in science and engineering, but it also stimulated a life-long enthusiasm of participating university professors and students in science outreach. Figure 6 shows a demonstration with a space shuttle tile at a high school class. Now, it is your turn So how can you participate? The easiest way is to support students through the CGIF by distributing Materials Science Classroom Kits to teachers and schools in your town. You can help as an individual or by encouraging your company or local ACerS Section to be a sponsor. Visit www.foundation.ceramics.org for more information. If you have a little extra time and enthusiasm, you can host a materials science workshop at a local school. Or maybe a local school already has a summer science program, such as the Summer Research Institute at Conrad Weiser High School in Robesonia, Pa. Such programs might be very happy to integrate a Materials Science Classroom Kit into their program, especially if you can offer involvement of one or more persons working in the ceramics and glass field. Use your imagination to come up with your own ideas for outreach-visit the school classes of your children or grandchildren; volunteer a career day presentation at a local middle school; organize an art competition or exhibit with a school or local library, using categories such as pollution control, energy efficiency (lighting, power generation), recycling, or the role of ceramics and glass in architecture; volunteer to be a science fair mentor or judge. CGIF outreach manager Belinda Raines (braines@ceramics. org) can help and give you other ideas about how to help. My experience is that outreach projects are fun and personally satisfying, but one always wonders if these projects have a lasting influence on the students. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Figure 5. Students at Gallego School in Tucson, Arizona showing their toothpick and marshmallow models that demonstrate the combustion of methane. Early this year, I received an answer to that question. My local community council passed a resolution to establish a Sustainability Task Force with a goal of achieving 100% renewable energy by 2032. One of the people that showed up for the organizational meeting was a young lady who had been a member of the GREEN team at Morningside Elementary. She had gone on to obtain degrees in chemistry and biology and had continued her involvement in environmental stewardship-what a satisfying experience! If you are interested or motivated to start an outreach effort in you town but are nervous about getting started, I am happy to talk with you. I can also share a copy of one of my NSF reports that describes step-by-step the visits to 5th and 6th grade classes, simple in-class projects, and some of the outreach projects implemented by students. About the author David W. Richerson is retired from the Materials Science and Engineering Department at the University of Utah; currently manager of minerals at the Natural History Museum of Utah. Contact Richerson at richersond@aol.com. Figure 6. The Materials Science and Engineering outreach team demonstrates the heat resistance of a space shuttle tile from the Ceramic Demonstration Kit. 35 Credit: David W. Richerson Credit: David W. Richerson Inspire the next generation Teacher with Chicago Public Schools receiving the current version of the Materials Science Classroom Kit. through CGIF programs Credit: On behalf of the Chicago Public Schools \'he Ceramic and Glass The Industry Foundation (CGIF) offers a number of outreach programs to inspire the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists and engineers—and there are a number of ways you can get involved! Materials Science Classroom Kit sponsorship program For the last several years, the CGIF has facilitated sponsorship of Materials Science Classroom Kits to teachers who, due to limited resources, are unable to purchase a kit for their classroom. Through a donation of only $250, a teacher on our waiting list or a teacher of your choosing can receive a Materials Science Classroom Kit, which is accompanied by \"The Magic of Ceramics\" book by David Richerson. The current version of our Materials Science Classroom Kit facilitates learning and inspires students to pursue further studies in materials science. Fun, hands-on lessons and activities introduce middle and high school students to the basic classes of materials: ceramics, composites, metals, and polymers. The Materials Science Classroom Kit complies with Next Generation Science Standards and is highly regarded as the best of its kind. Grant support for student outreach projects Because the CGIF was created to attract, inspire, and train the next generation of ceramic and glass professionals, the Foundation provides financial support for projects and activities that help fulfill the CGIF mission. Approved projects are directly related to introducing students to ceramic and glass science. The CGIF grants allow organizations and groups to develop or extend existing efforts to grow the base of ceramic and glass education, training, or outreach. In 2018, the CGIF provided over $87,000 to 12 recipients. Krista Carlson, assistant professor at University of Utah, received funding for a six-course science workshop, “The Hidden World of Glass,\" for teens at the Girls Transition Center, a secure residential treatment program for young women ages 12-18. Carlson developed the program to bring hands-on science activities to youth in secure facilities who are typically unable to participate in traditional science laboratory experiments. Carlson explained, “I think a lot of our societal issues could be solved by increasing the access people have to education and hands-on experiences. By bringing these activities into these facilities, we could potentially inspire the next generation of scientists who can create positive change in the world.” For more information on any of the Foundation\'s outreach activities or any volunteer opportunities, please contact Belinda Raines at braines@ ceramics.org. If you would like to support CGIF programs through a donation, please visit our website at https://foundation.ceramics.org/give. Volunteer to demonstrate kit lessons One of the most satisfying aspects of educational outreach is actually demonstrating materials science lessons and involving students and teachers in the hands-on activities. The CGIF participates in numerous events throughout the year and we always appreciate assistance from local members in demonstrating how fun materials science can be. October 2019 October 1-2 - Portland, Ore. During MS&T19, we will have several demonstration tables at the Mini-Materials Camp for middle school students on Tuesday and Wednesday of the event. October 19 - DeKalb, Ill. STEMfest will take place at Northern Illinois University, 9 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Volunteer for part of the day or all day. November 2019 November 14-16 - Cincinnati, Ohio The National Science Teachers Association regional conference in Cincinnati is a great opportunity to interact with teachers and give them hands-on experience with the kit lessons. November 19 - Denver, Colo. Join us for the Adams County Commissioners\' Career Expo, where we will perform some demos for hundreds of 8th graders to interest them in pursuing a career in our industry. This is a one-day event, 8:00 a.m.-2:00 p.m. April 2020 April 2-5 Boston, Mass. The National Science Teachers Association National Conference is a great way to share your knowledge with teachers who are eager to learn about our Materials Science Classroom Kit. April 24-26 - Washington, D.C. The USA Science & Engineering Festival takes place every two years and welcomes over 350,000 students, teachers, and families. We will demonstrate multiple lessons from the Materials Science Classroom Kit. 36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 ORONTONT OKONIO Delbert Day, left, and his son, Ted Day, at the symposium in honor of Day. \"Things I learned from Delbert Day—it had very little to do with glass,\" Steven Jung, Day\'s previous student and now chief technology officer at Mo-Sci, says during his presentation. He says what impacted him most was learning the importance of the written and spoken word, and becoming involved with professional societies and local communities. A Combined GFMAT/BiO meeting sees successful turnout in Toronto (Credit all images: ACerS) ttendees had the chance to experience not one but two conferences in mid-July. The 2nd Global Forum on Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Development (GFMAT-2) and the 4th International Conference on Innovations in Biomaterials, Biomanufacturing and Biotechnologies (Bio-4) took place in tandem July 21-26, 2019 in Toronto, Canada. More than 360 people, including 50 students, from 31 countries traveled to Toronto to attend GFMAT-2 and Bio-4. This year marks the first time the two conferences were held jointly. rican ociety You Tatsuki Ohji, left, presents the first plenary speaker Serena Best with a commemorative ceramic plate. The combined conference opened Sunday night with a welcome reception, and began in earnest Monday morning with plenaries given by five distinguished scientists from around the world-Serena Best (University of Cambridge, U.K.), Mrityunjay Singh (Ohio Aerospace Institute, U.S.), Xingdong Zhang (Sichuan University, China), Claude Delmas (Bordeaux Institute of Condensed-Matter Chemistry, France), and Robert Pilliar (University of Toronto, Canada). After each plenary, conference organizing chair Tatsuki Ohji presented the speakers with commemorative ceramic plates. On Tuesday, the Bio conference held a symposium in honor of Delbert E. Day, a luminary in the field of glass for healthcare applications. The symposium provided researchers a forum in which to discuss work similar and related to research conducted by Day, and to talk about how their personal relationships with Day have influenced them far beyond just research. In addition to the plenaries and Day symposium, numerous technical sessions provided looks into a wide array of topics, including eco-materials, innovative processing, and energy storage on the GFMAT side, and biomaterials for medical devices and dentistry on the Bio side. On Tuesday night, about 50 people presented at the poster session, hosted by the Global Graduate Researcher Network. During the Thursday night conference dinner, three students were awarded the Student Poster Awards sponsored by Mo-Sci: Andrey Tikhonov (Lomonosov Moscow State University), Natsuki Okajima (National Institute of Technology, Toyama College), and Ilknur Eryilmaz (Institut national de la recherche scientifique INRS). Read more about GFMAT-2/Bio-4 at http://bit.ly/GFMAT-Bio2019wrapup. View images from GFMAT-2/Bio-4 at http://bit.ly/GFMAT-Bio2019photos. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Attendees enjoy the coffee each day during the mid-morning break between technical sessions. 37 JOIN US FOR THE ACERS 121ST ANNUAL MEETING! SEPTEMBER 29 - OCTOBER 3, 2019 Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T 19 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY The MS&T partnership brings together scientists, engineers, students, suppliers, and more to discuss current research and technical applications, and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Register now to take part in the leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community. PORT LAND ORE GON ACERS SHORT COURSES SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28 9 a.m. 4:30 p.m. MATSCITECH.ORG SINTERING OF CERAMICS, day 1 SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 29 8 a.m. Noon 9 a.m. 2:30 p.m. INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE SINTERING OF CERAMICS, day 2 THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. FRIDAY, OCTOBER 8 a.m. - Noon 4 ELECTROCERAMICS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT, day 1 ELECTROCERAMICS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT, day 2 PLENARY LECTURES TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 | 8-10:40 a.m. ASM/TMS DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP IN MATERIALS AND SOCIETY Carolyn Hansson, professor of materials engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada The challenge of 100 year service-life requirement ACERS EDWARD ORTON JR. MEMORIAL LECTURE Minoru Tomozawa, professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Glass and water: Fast surface relaxation AIST ADOLF MARTENS MEMORIAL STEEL LECTURE Wolfgang Bleck, chair, Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, IEHK Steel Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Germany The fascinating variety of new manganese alloyed steels HOTEL INFORMATION RESERVATION DEADLINE: SEPTEMBER 6, 2019 For best availability and immediate confirmation, make your reservation online at matscitech.org/mst19. PORTLAND MARRIOTT DOWNTOWN WATERFRONT - ACERS HQ | $209 plus tax/night single or double MAX light rail Included with your MS&T registration is a pass for the Portland MAX Light Rail, which will get you back and forth from your hotel to the conference. 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 SPECIAL EVENTS SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 29 5-6 p.m. 5:30-7:30 p.m. REGISTER NOW! WWW.MATSCITECH.ORG/MST19 WHERE MATERIALS INNOVATION HAPPENS MS&T WOMEN IN MATERIALS SCIENCE RECEPTION ACERS PCSA & KERAMOS RECEPTION MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 30 8:30 a.m. 1-2 p.m. 5-6 p.m. 6 p.m. ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT AND COMPETITION 6:45 7:30 p.m. 7:30-10 p.m. ACERS 121ST ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP MEETING MS&T PARTNERS\' WELCOME RECEPTION ACERS ANNUAL HONOR AND AWARDS BANQUET RECEPTION ACERS ANNUAL HONOR AND AWARDS BANQUET TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 7 a.m.6 p.m. 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. 11 a.m. 1 p.m. Noon - 2 p.m. 1 - 6 p.m. 4-6 p.m. 4:45 5:45 p.m. ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION EXHIBITION SHOW HOURS GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH PRESENTERS MS&T FOOD COURT GENERAL POSTER VIEWING EXHIBITOR NETWORKING RECEPTION GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH PRESENTERS WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 7 a.m. Noon ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION 9:30 a.m. 2 p.m. GENERAL POSTER SESSION WITH PRESENTERS 9:30 a.m. 2 p.m. EXHIBITION SHOW HOURS Noon - 2 p.m. MS&T FOOD COURT THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3 7 a.m. Noon ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION CERAMOGRAPHIC EXHIBIT & COMPETITION Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY ACERS LECTURES AND AWARDS MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 30 8:10 - 8:55 a.m. | ACERS NAVROTSKY AWARD FOR EXPERIMENTAL THERMODYNAMICS OF SOLIDS - Alexander Beutl, Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFunctional Materials, University of Vienna, Althanstraße, Austria, A novel apparatus for coulometric titrations in lithium containing systems 9-10 a.m. | ACERS/EPDC ARTHUR L. FRIEDBERG CERAMIC ENGINEERING TUTORIAL AND LECTURE – Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida, USA, Redefining material design paradigms for next generation optical materials 24:40 p.m. | ACERS RICHARD M. FULRATH AWARD SESSION - Manabu Fukushima, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan, Engineering cellular ceramics with modulated pore configurations - Keigo Suzuki, Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Japan, Fabrication and characterization of nanoscale dielectrics for the design of advanced ceramic capacitors - Ronald Polcawich, U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), USA, Piezoelectric thin film processing, PiezoMEMS devices, and an overview of PRIGM, SHRIMP, & AMEBA programs - Koichiro Morita, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Japan, Dielectric material design and lifetime prediction for highly reliable MLCCs - Vilas Pol, Purdue University, USA, Engineered ceramic materials for energy storage TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1 1-2 p.m. | ACERS FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AND SOCIETYRUSTUM ROY LECTURE - Jennifer Lewis, Harvard University, USA, Printing architected matter in three dimensions 2- 4:40 p.m. | ACERS GOMD ALFRED R. COOPER AWARD SESSION Cooper Distinguished Lecture - Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida, USA, Function-tailoring strategies for broadband infrared glasses 2019 Alfred R. Cooper Young Scholar Award Presentation - Wataru Takeda, Coe College, USA, Topological constraint model of high lithium content borate glasses WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 2 1-2 p.m. | ACERS BASIC SCIENCE DIVISION ROBERT B. SOSMAN LECTURE - Yury Gogotsi, Drexel University, USA, Nanomaterials born from ceramics: Transformative synthesis of carbons, carbides and nitrides ASM TMS INTERNATIONAL The Minerals, Metals Materials Society Co-Sponsored by: NACE INTERNATIONAL The Worldwide Corrosion Authority American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 39 Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center | Daytona Beach, Fla., USA 44TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES ceramics.org/icacc2020 Organized by ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division, the 44th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC) will be held January 26-31, 2020, in Daytona Beach, Fla. As one of the largest international meetings on emerging ceramic materials and technologies, ICACC20 promises a strong technical program that includes 18 symposia, five focused sessions, and three special symposia covering a variety of topics. ICACC has a strong history in attracting thought leaders and renowned experts on the latest research and developments on advanced structural and functional ceramics. The technical program will include areas of research, development, engineering, and applications of advanced structural ceramics, composites, and other emerging materials and technologies. The technical program includes topics such as mechanical behavior and performance of ceramics and composites; advanced ceramic coatings for structural, environmental, and functional applications; developments in armor ceramics; bioceramics and biocomposites; advanced materials for rechargeable energy storage; applications and developments of porous ceramics; machine learning; geopolymers and sustainable materials; and much more. Peruse the complete technical program on the next page to see the wide range of symposia topics. ICACC20 is also a lucrative opportunity for exhibitors looking to connect with decision makers. If you have not already secured your booth space, check out the details on the next page on how to put your company in front of this audience. We look forward to seeing you in Daytona Beach, Florida, in January 2020! Valerie Wiesner Program chair, ICACC 2020 NASA Glenn Research Center E-mail: valerie.l.wiesner@nasa.gov Follow @icaccchair on Twitter for updates HILTON DAYTONA BEACH RESORT 100 North Atlantic Ave., Daytona Beach, FL 32118 Phone: 1-386-254-8200 Rates: One to four occupants: $180 USD The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division The American Ceramic Society Organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society TENTATIVE SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Sunday, January 26, 2020 Conference registration Welcome reception at Hilton Monday, January 27, 2020 Conference registration 2-7 p.m. 5:30-7 p.m. 7 a.m. - 6 p.m. Opening awards ceremony and plenary session 8:30 a.m. – Noon Companion coffee Lunch on own Concurrent technical sessions 9- 10:30a.m. Noon–1:20 p.m. 1:30-5:30 p.m. Young Professional Network, GGRN, student mixer 7:30 - 9 p.m. Tuesday, January 28, 2020 Conference registration Concurrent technical sessions Lunch on own Concurrent technical sessions 7:30a.m. 6 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon Noon–1:20 p.m. 1:30-6 p.m. Exhibits and poster session A, including reception 5-8 p.m. Wednesday, January 29, 2020 Conference registration Concurrent technical sessions Lunch on own Concurrent technical sessions 7:30 a.m. 5:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon Noon–1:20 p.m. 1:30-5 p.m. Exhibits and poster session B, including reception 5-7:30 p.m. Thursday, January 30, 2020 Conference registration Concurrent technical sessions Lunch on own Concurrent technical sessions Last night reception Friday - January 31, 2020 Conference registration Concurrent technical sessions 7:30 a.m.6 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon Noon–1:20 p.m. 1:30-5 p.m. 5:30-6:30 p.m. 8 a.m. - Noon 8:30 a.m. Noon U.S. government employee: Prevailing rate Mention The American Ceramic Society to obtain the special rate. Room rates are effective until December 20, 2019 and are based on availability. 40 40 OFFICIAL NEWS SOURCES bulletin Ceramic TechToday, FROM THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY emerging ceramics & glass technology www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 SAVE THE DATE JANUARY 26-31, 2020! EXHIBITION INFORMATION Reserve your booth today for the premier international advanced ceramics and composites expo. Connect with decision makers and influencers in government labs, industry, and research and development fields. ICACC20 is your destination to collaborate with business partners, cultivate prospects, and explore new business opportunities. Exhibit hours Tuesday, January 28, 2020, 5-8 p.m. Wednesday, January 29, 2020, 5–7:30 p.m. Exposition location Ocean Center Arena, 101 North Atlantic Avenue, Daytona Beach, FL Exhibit space is filling up fast. To reserve your booth, visit www.ceramics.org/icacc2020 or contact Mona Thiel at mthiel@ceramics.org or 614-794-5834. AVS, Inc. Exhibitor Booth 3DCeram Sinto Inc. 318 AdValue Technology, LLC 216 Alfred University 315 Anton Paar 218 307 Centorr Vacuum Industries 200 Ceramics Expo 311 CM Furnaces 214 Eurofins EAG 301 Fritsch Milling & Sizing, Inc. 219 Haiku Tech 208 Harper International 313 Lithoz America LLC 103 Netzsch Instruments 300 Nordson SONOSCAN 302 Oxy-Gon Industries, Inc. 215 Praxair Surface Technologies 217 Reserved 210 Springer Nature 107 206 303 Tev Tech Thermcraft, Inc. ICACC20 TECHNICAL PROGRAM S1 Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics and Composites S2 Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications S3 17th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Cells (SOC): Materials, Science and Technology S4 Armor Ceramics - Challenges and New Developments S5 Next Generation Bioceramics and Biocomposites S6 Advanced Materials and Technologies for Rechargeable Energy Storage S7 14th International Symposium on Functional Nanomaterials and Thin Films for Sustainable Energy Harvesting, Environmental, and Health Applications S8 14th International Symposium on Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials and Systems (APMT14) S9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications S10 Modeling, Genome, Informatics, and Machine Learning S11 Advanced Materials and Innovative Processing Ideas for Production Root Technologies S12 On the Design of Nano-laminated Ternary Transition Metal Carbides/ Nitrides (MAX Phases) and Borides (MAB Phases), and their 2D counterparts (MXenes, MBenes) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org S13 Development and Applications of Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Nuclear Fission and Fusion Energy Systems S14 Crystalline Materials for Electrical, Optical, and Medical Applications S15 4th International Symposium on Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies S16 Geopolymers, Inorganic Polymers, and Sustainable Materials S17 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy S18 Ultra-high Temperature Ceramics FS1 Bio-inspired Processing of Advanced Materials FS2 Image-based Characterization and Modelling of Ceramics by Nondestructive Examination Techniques FS3 Molecular-level Processing and Chemical Engineering of Functional Materials FS4 Green Technologies and Ceramic/Carbon Reinforced Polymers FS5 Materials for Thermoelectrics 9th Global Young Investigator Forum 4th Pacific Rim Engineering Ceramics Summit Special Focused Session on Diversity, Entrepreneurship, and Commercialization 41 ceramics.org/ema2020 DEADLINE CALL ABSTRACTS FOR SEPTEMBER 6, 2019 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS (EMA 2020) January 22 - 24, 2020 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel | Orlando, Fla., USA ORGANIZED BY ACERS ELECTRONICS AND BASIC SCIENCE DIVISIONS EMA 2020 is designed for researchers, engineers, technologists, and students interested in basic science, engineering, and applications of electroceramic materials. Speakers include an international mix of university, industrial, and federal laboratory participants exchanging information and ideas on the latest developments in theory, experimental investigation, and applications of electroceramic materials. Students are highly encouraged to participate in the meeting. Prizes will be awarded for the best oral and poster student presentation. Please join us in Orlando, Florida, to participate in this unique experience! ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Alp Sehirlioglu (Electronics TECHNICAL PROGRAM S1 S2 Characterization of Structure-Property Relationships in Functional Ceramics Advanced Electronic Materials: Processing Structures, Properties, and Applications S3 Frontiers in Ferroic Oxides: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications S4 Complex Oxide Thin Film Materials Discovery: From Synthesis to Strain/Interface Engineered Emergent Properties S5 Mesoscale Phenomena in Ferroic Nanostructures: Beyond the ThinFilm Paradigm S6 Complex Oxide and Chalcogenide Semiconductors: Research and Applications S7 Superconducting and Magnetic Materials: From Basic Science to Applications Division) Case Western Reserve University Sehirlioglu alp.sehirlioglu@ case.edu Hui (Claire) Xiong, (Electronics Division) Boise State University clairexiong@ Xiong boisestate.edu S10 Point Defects and Transport in Ceramics Jeffrey M. Rickman, (Basic Science Division) S8 59 Structure-property Relationships in Relaxor Ceramics lon-Conducting Ceramics Lehigh University jmr6@lehigh.edu Rickman Wolfgang Rheinheimer, S12 (Basic Science Division) Rheinheimer Purdue University wrheinhe@ purdue.edu SCHEDULE OF EVENTS TUESDAY, JANUARY 21, 2020 Conference registration WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 22, 2020 Conference registration Plenary session 1 Concurrent technical sessions Poster session set up Lunch on own Coffee break Poster session & reception Basic Science Division tutorial 42 5-6:30 p.m. 7:30 a.m.-6 p.m. 8:30 9:30 a.m. 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 12:30-5 p.m. 12:30-2 p.m. 3:30-4 p.m. 5:30-7:30 p.m. 7:40-8:45 p.m. S11 New Directions in Sintering and Microstructure Control for Electronic Applications Electronic Materials Applications in 5G Telecommunications S13 Thermal Transport in Functional Materials and Devices S14 Agile Design of Electronic Materials: Aligned Computational and Experimental Approaches and Materials Informatics S15 Functional Materials for Biological Applications S16 Molecular, Inorganic, and Hybrid Ferroelectrics for Optoelectronic and Electronic Applications THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020 Conference registration Plenary session 2 Concurrent technical sessions Lunch on own Coffee break 7:30 a.m.-6 p.m. 8:30 9:30 a.m. 10 a.m.-5:30 p.m. 12:30 - 20 p.m. 3:30-4 p.m. Student & young professionals reception 5:30 - 6:30 p.m. Conference dinner FRIDAY, JANUARY 24, 2020 Conference registration Concurrent technical sessions Lunch on own Failure: The greatest teacher 7-9 p.m. 7:30 a.m. 4 p.m. 8:30 a.m. - 5 p.m. 12:30-2 p.m. 3:30-5 p.m. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 new products DualBeam instrument with fast, switchable ion species enables innovative research he Helios TH Hydra DualBeam delivers four different ions as the primary beam, allowing researchers and engineers to easily switch between ion species in less than 10 minutes without sacrificing performance. Previously, the application of different beams required researchers to transfer the sample between instruments or conduct lengthy, complicated source exchanges. Now, the beam can be applied to the sample directly after initial milling, vastly reducing transfer and processing time. Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, Mass.) 1-800-556-2323 www.thermofisher.com Buzz screw feeder offers viable alternatives to upgrading handscoop operations \'ngredient Masters introduces the IB BUEHLER DGD Mosaic™ Diameter Bin Grit 220 41-708-0220 Buehler introduces Mosaic diamond grinding discs for sample preparation uehler introduced the Mosaic line Buzz Screw Feeder, a compact, light of diamond grinding discs (DGD) weight, and portable dispenser designed to bridge the gap between expensive automated screw feeders and laborious hand scooping of dry materials. Using a simple cordless drill, the Buzz Screw Feeder dispenses most dry bulk materials quickly, precisely, and easily. Available in two sizes, the Buzz Screw Feeder 175 Series can dispense at a rate of up to 1.25 cubic feet per minute, while the 250 Series is capable of up to 3.45 cubic feet per minute. Ingredient Masters, Inc. (Batavia, Ohio) 513-231-7432 www.ingredientmasters.com for superb material removal in the grinding process of sample preparation. The Mosaic DGDs are available with a magnetic backing and come in 8\", 10\", or 12\" discs in 120, 220, 320, 400, and 1,000 grit sizes. This is Buehler\'s fifth line of DGDs in the grinding consumable offering, and the Mosaic DGD is especially suited for demanding laboratories working with heavy duty metals or durable materials. Buehler (Lake Bluff, III.) 1-847-295-6500 www.buehler.com Bricking Solutions\' new rolling work platform offers 25% more productivity Bricking Solutions introduces its Rolling Work Platform for improved safety and efficiency during maintenance of horizontal vessels. Coupled with a hydraulic jack system, the Rolling Work Platform is erected in as little as 30 minutes and adjusts to maintain a level working surface in less than 20 minutes, even while operating in vessels with an incline of up to 20 degrees. Compared to traditional rolling scaffolds, the platform offers 25% increased productivity. Bricking Solutions, Inc. (Monroe, Wash.) 1-360-794-1277 www.brickingsolutions.com ROSS skid-mounted high shear powder induction & mixing system The ROSS Model HSMTC-25 is an inline high shear rotor/stator mixing system incorporating solids/liquid injection manifold (SLIM) technology. Unlike conventional eductors, the unique SLIM rotor/stator generates a powerful vacuum without the aid of external pumps and pulls powders directly into the mix chamber, promoting instantaneous wet out under high shear conditions. Charles Ross & Son Company (Hauppauge, N.Y.) 1-800-243-7677 www.mixers.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org ROSS 43 resources Calendar of events September 2019 2-6 Materials Research Society of Serbia Annual Conference YUCOMAT 2019 and 11th IISS World Round Table Conference on Sintering – Herceg Novi, Montenegro; www.mrs-serbia.org.rs 4-6 3rd Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS19) - Falls Church Marriott Farview Park, Falls Church, Va.; www.ceramics.org/ehs2019 22-27 HTCMC10: 10th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Palais des Congrès, Bordeaux, France; www.ht-cmc10.org 23-25 Annual conference of the Serbian Ceramic Society - Belgrade, Serbia; www.serbianceramicsociety. rs/index.htm 29-Oct. 3 MS&T19 combined with the ACerS 121st Annual Meeting Portland, Ore.; www.matscitech.org October 2019 7-11 4th International Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials Bukk, Hotel Palota at Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary; www.ic-rmmconf.eu 13-16 UNITECR 2019: United Int\'l Technical Conference on Refractories Pacifico Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan; www.unitecr2019.org 27-31 PACRIM 13: 13th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Okinawa Convention Center, Ginowan City, Okinawa, Japan; www.ceramics.org/pacrim13 28-31 80th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org November 2019 18-20 Indian Minerals & Markets Forum 2019 - JW Marriott Mumbai Juhu, Mumbai, India; http://imformed. com/get-imformed/forums/indiaminerals-markets-forum-2019 December 2019 1-6 2019 MRS Fall Meeting - Hynes Convention Center, Boston, Mass.; www.mrs.org/fall2019 Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. SEAL denotes Corporate partner 44 2020 MRS SPRING MEETING & EXHIBIT April 13-17, 2020 | Phoenix, Arizona CALL FOR PAPERS Spring Meeting registrations include MRS Membership July 1, 2020 - June, 2021 ▸ Characterization and Theory ▸ Electronic and Photonic Energy, Storage and Conversion ་ Abstract Submission May 13 - June 13, 2019 mrs.org/spring2020 MRS MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY® Advancing materials. Improving the quality of life. ▸ Nanoscale and Quantum Materials ▸ Soft Materials and Biomaterials Follow the Meeting! #S20MRS Meeting Chairs Qing Cao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Miyoung Kim Seoul National University Rajesh Naik Air Force Research Laboratory James M. 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Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-942-5607 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST 47 O deciphering the discipline A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors. Kimiko Nakajima Guest columnist Thermodynamic perspective on nanoparticles for Li-ion battery cathode Nanostructured ceramic materials have attracted much research interest over the past few decades as they often exhibit distinct functionalities due to their small crystallite size and large surface area compared to their bulk counterparts. For example, ceramic nanoparticles allow production of dense materials with high mechanical strength and transparency, and large surface area aids catalysts and rechargeable batteries by providing more reaction sites and shorter diffusion distances. To thoroughly understand the effect of interfaces on properties of nanostructured materials, studying their thermodynamics is crucial. At interfaces, atoms are coordi nated by fewer neighboring atoms than in bulk, resulting in atomic bonds that are not fully satisfied. These unsatisfied bonds give rise to interface instability, defined as interfacial energy, which is the energy required to produce one unit area of surface or grain boundary. Although interfacial energies of ceramic materials are typically on the order of a few joules per square meter, as particles become smaller than 100 nm, surface area roughly translates to at least 2,500 m²/mol. Navrotsky et al. showed the energy arising from this large surface area gives transition metal oxide nanoparticles different redox equilibria and phase stability from those of bulk metal oxides.¹ From a design perspective, interfacial energies can be manipulated by introducing dopants that segregate to interfaces and better satisfy the local atomic bonds.² This change in interfacial energies can significantly impact properties of nanostructured materials, as demonstrated by Bokov et al., who synthesized dense nanocrystalline yttria stabilized zirconia with improved toughness by using a rare-earth metal as a dopant.³ Inspired by these studies, my research in Prof. Ricardo Castro\'s group at the University of California, Davis, has focused on interfacial energies of nanoLiMnO4, a cathode material for Li-ion 48 Sample Collector Ultrasonic spray Flame Fuel batteries, to address the increasing energy demand within society. It has been suggested that the use of nanoparticles in batteries can effectively improve battery capacity and power.4 However, aforementioned interfacial energies of LiMnO4 nanoparticles can adversely affect the phase and structural stability of the cathode, and therefore the reversibility of Li-ion insertion and extraction in batteries, resulting in a shortened cycle life. The goal of my project is to design a highly stable nanoparticle cathode by quantifying the interfacial energies of LiMnO nanoparticles and tuning those energies via doping. Carrier & oxidizing gas Precursor solution (nitrates) Figure 1. In this reactor, precursor solution is vaporized by ultrasonic spray. The vapor is carried into the torch along with fuel and oxidizing gas, where it goes through rapid evaporation and oxidation to produce oxide nanoparticles. One of the major challenges in studying nanoparticle interfaces is the fabrication of pure, homogeneous materials, as any contamination can drastically affect interface properties. To avoid contamination, I developed a bench-top flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) reactor (Figure 1), which enables clean, scalable, one-step synthesis of LiMn2O4 nanoparticles with crystallize size of about 30 nm. On the synthesized nano-LiMn2O, I measured the exothermic heat released during grain growth of the nanoparticles as they are heated up to approximately 800°C using a differential scanning calorimeter. It is critical that grain growth is the only process taking place, rather than additional processes such as redox reaction of metals or water desorption, in order to reliably attribute the heat effect solely to interfacial area change during grain growth. Based on the measured heat of grain growth combined with data on crystallite size change and interfacial area change during the process, surface and grain boundary energies of the nanoparticles are derived, providing further insight into the stability of the nanocathode. I will be presenting this work with more details at MS&T in Portland, Oregon, this October, proposing a novel thermodynamic strategy for stabilizing cathode nanoparticles. Future work includes mechanical properties and impedance measurements on undoped and doped LiMn2O for the comprehensive analysis on the effect of dopant. See you in Portland! References 1A. Navrotsky, C. Ma, K. Lilova, and N. Birkner, Science, 330 [6001] 199-201 (2010). 2R. Kirchheim, Acta Materialia, 55 [15] 51295138 (2007). 3A. Bokov, S. Zhang, L. Feng, S.J. Dillon, R. Faller, and R.H. Castro, Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 38 [12] 4260-4267 (2018). 4J. Lu, Z. Chen, Z. Ma, F. Pan, L.A. Curtiss, and K. Amine, Nature Nanotechnology, 11 [12] 1031-1038 (2016). Kimiko Nakajima is a Ph.D. candidate in materials science and engineering at the University of California, Davis. In addition to her current research on interfaces of engineered ceramic nanoparticles, she is interested in biominerals because \"Nature is far ahead of humanity technologically, efficiently synthesizing self-healing ceramic materials with such intricate structures!\" Credit: Kimiko Nakajima www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 98, No. 7 SUBMIT YOUR ABSTRACT! 2020 Pan American Ceramics Congress and Ferroelectrics Meeting of Americas (PACC-FMAS) JULY 19-23, 2020 98 PANAMA CITY, PANAMA 2020 PAN AMERICAN CERAMICS CONGRESS and FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS (PACC-FMAS) ceramics.org/PACCFMAS Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org 田 AMERICAN ELEMENTS yttrium iron garnet glassy carbon THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER ® fused quartz beamsplitters H 1.00794 Hydrogen photonics piezoceramics III-IV semiconductors bioimplants europium phosphors additive manufacturing transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process Be B с barium fluoride 14.0067 Nitrogen zeolite Li 6.941 Lithium 12 9.012182 Beryllium Na Mg 22.98976928 Sodium 24.305 Magnesium raman substrates sapphire windows anod oxides K 39.0983 Potassium 20 Ca 40.078 Calcium 21 Sc 44.955912 Scandium Rb 85.4678 Sr TiCN Rubidium Strontium 132.9054 Cesium 39 Y 88.90585 Yttrium 137.327 Barium 138.90647 Lanthanum 40 27 Ti V Cr Mn Fe 55.845 Iron 47.867 Titanium 50.9415 Vanadium Zr 91.224 Zirconium 41 105 42 51.9961 Chromium 54.938045 Manganese 43 Nb Mo Tc 92.90638 Niobium 95.96 Molybdenum 106 107 (98.0) Technetium 44 108 Ru 101.07 Ruthenium Hs 45 109 10.811 Boron anti-ballistic Co Ni Cu 58.6934 Nickel Copper 13 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum 14 58.933196 Cobalt Rh 102.9055 Rhodium = Mt ༥ ཚ ཿག 110 47 Pd Ag Palladium 79 107.8682 Silver Pt Au 195.084 Platinum 111 196.966569 Gold Ds Rg 48 80 112 31 Zn 65.38 Zinc Cd 112.411 Cadmium Hg 200.59 Mercury 49 81 113 32 12.0107 Carbon Si 28.0855 Silicon Ga Ge 69.723 Gallium In 114.818 Indium ΤΙ 204.3833 Thallium Nh 50 82 114 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead FI 15 33 51 83 NP 30.973762 Phosphorus 115 As 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 16 84 116 O 15.9994 Oxygen S 32.065 Sulfur Se 78.96 Selenium Te Tellurium 17 53 F 18.9984032 Fluorine CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine 18 He 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar 39.948 Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon Po At Rn (209) Polonium (210) Astatine 118 Mc Lv 117 (222) Radon Ts Og Cn (226) Radium (227) Actinium (267) Rutherfordium (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborgium (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium (276) Meitnerium (281) (280) (285) Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium (284) Nihonium (289) Flerovium (288) Moscovium (293) Livermorium (294) Tennessine ZnS Cs Ba La Fr (223) Francium Si3N4 88 Ra Ac quantum dots 72 104 Hf 178.48 Hafnium 73 Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 74 W 183.84 Tungsten 75 76 Re Os 186.207 Rhenium Rf Db Sg Bh 190.23 Osmium epitaxial crystal growth Ce Pr 140.116 Cerium 60 61 62 Nd Pm Sm Eu (145) Promethium 150.36 Samarium 151.964 Europium 77 Ir 192.217 Iridium 140.90765 144.242 Praseodymium Neodymium 91 Th Pa ཨསྨཱནཾ 95 96 cerium oxide polishing powder 67 68 Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 158.92536 Terbium 162.5 Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 167.259 Erbium 168.93421 Thulium 173.054 Ytterbium 157.25 Gadolinium 97 93 Np 94 Pu Am Cm Bk Cf E Lu 174.9668 Lutetium 101 102 103 U Es Fm Md No Lr 232.03806 Thorium 231.03588 Protactinium 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) (243) (247) Plutonium Americium Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium transparent ceramics SiALON GDC alumina substrates sputtering targets deposition slugs MBE grade materials lithium niobate magnesia thin film chalcogenides superconductors nanodispersions fuel cell materials Now Invent. beta-barium borate (294) Oganesson ITO YSZ ribbons silicates termet h-BN InGaAs rutile spintronics YBCO perovskites laser crystals TM CVD precursors silicon carbide solar energy photovoltaics scintillation Ce:YAG The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs Over 15,000 certified high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a state-of-the-art Research Center. 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