AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology APRIL 2013 MAX phases: Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics New paradigm: Field-assisted sintering ⚫ Ceramic property data in the Internet age Indian Ceramic Society and ACerS sign pact Meeting previews: PACRIM, GOMD, UNITECR, Structural Clay Products Division ⚫ Made the same way since 1942. Including all the years we made it better. Fiberfrax UNIFRAX When you choose the original FiberfraxⓇ brand, you get more than leading refractory ceramic fiber products. Thanks to the shared expertise and support of our customers, distributors and employees, you also get 70 years of comprehensive experience in the development ORIGINAL FRAX BRAND of high temperature solutions for demanding industrial, emission control and fire protection applications. Over 50 Fiberfrax product forms, as well as our InsulfraxⓇ and IsofraxⓇ soluble fiber products are backed by our experienced application engineers, customer service team and extensive distributor network to deliver the support you need wherever you\'re located in the global market. Choose Fiberfrax and our other original Frax Brand products for innovative heat management and energy saving solutions of unparalleled quality, performance and value. For more information contact Unifrax at 716-278-3800. UNIFRAX www.unifrax.com contents feature articles April 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 3 MAX phases: Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics Miladin Radovic and Michel W. Barsoum 20 This exciting class of carbides and nitrides have remarkable properties that bridge the gap between metals and ceramics and offer fundamentally new ways to tune structure and properties for emerging applications. New paradigm prophecy Peter Wray 28 Could sintering under an electric field be a new paradigm for ceramics processing? In this interview, Rishi Raj explains field-assisted sintering technology, how Hans Conrad discovered it, and how it might revolutionize manufacturing. Current availability of ceramic property data and future opportunities Steve Freiman and John Rumble 34 The authors present the case for establishing a single portal for accessing ceramic property data based on their year-long study of databases and work with data users. A compilation of ceramic property data resources is included. meetings PACRIM 10, including GOMD 2013 cover story Microstructure of Ti, AIC, one of the MAX phases. (Credit: Radovic and Benitez, TAMU.) - page 20 40 Overview 40 Plenary speakers.. 41 Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Tentative schedule of events 41 42 Hotel information 42 Short courses 42 ACers and Indian Ceramic Symposia schedule UNITECR 2013 43 46 Keynote and plenary speakers. 46 Society sign Memorandum of Understanding (Credit: ACerS) Schedule at a glance. 46 – page 11 Technical program Hotel information Short courses Highlights from the 37th International Conference & Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites Failure-induced success at Electronic Materials and Applications meeting in Orlando .. 47 47 47 40 49 50 50 departments News & Trends • White House calls for increased access to federally funded research results • Business news • University of Bremen is hiring to launch its €4.5M MIMENIMA porous advanced ceramic effort • New $2.5M landmark conservation science institute to be established for the arts • Gordon Research Conferences 2013 schedule • Billions in federal R&D \'recovery\' monies still on the table in the US? American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org ceramics in the environment Internal curing of concrete structures (Credit: Andy Hancock, Purdue University.) - page 18 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org Peter Wray, Contributing Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess M. Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Olivia Graeve, Chair, Alfred University Allen Apblett, Oklahoma State University Andrew Gyekenyesi, Ohio Aerospace Institute Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales contents ACers Spotlight • April 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 3 Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! • Hench to receive Michigan/NW Ohio Section Award • Last chance to submit nominations for the new Du-Co awards • Ceramic Education Council strengthens university-industry bond • ACers and Indian Ceramic Society sign Memorandum of Understanding • Ceramic Tech Today • PCSA begins year six, expands to 31 delegates and adds Outreach Committee • Names in the news • In Memoriam 7 Research Briefs 15 Multidisciplinary approaches to materials discovery needed for Materials Genome Initiative Ceramics in Energy 16 • Trucking solar energy—U. Delaware team dissociates zinc oxide in solar reactor to make \'solar fuel\' Advances in Nanomaterials 17 Nanoporous molybdenum nitride supercapacitor electrodes Ceramics in the Environment 18 ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 • • Internal curing standards and recent work on extending life of concrete structures Flowerpot like ceramic filters purify water for drinking, cooking National Sales Patricia A. Janeway, Associate Publisher pjaneway@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com Executive Staff Charles G. Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Megan Bricker, Dir. Marketing & Membership Services mbricker@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Dir. Technical Publications & Meetings mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Linda Ballinger, Director of Finance and Operations Iballinger@ceramics.org • resources New Products Calendar. Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 51 52 53 56 Officers Richard Brow, President David Green, President-elect George Wicks, Past President Ted Day Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 William Fahrenholtz, Director 2009-2013 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 William Lee, Director 2010-2013 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Robert Schwartz, Director 2010-2013 Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Corrections to the March ACers Bulletin \"ACers launches new Arts, Archaeology, and Conservation Science Division,\" p. 12. Marc Walton is employed by the Getty Conservation Institute, a standalone department operating under the Getty Trust. \"Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend,\" p. 20. The densities of the laminates in Figure 5 are \"areal density\" values. \"New opportunities for transparent ceramics,\" p. 32. The illumination in Figure 4 is 254-nanometer UV instead of 245-nanometer UV. American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2013. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July and November, as a “dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic format (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, e-mail delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp 1-56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 news & trends (Credit: Official White House Photo; Pete Souza.) White House calls for increased access to federally funded research results In February, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a memo to the heads of executive departments and federal agencies instructing them to develop a plan to increase the public\'s access to the fruits of federally funded research, in particular, publications and digital data. The request applies to all federal agencies that support more than $100 million in annual R&D. Besides making taxpayer-funded research results available to the taxpayer, the OSTP hopes that government-funded scientific research will spur innovation. It claims that research results are \"grist for new insights and are assets for progress in areas such as health, energy, Business news AGC\'s large-sized, chemically strengthened Dragontrail enables efficient production of thinner touchscreens (www. agc.com)...American Vanadium and Gildemeister join to deliver energy storage solutions (www.americanvanadium. com; www.gildemeister.com)...Cabot launches first graphene-based additive to improve energy density of Li-ion batteries (www.investor.cabot-corp. com)...Unifrax announces acquisition deal (www.unifrax.com)...Around the world of ceramics in eight minutes: CeramTec launches additional international websites (www.ceramtec.com)...Freeman Technology to present new research on the impact of humidity on powders at Powtech 2013 (www.freemantech. co.uk)...RAK reaches 50 million milestone (www.menafn.com)...PPG glass requests for LEED documentation surpass 1,000 (www.ppg.com)...CeramTec expands the environment, agriculture, and national security.\" OSTP\'s objective is to provide public access to unclassified research published in peerreviewed journals and to digitalformat scientific data. The agencies have six months to draft a plan. They are encouraged to work together to develThe White House hopes to increase innovation in industry and manufacturing, in part, by making federally funded scientific research results easier to access. Here, President Barack Obama listens to Jeffrey Brower and Dwayne Moore explain the machining of the axle components made for Caterpillar\'s large mining trucks during a tour of the Linamar Corp. auto-parts plant in Arden, N.C, Feb. 13, 2013. op compatible plans and to solicit input from stakeholders, including universities, Marktredwitz site; Ceramics Group to invest €80M in existing plant (www.ceramtec. com)...ClearEdge completes purchase of UTC Power (www.clearedgepower. com)...Thermal Technology ships 14 K1 sapphire crystal growers to Europe (www. thermaltechnology.com)...HED works with GE, Rutgers engineers on new rotary furnaces for processing nanopowders (www.hed.com)... Mettler Toledo introduces new \'Excellence\' dynamic mechanical analyzer (www.us.mt.com)...AVX\'S new AEC-Q200-qualified Skycap capacitors: Ideal for high-voltage automotive applications (www.avx.com)...Aggressive Grinding appoints Tom Shearer general manager (www.ags-fast.com)...Plasmasprayed ceramics enable use of composites in high-temperature environments on Aston Martin One-77 (www.theautochannel.com libraries, principal investigators, publishers, and societies (such as ACerS). OSTP clearly and explicitly says there will be no additional funding to implement the plans. The memo stipulates the following requirements: • A strategy for leveraging existing archives, where appropriate, and fostering public-private partnerships with scientific journals relevant to the agency\'s research; • A strategy for improving the public\'s ability to locate and access digital data resulting from federally funded scientific research; • An approach for optimizing search, archival, and dissemination features that encourages innovation in accessibility and interoperability, while ensuring long-term stewardship of the results of federally funded research; • A plan for notifying awardees and other federally funded scientific researchers of their obligations (e.g., through guidance, conditions of awards, and/or regulatory changes); • An agency strategy for measuring and, as necessary, enforcing compliance American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 3 news & trends with its plan; • Identification of resources within the existing agency budget to implement the plan; • A timeline for implementation; and • Identification of any special circumstances that prevent the agency from meeting any of the objectives set out in the memorandum, in whole or in part. The government recognizes the value added by the scientific publishing industry, \"including the coordination of peer review for ensuring the high quality and integrity of many scholarly publications.\" The government appears to be making an effort to keep the requirements reasonable. Indeed, some in the scholarly publishing blogoshphere describe the new policy as a \"fair and sustainable policy that offers much to the public good\" and \"a reasonable step forward.\" 4 The devil will be in the details of open access (OA). In addition to the explicit absence of a budget, challenges to address in the coming months include the possibility of multiple OA systems, the reality of many federal agencies that are affected, and the existence of many scientific disciplines. Publishers will have a much easier time complying if the OA plans end up being a \"one size fits all.\" University of Bremen is hiring to launch its €4.5M MIMENIMA porous advanced ceramic effort The University of Bremen (Germany) announced that it received €4.5 million for a project to tailor porous advanced ceramics for applications in energy, environmental, chemical engineering, and space technology. MIMENIMA Graduiertenkolleg GRK 1860 The project is called MIMENIMA-an acronym for microporous, mesoporous, and macroporous nonmetallic materials. According to a university news release, \"Eight interdisciplinary research groups are involved in this initiative, and we are very excited to go significantly beyond the state-of-the-art,\" says Kurosch Rezwan, the spokesperson of New $2.5M landmark conservation science institute to be established for the arts The Chicago Art Institute and Northwestern University (Evanston, Ill.) received a $2.5 million, six-year grant from the Mellon Foundation to establish an institute dedicated to conservation science. The NU-Art Institute of Chicago Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts (NU-ACCESS) is the first of its type in the United States. It is the direct fruit of work by Katherine Faber (Walter P. Murphy professor of materials science and engineering) and Francesca Casadio (Andrew W. Mellon senior conservation scientist at the Chicago Art Institute). Their art-and-science collaboration began in 2004 when they launched an ad-hoc museum-NU partnership. According to a NU press release, the new center will \"serve as a collaborative hub, facilitating interdisciplinary research partnerships in art studies and conservation on a national scale.\" NU-ACCESS will be located at NU and eventually will be staffed by a senior scientist and two postdoctoral fellows. An example of the type of work NU-ACCESS will engage in is conArt Institute of Chicago art conservation scientist, Francesca Casadio, describes to delegates at the 2012 ICC4 meeting a project that investigated enamel paints used in Pablo Picasso\'s \"The Red Chair.\" Casadio and Katherine Faber are setting up a new conservation science research hub in Chicago. tained in a recent paper by Casadio and coauthor Volker Rose, a physicist at the Argonne National Lab, published in Applied Physics A (doi: 10.1007/ s00339-012-7534-x). The paper, for the first time, documents that Pablo Picasso eventually used common house paint in many of his works, such as his \"The Red Chair\" painting on display in the Art Institute. Casadio and Rose used the hard X-ray nanoprobe at the Advanced Photon Source facility at Argonne National Laboratory. (Credit: ACerS.) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 the MIMENIMA research training group (RTG) and a professor of advanced ceramics at the university. Rezwan is a member of ACerS and is affiliated with the Society\'s Engineering Ceramics Division. The • • scope of the project includes Materials development; Functional, porous ceramics for biotechnological applications; • Adjustment of polymer-derived ceramics for the transport of cryogenic liquid; Monolithic catalysts of porous rareearth oxides (REOs); • Process analysis; Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods for the characterization of mass transport in porous materials; • Structural characterization of mesoporous layers using light scattering; • Basic research experiments for mass transport in porous materials; • Deep-bed filtration in real porous structures-combination of micro computed tomography and NMR; • Investigation of dielectrophoretic effects in porous structures; • • Modeling and simulation; Mechanical properties of porous ceramics—combination of in-situ X-ray tomography (XRT) and finite-element simulation to develop microstructurally based failure criteria; • Formulation of multiple fluid-fluid dispersions by micromembranes (premix encapsulation); • • Special applications; Application of porous ceramics for the handling of cryogenic media in space; and • Monolithic catalysts of graded porosity. MIMENIMA will use NMR for spatial analysis of the liquid-phase distribution and dynamic flow processes and XRT for quantitative analysis of the ceramic structure. RTG predicts that, second only to material conditioning, systematic combination of NMR and XRT is a major integrated focus of the research project. To meet the new research opportu nities connected to the MIMENIMA effort, the RTG says it is looking for at least 11 \"excellent PhD candidates [from] all over the world.\" MIMENIMA is one of 23 new RTGS the German Research Foundation (DFG) announced last November. The DFG already funded 226 RTGs, including 48 international groups. From slurry to sintering, count on Harrop. Engineered equipment for processing thin film and ceramic tape Carsten Tape Casters The Carsten line of lab and production models feature automatic slurry control with micrometer adjustment to within 0.0001\" of wet tape thickness. 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Call 614-231-3621 to discuss your needs. HARROP INDUSTRIES, INC. Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 5 6 news & trends Gordon Research Conferences 2013 schedule The Gordon Research Conferences 2013 catalog is available at www.grc.org. It includes descriptions of each conference as well as dates, locations, and organizers. The website has instructions for applying for an invitation. The next installment of the long-running \"Solid State Studies in Ceramics\" will be in 2014. The ACerS Basic Science Division traditionally supports the ceramics GRC. Meanwhile, these 2013 conferences overlap with the ceramics community\'s interests: • Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Nanostructures—“From Fundamental Chemical and Physical Processes to Application;\" • Electron Distribution and Chemical Bonding—“Pushing the Limits The 2013 Gordon Research Conference schedule is now available. Mt. Holyoke College in South Hadley, Mass., will host the ceramics Gordon Research Conference-but not until 2014. of Experimental and Theoretical Charge and Spin Density Studies;\" • High-Temperature Corrosion\"Solution for Energy Issues and Future Role in High-Temperature Processes;\" • Nanomechanical Interfaces\"Multiphysics Theory and Experiments;\" and • • Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. Billions in federal R&D \'recovery\' monies still on the table in the US? In January, the European Commission announced the award of about €1 billion (~$1.35 billion) to support focused research on graphene. The effort will span about 200 institutions in more than 15 EU member states, with the mandate to \"deliver 10 years of world-beating science.\" That is a sizeable investment. But, for perspective, consider that about $7 billion in science-related Recovery Act monies remain unspent on the books in Washington, D.C., according the Obama administration\'s Recovery.gov website (click the \"Where is the money going?\" tab, and select \"Recipient and Agency Data\"). The website provides weekly updates, agency-by-agency, on the spending of the American Recover and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) funds. The $7-billion figure assumes that most of the ARRA science funding is contained in the Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation. The website shows that DOE has not paid out about $6.29 billion (17.5 percent of its total ARRA allocation). Likewise, NSF has not paid out more than $600 million (20.5 percent of its allocation). The amount might be greater if other agencies, such as DOD are included. Project completion status 368 <50% 1,578 > 50% 86 Not started 3,040 Completed DOE\'s Recovery Act project status as of Feb. 13, 2013. More than $6 billion is still unspent. One apparent reason for the inertia is that, for example, 86 DOEapproved projects have not even begun, and 368 are less than 50 percent completed. The NSF has 23 projects not started and 190 that have not passed their halfway mark. Some reasonable delays were expected in getting proposals vetted and in getting projects ramped up. However, the point of the ARRA was to pump money into the affected sectors quickly. Even the DOE understood from the beginning that the idea was to provide a rapid stimulus to science and engineering. Following the EU model, can we not find and fund with several billion dollars one or two strategic grand challenges to \"deliver 10 years of worldbeating science\" in the US? Imagine what $2 billion in focused funding for the Materials Genome Initiative could do! (Source: Recovery.gov.) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Credit: Mt. Holyoke College; Facebook.) oacers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes organizations that I have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics. org, or visit ACerS special Corporate Member web page, www.ceramics.org/ corporate. MSI Materials Systems Inc. Materials Systems Inc. Littleton, Mass. www.matsysinc.com TAM CERAMICS TAM Ceramics Niagara Falls, N.Y. www.tamceramics.com Hench to receive Michigan/NW Ohio Section award Larry Hench will receive the 2013 Toledo Glass & Ceramic Award of the Michigan/NW Ohio Section of The American Ceramic Society. Hench The award is presented to Hench in recognition of his outstanding service and leadership in promoting glass as a remarkable material. Hench is an eminent scholar in the field of glass science. He is known internationally for his seminal work on glass-ceramics and education. Bioglass, the result of his work, is the first artificial material to bond to living tissue and is the foundation for second-generation biomaterials and bioactive glasses and ceramics. These materials are used worldwide to repair bones and teeth, and they are the active ingredient in a new bestselling toothpaste. Hench graduated from The Ohio State University. His summer work at Owens-Illinois in Toledo, Ohio, started his career in glass and provided the basis of his later glass-ceramics research. He conducted research and taught at the University of Florida for 32 years. Hench retired as emeritus professor to accept the chair of Ceramic Materials at the Imperial College London, University of London. There he cofounded and codirected for 10 years the Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Centre. Hench retired from Imperial College as emeritus professor of Ceramic Materials. Hench currently holds positions at Florida Gulf Coast University, University of Central Florida, and Florida Institute of Technology. He is For solutions made from scratch, Just add Harper. FINE STONEWARE Premier Ceramic Industries New Delhi, India www.premiercera.com Mysore Stoneware Pipes and Potteries Ltd Bangalore, India www.mysorestonewarepipesandpotteriesltd1.getit.in CUSTOM ROTARY FURNACES USA Texas General Ceramics LLC Dallas, Texas www.advanceceramics.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org Harper Spark the future. justaddharper.com 7 ● acers spotlight the author or coauthor of many technical articles and books and the children\'s book series Boing Boing the Bionic Cat. Hench is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, has received the ACerS W.D. Kingery Award, and is a Fellow and Distinguished Life Member of ACerS. He was the Glass and Optical Materials Division\'s Stookey Lecture of Discovery Award recipient in 2008. The award presentation is Thursday, April 18, 2013, at the Toledo Club. A social hour with cash bar begins at 6:00 p.m., and dinner begins at 7:00 p.m. Hench will provide remarks on \"The Story of Bioglass: From O-I to OR!\" Contact: Janet Bailey at jebailey@ wowway.com; telephone: 248-348-6585; or Fred Stover at fstover@accesstoledo. com. EMA expands student poster and talk awards By Geoff Brennecka Brennecka By all accounts, the 2013 Electronic Materials and Applications meeting was the largest and best yet. This happened in part because of the exceptional contributions of the students who attended the meeting. This year\'s poster session grew to 27 posters of which 12 were from students participating in the best poster competition. Almost 40 talks were delivered by (mostly graduate) students during the three-day meeting. The undergraduatefocused lunchtime symposium orgaLast chance to submit nominations for the new Du-Co awards Although January 15th was the deadline for most Society award nominations that will be presented at MS&T 2013, please note the following awards have later deadlines. April 1st Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship Award This $3,000 scholarship is awarded to an undergraduate student pursing a degree in ceramic/materials science or engineering. Du-Co Ceramics Young Professional Award This $1,500 honorarium is awarded to a young professional member of ACerS who demonstrates exceptional leadership and service to ACerS. April 15th CEC Outstanding Educator Award This award recognizes outstanding work and creativity in teaching, in directing student research, or in the general educational process of ceramic educators. June 30th GOMD Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award This award recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/or study in glass science or technology. July 31st Electronics: Edward C. Henry Award This award is given to an outstanding paper in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the ACerS Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Electronics: Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship This $2,000 scholarship is to encourage academic excellence among undergraduate students. The 2013 essay topic is \"Coupled Properties for Multifunctional Electroceramics.\" Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at ceramics.org/awards. Contact: Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. nized by the ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors was a resounding success with all three speakers delivering well-polished talks about their impressive undergraduate research. For many years, the ACerS Electronics Division has awarded the best student presentations with certificates and $250 checks to help the winners celebrate (or buy books). This year, the Division officers voted to expand the awards from one best poster and one best talk to the top three of each category ($250/$150/$100). With so many entries, the Division\'s awards committee would have been unable to accomplish their task of assigning winners without the assistance of 20 additional reviewers—many thanks to all of you for your assistance! Posters and talks were judged based on technical content, visual impact and clarity, and responses to questions from the audience. The poster winners and their titles were announced during the EMA banquet: • First place-Jonathan Mackey, University of Akron, \"Analytic Thermoelectric Device Optimization;\" • Second place-Ali Henriques, University of Florida, \"Structural Changes in Lead Zirconate Titanate due to High Neutron Radiation Exposure;\" and • Third place-Michelle Nolan, University of Florida, “Phase Equilibria, Crystallographic Structure, and Piezoelectric Properties of Tetragonal Pb-15 Sm ZrTiO3.\" (1-1.5x) The x (1-y) poster judging was close, but it was nowhere as close as the race for the best talks. Determination of the final rankings of the speakers required multiple rounds of conversations among the judges and the awards committee. Requests for additional details and head-to-head comparisons slowly whittled down the field of entrants. The awards committee would have been proud to present awards to all of the top seven talks. The talk winners and their titles also were announced during the EMA banquet: • First place-Chris Shelton, North 8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Credit: ACerS.) Carolina State University, “Control of ZnO Thin Film Polarity through Interface Chemistry;\" Second place-Tedi-Marie Usher, University of Florida, \"Domain Wall Motion and Electric-Field-Induced Strains in NBT-xBT Solid Solutions from in-situ Neutron Diffraction;\" and • Third place-Jon Bock, The Pennsylvania State University, \"The Influence, Role, and Property Variations in Ferroelectricity at the Edge of the Metal-Insulator Transition and Its Influence on Thermoelectric Properties.\" Congratulations to student winners and participants. Thanks to reviewers and the Electronics Division Awards Committee members Geoff Brennecka, Hongmei Luo, and Brady Gibbons. Look forward to even better posters and talks during EMA 2014! Ceramic Education Council strengthens university-industry bond By Kristen Brosnan Brosnan Last month, Geoff Brennecka and Kevin Fox introduced the new and improved Education Integration Committee (EIC) that provides synergy among the Ceramic Education Council (CEC), National Institute of Ceramic Engineers (NICE), Student Activities Committee (SAC), Keramos, Young Professionals Network (YPN), and the President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). This month I would like to introduce the new efforts of the CEC in enhancing student-industry and industry-curriculum ties. During recent years, the CEC organized the undergraduate speaking contest, undergraduate poster contest, and graduate poster contest at MS&T and the ACerS Annual Meeting. These contests will continue, but now will be organized by the SAC. Student poster award winners with Electronics Division and Society leaders. From left: Charlie Spahr, ACerS executive director; Quanxi Jia, Los Alamos National Laboratory; Michelle Nolan, University of Florida; Bryan Huey, University of Connecticut; Ali Henriques, University of Florida; Timothy Haugan, Wright Patterson Air Force Base; Jonathan Mackey, University of Akron; Geoffrey Brennecka, Sandia National Laboratory. Jia, Huey, and Haugan organized the meeting. 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The redefined CEC has a few new initiatives this year to address some critical needs. These are just a start, and we request that the ceramics community provide us with feedback on our new direction. • The CEC plans a speed-networking event at MS&T 2013 for students and ceramic/materials industry professionals. • The CEC plans to set up a \"lunch with industry day\" at MS&T 2013 in Montreal. This will be a mechanism for students to informally ask questions of a professional in the ceramic/materials industry over lunch. • The CEC is in the process of developing a global ceramic faculty database with help from the PCSA. The committee has identified 284 faculty representing 14 countries. The CEC is working to expand this database, especially to capture international faculty information. The CEC has created a new discussion group for the CEC on myacers.ceramics.org. The open to all to discuss ceramic curricula and to share ideas for fostering group is Representatives Keramos (Pres.) PCSA (Chair) YPN (Senior Cochair) At-Large (Optional) student-industry relationships. The committee invites input on other ways to connect the global ceramics community. I encourage ceramic industry professionals to volunteer for the speed networking event and/or \"lunch with industry day.\" These one-hour time commitments are an excellent opportunity to meet the many talented students that attend our professional meetings. This is a great way to \"give back\" by helping students build their professional network and guiding them in their careers in ceramics. Contact: Kristen Brosnan at brosnan@ge.com. ACerS and Indian Ceramic Society sign Memorandum of Understanding In January, ACerS members and staff traveled to India to attend the 76th Annual Session of the Indian Ceramic Society in Ahmedabad, which was well organized by the InCerS Gujarat chapter. The ACerS contingent included ACerS immediate past president George Wicks and his wife Donna, ACerS Board member Mrityunjay \"Jay\" Singh, presidentelect Kathleen Richardson, former ACerS Board member Arun Varshneya, Engineering Ceramics Division senior counselor Tatsuki Ohji, members Paolo Colombo and Martin Richardson, and ACerS director of marketing and membership services, Megan Bricker. Just prior to the InCerS meeting, Singh, Wicks, Ohji, and Bricker attended the Global Ceramics Leadership Roundtable Conference in the Greater Noida (Delhi) area, organized by the Western Uttar Pradesh Chapter of InCerS under the leadership of L.K. Sharma, scientist-in-charge of Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute. This meeting reviewed the status of ceramic-related industries in India. Singh chaired the session, Wicks and Ohji gave global updates, and Bricker spoke of the alliance between the two societies. Sharma and Singh also arranged visits to ceramic companies in Khurja, one of the oldest hubs of ceramics in India. The guests saw how ceramics and glass in these companies are manufactured and brought to market. They visited Narang Ceramic Industries, owned by Haji Azaz Ahmad (Haji Gudda); Silico & Chemico Porcelain Works, owned by Jaswant Singh Minhas; and Premier Group of Industries, owned by Ramesh Kumar. The group next flew to Ahmedabad, where they and other ACerS members attended two conferences. First was the International Conference on \"Emergence of New Era in Glass and Ceramics.\" Singh gave the keynote lecture, \"Materials for a Sustainable Society.\" Other invited speakers included Colombo (\"Design of Highly Porous Ceramics from Preceramic Polymers\"), Martin Richardson (\"Transparent Ceramics-A Game Changer for Lasers\"), and Wicks (\"Tiny Bubbles Unique Porous Wall Hollow Glass Microspheres and Uses in Energy, Environmental Remediation, Homeland Defense, and Medicine\"). Next, a two-day combined meeting entitled, \"National Conference on Green Manufacturing Technologies in Glass and Ceramics,\" was held that included The 76th Annual Session of InCers, the 64th Annual Session of All India Pottery Manufacturers Association, and 38th Annual Session of Indian Institute of Ceramics. Varshneya presented the plenary lecture, \"Glass for Pharmaceutical Packaging,\" at the InCerS Annual Meeting. Ohji and Richardson delivered award lectures (see details, p. 13). While at the conference, InCerS 10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 outgoing president A.L. Shashi Mohan, Wicks, and Kathleen Richardson officially signed a historic ACerS-InCerS Memorandum of Understanding. The pact benefits both groups by offering each other discounted memberships, lecture exchanges, a presence on each other\'s websites, and more interactions in each other\'s publications. In celebration, the conference participants attended an \"Indian-style\" reception that featured traditional entertainment and food. The next day, the ACerS group visited \"Sabarmati Ashram\" (the \"action campus\") of Mahatma Gandhi. Bricker praises the hospitality shown throughout the trip by all of the local hosts, which she notes was largely coordinated by Singh. \"Our experience in India was above and beyond what one could even imagine,\" Bricker says. \"The country, with its rich culture, amazing food, and friendly, kind people will be long remembered. I know that the trip and the signing of the MoU have made lasting impressions on all the ACerS members, both those who attended and those back in their home countries.\' \" CERAMIC TECH TODAY nal Conference on green manatas By wing al Sess All tery M A.L. Shashi Mohan, president (now past president) of The Indian Ceramic Society signed the MoU and shows signatures proudly to Arun Varshneya and Arup Kumar Chattopadhyay, (current InCerS president.). Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. Get daily updates and biweekly emails on breaking news. Recently we reported on • Porous ceramic water filters (pictured) • Internal curing of concrete • \'Solar fuel\' from ZnO Aerogel valentines • Outlook for tablet glass market www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday Over 40 years of service and reliability I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 11 ● acers spotlight HE B 6 6 B 6 690 President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) 2013 officers and delegtates. PCSA begins year six, expands to 31 delegates and adds Outreach Committee \"Now we are six, and as clever as clever,\" from the A.A. Milne 1927 poem, \"Now We Are Six.\" By Derek R. Miller, The Ohio State University An expanded delegation of 31 students representing 23 universities congregated in Daytona Beach, Fla., the weekend of Miller Jan. 25-27, 2013, to form the ACerS\'s 2013 President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). This annual business meeting saw a smooth transition between officers and established a clear direction for the organization as it enters its sixth year. Derek Miller, a graduate student at The Ohio State University, was elected 2013 PCSA chair, taking over after a prolific year under the direction of former chair, Troy Ansell of Oregon State University. The 2013 PCSA expanded to five committees by adding a standing Outreach Committee. The new committee chairs are Aaron Lichtner, Valerie Wiesner, Dalton Divine, Allen Erickson, and Lesa Brown, leading the Programming, Recruitment, Finance, Communications, and Outreach Committees, respectively. Beginning this fall, the annual PCSA business meeting will be held during MS&T to increase the ACerS PCSA visibility with the materials science and engineering student body. Thus, the 2013 PCSA has a shortened year in which to accomplish its expanding goals. Delegates are optimistic, however, because our 12 number has increased and the 2012 delegates set us up for success. Over the past 12 months, the 2012 PCSA put several plans into motion that we hope to complete in 2013. An ACerS PCSA ceramic education survey was created and distributed; materials demonstration kits progressed enough to enable completion in 2013; excellent fundraising efforts and generous donations allowed the PCSA to increase its delegate numbers by 50 percent; and the PCSA organized a student tour of the Vesuvius Research Center (Pittsburgh, Pa.) during MS&T\'12 and a student-focused symposium for EMA 2013. In 2013, the new Outreach Committee will release two Materials Science Demonstration Kits (one targeted to middle-school students, the other to high-school students) that will be distributed nationwide for the purpose of getting materials science into as many classrooms as possible. Comprehensive student and teacher instructions, followup questions, background information, real-world applications, and video demonstrations will be included in each kit that will be made available online as well. Ordering information for these kits will be available at MS&T 2013. The Recruitment Committee aims to expand the number of universities represented by increasing visibility in less-wellestablished materials programs as well as reaching overseas for international representation. The Programming Committee will set up competitions, networking lunches, and mixers at several conferences over the year as well as instituting the first-ever PCSA \"Ceramics-in-Writing\" contest. The Communications Committee will finalize data on its education survey and will present the results at MS&T 2013 to help educators understand how to better prepare students for their careers. The committee also plans to compile a comprehensive online resource that includes all scholarships, internships, fellowships, REUs, and career opportunities relevant to a materials/ceramic science student, all in one place. Finally, Communications will once again organize and provide content for the June/ July student issue of the ACerS Bulletin. The Finance Committee is working through a shortened fundraising period and has ambitious goals. Please visit our website for information on supporting our conference programming, outreach efforts, and delegate travel expenses. The PCSA thanks its past and current financial contributors for making its efforts possible. We also thank the former chairs Troy Ansell, Mona Emrich, Michelle Gervasio, Kelsey Meyer, and Samara Levine for all of their effort in growing the student ceramics community and accelerating the momentum of the PCSA. Our ACerS advisors and staff liaisons, Geoff Brennecka, Richard Brow, Charlie Spahr, and Tricia Freshour, also have been instrumental in our success. Without them, PCSA\'s accomplishments would not have been possible. If you are a student looking to become a leader in the ceramics community or just want to help in any way with the PCSA\'s goals, please visit http:// ceramics.org/pcsa for more information. PCSA delegate applications are being accepted now until June 7, 2013, so apply today! www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 Names in the news Bonnell elected to National Academy of Engineering Dawn Bonnell, has been elected to the National Academy of Engineering for \"development of atomic-resolution surface probes, and for institutional leadership in nanoscience.\" She is Trustees Chair Professor and professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Bonnell Bonnell, an ACerS Fellow, joined The American Ceramic Society in 1986. She served as the chair of the Basic Science Division, vice president of the Meetings and Exhibits Committee, and on the Strategic Planning Committee. She earned her PhD from the University of Michigan and was a Fulbright Scholar to the MaxPlanck-Institute in Stuttgart, Germany. Following her Fulbright year, she worked at the IBM Thomas Watson Research Center. She has authored or coauthored over 250 papers, and her work has been recognized by The American Ceramic Society with the Ross Coffin Purdy Award and the Sosman Award. Other recognitions include the Presidential Young Investigators Award, the Staudinger/ Durrer Medal from ETH Zurich, the Heilmeier Faculty Research Award, and several distinguished lectureships. Bonnell serves on many editorial boards, is a past president of the American Vacuum Society (AVS), and served on the governing board of the American Institute of Physics. Besides ACerS, she is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the AVS. She is the founding director of the Nano/Bio Interface Center, which is a cross disciplinary organization that involves faculty from the School of Engineering and Applied Science, the School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Medicine, Wharton, and the Graduate School of Education at the University of Pennsylvania. The research in the Bonnell group focuses on atomic processes at surfaces and interfaces. The group is known for the first imaging of atoms on oxide surfaces, a result that generated a new field impacting catalysis, nanofabrication and materials growth technology. They develop new probes of atomic and nanoscale electromagnetic properties. More recently her group developed a new paradigm for fabricating nanostructured devices, Ferroelectric Nanolithography, and discovered a plasmon based mechanism for harvesting light energy. Richardson, Ohji receive InCerS awards The Indian Ceramic Society conferred awards on two distinguished ACerS members-Kathleen Richardson and Tatsuki Ohji-at the organization\'s 76th Annual Session held in January in Ahmedebad (see report, p. 10). InCerS presented its I.D. Varshnei Award to Richardson, a professor of optics and materials science and engineering at the University of Central Florida\'s CREOL/College of Optics and Photonics. The Varshnei Award, awarded biannually, recognizes international contributions to glass science in honor of I.D. Varshnei, India\'s \"father\" of glass science and a past president of InCerS. Richardson directs the Glass Processing and Characterization Laboratory at UCF and researches the synthesis and characterization of novel glass and glass-ceramics for optical applications. She has a long history of leadership within ACerS, including serving as chair of its Glass and Optical Materials Division and as a member of its Board of Directors. She is an ACerS Fellow and past-president of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers. Ohji, also an ACerS leader, was honored by the InCers during the same meeting with its M.G. Bhagat Award. Ohji, recogonized for his \"significant contribution in the field of ceramics and allied industries,\" earned his BS and MS in mechanical engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology and PhD in inorganic materials engineering from Tokyo Institute of Technology. He has authored or coauthored more than 330 peer-reviewed papers and 12 book chapters, edited 30 books and conference volumes, chaired or cochaired more than 20 international conferences and symposia, and holds more than 40 patents. Ohji is a Fellow of ACerS, an Academician of the World Academy of Ceramics, and past-chair of ACerS &Ceics, N 2013 on E N aics A.L. Shashi Mohan, InCerS president, presents Indian Ceramic Society awards to Acers members at the InCerS Annual Meeting in January. Left: Kathleen Richardson receives the I.D. Varshnei Award. Right, Tatsuki Ohji receives the M.G. Bhagat Award. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: ACerS.) 13 ● acers spotlight Engineering Ceramics Division. His research interests include mechanical property characterization of ceramics, ceramic composites and porous materials, microstructural design of ceramic materials for better performance, and green manufacturing of ceramic components. ECerS presents Šajgalík with 2013 Stuijts Award The European Ceramic Society announces that it will present its Stuijts Award for 2013 to Pavol Šajgalík, a member of the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. Šajgalík is a 12th International Conference on Ceramic Processing Science (ICCPS-12) August 4-7, 2013 | Portland, Oregon The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org SAVE THE DATE! www.ceramics.org/iccps12 ICCPS-12 includes plenary and concurrent technical sessions with invited and contributed presentations. A poster session is also planned. Technical Program: • Particle shape control and assembly • Colloid dispersion and surface modification Rheology of concentrated suspensions • Microfluidic techniques • Patterning, templates and self assembly • Wet and dry shaping methods, including additive manufacturing • Solution and precursor thin film processes • Reaction-based processes • Biomimetic and bioinspired techniques • • Computational tools applied to processing • Novel characterization and imaging tools • Densification (nanoscale, multimaterial, complex shapes, novel approaches) • Mesoscale, microscale and hierarchical manufacturing and design of microstructure • Processes and processing designed to advance specific energy, electronic, optical and structural applications Fellow of ACerS. The Stuijts Award is given in memory of A. Leog Stuijts, who contributed to the development of the science and technology of magnetoceramŠajgalík ic and electroceramic materials. Each year, ECerS gives the award to a ceramist belonging to a member country of the organization for outstanding contributions to ceramic science, technology, and educational activities or production. Šajgalík will receive the award at ECerS\'s 13th Annual Conference in Limoges, France, June 23-27, 2013. The award recognizes Šajgalík for his work with silicon nitride and silicon car bide microcomposites and nanocompos ites. Much of his work involves doping the Si3N4 and SiC composites with various rare-earth oxides. He has authored more than 130 technical papers in reviewed journals and proceedings and has contributed to national and international books. He holds several patents. Since 1989, Šajgalík has organized the International Advanced Research Workshops on Engineering Ceramics in the Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. He has delivered more than 50 invited lectures at international symposia. Šajgalík has received many national and international awards, including Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship; Academician of the World Academy of Ceramics; Member of the Learning Society of the SAS; Plaquete of Dioniz Ilkovic for Merits in the PhysicalChemical Sciences; Scientist of the Year 2006 in the Slovak Republic; and Award of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. In Memoriam Ralph V. Brigham Kenneth H. Jack George Taylor Charles Norman Wilson Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website. www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 Oresearch briefs Multidisciplinary approaches to materials discovery needed for Materials Genome Initiative The Materials Genome Initiative has gotten plenty of attention since the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy announced its creation in June 2011. Its stated goal is simple: to discover, develop, manufacture, and deploy advanced materials at least twice as fast as possible today, at a fraction of the cost.\' \" ... ,, To biologists, a genome is a constrained set. For example, the Human Genome Project (HGP) sequenced and mapped the 23,000 genes in the human genome, which involves about 3.3 billion base pairs. The idea behind MGI, in contrast, is to start with matter\'s basic building blocks-the fine structure-and discover new combinations of elements to construct materials with certain end properties and functionalities. The MGI is all about expanding the possibilities beyond that which is already mapped. With 116 elements comprising the periodic table of the elements, the possible combinations make 3.3 billion look paltry. The point of entry to the MGI is discovery of new materials, and science researchers must take the lead in finding approaches to discovering the few hundred or thousand materials that are worth developing out of the many billion possibilities. In February a group of researchers who work on ceramic materials gathered for a National Science Foundationsponsored workshop, \"The Materials Genome Initiative in Ceramics, Geosciences, and Solid-State Chemistry\" to address this issue. About 20 researchers, mostly from academia, participated. All of them work with ceramic materials, whether as materials scientists or as researchers from the geoscience, earth science, and solid-state chemistry and physics communities. Alexandra Navrotsky, professor at the University of California, Davis, set the stage by observing that there are striking commonalities between earth science and materials science. Both need structural, thermodynamic, and physical property data. Both rely on phase diagrams and need kinetic and mechanistic information for modeling of impossible-to-observe phenomena, like the geoscience of Jupiter, for example. A NSF-sponsored workshop addressed multidisciplinary approaches to the Materials Genome Initiative. From left: Gregory Rohrer, Abby Kavner, Young-Shin Jun, and Amy Walker. Focusing on the materials discovery aspect, Krishna Rajan from Iowa State University, said, \"MGI is about doing new science to solve pressing issues.\" This implies that new science should be driving solutions to new and urgent problems, not to incrementally improving existing technology. Incremental improvements may not be compelling in the business world, anyhow. For example, why would a company that specializes in refurbishing thermal barrier coatings be interested in a coating that lasts twice as long? To them, that looks like half as much product to sell. The materials science and geoscience communities have some common frustrations, for example, with the difficulty of modeling across multiple scales, especially length scales. This is true whether modeling the transition from the nanoscale to the mesoscale, or from meters to kilome ters. Time scales matter, too. Modeling of processes that occur in picoseconds is challenging, but so is modeling of processes that occur in light years. Given the challenges, what can modeling offer? Ram Seshadri from the University of California, Santa Barbara (and co-organizer of the workshop with Carnegie Mellon\'s Gregory Rohrer), says, \"Looking at large data sets tells you where you will be wasting your time.\" And the role of computation, according to Michelle Johannes of the Naval Research Laboratory, is to give experimentalists a \"... rough directional map, an explanation of trends, and suggestions for optimization of properties.\" In return, the materials mathematicians need property data and characterization American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org information (such as crystal structures) from the experimentalists. Participants seemed to agree that access to data (that they liked) was a challenge with no easy (or inexpensive) solutions. They also seemed to agree that multidisciplinary dialog is extremely valuable, and this is an area where technical societies, such as ACerS or the American Geophysical Union, can help. They can perhaps organize multidisciplinary symposia, special issues of journals, or workshoplike meetings. (Last October, ACerS, took a step in this direction by setting up a structure for \"Technical Interest Groups.\" See the related article in the March 2013 ACerS Bulletin, p. 6.) Much discussion focused on the need for single-crystal property data, because it provides values for intrinsic properties. However, with a few exceptions, most engineered materials are not single crystals. Does that mean “junky” data is without value? Hardly. As one participant noted, much of the functionality of engineered materials used today results from their “junkiness,” whether from impure compositions or process effects or elsewhere. The group will publish its report on the workshop in the ACerS Bulletin. It will summarize the issues, challenges, opportunities-and payoffs-of multidisciplinary approaches to materials discovery. 15 (Credit: ACerS.) ceramics in energy Trucking solar energy—U. Delaware team dissociates zinc oxide in solar reactor to make \'solar fuel\' Industrial-scale solar installations need a lot of space and as much sunshine as possible, such as in deserts. Unfortunately, though, most people find deserts unpleasant places to live. One huge advantage of carbon-based energy sources is their transportability. Railroads and semi-trucks crisscross the nation in perpetual motion, moving oil, natural gas, and coal from where they are plentiful (or processed) to where they are needed. One problem facing the hydrogen-based economy is that shipping the extremely light hydrogen is not practical. What if it were possible to truck solar energy from the desert to somewhere less sunny but more populated? One resource that tends to be plentiful in areas where people settle and develop industry is water, which is a great place to store hydrogen. Splitting it out of the molecule is the challenge. Getting these two energy resources together-sunshine and water-is the idea behind new research at the University of Delaware, where mechanical engineering professor Ajay Prasad and his group are making \"solar fuel.\" Prasad and his graduate student, Erik Koepf, use basic thermodynamic principles to dissociate zinc oxide and precipitate zinc-metal granules. Later, zinc metal is reacted with water, where it happily oxidizes and liberates hydrogen, which is captured and used as fuel. Prasad says in a phone interview that he sees the technology as a way to \"make zinc centrally, and then generate hydrogen locally.\" He noted that a single tubular semi-truck can only carry about 100 kg of hydrogen, but can transport several tons of zinc particles. It takes a lot of energy to dissociate zinc oxide, though, and Prasad\'s and Koepf\'s work focuses on designing a solar reactor that can concentrate enough sunlight and reach high enough temperatures to drive the dissociation reaction. 16 Koepf successfully tested a solar reacsays, \"We tor design last April. Prasad are at the proof-of-concept stage. In the first round of testing last April, we couldn\'t get high enough temperatures. The reason is that the [reflector] mirror was too small, and we were losing available energy.\" The reflector mirror directs the light from the solar concentrators into the reaction chambers. During the April 2012 test, reactor temperatures reached about 1,200°C. Temperatures of about 1,400 to 1,700°C (1,700 to 2,000 K) are desired for the dissociation reaction. Since then, Koepf has been reworking the reactor design, especially the mirror component to focus 5,000 to 10,000 suns of concentrated energy into the reactor. Koepf tested the tweaked solar reactor at the Solar Technology Laboratory at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland in February 2013. The team built the reactor with ceramic components. It is a funnelshaped design made of 15 fitted, trapezoid-shaped alumina plates. At the top of each trapezoid is a hopper of zinc oxide powder, which is sprinkled into the funnel with a metering spline. The powders descend through the reactor under the force of gravity. According to a paper by Koepf, et al., published last fall in the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, the first layer of powder sinters on top of the alumina plates, and subsequent layers of powders dissociate as they descend. The sintered zinc oxide layer does not react with the alumina and is easily scraped off. As the diagram shows, there are three distinct temperature zones, each of which corresponds to a different heat-transfer mechanism. Zone I is the preheat region with temperatures of 1,300-1,650 K. In Zone II, temperatures reach 1,650-1,800 K under diffuse radiation. The dissociation reaction begins here. Finally, Zone III experiences direct radiation and temperatures in the 1,800-1,900 K range. Dissociation finishes here. At the bottom of the funnel, unreacted zinc oxide drops out. A flowing argon atmosphere helps create a tornado-like environment in the ZnO source Metering spline Center line Concentrated light cone Zn vapor Solid ZnO exit exit Schematic diagram of one tile of solar reactor. Fifteen tiles arranged in a funnel shape comprise a solar reactor capable of reaching temperatures approaching 2,000 K, enough to dissociate zinc oxide. chamber and sweeps the zinc vapor into an alumina collection tube. There, the vapor is quenched very quickly to condense it before reoxidation can occur. Overall, the powders spend about onehalf second in the reactor. The hydrolysis reaction that oxidizes zinc and gives off hydrogen occurs at about 600°C. Even though the process is not \"energy cheap\", it is passive and offers a mechanism for redistributing energy resources. Prasad imagines, for example, an industrial-scale operation with a desert-based field of a thousand solar concentrator mirrors focused on a solar reactor mounted on a tower, and tons of dissociated zinc are trucked to sun-poor, water-rich areas. By setting up favorable thermodynamics, hydrogen then can be generated anywhere. The paper is, \"A novel beam-down, gravity-fed, solar thermochemical receiver/reactor for direct solid particle decomposition: Design, modeling, and experimentation,\" by Erik Koepf, Suresh G. Advani, Aldo Steinfeld, and Ajay K. Prasad; International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. DOI: 10.1016/j. ijhydene.2012.08.086. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Credit: Prasad; University of Delaware.) advances in nanomaterials Nanoporous molybdenum nitride supercapacitor electrodes Supercapacitors-also called electrochemical double-layer capacitors or ultracapacitors are an interesting class of devices. Their energy density is much higher than conventional dielectric capacitors, and they can deliver much more power density than batteries. Typical storage capacity for dielectric capaci tors is on the order of microfarads per gram of active material, whereas, for supercapacitors, it is on the order of tens of farads, maybe more. Charge is stored in an electrical double layer where ions hug the surface of the electrode, which sets up a second-or double-layer of the opposite charge in the electrolyte. More surface means more charge storage capacity. Nanoporous materials have enormous specific surface areas and occupy little space, which opens the possibility of thin-film supercapacitors. The search is on for new materials to replace electrodes made of activated charcoal and other forms of porous carbon. These new materials must be able to store more charge, be thinner, or have other properties carbon lacks. (Research into improving carbon for supercapacitor electrodes remains a very active field, however.) A \"Rapid Communication\" by Lee et al. in the January issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society reports on a candidate supercapacitor electrode material, molybdenum nitride (MoN₂). According to the paper, molybdenum nitrides are interstitial compounds with superior chemical stability, attractive physical properties, and good electrical conductivity. However, they are dense compared with carbon. In the reported work, the team of researchers from Soongsil University (Seoul, Korea) and the University of Washington wanted to find a better way to synthesize single-crystal, mesoporous Mo,N2 nanowires. The team says, \"The crucial advantages for mesoporous structures are electrochemically active surface areas and controlled pore sizes in the nanometer range.\" Other researchers have made Mo₂N₂ by nitridation, for example, by nitriding a \"template\" compound, such as a zeolite. The current group, instead, turned to a \"topotactic reaction\" to see whether higher specific surface area and better charge-discharge capabilities could be achieved. Such topotactic reactions are uncom mon for ceramic synthesis, but the concept is quite simple. A topotactic reaction is \"A reversible or irreversible reaction that involves the introduction of a guest species into a host structure and that results in significant structural modifications to the host, for example, the breakage of bonds,\" according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. An example is the insertion of lithium into Li(Mn)O spinel with one-crystal symmetry to make a layered structure with a different symmetry. These reactions also are called \"insertion reactions.\" (a) The topotactic reaction is surprisingly simple to execute. Lee et al. started with MOO, single-crystal nanowires, loaded them into a quartz boat, and heated them to 700°C for three hours in flowing ammonia. They kept the ammonia flowing during the cool-down stage to prevent surface reoxidation. Using standard electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and electrochemical characterization tools, they showed that the oxide did convert to Mo,N₂ single-crystal nanowires with a American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org well-defined mesoporous nanostructure (average pore size was about 4.6 nm) and a very high specific surface area (about 45 m²/g). They conclude that the mesoporous structure most likely results from the \"rearrangement of the oxide structure into metal nitride, giving rise to the formation of pores in the framework of the molybdenum nitride.” These two structural features result in higher specific charge capacity than is seen in Mo₂N2 synthesized by conventional nitridation. The team also reports that topotactically synthesized Mo₂N, has better charge-discharge properties than nitrided material. They suggest this is because the electrolyte easily penetrates the uniform mesopore structure. See \"Single-Crystalline Mesoporous Molybdenum Nitride Nanowires with Improved Electrochemical Properties,\" Kyung-Hoon Lee, Young-Woo Lee, A-Ra Ko, Guozhong Cao, and Kyung-Won Park, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., doi: 10.1111/ jace.12096. (b) Sark citoy (d) (e) ++ 2.07 A (200) 123201 (110) (310) (200) TEM image of MoO 3 single-crystal nanowires (a, b). TEM image of mesoporous single-crystal MoN2 (d, e). 17 (Credit: Lee et al., JACerS, Wiley.) ceramics in the environment Internal curing standards and recent work on extending life of concrete structures One goal of researchers working on high-performance cements and concretes is to improve the performance of structures, such as roadways and bridge decks. The recent development of internal curing (IC) techniques has led to the creation of a new standard specification by ASTM International. A fundamental challenge facing cement and concrete chemists is to prevent deterioration caused by ions from salts and other sources, which can lead to corrosion of steel reinforcements and crack formation. A basic consideration is that cement systems must “cure” or hydrate sufficiently to become useful. Early-age cracking—a nemesis-can lead to accelerated deterioration of concrete and, ultimately, to catastrophic failure of bridge components. Several factors come into play. First, curing is not instantaneous and requires access to water. Curing to a serviceable extent (e.g., to 75 percent of full curing) typically is measured in days and weeks, but it can continue for years if conditions are right. Second, the composition of the concrete matters. Use of “high-performance\" concrete or substituting cementitious constituents with alternatives, such as fly ash, can lead to curing problems. Highperformance materials have the positive property of limiting the ingress of briny fluids and destructive ions. However, according to John Ries, technical director of the Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate Institute (Chicago, Ill.), \"these properties also limit the ability of externally applied curing water to reach the interior of the concrete.\" On the other hand, cement alternatives can lead to extended curing times. In a recent NIST Tech Beat story, NIST engineer Dale Bentz explains, \"In these high-volume fly ash mixtures, internal curing is important, because, while the fly ash will react with the cement, it takes a lot longer. After 28 days, 18 From left, Purdue University graduate students Paul Imbrock, Kambiz Raoufi, and John Schlitter pour concrete for a test specimen in research to improve Indiana bridges. The state is using a new type of \"internally cured\" concrete researched at Purdue that promises to reduce maintenance costs and allow bridge decks to last longer maybe 30 percent or less of the fly ash has reacted, so you really need to keep the concrete saturated for an extended period of time.\" In both cases, the solution is to encourage internal curing and, says Reis, \"provide a source of additional water to maintain saturation of the cementitious paste and avoid its self-desiccation.\" Purdue University and the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) IC approach creates a longer-term internal water source instead of relying on water in the mix or externally applied water. A Purdue news release reports that the IC approach is based on creating \"water pockets\" formed from small porous stones-or fine aggregate-to replace some of the sand in the mixture. Purdue\'s Jason Weiss says, \"A key step in the process is to prewet the lightweight aggregate with water before mixing the concrete.\" \" Weiss, professor of civil engineering and director of the Pankow Materials Laboratory, and a long-time collabora tor on the annual meetings of ACerS\'s Cements Division, reports that coming up with a suitable IC system did not happen overnight. \"Nearly five years of research have been performed to fully understand how to proportion these mixtures and the level of performance that can be expected,\" Weiss says. A prototype IC study is underway. In 2010, INDOT (with support from NIST, Lafarge North America, and the Expanded Shale Clay and Slate Institute) built two adjacent bridges-one based on IC specifications and one based on traditional specifications. Preliminary results are encouraging. In the Purdue release, Weiss reports, \"The control bridge has developed three cracks, but no cracks have developed in the internally cured bridge. Tests also show the internally cured concrete is approximately 30 percent more resistant to salt ingress.\" Recently, NIST and Purdue successfully gained the approval of ASTM\'s Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregate for Internal Curing of Concrete (ASTM C1761-12). www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Credit: Andy Hancock, Purdue University.) Flowerpot like ceramic filters purify water for drinking, cooking The World Health Organization and UNICEF monitor access to potable water through the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. The Programme\'s 2012 progress report includes the very good news that in the 10-year period from 1990 to 2000, more than two billion people gained access to safe drinking water. Now, 6.1 billion people (89 percent of the world\'s population) have access to water for drinking and cooking. The accompanying bad news is that 780 million people still need access to improved, pathogen-free drinking water. Because of a dearth of infrastructure in these remaining regions, simple solutions are especially attractive. And, it appears that the humble clay pot might be the answer to providing potable water and some local industry, as well. An interdisciplinary team at the University of Virginia developed a water purification system based on porous ceramic clay disks (\"MadiDrops”-Madi is the Tshivenda South African word for water) impregnated with nanoparticles of either silver or copper. The filters are made by mixing and pressing indigenous clay with sawdust, which creates a porous structure on firing. A nanoparticle slurry of silver or copper (both have anti-pathogenic qualities) painted over the surface seeps into the pores. Tests show that the filters eliminate 99.9 percent of pathogens as water passes over the silver or copper. (However, they are less effective at removing sediments that cause discoloration or taste.) The filters can be made in either pucklike tablets or in flowerpot like shapes. The flowerpot shapes rest in a five-gallon plastic bucket equipped with a spigot. The flow rate is one to three liters per hour, which is fast enough for drinking and cooking purposes. The tablet shapes simply lie in the bottom of the bucket. The UVA team established a nonprofit organization, called PureMadi, to set up factories and promote the technology. PureMadi\'s first factory in Limpopo Flowerpot like filters loaded into kiln for firing. province, South Africa, already has produced several hundred \"flowerpot\" filters. According to a UVA press release, the plant, staffed mostly by women, eventually will produce 500 to 1,000 filters per month. Plans are to build another 10 to 12 plants in the next decade, which could provide potable water for up to 500,000 people per year. MS&T13 October 27-31, 2013 Materials Science & Technology 2013 Conference & Exhibition Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada www.matscitech.org reserve your booth by April 13th and save $100! American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org contact a representative for more details on exhibiting, advertising or sponsorships: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Pat Janeway (614) 794-5826 pjaneway@ceramics.org AIST Cai ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY Beth Kirschner (724) 814-3030 bkirschner@aist.org 100 ANNIVERSARY 1913-2013 Kelly Thomas (440) 338-1733 Kelly.Thomas@asminternational.org MET SOC CIM ICM Brigitte Farah (514) 939-2710 ext. 1329 bfarah@cim.org TMS The Man & Sy Caron Gavrish (724) 814-3140 cgavrish@tms.org 19 (Credit: Pure Madi, UVA.) Figure 1. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surface in Ti₂AIC after dynamic testing of at a strain rate of 2400 S-1 showing typical laminated nature and deformation of individual grains by kinking. O bulletin | cover story MAX phases: Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics By Miladin Radovic and Michel W. Barsoum The MAX phases are a new and exciting class of carbides and nitrides that bridge the gap between properties typical of metals and ceramics, while offering fundamentally new directions in tuning the structure and properties of ceramics for emerging applications. Credit: Credit: Radovic and Benitez; TAMU.) The the late 1990s and applies to a he term \"MAX phases” was coined in n+1 family of 60+ ternary carbides and nitrides that share a layered structure as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. They are so called because of their chemical formula: MAX -where n = 1, 2, or 3, where M is an early transition metal, A is an A-group element (specifically, the subset of elements 13-16), and X is carbon and/or nitrogen, Figure 2.1 Nowotny and coworkers², 3 discovered most of these phases in powder form roughly 40 years ago. However, Barsoum and El-Raghy\'s report in 1996 on the synthesis of phase-pure bulk Ti₂SiC, samples and their unusual combination of properties catalyzed renewed interest in them. Since then, research on the MAX phases has exploded. According to ISI, to date around 1,200 papers have been published on one MAX phase alone, Ti,SiC₂, with roughly half of those published in the past six years. 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 The growing interest results from the unusual, often unique, properties of the MAX phases. Like their corresponding binary carbides and nitrides (MX), the MAX phases are elastically stiff, good thermal and electrical conductors, resistant to chemical attack, and have relatively low thermal expansion coefficients.¹ Mechanically, however, they cannot be more different. They are relatively soft and most are readily machinable, thermal shock resistant and damage tolerant. Moreover, some are fatigue, creep, and oxidation resistant. At room temperature, they can be compressed to stresses as high as 1 GPa and fully recover on removal of the load, while dissipating approximately 25 percent of the mechanical energy. 6 At higher temperatures, they undergo a brittle-toplastic transition (BPT), above which they are quite plastic even in tension.5 This article gives an overview of the salient properties of the MAX phases and of the status of our current understanding. Some of their potential applications also are highlighted. For a thorough review of the large body of work on MAX phases, the reader is referred to a recently published book¹ and a number of excellent review articles. 7-15 Crystal structure and atomic bonding in the MAX phases The MAX phases are layered hexagonal crystal structures (space group P63/mmc) with two formula units per unit cell, as illustrated in Figure 2, for structures with n equal 1 to 3. The unit cells consist of M X-octahedra with the X-atoms filling the octahedral sites between the M-atoms, which are identical to those found in the rock salt structure of the MX binaries. The octahedra alternate with layers of pure A-elements located at the centers of trigonal prisms that are slightly larger, and thus more accommodating of the larger A-atoms. When n = 1, the A-layers are separated by two M-layers (Figure 2(a)). When n = 2, they are separated by three layers (M,AX, in Figure 2(b)). When n 3, they are separated by four layers (M,AX, in Figure 2(c)). MAX phases with more complex stacking sequences, (a) A M M X (b) Be Early transition Group A Candor Aby Un Unp Unh Une Uno Une (c) Cd In Sn Au Hg 11 Pb At (d) VIA Figure 2. Unit cells of the MAX phases for (a) n = 1 or MAX, (b) n = 2 or MAX, and (c) n = 3 or MAX phases, and (d) M, A, and X elements that form the MAX phases. such as MAX, MAX,, and M.AX also have been reported.8, 8,16 In addition to the \"pure\" MAX phases that contain one of each of the M, A, and X elements highlighted in Figure 2(d), the number of possible solid solutions is quite large. Solid solutions have been processed and characterized with substitution on¹ • M sites, e.g., (Nb,Zr),AlC, (Ti,V),AIC, (Ti,Nb),AlC, (Ti,Cr), AlC, (Ti,Hf)₂InC, and (Ti,V),SC; • A-sites, e.g., Ti(Si,Ge)C2, and Ti,(Sn,Al)C2; and • X-sites, 17 e.g., Ti, Al(C,N) and Ti₂Al(C,N)₂. Interestingly, some of solid solutions exist even when one of the end American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: Credit: Radovic; TAMU.) members does not. The number of MAX phases and their solid solutions continues to expand. The discovery of new phases has advanced significantly through the combination of experimental and theoretical density functional theory (DFT) approaches. 1,18-20 For example, ab-initio studies recently extended the family of the MAX phases to compounds with magnetic properties that contain later transition-metal substitutions on the M sites, such as (Cr, Mn),AlC.21 A large body of work devoted to DFT calculations of the electronic structures and chemical bonding in the MAX phases 22-28 shows that • Similar to the MX phases, MAX 21 MAX phases: Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics Resistivity (μs2.m) 3.0 Ti₁AIN 3.x 2.5 2.0 1.5 Ti 1.0 10 0.5 TI,AIC₁₂ Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) Ti₁SiC₂ 0.0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 (a) (b) Temperature (K) 50 VAIC 40 30 20 20 1 TAIC TI,SIC, Nb,AIC Cr2AIC 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Temperature (K) Figure 3. Temperature dependence of (a) electrical conductivity³¹ and (b) thermal conductivity of select MAX phases.32 (a) (b) 15 μm Figure 4. (a) Ti₂AIC-based heating element resistively heated to 1,450°C in air. (b) Micrograph of the Al2O̟ oxide layer after 10,000 thermal cycles up to 1,350°C showing no spallation or cracking of the oxide layer. 33 22 (Credit: Sandvik Materials Technology, Sweden.) phase bonding is a combination of metallic, covalent, and ionic bonds; • The M and X atoms form strong directional covalent bonds in the M-X layers that are comparable to those in the MX binaries; 22, 27, 28 • M-d-M-d metallic bonding dominates the electronic density of states at the Fermi level, N(E); and • In most MAX phases, the M-A bonds are relatively weaker than the M-X bonds. Given the similarities between some aspects of the atomic bonding in the MX and MAX phases it is not surprising they share many common attributes and properties, such as metal-like electrical conductivities, high stiffness values, thermal stability, and low thermal expansion coefficients. Physical properties Most of the MAX phases are excellent electrical conductors, with electrical resistivities that mostly fall in the narrow range of 0.2-0.7 µQ.m at room temperature. 1,10 Like other metallic conductors, their resistivities increase with increasing temperatures (Figure 3(a). Ti SiC, and Ti,AlC, conduct better than titanium metal. Even more interesting and intriguing, many of the MAX phases appear to be compensated conductors, wherein the concentrations of electrons and holes are roughly equal, but their mobilities are about equal, too. 10 Several MAX phases, most notably Ti,SiC,, have very low thermoelectric (Credit: Adapted from Ref. 31, 32.) or Seebeck coefficients. 10,29 Solids with essentially zero thermopower can, in principle, serve as reference materials in thermoelectric measurements, for example, as leads to measure the absolute thermopower of other solids. The optical properties of the MAX phases are dominated by delocalized electrons. 30 Magnetically, most of them are Pauli paramagnets, wherein the susceptibility is, again, determined by the delocalized electrons and, thus, is neither very high, nor temperature dependent.31 Thermally, the MAX phases share much in common with their MX counterparts, that is, they are good thermal conductors because they are good electrical conductors. At room temperatures their thermal conductivities (Figure 3(b)) fall in the 12-60 W/(m·K) range.¹ 1,10 The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the MAX phases fall in the 5-10 μK-¹ range and are relatively low as expected for refractory solids. 15 The exceptions are some chromium-containing phases with CTES in the 12-14 µK-¹ range. n+1 n At high temperatures, the MAX phases do not melt congruently but decompose peritectically to A-rich liquids and MX carbides or nitrides. Thermal decomposition occurs by the loss of the A element and the formation of higher n-containing MAX phases and/or MX. Some MAX phase, such as Ti,SiC, are quite refractory with decomposition temperatures above 2,300°C.¹ Because of their excellent electrical, thermal and high-temperature mechanical properties, some MAX phases currently are being considered for structural and nonstructural high-temperature applications. Their oxidation resistance, however, determines their usefulness in air. In most cases, MAX phases oxidize according to Eq (1). (n+1)MO x/n+1 MAX +bO₂= n+1 +AO+XO (1) y n 2b-x-y Consequently, their oxidation resistance depends on nature of the oxides that form. The most oxidation-resistant MAX phase is Ti,AlC, because it forms a stable and protective Al2O3 layer that can withstand thermal cycling up to 1,350°C www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 for 10,000 cycles without spallation or cracking (Figure 4).33 The oxidation resistance of Cr,AlC also is superb because it also forms a protective Al2O3 layer, however, the oxide spalls off during thermal cycling. Elastically, the MAX phases are quite stiff, with near-isotropic room temperature Young\'s and shear moduli in the 178-362 GPa and 80-142 GPa ranges, respectively. 7, 14 Because the densities of some of the MAX phases are as low as 4-5 g/cm³, their specific stiffness values can be quite high. For example, the specific stiffness of Ti,SiC, is comparable to Si,N, and roughly three times that of titanium metal. Mechanical Properties Despite similarities between the physical properties of the MX and MAX phases, the differences between their mechanical properties is striking. The MX phases are some of the hardest solids known. They are brittle, nonmachinable, damage intolerant, and susceptible to thermal shock. In sharp contradistinction, the MAX phases are exceedingly damage tolerant and thermal shock resistant, and most are readily machinable. This stark difference in behavior comes down to two words: mobile dislocations. At this time is it fairly well established that basal plane dislocations (BPD) and only BPDs- are abundant, mobile, and able to multiply in the MAX phases at ambient temperatures.34 However, because the dislocations are constrained to the basal planes, the number of slip systems is fewer than the five needed for polycrystalline ductility. Therefore, the MAX phases occupy an interesting middle ground between metals and ceramics, in that they are pseudoductile under confined deformations or high temperatures, but are brittle at room temperature, especially in tension and thin form. The BPDs arrange themselves either in walls (that is, high- or low-angle grain boundaries (Figure 5(a)), in arrays or dislocation pileups (not shown) parallel to the basal planes. Confining the dislocations to the basal planes, in turn, results in an important micromecha(a) [0001] (b) KB delamination (c) KB IKB MDW KB Increasing load Delamination 0.4 μm (Credit: Barsoum;Drexel University.) Figure 5. Transmission electron microscopy of (a) dislocation wall consisting of basal plane dislocations and (b) area containing kink band in Ti̟SiC₂ after compression at room temperature. 35 (c) Schematic of the formation of incipient kink band, mobile dislocation walls kink bands, and delaminations. Red grains are “hard” grains, and blue grains are “soft” grains with the basal planes favorably oriented for easy slip.6 nism that is quite ubiquitous in the MAX phases at all lengths scales, viz., kink band (KB) formation (Figures 1 and 5(b)6, 9). When the MAX phases are loaded, initially the “soft” grains—those with basal planes favorably oriented for easy slip (blue grains in Figure 3(c))-deform and, in turn, cause the \"hard\" grains (red grains in Figure 5(c)), to develop incipient kink bands (IKB). The latter are coaxial dislocation loops that, as long as their ends are not sundered, are spontaneously and fully reversible. With further increase in applied load, if the polycrystal does not fail by shear band formation or fracture, the IKBs result in mobile dislocation walls (MDW) and ultimately permanent kink bands (Figure 3(c)). At higher temperatures, the grain boundaries are soft and the IKBS devolve into MDWs and KBs that lead to delamination at the individual grain level and considerable plasticity. Although the MAX phases are quite American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org stiff, they respond to cyclic loading, whether compression or tension, with spontaneous, fully reversible, strainrate-independent hysteretic stress-strain loops (Figure 6(a). The shape and areas of these loops depend strongly on grain size (Figure 6(a) but weakly on the number of cycles. In other words, they are quite fatigue resistant. It follows that a significant portion of the mechanical energy-about 25 percent at 1 GPa in the case of Ti,SiC₂-dissipates during each cycle. At this time, IKBS (Figure 5(c)) that form during loading and annihilate during unloading are believed to account for this nonlinear elastic (or hysteretic) effect. Above the BPT temperature, the stress-strain loops are open and strain rate dependent but become smaller with increasing cycles, that is, cycling hardening takes place. The practical implication of these phenomena for structural applications cannot be overestimated because the MAX phases can dissipate a large portion of 23 MAX phases: Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics Stress (MPa) (a) 700 600 100 cycles Fine-grain Ti₂SiC₂ 500 400 300 Cycle 1 Cycle 100 200 100 100 cycles Course-grain Ti,Sic₂ 0 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 Strain 0.004 Engineering stress (MPa) (b) 300 200 Compression along x axis Compression along y axis 100 Directions of basal planes in individual grains Hot pressing direction 0.05 0.1 0.15 Engineering strain Figure 6. (a) Typical cyclic compressive stress-strain curves for Ti¸ SiC with two grain sizes. The loops overlap after one and one hundred cycles. (b) Engineering stress-strain curves for 2-mm cubes of highly oriented samples of Ti₂SiC₂. The inset cube shows a schematic sample with the chevron texture and the orientation of the basal planes in individual grains depicted by thin lines. 35 harmful structural vibrations or acoustic loads, even at high temperatures. The room-temperature ultimate compressive strengths of polycrystalline MAX phases range from 300 MPa to 2 GPa and depend strongly on composi tion and grain size. Like typical ceramics, their room-temperature flexural and tensile strengths are lower than their compressive strength.\" 1,7,14 For example, the compressive and tensile strengths of Ti,SiC₂, with 5-μm grains, are 1,050 MPa and 300 MPa, respectively. At room temperature, they fail in a brittle manner. Nevertheless, they fail gracefully-samples do not shatter but, rather, fail along planes inclined 30°-40° relative to compression axis. The stress-strain response of highly oriented (textured) microstructures loaded in compression is quite different from polycrystalline behavior, because the former exhibit strong plastic anisotropy. For example, when the basal planes are oriented such that slip occurs along the basal plane (along the z-axis in inset of Figure 6(b)), they behave as ideal plastic solids (Figure 6(b)) even at room temperature, with strain that exceeds 10 percent. 35 By contrast, when the slip planes are parallel to the applied load (loaded along the x-axis in inset of Figure 6(b)) and deformation by ordinary dislocation glide is suppressed, the sample yields at higher stresses by KB formation. In this case, considerable strain softening occurs because the kink bands rotate basal planes in such a way as to induce shear band formation. 35 Softer than structural ceramics Unlike their MX counterparts, the MAX phases are relatively soft and exceptionally damage tolerant. The Vickers hardness values of polycrystalline MAX phases fall in the range of 2-8 GPa. They are thus softer than most structural ceramics, but harder than most metals.¹,9 The room temperature fracture toughness (K) values—that range from 5 to almost 20 MPa.m¹/2-are quite respectable when compared with other monolithic ceramics. The MAX phases (a) 25°C 10 μm (Credit: Barsoum; JACERS.) Credit: Adapted from Barsoum, et. al., Ref. 6, 35.) also exhibit R-curve behavior, i.e., K increases with increasing crack length. For example, for coarse-grained Ti₂SiC₂, K₁c increases from 8.5 to 11 MPa.m¹/2, with increasing crack size. 37 The high values of K and R-curve behavior result from the formation of plastically deformable bridging ligaments (Figures 7(a) and (b)) and the crack-arresting properties of kink boundaries. The latter two mechanisms are unique to the MAX phases. Thus far, Ti,SiC, is the only MAX phase on which cyclic fatigue studies have been conducted. The studies show that fatigue crack growth thresholds were comparatively higher than those for typical ceramics and some metals (e.g., 300-M alloy steel). 37,38 At 1,200°C, which is above the BPT, the crackgrowth rate versus stress intensity curves show three distinctive regions emerging under the same conditions, which suggests delamination or grain-boundary decohesion as possible mechanisms. All MAX phases tested to date go through a BPT. The BPT temperature varies from phase to phase, but for many of them tested so far falls between 1,000°C and 1,100°C. Below BPT, the ultimate strengths of the MAX phases depend weakly on temperature and deformation rate. 1,5 Above BPT, their stress-strain response depends (b) 1um KD 6mm Figure 7. SEM images of fatigue cracks in Ti̟SiС. The images also show bridging ligaments, which plastically deform as a function of crack propagation. Arrow denotes direction of crack propagation. 36, 37 (Credit: Barsoum; Sci. Mater.) 24 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Credit: Barsoum; Wiley.) strongly on temperature and, more importantly, deformation rate. More specifically, when loaded above their BPT temperatures at high deformation rates, they fail in a brittle manner. However, when loaded slowly, they can be plastically deformed at 1,200°C in air-to strains greater than 25 percent even in tenStress (MPa) 1000 100 (a) Ni disk alloy Ni single crystal alloy NiTaC Nb+Nb₂Si₂ Ti-1100 FeAl 53333333333 www NIAI MA754 FS-5SN Retained flexural strength (MPa) 600 (b) 500 400 300 200 Fe,Al Fe,Al + TiB Ti₂SiC₂ (a) 100 (b) 10 B-NiTiCrAl 01 15 20 25 30 35 40 Temperature (k [log † (h)+20] × 10-³) Ti₂SIC,FG TIAIN, TI,SIC,CG T₁₂AIC₂ Nb.AIC VAIC T₁₂(Si, Geo)C₂ 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Quench temperature (°C) Figure 8. (a) Creep properties of select metallic, intermetallic alloys, and Ti̟SiC₂ plotted as stress-to-rupture versus the Larson-Miller parameter. The solid black line represents compression results, and the dashed line, tension results.\' (b) Postquench flexural strength versus quench temperature of select MAX phases.\" sion-before failing in a graceful manner.5 Because K drops above the BPT temperature, 39 we can categorically rule out the activation of additional slip systems.37 A sufficient condition needed to explain the BPT is the onset of a temperature-dependent grain-boundary decohesion-strength, delamination strength, or both. Although the MAX phases are considered good candidate materials for high-temperature applications, there are only a few published reports on their creep response. The few that exist for TiSiC, and Ti,AlC suggest that creep is independent of grain size, resulting from dislocation creep together with significant accumulation of voids and microcracks. 40 Nevertheless, creep resistance of the MAX phases is quite good when compared with other known creep-resistant materials (Figure 8(a)), and they offer great promise for future improvements. Another important property of the MAX phases is their exceptional thermal shock resistance. Unlike typical ceramics, the MAX phases not only do not shatter after quenching, and, in some cases, their residual flexural strengths increase even after quenching from temperatures as high as 1,200°C into ambient-temperature water (see Figure 8(b)). Lastly, arguably the most characteristic trait of the MAX phases and what truly sets them apart from other structural ceramics or high-temperature alloys is the ease with which they can be machined (Figure 9(a)). The MAX phases can be readily machined with regular high-speed tool steels or even manually with a hacksaw. Potential applications Before discussing potential applications, availability and cost have to be put in perspective. There are many methods for processing the MAX phases as bulk materials, powders, porous foams, coatings, and thin films. 1,8,14 Some of the methods are quite mature, patented, and widely used. For example, Sandvik Materials Technology (Hallstahammar, Sweden) has manufactured Ti,SiC, and Ti,AlC powders and parts since the late 1990s under its MAXthal brand (Figure 9(b)). MAX phases in any form usually (a) are fabricated from elemental powders and/or binary carbides, and, thus, their price is determined mostly by the price of those powders. Currently, Sandvik sells Ti,SiC, and T₁₂AlC powders at around $500 per kg. This price is significantly higher than the price of Al2O3, SiC, and Si3N4 powders used to make other structural and hightemperature ceramics. However, pressureless sintering in inert atmospheres can yield fully dense MAX phase parts without using sintering aids. More importantly, fully dense MAX phases are readily machined to very high tolerances, which should render the cost of final parts competitive compared with other structural ceramics. Furthermore, the price of powders should drop as demand increases. The development of reaction synthesis methods from less(b) Figure 9. (a) A MAX phase billet machined by a lathe. (b) T₁₂AIC and Ti₂SiC₂ powders and parts fabricated by Sandvik Heating Technology, Sweden, and commercially available under the trade name MAXthal 211 and MAXthal 312. Sandvik Materials Technology, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 25 MAX phases: Bridging the gap between metals and ceramics expensive precursor powders, such as TiO2 instead of pure titanium and TiC would constitute a major breakthrough. Given the remarkable set of properties that the MAX phases exhibit, especially their high-temperature stability, thermal shock resistance, damage tolerance, good machinability, and the exceptional oxidation resistance of some of them, it is not surprising that they were first targeted for high-temperature applications. The most promising MAX phase for high temperature applications is Ti,AlC because of the relatively low cost of raw materials needed, low density, superb oxidation resistance (that is immune to thermal cycling), and crack-healing capabilities, 41 among others. This combination of properties together with good electrical conductivity led Kanthal to evaluate heating elements made from Ti₂AlC. (Figure 5(a)). The company also tested MAX phases for gas burner nozzles and industrial die inserts. Other evaluated applicationssuch as high-temperature foil bearings, glove and condom molds, tooling for dry drilling of concrete (3-ONE-2, LLC), and nonstick cookware-took advantage of low friction and good wear resistance of the MAX phases and their composites.¹ Besides high-temperature applications, there may be electrical applications. For example, the first commercial application of Ti, SiC, was as sputtering targets for electrical contact deposition (Impact Coatings, Sweden). They also were investigated for electrochemical chlorine production electrodes.42 The way forward Our understanding of the structure and properties of the MAX phases has come a long way in less than two decades. Typically, it takes between 10 and 20 years from \"discovery\" to applications. 43 The recent intense interest in the MAX phases indicates that applications are forthcoming. This is important-applications keep a research field vital. The understanding we have achieved to date not withstanding, there remain outstanding scientific questions to answer and technological hurdles to overcome. Questions under exploration by more than a dozen research groups around the world include • Can we extend the number of known MAX phases to M, A, and X elements not shown in Figure 2(c)? • What are the effects of the lattice defects on thermal and electrical properties? (As well as the related question of non-stoichiometry and its effect on properties?) . To what extent can properties be tailored by solid solutions or by controlling the microstructure? Why are they so thermal shock resistant? What determines their critical resolved shear stresses? • Can they be processed using more affordable precursors? • What benefits can be gained by combining the MAX phases with metals or ceramics in composite materials? Acknowledgments This work was partially funded by grants from the NSF (DMR-0503711) and the ARO (W911NF-07-1-0628 and W911NF-11-1-0525) to Drexel University and grants from the AFOSR (FA9550-09-1-0686) and NSF (CMMI1233792) to Texas A&M University. About authors Miladin Radovic is associate professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Michel W. Barsoum is distinguished professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa. Contact: mradovic@tamu.edu or barsoumw@ drexel.edu. References: \'M.W. Barsoum, MAX Phases: Properties of Machinable Carbides and Nitrides. Wiley VCH, 2013. 2H. Nowotny, \"Struktuchemie einiger verbindungen der ubergangsmetalle mit den elementen C, Si, Ge, Sn,\" Prog. Solid State Chem., 2, 27-62 (1970). 3H. Nowotny, J.C. Schuster, and P. Rogl, \"Structural chemistry of complex carbides and related compounds,” J. Solid State Chem., 44, 126-33 (1982). 4M. W. Barsoum and T. El-Raghy, \"Synthesis and characterization of a remarkable ceramic: Ti,SiC,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79, 1953-56 (1996). 5M. Radovic, M.W. Barsoum, T. El-Raghy, S.M. Wiederhom, and W.E. Luecke, \"Effect of temperature, strain rate, and grain size on the mechanical response of Ti,SiC in tension,\" Acta Mater., 50 [Apr.] 1297-306 (2002). \'M.W. Barsoum, T. Zhen, S.R. Kalidindi, M. Radovic, and A. Murugaiah, \"Fully reversible, dislocation-based compressive deformation of Ti,SiC, to 1 GPa,\" Nat. Mater., 2 [Feb.] 107-11 (2003). \'M.W. Barsoum and M. Radovic; pp. 195227 in Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 41. Edited by D.R. Clarke and P. Fratzl. Annual Reviews, Palo Alto, Calif., 2011. 8P. Eklund, M. Beckers, U. Jansson, H. Hogberg, and L. Hultman, \"The M(+1)AX (n) phases: Materials science and thin-film processing,\" Thin Solid Films, 518 [Feb.] 1851-78 (2010). \'M.W. Barsoum and M. 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Edited by R. Riedel and I-W. Chen. Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2010. 16N.J. Lane, M. Naguib, J. Lu, L. Hultman, 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 and M.W. Barsoum, \"Structure of a new bulk Ti,A₁₂C, MAX phase produced by the topotactic transformation of Ti,AlC,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32 [Sep.] 3485-91 (2012). 17T. Cabioch, P. Eklund, V. Mauchamp, and M Jaouen, \"Structural investigation of substoichiometry and solid solution effects in Ti, Al(CN\" compounds. J Eur Ceram Soc., 32, 1803-11 92012). 1lx\'y 18M. Dahlqvist, B. Alling, and J. Rosen, \"Stability trends of MAX phases from first principles,” Phys. Rev. B, 81 [June] 104110 (2010). 19T. Ouisse and D. Chaussende, \"Application of an axial next-nearest-neighbor Ising model to the description of MAX phases,” Phys. Rev. B, 85 [Mar.] (2012). 20P. Eklund, M. Dahlqvist, O. Tengstrand, L. Hultman, J. Lu, N. Nedfors, U. Jansson, and J. 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Schneider, \"Structure and bulk modulus of M₂AIC (M=Ti, V, and Cr) Appl Phys Lett, 83, 899 (2003). 27J.P. Palmquist, S. Li, P.O.A. Persson, J. Emmerlich, O. Wilhelmsson, H. Hogberg, M.I. Katsnelson, B. Johansson, R. Ahuja, O. Eriksson, et. al. \"M(+1) AX() phases in the Ti-Si-C system studied by thin-film synthesis and ab initio calculations,” Phys. Rev. B, 70, 165401 (2004). 28Z.M. Sun, S. Li, R. Ahuja, and J.M. Schneider, \"Calculated elastic properties of MAIC (M = Ti, V, Cr, Nb, and Ta),\" Solid State Commun., 129 [Feb.] 589-92 (2004). 29H.I. Yoo, M.W. Barsoum, and T. El-Raghy, \"Ti,SiC2: A material with negligible thermopower over an extended temperature range,\' Nature, 407, 581-2 (2000). 30S. Li, R. Ahuja, M.W. Barsoum, P. Jena, and B. Johansson, \"Optical properties of Ti, SiC, and Ti̟AIN,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 92, 221907 (2008). 31P. Finkel, M.W. Barsoum, J.D. Hettinger, S.E. Lofland, and H.I. Yoo, \"Lowtemperature transport properties of nanolaminates Ti,AlC, and Ti̟ AlN,” Phys. Rev. B, 67, 235108 (2003). 32J.D. Hettinger, S.E. Lofland, P. Finkel, J. Palma, K. Harrell, S. Gupta, A. Ganguly, T. El-Raghy, and M.W. Barsoum, \"Electrical transpot, thermal transport and elastic properties of M,AIC (M = Ti, Cr, Nb and V) phases,\" Phys. Rev. B, 72, 115120 (2005). 33M. Sundberg, G. Malmqvist, A. Magnusson, and T. El-Raghy, “Alumina-forming hightemperature silicides and carbides,\" Ceram. Int., 30, 1899-904 (2004). 34L. Farber, I. Levin, and M.W. Barsoum, \"High-resolution transmission electron microscopy study of a low-angle boundary in plastically deformed Ti₂SiC₂,” Philos. Mag. Lett., 79 [Apr.] 163-70 (1999). 35M.W. Barsoum and T. El-Raghy, \"Roomtemperature ductile carbides,\" Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 30, 363-69 (1999). 36D. Chen, K. Shirato, M.W. Barsoum, T. El-Raghy, and R.O. Ritchie, “Cyclic fatiguecrack growth and fracture properties in Ti SiC ceramics at elevated temperatures,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 [12] 2914-20 (2001). 37C.J. Gilbert, D.R. Bloyer, M.W. Barsoum, T. El-Raghy, A.P. Tomasia and R.O. Ritchie, \"Fatigue-crack growth and fracture properties of coarse and fine-grained Ti,SiC₂,\" Scr. Mater., 42 [Apr.] 761-67 (2000). 38H. Zhang, Z.G. Wang, Q.S. Zang, Z.F. Zhang, and Z.M. Sun, “Cyclic fatigue crack propagation behavior of TiSiC synthesized by pulse discharge sintering (PDS) technique,\" Scri. Mater., 49, 87-92 (2003). 39D. Chen, K. Shirato, M.W. Barsoum, T. El-Raghy, and R.O. Ritchie, \"Cyclic fatiguecrack growth and fracture properties in Ti,SiC ceramics at elevated temperatures,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84, 2914 (2001). 40M. Radovic, M.W. Barsoum, T. El-Raghy, and S. Wiederhorn, “Tensile creep of finegrained (3-5 μm) Ti,SiC, in the 1000-1200 degrees C temperature range,\" Acta Mater., 49 [Nov.] 4103-12 (2001). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 41G.M. Song, Y.T. Pei, W.G. Sloof, S.B. Li, J.T.M. De Hosson, and S. van der Zwaag, \"Oxidation-induced crack healing in Ti₂AlC₂ ceramics,\" Scr. Mater., 58, 13-16 (2008). 42V.D. Jovic and M.W. Barsoum, \"Electrolytic cell and electrodes for use in electrochemical processes,\" US Pat. No. 7,001,494. 43 Materials Genome Initiative for Global Competitiveness, National Science and Technology Council, Washington, DC, 2011. 44W.J. Wang, V. Gauthier-Brunet, G.P. Bei, J. Bonneville, A. Joulain, and S. Dubios, \"Powder metallurgy processing and compres sive properties of Ti₂AlC₂/Al composites,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 530, 168 (2011). find your vendors with ceramicSOURCE ceramicsource.org 27 T=1100°C, V=80V, i=0.01A Image processing 5 mm HIAV 640 Constant V power source No pressure • Constant voltage • Constant heating rate (10°C/min) ⚫ 3-mol%-Y₂O, YSZ sample Tubular furnace Optical filters ⚫ Dog-bone samples by uniaxial ZrO2₂ CCD camera pressing (Credit: M. Cologna - MS&T 2010.) Schematic for initial flash sintering experiments and observations. New paradigm prophecy 28 By Peter Wray Rishi Raj explains the discovery of flash sintering and electrical fields and other field effects will revolutionize ceramic manufacturing. Re esearchers investigating advanced sintering techniques have made giant strides in recent years. In particular, the introduction of spark plasma and microwaveassisted sintering has already shown that there can be significant time and cost-saving benefits compared with traditional sintering approaches. SPS and microwave sintering are examples of what has been termed FAST, or field-assisted sintering. While revolutionary in its own way, FAST sintering research may have been only the leading edge of an even greater wave of knowledge and changes to sintering and ceramic manufacturing. Building on insights from FAST and intuition—and aided in at least one case by some well-timed luck—researchers led by Hans Conrad at North Carolina State University and Rishi Raj at Colorado State University began to explore whether forming, grain size, sintering and other stress-related phenomena could be affected by relatively simple ac and dc electrical fields. While the two have worked together since the mid-1990s, Conrad generally has focused on how electrical fields can dramatically affect plasticity and grain size, and Raj, a ceramist, has focused on sintering. In late 2010, the Journal of the American Ceramic Society published a paper authored by Raj, along with Marco Cologna and Boriana Rashkova, with a profound title: \"Flash Sintering of Nanograin Zirconia in <5 s at 850°C\" (doi:10.1111 /j.1551-2916.2010.04089). When traditional methods are used, yttrium-stabilized zirconia requires several hours of sintering at 1,450°C to reach full density. However, Raj\'s group found that YSZ could sinter in a few seconds—literally a flash of time and photons and at a fraction of the temperature. The key condition for flash sintering is that an electrical field must be applied. Others have duplicated these results, and Raj et al., have gone on to show that flash sintering can be accomplished with most, if not www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 all, ceramic materials, and that both dc and ac currents can be used to create the fields. While Raj continues to work on exactly what mechanisms are making flash sintering possible, he is convinced that it will lead to a new era for ceramic manufacturing. With terms such as \"new paradigm\" and \"new physics\" being associated with flash sintering, the ACerS Bulletin\'s Peter Wray interviewed Raj about his work. Q. Can you provide some of the history on the work on electrical fields and stressrelated phenomenon? A. There were really two lines of work in the past. One is by Hans Conrad, who is emeritus professor of materials science and engineering at North Carolina State University. Conrad didn\'t look at sintering as much as deformation. He comes from a metallurgy background and for a long time he was looking at metals and the effect of electrical fields on phase transformations and plastic flow in metals. And then he started to look at ceramics in the mid-1990s. The early experiments he did were on sodium chloride. Q. Why did Conrad suddenly become interested in ceramics? A. I don\'t know actually. Some work had been done on electric fields and plastic flow in sodium chloride in the 1960s and 1970s, and he may have picked up some ideas from that, although I don\'t think he cites that work in his initial papers. I think maybe he just had the idea that if there are effects in metals, he should try it with ceramics. Q. He got this idea about working with ceramics fairly late in his career. A. Yes. Conrad is now 92 years old. I remember around 1996 or 1997 he organized a workshop in South Carolina and he asked me to come to that. At that time, he had published some work on the effect of interfacial charges on diffusion creep. His very early papers on this are from around 1993. He had picked up on diffusion creep and he was very interested in my group\'s work, which may have been a stimulus for him to look at electric field effects and ceramics. Conrad\'s workshop was sponsored by the Army, which funded all of this early work, and they may have also suggested work on ceramics. But somehow his interest in ceramics happened! John Francis, left, and Rishi Raj. Eventually Conrad went on to look at oxides and superplastic deformation. He looked at several oxides including aluminum oxides, zirconia, and MgO, and in all cases there was an effect of the electrical field on the flow stress. The flow stress was lower if the electrical field was higher at the point of superplastic deformation. However, the temperatures he had for deformation were the temperatures that were common for superplastic deformation. So, for example, in the case of zirconia, they were on the order of 1,300 to 1,500°C so they were high temperatures. I don\'t think he was able to zero in on what was going on exactly, but he did report on all of this. Then, I had done some experiments when I was at Cornell University in 1996-1997-before I left-but they were not published until 1999. There we were able to show a one-to-one correlation between applied stress and Linear shrinkage rate (°C-¹) 120 90 60 V/cm 100 75 the generation of electrical fields. We weren\'t looking at the effect of electrical fields and flow, as much as trying to find a connection between applied stresses and interfacial stresses—and the generation of electrical fields. That became a motivation for me to write a proposal to the Department of Energy that was funded around 2005. The idea behind this proposal was to pick up on Conrad\'s work and try to explore the mechanisms of fieldinduced effects on deformation, basically looking at the interactions between applied stresses, space charge and interfaces, and mechanical deformation. Q. So that was just one direction of activity? A. Yes. Then, in parallel with that, there was this spark plasma sintering Flash sintering 3 orders of magnitude faster than FAST sintering. 0.0+ -0.1 FAST 0.000 -0.2-0.3-0.001 0 V/cm -0.4-0.002 20 V/cm -0.5-0.003 -0.640 V/cm 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 • Densification -0.7Flash -0.8-0.9+ 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Temperature (°C) Comparison of FAST versus flash sintering rates under various conditions. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org rate as high as 35 percent/s. 20 29 M. Cologna - MS&T 2010.) (Credit: Francis and Raj.) New paradigm prophecy Flash sintering appears to be quite general Occurs in cubic zirconia (8YSZ) •In mixed electronic, ionic conductors: Co₂MnO spinel for SOFC Applications. \"Cologna, Prette, Raj, JACers 2010. *Prette, Cologna, Sglava, Roj, J. Power S. 2010. • Occurs in stoichiometric ceramics such as Al,O, and TIO, and undoped ZrO₂. • Occurs in SrTiO, perovskite. Nearly all ceramic materials have been successfully flash sintered. work that emerged, but is about 10 or 15 years old now. That experiment is very complicated. You have a die that is heated by very high electrical current and very high stresses are applied at the same time. So, it is like a hot-pressing experiment-except that the die is heated by electrical current directly rather than through a furnace. With this complex experiment, they found that they could, in fact, densify materials at low temperatures, and densify materials that were difficult to consolidate otherwise. SPS, of course, now has a large following and it has become kind of a standard method of fabricating new materials. But, the mechanism by which you get this SPS effect is not really understood. Anecdotally, by talking with various people, I got the sense that researchers working on SPS thought there was an effect of the electrical field, somehow. They just were not quite sure what was going on. So, as part of our DOE program, we started to ask the question, \"What happens if we just apply the electrical field with a pair of electrodes to samples heated conventionally-without stresses or any other effects?\" We just wanted to see in as simple a way as possible, whether or not an electric field applied directly to a specimen can influence sintering. It is these experiments, which are called \"two-electrode sintering experiments,\" that led to the discovery of flash sintering. Actually, if I can back up a little bit, I also had been attending some talks on microwave sintering at a small work30 30 (Credit: M. Cologna - MS&T 2010.) Time for sintering (s) 100000 10000 1000 100 10 10 +4 Hours Seconds Minutes Flash sintering SPS FAST Hot Conventional press 600 800 1000 Energy savings 1200 1400 1600 Furnace temperature (°C) (Credit: M. Cologna - MS&T 2010.) New paradigm for manufacturing? Flash sintering could slash energy bills and deliver other costs savings. shop, and I was struck by the fact that, in these microwave-sintered materials, the grain size was much finer. I hadn\'t really looked at some of Conrad\'s experiments at that time, but it turned out that he had explored the grain-size effect of electrical fields. So we noted that we should look at that carefully, too. We then decided to study grain growth and electrical fields in zirconia, not under sintering conditions but just using a monolithic fully dense material with an applied field. I kind of anticipated what we found, which was a decrease in the rate of grain growth, and this was even with electrical fields that were not very large-less than 10 volts per centimeter. Several things were really converging. My interactions with Conrad led to the DOE program where we started to emphasize the effects of electrical fields on sintering rather than superplastic densification. The two are equivalent in the sense that in superplasticity, the stress drives the deformation, whereas with sintering it is the capillary pressure that drives the densification. In both cases, the mechanisms are similar. Some of the early experiments were done at North Carolina and I supported a postdoc who was working with Conrad through the DOE funding. Soon we started to make this connection between the reduction in grain growth in the electrical field and the enhanced rate of sintering under the influence of an electrical field. But, at that time we were very concerned about Joule heating, thus we kept the fields rather low. We wanted to minimize Joule heating so that we could look unambiguously at the effect of the electrical field on the process rather than an indirect effect of Joule heating. That was the approach we had at that time. I hired a really good postdoc, Marco Cologna, so we could start to work at Colorado with a two-electrode experiment. This was a totally different set up and one that we have reported on. Basically, we hang the sample from a couple of platinum wires in a furnace. We also position a camera underneath and look at the sintering. We started with zirconia and saw acceleration in the rate of sintering in small electrical fields, on the order of 10 to 30 volts per centimeter. Again, we didn\'t want to go too high, because of Joule heating. But then I encouraged Marco to see what would happen if we kept on increasing the field. It was then that we stumbled onto this effect of flash sintering. With flash sintering, the character of sintering suddenly changes―rather than having a gradual increase in density, with constant heating rate experiments, we found that sintering literally occurred in a flash, in two or three seconds. It obviously had a different mechanism, something different was going on there. And that is what has opened up this whole new area. So that\'s a brief history. Q. Is Conrad still working in this area? A. What Conrad has been working on now is trying [to find] the answer [to], \"Why does the electrical field influence the rate of grain growth?\" He and I have www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 somewhat different hypotheses for this, but it is not really clear what is going on, and this grain growth question has become his focus. Our work has leaned more in the direction of exploring flash sintering and looking at its applicability with many different materials to see how general the process is. We\'ve found that the process is very general, and we also have learned that there is a remarkable decrease in the temperature at which they are sintering. And, remember, these fields are not very large, certainly not large enough to cause something such as electrical breakdown or something similar. So we are looking at lots of different materials and we are surprised at how general it is. We have found that, really, all materials, except pure alumina, show this effect. About the mechanism: Initially we thought it to be Joule heating, because it looked like flash sintering was always accompanied by a nonlinear increase in conductivity. It really becomes electronically conducting. There was certainly some significant Joule heating going on. But as we looked into this in great detail, we have found that although there is an increase in sample temperature, it is not nearly enough to explain sintering in just a few seconds. In a certain sense, if you look at the flash sintering curves, they just have a very different character than normal sintering curves. With normal sintering, you get a gradual increase in density, but with flash sintering, the signature of the curve is just so different. Q. So what do you think is going on Zirconia TZ-3YB Temperature 900C Time sec with flash sintering? A. Well, I have been pondering it for a while and it occurred to me that flash sintering might be due to a defect avalanche mechanism that, under certain conditions of fields and temperatures, could nucleate a very large concentration of defects. These defects, on one hand, enhance diffusion, but on the other hand, generate electron hole pairs that then can recombine and that can give you electronic conductivity. We also postulated that the electron hole pairs also could be combined to give you photoluminescence and give the emission of a photon. Initially we predicted that and now we actually can measure it. you So there are three things really going on at the same time: electronic conductivity; mass transport; and photoemission. This means that the mechanism has some boundary conditions on it and must explain why these three things go together. Q. What has been the general reaction from the ceramics community on flash sintering? A. Well, at first, many were a little leery of these descriptions, and that is understandable. Of course, a lot of people thought that it just may be Joule heating and that the photoemission was part of the electrical breakdown. So, at first the reaction was sort of a simplistic explanation of what is occurring, and I sincerely mean that was understandable. But, gradually other people are reproPower input Field 0 Vicm Power OW Image of 3YSZ sample. Power curve shows incubation period (furnace isothermal at 900°C) before sintering onset. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: Raj Lab, University of Colorado at Boulder.) 450 400 ducing the results we have been having. No one has looked at the photoemission as much as we have and there are still some concerns that the temperatures are getting very high because of Joule heating, and maybe that is responsible for the phenomenon. And, it is probably partially that, but also there is some other mechanism, which we think is the defect avalanche mechanism. Q. The descriptions of flash sintering aren\'t intuitive so, some leeriness and skepticism is natural, isn\'t it? A. Well, yes, but I also think the reaction is mixed with a lot of excitement. The skepticism is wearing away. There is a sense that this is a totally new paradigm and [that it] may be central to a new era of sintering. And, there is an excitement to explain what is going on. Q. I\'ve heard you suggest that there may be a \"new physics\" involved in the flash sintering mechanism. In what sense is this new physics? A. What I mean is the following. In the classical sintering process, you have the capillary stresses and you get mass transport, which drives the mass transport from the grain boundaries into the pores, and then, you get densification. The new physics is that you not only get mass transport, but you also get photoemission and a very large increase in electronic conductivity. This suggests that the whole pathway to sintering is different. You are not just driving atoms by the traditional diffusion process from the grain boundaries and into the pores, The power supply: voltage current control Constant voltage 10 seconds Sinterring regime 3YSZ Pyrometer Filter: 2.0-2.6μm Power density (mW-mm-³) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 870 Constant current 1200 Specimen temperature 100 10 seconds CHI 10 Cha 880 Furnace temperature (°C) 1000 900 900 890 Measured (pyrometer) Temp., °C One characteristic of flash sintering is brief power spike at the onset followed by several seconds of desification. 31 (Credit: Raj Lab, University of Colorado at Boulder.) New paradigm prophecy but instead you are actually dynamically forming new defects and increasing the defect concentration. And by having this increased concentration, you can enhance the sintering process. In this concept, sintering is an active mechanism now. It\'s not just a defect responding to an applied stress. In tandem, there is an increase in the diffusion coefficient, and you have to be able to explain why the diffusion coefficient is increasing. There are symmetries here between the transport geometry and the defect concentration, and it\'s the latter that seems to be controlling the high rate of the sintering process. Q. I understand you benefitted from a bit of luck related to the equipment you used to create an electrical field? A. That\'s exactly right. We got lucky that we started with a power supply that automatically switched from constant voltage to constant current. If we had a power supply that had only a very high threshold for cutoff, then FAST Ceramics LLC FAST Ceramics is an R&D company dedicated to the technological development of fieldassisted (electric and magnetic) sintering of ceramics and composites. The company was started by John Francis, one of the codevelopers of the technology at the University of Colorado. FAST Ceramics has developed expertise in flash-sintering applications, and it is investigating its possible use in manufacturing solid oxide fuel cells and multilayer ceramic capacitors, where rapid densification and low furnace temperature can facilitate new material combinations. FAST Ceramics\' expertise in flash sintering also may lead to energy savings by reducing the time and temperature required for sintering, helping to reduce margins in low-cost ceramics. The company currently specializes in the design and manufacture of electrical-fieldassisted sintering instruments. The company also offers consulting advice for the design of experiments and manufacturing processes that may take advantage of this exciting new technique. More information about FAST Ceramics is available at fastceramics.com or contact the company at 685 S. Arthur Ave., Unit No. 7, Louisville, CO; phone: 443-623-1158. 32 Photoemission Pyrometer filter: 2.0-2.6 μm Flash sintering may involve the creation of electron hole pairs that recombine to cause the characteristic photoemission. it would have just burned the sample out because the current would have kept rising and the sample would have gotten hotter and hotter and probably would have just melted. But we just happened to be using a power supply that, at just the right level which in our case was when the sample started to heat up—it leveled off the power to its limit. So, we were fortunate that in the beginning of our experiment the power was held in check by the voltage, and then when it switched, the current limited the power. If you look at the graphs of the power expended with these samples, there is a sudden upward spike in the power when the flash occurs, and then it declines as the power supply switches into current control. After the flash, you quickly have a steady-state condition where the current is stable and the sample remains electronically conductive at a stable temperature. The steady temperature is one you can study and analyze and therefore understand the impact of Joule heating on this mechanism. Q. Can you describe what the state of your work is now? A. What\'s happening now is that if we start to consider manufacturing via Current, A 0.25 0.125 75 V/cm 50 V/cm 45 V/cm 400 Time (s) 800 Incubation time experiment for zirconia TZ-3Y at constant temperature of 900°C. the flash sintering process, it is really a new paradigm. It is a new paradigm in that sintering is no longer a simple issue of furnace temperature and time. Flash means instead that we must have an understanding of how the applied voltage, applied power, and applied current interact in the sintering process. We have to think about maintaining control over a very brief period—in the tens of milliseconds kind of controlover the power supply and that means special software to control it in order to get the optimum sintering. We are just starting a new contract with a company in the UK, Ceram, which has given us a contract to spend two years to look into those questions. Ceram wants to apply the flash technique to the fabrication of ceramic www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 Credit: Raj Lab, University of Colorado at Boulder.) (Credit: Raj Lab, University of Colorado at Boulder.) Displacement (mm) 2 2 300 Specimen temp. = 560°C Vcm-1 200 Vcm-1 200 300 400 500 600 Furnace temperature (°C) 150 Vcm-1 100 Vcm-1 70 Vcm-1 700 800 900 1000 1Field-assisted viscous flow in sodium aluminosilicate glass. tile, so they are thinking in \"big time\" terms. Obviously, the potential energy savings are huge. Q. So you imagine a continuous flash sintering process in manufacturing? A. Yes! That would be part of the paradigm change. You could have continuous sintering and the tooling could be much cheaper because you no longer require very high temperatures and the furnaces could be less expensive. It would not need to be limited to batch sintering. The energy costs alone could be reduced to nearly zero compared with what they are using now. Q. Do you have to design new approaches to electrodes? A. We are looking at some combination of plasmas between the electrodes and the sample. There also may be some emerging overlap with microwave sintering. Until this time, we have used [only] dc fields and two electrodes. A next step is to look at ac fields and going up all the way to microwave, and then we could have noncontacting electrodes. We know, of course that we have to have an electrical field. I don\'t think it has to be a dc field to nucleate the event, but then we need to pump some power into the sample— not much, but some-so that there is both a field effect and a current effect. Field-assisted crystallization I think it could be ac, such as an rf or microwave current. We also are looking at floating electrodes and ac electric fields and variable frequencies. These are the kind of directions we need for transitioning flash sintering into manufacturing. But, this will take 10 years, at least. It is going to be a long learning curve. It is really a new way of looking at making ceramics. Another key issue will be learning how to sinter different geometries and shapes, and learning to use noncontact electrodes. The thing about Ceram and its tile manufacturing is that the tile have relatively simple geometries and it may be a good way to demonstrate this commercially, and Ceram has a financial interest and the capital to try this out. Q. I\'ve read that you\'ve also begun exploring flash with glass applications. Can you elaborate on this? A. Yes, we\'ve been looking at the softening of glasses under electrical fields and the effects are huge and quite dramatic. It seems to be easier with glasses that have some ionic content, and when we have done these experiments we see photoemission everywhere. When the glass suddenly flows, it becomes really fluid with teardroplike viscosity as the sample deforms. (Credit: Raj Lab, University of Colorado at Boulder.) Q. You talk about these developments being dramatic and suggesting new physics and new paradigms—it must be kind of breathtaking to be a part some of these discoveries, isn\'t it? A. Well, (laughing) I am kind of an old man, so I try to avoid too much excitement, but it is certainly motivating for students, and I think it is creating excitement in the materials community. I am really encouraged to see the interest, too, from the manufacturing industry. Also, there is interest at Los Alamos National Lab for net shaping forming of uranium oxide to lessen the waste and quicken the process. And, it\'s exciting that this effect isn\'t limited to sintering. You have this huge increase in the defect population and these large defect populations can enhance phase transformation and it may be possible to form metastable phases. So this could go well beyond sintering ceramics. So, yes, it is exciting. I do want to give credit to my first postdoc who I mentioned earlier, Marco Cologna, who did most of the early experiments, and later grad student John Francis worked on other related experiments. Francis has taken on the main role now and we have some other students. Francis is really gung-ho about the uses in manufacturing and has started a company called FAST Ceramics LLC (see sidebar) to sell flash systems, including the software to control the power, to do these experiments. The research on flash sintering is sponsored by the Basic Science Division of the Department of Energy under Grant No: DE-FG02-07ER46403, which has supported the students, the postdocs and the facilities at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The work on field-assisted flow in glass received partial support in the form of short-term student internships for two Italian students (University of Trento) from the International Materials Institute on Glass Science at Lehigh University supported by the National Science Foundation. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 33 33 34 Current availability of ceramic property data and future opportunities By Steve Freiman and John Rumble It is time for the ceramics community to work toward establishing a comprehensive ceramic property database that is easily assessable through a single entry point W cannot ceramists get all the data they need onlineeasily and with one click? After all, we can find nearly anything online-hotels, airline tickets, stores, services, and everything else. Why is it so difficult to find high-quality ceramic property data online? To help answer these and similar questions, we recently completed a study for the Department of Defense on the availability of and access to ceramic data and what could be done to improve the situation. Our work focused on three critical questions. What ceramic property data are actually available online today!? • • What ceramic property data do people want and why? What can be done to improve the quality and availability of ceramic data? We found that many datasets are available online, but are distributed in a difficult-to-navigate maze of unconnected databases, in many different formats, using nonstandard terminology. The situation is far from the single access point users want, and the quality of available data is difficult to judge. What can be done? It is time for the ceramics community to overcome barriers resulting from proprietary interests, high start-up costs, and uncoordinated data efforts and work together to build a modern ceramic property data system that will aid discovery of new materials and promote selection of advanced ceramics for new products and applications. We have the opportunity to make progress, as we outline below. Background The ability to generate, store, manage, and reuse large amounts of data is driving new modes of scientific research, including data mining, modeling and simulation, and knowledge discovery. The globalization of research means that significant science and technology datasets generated in one country are useful and needed by researchers www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 worldwide. Even though most material property data are generated by \"small\" science (that is, by individual researchers or small research groups), in aggregate, the entire body of materials research results constitutes a large dataset that is increasingly important to stateof-the-art research. For example, the Materials Genome Initiative in the US, whose goal is to expedite the transition from new materials development users. Although we focused primarily on electronic resources, we identified several important print sources and include them in this report. Status quo: Ceramic property datɑ available online We can find hotels, air tickets, stores, and everything else online. Why is finding high-quality ceramic property data so difficult? to incorporation in a final product, demands better access to accurate property data. Unfortunately, access to materials property data today is haphazard. There is no single entry point. Datasets that are found using existing search engines are of unknown quality and provenance. In fact, no individual data resource is comprehensive with respect to properties or materials. Our year-long study supported by DOD focused on the electronic availabil ity of ceramic property data as an exemplar of the larger realm of materials data. During the 20 years since the Internet and the World Wide Web revolutionized access to data and information, numerous online data resources covering virtually all ceramic materials and properties have been created. Because these data resources are maintained by diverse, independent organizations, locating and gaining access to specific datasets remains a challenge, despite the power of modern search engines to help discover them. As part of this study, we performed an intensive search for web sites containing ceramic property data. The goal was to locate as many resources as possible and characterize each of them with respect to content, availability, fee structure, and coverage. Our aim was to create a database of ceramic property electronic databases for use by organizations as a basis for developing easier, more cohesive access to multiple data resources for today What ceramic databases property actually exist? First, let us define ceramics to mean any inorganic nonmetal, including zeolites and minerals. The next question is, which databases are important? While databases containing citations, abstracts, or full text articles on ceramics are found easily, databases containing numerical data on ceramic properties are scarce. We looked for data for various forms of ceramics (i.e., single crystal, polycrystalline, glasses, fibers, films, composites, and coatings), and included structural, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. Because no one single access point (portal) or directory for ceramic property data exists, we used multiple search engines and multiple languages to search the entire web thoroughly, often using professional searchers. No wonder the average scientist or engineer looking for ceramic property data gets frustrated with the difficulty of finding Gaithers John Rumble leads a discussion on ceramic property data at a DOD-sponsored workshop, June 2012. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: ACerS.) what the need! A substantial quantity of ceramic property data exists in journal articles and has not been extracted and compiled into databases, whether print or electronic. Also, many national laboratories, universities, and other research institutions have collections of ceramic property data that are not publicly available. In our research we identified more than 100 possible ceramic property data resources, but we exclude those without property data (and there were many) from our list of databases. The complete annotated list of ceramics data resources is available at www.ceramics.org. (See condensed list, page 38-39.) We observed some general trends regarding the availability of ceramics property data. • Although considerable amounts of ceramics property data are available, no single resource is comprehensive. Most resources concentrate on one or a few properties. The few databases that attempted to be comprehensive were not up-to-date or covered only portions of the world\'s research literature. None clearly stated what procedures were used to locate data nor the selection criteria for data in the database. An individual user most likely would have consult several resources to find the needed data. • Many data resources are no longer being updated. Many important resources are not being updated. Rarely does a resource clearly indicate the years of coverage. As a result, property data for newer ceramic materials are difficult to find, delaying adoption of these newer ceramics. • Data quality indicators are lacking for most data resources. Even when data are located, their quality and provenance are rarely indicated. Long-term data evaluation programs, such as the ACerSNIST Phase Diagram for Ceramists Program and the various crystallographic data centers, are exceptions rather than the rule. Quality verification is necessary before using property data found in most databases for critical applications. The lack of quality indicators for fundamental data, such as elastic constants, will be a barrier to using results from 35 Current availability of ceramic property data and future opportunities modeling and simulation in the future. • In aggregate, many (Credit: ACerS.) Workshop participants discuss their ceramic property data needs and challenges. types of properties are not adequately covered in databases, including some fundamental ceramic properties, even if they have been measured and reported in the literature. Data for many properties, including routine standard test results, are not in these databases. When included, the accompanying metadata-for example, compositional information, test procedure, and statistical analysis-are not given. • Performance data are incomplete, and historical coverage of these properties is lacking. Incomplete coverage is especially the situation for performance properties. Many of these data, even if reported in the literature, are buried in government and laboratory reports receiving little circulation. Many sets of ceramic performance data were generated for specialized energy and defense programs, especially for more extreme conditions. These data sets are rarely included • No single point of access exists. The hunt for ceramic property data requires multiple searches through mul tiple data resources to locate all desired data. There is not even a comprehensive directory of databases available, much less an index of the all materials and properties. Even when an individual database is accessed, determining its contents can be difficult and time consuming. Unlike many other disciplines such as astronomy and its International Virtual Observatory (www.ivoa.net), no progress has been made on creating a one-stop access point (data portal) for ceramic property data. • Differing fee structures for subscription-based resources. Vendors of subscription-based ceramic property databases present customers with a variety of fee structures, user agreements, and software or hardware requirements. These arrangements can present significant barriers, including justifying subscriptions to managers, and in some cases, employer-imposed restrictions on accessing outside web services. 36 These issues represent major challenges. From the data provider perspective, some challenges may reduce the number of customers. However, without revenue from subscriptions, fee-based models would probably cease to exist. From the data seeker perspective, these challenges reduce the amount of available data. From the ceramic community perspective, these challenges represent barriers to advancing the use of ceramics in industry. What ceramic property data do people want and why? Answering this question is crucial for designing future access to ceramic property data. After all, there are many types of ceramics with various properties, and data needs vary accordingly. For example, development engineers may be satisfied with lower-quality data for preliminary design work, whereas others may need high-quality, verified data to formulate a detailed processing specification for a critical component of an airplane made of advanced ceramics. The authors brought together experts to evaluate whether the needs of industry, government laboratories, and academia for electronic access to ceramic property data are being met, and if not, what actions are needed to meet those needs. The \"Workshop on E-Ceramics: Prospects and Challenges for Improved Access to Ceramics Property Data,\" was held in the Virginia Tech Research Center in Arlington, Va., June 4-5, 2012. We opened the meeting by presenting the results of our survey of ceramic data resources. We asked attendees to identify data needs from their sectors (industry, government, academia). Speakers agreed that their needs for ceramic-related property data covered the entire spectrum of ceramic materials and included • Composition, structure, and phase information; • Processing and post-processing data; • Fundamental properties needed for modeling, such as finite-element analysis; • Performance properties; Specialized • properties, such as electrical, optical, and piezoelectric; and • Failure information. Major recommendations made by the participants include, • There should be open access to the database of ceramic property databases compiled under this study. • There should be a concerted effort to build a high-quality database of fundamental properties of single crystals to support atomistic scale modeling. Elastic and electrical constants and similar data should be included to support finiteelement analysis and other modeling techniques. • Work should be restarted on establishing metadata guidelines for ceramic property data, perhaps under the auspices of ASTM C28 on Advanced Ceramics. • The ceramics community should be surveyed regarding the need for new data evaluation projects for ceramic property data, including performance data. Possibile projects include updating the NIST Ceramics WebBook or creating electronic access to print data compilations. • The feasibility of establishing a ceramics data portal to provide a single point of access to as many ceramics data resources as possible should be explored. This may be an appropriate activity for an organization such as the American Ceramic Society. • International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) should be reviewed, in particular, restrictions that, in some cases, limit sharing of data on advanced materials, especially ceramic matrix composites. • Journals should provide access to article data tables and even to the raw data on which tables are based-perhaps, for example, with data repositories built www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 and maintained by the journals themselves, by professional societies, or by other organizations. • Continuing material property data workshops and conferences should be conducted that foster the exchange of knowledge and promote progress in this area. The consensus opinion expressed by attendees at workshop and by others in discussions we had during our study, is that user access to ceramic property data falls short of the need. How best can interested parties—industrial product designers, component manufacturers, and government agencies-meet those needs? We must recognize that ceramic property data are important enough that companies and institutions have historically been willing to pay for access to data in handbooks, commercial databases, individual databases, and research programs. The economic value of ceramic property data is well established, and fee-based services are accepted. At the same time, ceramic property data are usually just one input into the complicated, nonlinear development of commercial products or materials. Often, property data are critical in the early stages of product conceptualization and design, but the final product reaches the market several years later. The conundrum is that the value of property data is recognized, but its importance in the long-term economics of a final product is vastly underestimated In addition, the properties of engineering materials, especially ceramics, varies considerably with small composi tional, processing, and manufacturing changes. Many ceramics, for example, are individually tailored by their manufacturers to meet specific product needs. As a result, general ceramic property data help guide general materials selection, but additional data or new measurements are often involved before making a final selection. Improving quality and availability of ceramic property data The responsibility for meeting the needs of a general user of ceramic property data is not clear cut. Professional societies, which collectively provide much of the materials property data in the US, struggle to find a sustainable business model for providing a one-stop service for ceramic data. Government agencies, espe cially in the areas of defense, energy, and security, have limited mandates. Large commercial data providers see limited market potential for the ceramics subset of materials. Although small commercial data providers claim to provide comprehensive coverage, in fact, their data products are outdated, incomplete, or both. Ceramic manufacturers, understandably, limit their scope to only their materials. How then can the ceramics data user community coalesce and provide a coherent argument for meeting their needs? Based on our observations of activities in other scientific and technical disciplines, several potential approaches can be identified. We begin by defining our view of the ideal solution for accessing ceramic property data, and that is an online system that provides single-point access to all ceramic property data resources. We envision it having these characteristics: 1. Single-point-of-entry portal exists to all ceramic property data resources; 2. Users subscribe to one service only; 3. Portal lists all ceramic materials for which there is data and describes the property data available; 4. Directory lists all known synonyms for materials and properties; 5. System has a variety of display options and analytical tools; selectivity among search results. Finding, accessing or linking to each identified data resource is the responsibility of each individual user or institution. Further, such a system does not provide detailed information about the contents of each data resource, and the utility and coverage of a resource often cannot be determined without considerable effort. In some cases, a database\'s contents cannot be vetted until license contracts are in place. Today\'s ceramic data system does not meet user needs, acts as a barrier to adopting ceramic materials, and fails to maximize the tools offered by the modern information age. There are challenges to creating the ideal solution. The cost of building and maintaining a monolithic data system is significant, even with all the advances made in information technology and web technology during the past 20 years. • No standards exist for describing ceramic materials or ceramic property data. • An effort to integrate data from the more than 50 ceramic property data resources identified in this report would be daunting. • Many of the data resources are proprietary and are designed to be revenue sources for their builders or providers. \"They have little economic incentive to cooperate with a monolithic sysToday\'s ceramic property data system ignores the benefits of the modern information age. 6. All data should has quality indicators; 7. Primary interface is adaptable by the user and supports various languages; and 8. Mobile device applications are supported. In contrast, today we have a diffuse and uncoordinated ceramic property data system with the user having to contract separately with each data resource and through multiple interfaces. In practical terms, Google, Yahoo, or other search engines often act as the point-of-entry. This is unsatisfactory from many perspectives, not the least of which is the lack of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org tem. Yet, a robust ceramic property data system that inherently meets user needs is possible. In fact, there could be multiple points-of-entry via multiple systems, depending on the marketplace. Under this model, each system would be similar in many respects and would likely include the following characteristics. 1. A single access point-or data portal-would be operated by a system provider. 2. Users would have one contract with the system provider. 3. The system provider would have contracts with as many data resources as possible, such that a user wanting to use a resource would need only to invoke the user-system provider contract. 4. Over time, the system provider 37 Current availability of ceramic property data and future opportunities would create detailed directories of the content of all data resources to make it The market for single point easy for users to locate needed data. 5. The system provider initially would provide a simple, easy-to-execute link to individual data resources. 6. Over time, the system provider would develop standard displays, tools, and cross-data resource searching capability. access, modern ceramic property data system is there, waiting to be exploited! 7. Access to data resources through a quality system provider would provide some level of data quality that would increase over time as users return to the system. How do we get there? With more than 50 data resources containing ceramic property data available today, coverage in terms of materials and properties likely is sufficient to attract a critical number of users to generate the revenue necessary for a sustainable system-if all available data are easily accessible. The market for single-point access, modern ceramics data system is there, waiting to be exploited! To help provide momentum, the ceramics community can take the following important steps. • The directory of ceramics databases produced by this study is freely available to interested parties and is published on the ACerS website at www.ceramics.org/knowledge-center. We encourage readers to identify other ceramic property data resources that should be added and send them to ACerS at customerservice@ceramics.org. • Federal agencies should make their substantial, publicly available collections of ceramic property data developed in support of the programs more easily discoverable. • A concerted effort is needed to build a high-quality database of fundamental properties of single crystals to support atomistic scale modeling, including elastic and electrical constants. The database should be capable of supporting FEM and other modeling techniques. . Work should restart on establishing metadata guidelines for ceramic property data. This work could be done under the auspices of ASTM C28 on Advanced Ceramics. • Journals should provide access to data tables and even the raw data behind tables in their articles through data repositories that could be built and maintained by the journals themselves, by professional societies, or by other organizations, similar to the data repositories operated by crystallographic data centers, such as the FIZ/NIST Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. The time has come for the ceramics community to join the 21st century and be able to access all ceramic property data easily and through a single entry point. Users, want it; the ceramics industry needs it; and the tools are available. Let\'s make it happen. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge support from the Department of Defense to perform most of this work. We thank June Crowe and Diane Rumble for their help locating ceramic property data resources. About the authors Steve Freiman is principal with Freiman Consulting, Potomac, Md., and John Rumble is president of R&R Data Services, Gaithersburg, Md. Contact: Steve Freiman at steve.freiman@ comcast.net; John Rumble at jumbleusa@earthlink.net Selected ceramic property data resources. Visit www.ceramics.org/knowledge-center to view the workshop report and a complete listing of ceramic property data resources. Table 1 Comprehensive and general ceramics databases—government and universities Builder or maintainer National Institute of Standards and Technology National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Japan) Korean Institute of Ceramics Engineering and Technology (South Korea) Name Ceramic WebBook Network Database System for Thermophysical Property Data Optical Properties of Ceramics and Ceramics Thin Films CCDB Glaze Database URL http://www.ceramics.nist.gov/ webbook/evaluate.htm http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/TPDB http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/opcc http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/ccdb RASMIM (Raman Spectra http://riodb.ibase.aist.go.jp/ Database of Minerals rasmin and Inorganic Materials) Mat Navi, NIMS Mat Bank http://mits.nims.go.jp Materials Database http://matbank.org/ http://matdb1n.tksc.jaxa.jp/ Materials Database MaterialEvaluation/ Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) (Japan) National Physical Laboratory (U.K.) Kaye & Laby Tables of http://kayelaby.npl.co.uk/ University of Caen BasseNormandie (France) Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (Germany) Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center Matbase Group (Netherlands) University of Dayton Research Institute Physical and Chemical Constants Materials Properties Open Database Tribocollect Materials Project Thermal Protection Systems Expert and Material Properties Database (TPSX) MATBASE http://www.materialproperties. org/data/ http://www.bam.de/php/tricot/ tricot_voll.php http://materialsproject.org/ http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/ http://matbase.com Ceramics Summary and http://www.udri.udayton.edu/ Design Data Files (Compendium) Energy TechnologiesAndMaterials/ Advanced HighTemperature Materials/Pages/Ceramics SummaryandDesignDataFiles. aspx These online databases, built and maintained by government agencies and research institutes and universities, contain data on ceramic materials for multiple properties under a variety of conditions. In the aggregate, they provide substantial coverage of available ceramic property data, however, individual databases have limited coverage. 38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 Table 2 Comprehensive and general ceramics databases—commercial database providers Builder or Maintainer Name MatWeb LLC MatWeb URL http://www.matweb.com CINDAS LLC Thermophysical Properties of http://cindasdata.com/ Materials Database (TMPD) Granta Material Intelligence (UK) Granta Data Series Matereality LLC http://grantadesign.com/ products/data http://www.matereality.com/ http://www.jahm.com/index. Microelectronic Packing http://cindasdata.com/ Materials Database (MPMD) Matereality Global Data Center html http://www.materialconnecxion. com/ ProQquest Deep Indexing: http://www.csa.com http://www.makeitfrom.com/ http://www.efunda.com/ materials/piezo/material_ JAHM Software Inc. Material ConneXion ProQuest, Cambridge JAHM Software Material ConneXion Online Materials Database Information Services Makeitfrom eFunda Inc. Materials Science Materials Properties Database efunda Table 5 Ceramic phase equilibria and crystal structure databases Builder or Maintainer National Institute of Standards and Technology and The American Ceramic Society FIZ Karlsruhe (Germany) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (Germany) Basque University (Spain) Mineralogical Society of America and Mineralogical Society of Canada (Canada) Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) Structure Commission, International Zeolite Association Name URL Phase Equilibria Diagrams http://ceramics.org/publicationsand-resources/ phase-equilibriadiagrams Inorganic Crystal Structural http://fiz-karlsruhe.de/icsd/html Database (ICSD) Bilbao Incommensurate Structures Database http://158.227.21.14/instrdb/ The American Mineralogist http://www.minsocam.org/msa/ Crystal Structure Database WWW-MINCRYST crystal_database.html http://database.iem.ac.ru/ mincryst/index.php Database of Zeolite Structures http://www.iza-structure. org/databases/ Phase equilibria diagrams and crystallographic structure are fundamental properties of ceramic materials and are the subject of several databases, all of which heavily emphasize evaluating the quality of data included in this table. data/matdata_index.cfm These online databases, built and maintained by commercial database providers, contain data on ceramic materials for multiple properties under a variety of conditions. In the aggregate, they provide substantial coverage of available ceramic property data, however, individual databases have limited coverage. Table 3 Ceramic materials producers databases (selected examples) Builder or Maintainer Dynallox Alumina Ceramics Morgan Technical Ceramics Boston Piezo-Optics Inc. Coorstek Du-Co Ceramics Accuratus Ceradyne URL | http://dynacer.com/PDF/dynalloxproperties.pdf http://www.mtcmaterialscomparator.com/ http://bostonpiezooptics.com http://www.coorstek.com/resource-library/library/ 8510-1042_ceramic_material_properties.pdf http://du-co.com/properties http://accuratus.com/ http://www.ceradyne.com/ Table 6 Other ceramics-related databases Organization The American Ceramic Society ASM International Mindat.org Materials Digital Library Pathway (MatDL) Location Westerville, Ohio Materials Park, Ohio URL http://ceramics.org http://www.asminternational.org/ Mindat, Coulsdon, Surrey, http://mindat.org England Kent State University, Kent, Ohio http://matdl.org Advanced Materials, Manufacturing, Alion Science, Rome, N.Y. http://ammtiac.alionscience.com and Testing Information Analysis Center (AMMTIAC) Several professional societies and information organizations provide or link to data resources related to ceramics. Morgan Technical Ceramics-Properties of |http://traktoria.org/files/sonar/piezoceramics/ Piezoelectricity Ceramics Materials Science and Engineering Department, State University of New York at Stony Brook. This site provides a list of companies specializing in ceramics. Each company likely has material property data sheets on their website. morgan/properties_of_piezoelectric_ceramics_ (pzt-4_pzt-5a_pzt-5h_pzt-8).pdf http://www.matscieng.sunysb.edu/ other4.html#manufact Many company websites now provide product description data on the composition and properties of their ceramic products. In most instances the data are limited to their own products and have not been published in the journal literature. The State University of New York at Stony Brook maintains a list of ceramic producers and is a good resource for locating product data sheets. Table 4. Glass databases Table 7 Ceramics-related data publications (print) Publication CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook Thermal and Other Properties of Refractories, Technical Report Program No. R056 Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, 2nd Edition Elastic Moduli Data for Polycrystalline Oxide Ceramics Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids II Editor Publisher Edited by J.F. Shackelford, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. W. Alexander, and J.S. Park (1994). Los Alamos National Laboratory Edited by G. Simmons and H. Wang Edited by R.G. Munro Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M (1973) MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1971) NIST Internal Report 6853, Gaithersburg, Md. (2002) Academic Press (1991) Builder or Maintainer Scimatics Information System New Glass Forum (Japan) Edited by E.D. Palik Name SciGlass Property URL Data Evaluation Theory and Edited by R.G. Munro Practice for Materials NIST, Gaithersburg, Md. (2003) http://www.sciglass.info/ Properties: NIST Recommended INTERGLAD http://www.newglass.jp/interglad _n/gaiyo/info_e.html Practice Guide 960-11 Many print-only compilations of critically evaluated data are still valid decades after their publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 39 World of Science A and The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on PACRIMO Ceramic and Glass Technology Technology iscover cutting-edge ceramic and world at PACRIM 10. Over the years, PACRIM conferences have established a strong reputation for state-of-the-art presentations, information exchanges on the latest emerging technologies, and facilitated global dialogue and discussion with leading world experts. Sign up by April 24th to save. This year\'s plenary speakers include Jeffrey Wadsworth, President and CEO of Battelle Memorial Institute; Hong-Kyu Park, Fellow of LG Chem Battery R&D, Korea; Tomoyoshi Motohiro, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Japan; and M.K. Badrinarayan, VP & Research Director, Inorganic and Broad-Based Technologies, Corning Inc. In addition, the inaugural ACerS Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture will be given at PACRIM 10 by Walter Kob, University of Montpellier, France, as the opening lecture of the Glass & Optical Materials Division program. Endorsed by: The Chinese Ceramic Society The Korean Ceramic Society The Ceramic Society of Japan The Australian Ceramic Society The Indian Ceramic Society World Academy of Ceramics The Brazilian Ceramic Society The Thai Ceramics Society The European Ceramic Society Mexican Society of Materials Including GOMD 2013 - Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting June 2-7, 2013 | Hotel Del Coronado | San Diego, Calif., USA PACRIM 10 Program Chair Sponsors H.T. Lin Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA CCTC The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org CORNING 三环集团 UBC Since 1928 SICCAS 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 UBE INDUSTRIES.LTD. Battelle The Business of Innovation 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 www.ceramics.org/pacrim10 REGISTER BY APRIL 24TH TO SAVE PACRIM 10 Plenary & Award Speakers Jeffrey Wadsworth President and CEO of Battelle Memorial Institute The Evolving R&D Model: Driving Energy Transformation through Advances in Materials Science Wadsworth formerly led Battelle\'s Global Laboratory Operations business, where he oversaw the management or comanagement of six national labs, representing more than $3 billion in annual business, and the Department of Homeland Security\'s National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center. He earned his BS (1972) and PhD (1975) from Sheffield University, England. He was awarded a Doctor of Metallurgy (1991) for his published work and received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree (2004). He has worked at Stanford University, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He has authored or coauthored nearly 300 scientific papers and one book, and he has been granted four US patents. He holds five honorary doctorates, two honorary professorships, and is a Fellow in three technical societies. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Hong-Kyu Park Fellow of LG Chem Battery R&D, Korea Technology Trend in Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle and Energy Storage System Application Park is in charge of battery materials development for LIB, LIB cathode materials research and development, and materials development for automobile applications at LG Chem. He earned his PhD in materials science and engineering at KAIST (1996) and completed postdoctoral work at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute and lowa State University. He is a board member of the Korea Electrochemical Society. Tomoyoshi Motohiro Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Japan Research Activities for Future Challenges in Global Energy and Environment in TCRDL Motohiro graduated from the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1976. He earned his MS in 1978 and his PhD in 1986 from UT and joined Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Japan. After his commission as a manager, Motohiro acceded a post of senior fellow as a manager in 2007. Since 2006, he has served concurrently as an affiliate professor of the graduate school in Toyota Technological Institute. He is author or coauthor of 99 refereed papers and four books. He won a R&D 100 Award in 2000 for the development of DVD-CD compatible CD-R based on the exothermic redox reaction at metal-sulfide thin-film interface. Motohiro is an advisory board member in the funding program \"CREST\" in the Japan Science and Technological Agency; a selection committee member of Japan\'s \"SACLA\" XFEL facility, Japan; the Surface Science Society of Japan; Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan; Society for Science on Form, Japan; and MRS. M.K. Badrinarayan VP & Research Director, Inorganic and Broad-Based Technologies, Corning Inc. Glass and Ceramics for Energy Applications Badrinarayan is Vice President of Inorganic and Broad-Based Technologies within the research group at Corning Inc. He has 15 years with the company in management positions in inorganic materials, optics, and modeling. Badrinarayan graduated from the University of Kentucky with a master\'s degree in physics and a doctorate in electrical engineering. Prior to working at Corning, he held several management positions in Thomson CSF and Philips Display Components. He is a member of the Optical Society of America and The American Ceramic Society. Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Opening lecture for the Glass & Optical Materials Division program. Walter Kob Full Professor, Department of Physics, University of Montpellier, France The Properties of Glassforming Systems at the Kauzmann Temperature American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 41 World of Science www.ceramics.org/pacrim10 June 2-7, 2013 | Hotel Del Coronado | San Diego, Calif., USA The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on PACRIMO Ceramic and Glass Technology and Technology Tentative Schedule of Events Saturday, June 1 Sintering of Ceramics Short Course Sunday, June 2 Including GOMD 2013 - Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Hotel Information Hotel Del Coronado Ph: 800-468-3533 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. 1500 Orange Avenue Ph: 619-435-6611 Coronado, CA 92118 (near San Diego) Fax: 619-522-8238 Sintering of Ceramics Short Course 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Registration 3:00 p.m.-7:00 p.m. Rates: Welcome Reception 5:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. Monday, June 3 Registration 7:30 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. PACRIM Opening Remarks & Plenary 9:00 a.m.- - 12:10 p.m. Single/Double/Triple/Quad: $229.00 Attention US Government Employees: Email Deidre Haignere at dhaignere@ceramics.org for more information. Cut Off Date: May 3, 2013 Lunch on Own 12:10 p.m.-1:20 p.m. Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions 1:20 p.m.- 6:00 p.m. Tuesday, June 4 Registration 7:30 a.m.- - 6:00 p.m. George W. Morey Award Lecture 8:00 a.m. 8:50 a.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions Lunch on Own Norbert J. Kreidl Award Lecture Concurrent Technical Sessions Poster Session Set Up Poster Session Wednesday, June 5 Registration Concurrent Technical Sessions Free Afternoon Fundamentals of Glass Science Short Course Thursday, June 6 Registration Stookey Lecture of Discovery Concurrent Technical Sessions Fundamentals of Glass Science Short Course Lunch on Own Concurrent Technical Sessions Conference Dinner Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. Noon Noon–1:20 p.m. 1:00 p.m.-1:50 p.m. 1:20 p.m.- 6:00 p.m. 2:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m. 5:30 p.m. 8:00 p.m. 7:30 a.m.- – 12:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 1:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m. 8:00 a.m.- - 6:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. 8:50 a.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 1:20 p.m.- 6:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 9:30 p.m. Registration 8:00 a.m. Noon Concurrent Technical Sessions 8:30 a.m. Noon Optional Short Courses Sintering of Ceramics* June 1-2, 2013 Saturday 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Sunday 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology Fundamentals of Glass Science & Technology* June 5-6, 2013 Wednesday 1:00 - 5:30 p.m. Thursday 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Instructor: Arun K. Varshneya, Alfred University Rates: ACers Member - $795 Student $345 *Separate registration fee required. Nonmember - $885 Course plus Membership - $915 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 SYMPOSIA SCHEDULE Sessions Date Time Location 2ND INTERNATIONAL RICHARD M. FULRATH SYMPOSIUM ON \'FRONTIERS OF CERAMICS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT\' Ceramics for Sustainable Development I Ceramics for Sustainable Development II Monday, June 3 Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 5:30 p.m. Crown 8:30 a.m. Noon Crown Ceramics for Sustainable Development III Ceramics for Sustainable Development IV Tuesday, June 4 Wednesday, June 5 1:20 p.m. 5:10 p.m. Crown 8:30 a.m. 11:30 a.m. Crown S1: ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING OF CERAMIC INTERFACES Modeling and Control of Ceramic Interfaces Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 5:40 p.m. Continental Advanced Characterization of Ceramic Interfaces Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. Noon Continental Interface Structures and Properties in Ferroic Materials Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 5:10 p.m. Continental Advanced Theoretical Modeling of Ceramic Interfaces Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 12:10 p.m. Continental S2: CERAMICS BY GENOME Functional Ceramics Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Continental Structural Ceramics Methods in Genome-related Research Surfaces, Interfaces, and Glasses Spectroscopy and Other Approaches in Genome Research Energy and Bioceramics Thursday, June 6 10:20 a.m. Noon Continental Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Continental Thursday, June 6 3:40 p.m. 5:30 p.m. Continental Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Continental Friday, June 7 10:20 a.m. 11:10 a.m. Continental S3: NOVEL, GREEN, AND STRATEGIC PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES Advanced Composite and Hybrid Processes Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. 12:10 p.m. Hanover Chemistry of PDCS Modeling and Nanostructure of PDCS Energy and Functional Applications I Energy and Functional Applications II Processing of PDCs: Coatings Processing of PDCs: Porous Ceramics and Membranes | Processing of PDCs: Porous Ceramics and Membranes II Processing of PDCs: Fibers Design-oriented Manufacturing and Processing Novel Synthesis and Processing S4: POLYMER-DERIVED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES Chemistry and Thermodynamics of PDCS Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Hanover Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Hanover Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Garden Monday, June 3 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Garden Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. 10:10 a.m. Garden Tuesday, June 4 10:10 a.m. Noon Garden Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 3:30 p.m. Garden Tuesday, June 4 3:30 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Garden Wednesday, June 5 8:20 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Garden Wednesday, June 5 10:20 a.m. 12: 10 p.m. Garden Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. 10:30 a.m. Garden Processing of PDCs: Composites and Nano-composites | Processing of PDCs: Composites and Nano-composites II Composite Structure Control by Powder Processing Advanced Powder Processing for Functional Ceramics Nano/Microstructure Control by Powder Processing I Advanced Powder Processing for Porous Ceramics Thursday, June 6 10:30 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Garden Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 3:20 p.m. Garden S5: ADVANCED POWDER PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Stuart Wednesday, June 5 10:20 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Stuart Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Stuart Thursday, June 6 10:20 a.m. 11:10 a.m. Stuart Grinding and Dispersion Control Nano/Microstructure Control by Powder Processing II Thursday, June 6 11:10 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Stuart Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Stuart Nanoparticle and Powder Design and Synthesis Low-cost and Energy-saving Processing of Advanced Ceramics Advanced Powder Processing for Non-oxides Ceramics Thursday, June 6 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Stuart Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Stuart Friday, June 7 10:20 a.m. Noon Stuart S6: SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF MATERIALS USING ELECTRIC FIELDS/CURRENTS: A SYMPOSIUM HONORING PROF. ZUHAIR MUNIR Fundamentals Investigations in Current Assisted Densification | Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 5:40 p.m. Hanover Fundamentals Investigations in Current Assisted Densification II Consolidation of Nanocrystalline Materials I Consolidation of Nanocrystalline Materials II Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. 10:30 a.m. Hanover Tuesday, June 4 10:30 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Hanover Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Hanover Property Evaluation of Materials Processing using Electric Currents | Property Evaluation of Materials Processing using Electric Currents II Tuesday, June 4 Wednesday, June 5 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Hanover 8:30 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Hanover Synthesis, Functionalization, and Assembly of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials S8: ENGINEERING CERAMICS AND CERAMIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES: DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, AND Properties and Characterization I 8:30 a.m. 10:30 a.m. 10:30 a.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 4:50 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 10:40 a.m. S7: MULTIFUNCTIONAL METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES AND HETEROARCHITECTURES FOR ENERGY AND DEVICE APPLICATIONS Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis, Solar Hydrogen, and Thermoelectrics Integration of Functional Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Sensors and Devices Nanostructured Metal Oxides in Excitonic Solar Cells Thursday, June 6 Thursday, June 6 Thursday, June 6 Friday, June 7 Crown Crown Crown Crown Properties and Characterization II Ultra-high-temperature Ceramics and Composites Applications in Aeronautics, Space, Automotive, Microelectronics, Energy, and Environmental Systems Wednesday June 5 Joining and Environmental Effects Thursday, June 6 Monday, June 3 Tuesday, June 4 Tuesday, June 4 APPLICATIONS 1:20 p.m. 6:10 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 5:40 p.m. Windsor Complex Windsor Complex Windsor Complex 8:30 a.m. Noon 8:30 a.m. Windsor Complex 11:40 a.m. Windsor Complex S9: MATERIALS FOR EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS: ULTRA-HIGH-TEMPERATURE CERAMICS (UHTCS) AND NANOLAMINATED TERNARY CARBIDES AND NITRIDES (MAX PHASES) Design of New Materials with Fascinating Properties New Methods for Joining and Testing Physical, Mechanical Properties and Oxidation Behavior American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org Thursday, June 6 Thursday, June 6 Friday, June 7 1:20 p.m. 3:30 p.m. 3:30 p.m. 5:50 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 11:00 a.m. Windsor Complex Windsor Complex Windsor Complex 43 World of Science www.ceramics.org/pacrim10 June 2-7, 2013 | Hotel Del Coronado | San Diego, Calif., USA The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on PACRIMO Ceramic and Glass Technology and Technology Sessions Including GOMD 2013 - Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Date Time Location S10: ADVANCED CERAMIC COATINGS: PROCESSING, PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS Advanced Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coatings | Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. Noon Tudor Advanced Thermal and Environmental Barrier Coatings II Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 3:20 p.m. Tudor Multifunctional Coatings, Processing, and Advanced Surface Characterization Thursday, June 6 3:20 p.m. 5:50 p.m. Tudor Tribological, Wear- and Erosion-resistant Coatings Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Tudor Advanced Hybrid Coatings and New Processing Methods Friday, June 7 10:20 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Tudor S11: GEOPOLYMERS: LOW-ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY, INORGANIC POLYMERIC CERAMICS Processing and Characterization Monday, June 3 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 5:00 p.m. Tudor 11:50 a.m. Tudor S12: ADVANCES IN ELECTROCERAMICS Fundamental and Processing of Electronic Ceramics and Oxide Thin Films Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Crystal Ferroelectric Thin Films and MEMS devices Tuesday, June 4 10:20 a.m. Noon Crystal Advanced Processing Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Crystal Fundamental and Multi-ferroic Materials and Their Applications Tuesday, June 4 3:40 p.m. 5:50 p.m. Crystal Nanomaterials and Composites Dielectric Materials and Applications | Piezoelectric Materials and Devices Dielectric Materials and Applications II Piezoelectric Materials (Lead-free I) Optical Properties and Their Applications Electrical or Magnetic Devices Piezoelectric Materials (Lead-free II) S13: MICROWAVE MATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Effect of Structure and Microstructure on Microwave Characteristics Tunable Dielectrics for Microwave Electronics I Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Crystal Wednesday, June 5 10:20 a.m. Noon Crystal Thursday, June 6 8:40a.m. 10:20 a.m. Crystal Thursday, June 6 Thursday, June 6 10:20 a.m. Noon Crystal 1:20p.m. 3:40 p.m. Crystal Thursday, June 6 3:40 p.m.- 5:50 p.m. Crystal Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 10:40 a.m. Crystal Friday, June 7 10:40 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Crystal Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 4:40 p.m. Stuart Monday, June 3 4:40 p.m. 6:20 p.m. Stuart Tunable Dielectrics for Microwave Electronics II Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. 9:50 a.m. Stuart Ceramic Materials and Technology for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Devices Tuesday, June 4 9:50 a.m. 12:10 p.m. Stuart Characterization, LTCC, and Other Issues Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 5:30 p.m. Stuart S14: OXIDE MATERIALS FOR NONVOLATILE MEMORY TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Oxide Materials for Nonvolatile Memory I Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Tudor Oxide Materials for Nonvolatile Memory II Tuesday, June 4 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Tudor Oxide Materials for Nonvolatile Memory III Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Tudor Oxide Materials for Nonvolatile Memory IV Wednesday, June 5 10:20 a.m. Noon Tudor S15: SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY Electrolytes Electrodes Monday, June 3 Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Stacks, Interconnects, Sealants, Hydrogen Production Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Bayside/Strand Bayside/Strand Bayside/Strand S16: DIRECT THERMAL TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERSION MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS Oxide Thermoelectric Materials Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Coastal High-performance Bulk Thermoelectric Materials | Monday, June 3 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Coastal High-performance Bulk Thermoelectric Materials II Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Coastal Thermoelectric Materials: Skutterudites Tuesday, June 4 10:20 a.m. Noon Coastal Nanoscale and Thin-film Thermoelectric Materials | Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Coastal Thermoelectric Materials: Devices, Testing, and Materials Tuesday, June 4 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Coastal Thermoelectric Materials: Theory, Testing, and New Materials Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Coastal Various Aspects of Thermoelectric Materials Research Wednesday, June 5 10:20 a.m. 12:10 p.m. Coastal Nanoscale and Thin-film Thermoelectric Materials II Oxide Thermoelectric Materials and Theory Thursday, June 6 Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Coastal 10:20 a.m. Noon Coastal S17: PHOTOVOLTAIC MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES Sensitized Solar Cell Materials and Systems I Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Coastal Sensitized Solar Cell Materials and Systems II Thin Films for Solar Energy Applications Materials Design and Characterization for Photovoltaic Applications 44 Friday, June 7 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 Thursday, June 6 3:40 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Coastal Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Noon Coastal Coastal Sessions Date Time Location S18: CERAMICS FOR NEXT-GENERATION NUCLEAR ENERGY Silicon Carbide Technology for Nuclear Energy Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Pacifica/Tide Silicon Carbide Composites for Fuel Cladding Wednesday, June 5 10:20 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Pacifica/Tide Material Design and Characterization Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Pacifica/Tide Materials and Fuels Synthesis Thursday, June 6 10:20 a.m. 11:40 a.m. Pacifica/Tide S19: ADVANCES IN PHOTOCATALYTIC MATERIALS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environment I Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Pacifica/Tide Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environment II Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Pacifica/Tide Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environment III Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Pacifica/Tide S20: CERAMICS ENABLING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: CLEAN AIR AND WATER Ceramics Enabling Environmental Protection: Clean Air and Water Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Pacifica/Tide S21: ADVANCED MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS Electrochemical Energy Storage I Electrochemical Energy Storage II Electrochemical Energy Storage III Electrochemical Energy Storage IV Monday, June 3 Tuesday, June 4 Tuesday, June 4 Wednesday, June 5 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon Surf Surf 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Surf 8:30 a.m. Noon Surf S22: GLASSES AND CERAMICS FOR NUCLEAR AND HAZARDOUS WASTE TREATMENT Nuclear Waste Glass Corrosion Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Crystal Development and Characterization of Matrices for Waste Treatment and Immobilization Nuclear Waste Glass Chemistry and Vitrification Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. -5:00 p.m. Surf Thursday, June 6 8:40 a.m. 11:40 a.m. Surf S23: ADVANCES IN BIOMINERALIZED CERAMICS, BIOCERAMICS, AND BIOINSPIRED DESIGNS Mineralization Processes, Self-assembly, and Organic/Inorganic Structures Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. Noon Bayside/Strand Bioinspired and Biomimetic Ceramics and Composites and New Materials Natural Ceramics and Composites Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 5:30 p.m. Bayside/Strand Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 12:20 p.m. Bayside/Strand S24: NANOSTRUCTURED BIOCERAMICS AND CERAMICS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Nanostructured Bioceramics I Monday, June 3 1:20 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Pointe Nanostructured Bioceramics II Tuesday, June 4 8:30 a.m. Noon Pointe JOINT SESSION SYMPOSIUM 23 AND 24 Joint Session I Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m. Joint Session II Wednesday, June 5 8:00a.m. 6:00 p.m. Noon Pointe Bayside/Strand GOMD SYMPOSIUM A: GLASS SCIENCE Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Monday, June 3 1:00 p.m. 1:50 p.m. Seabreeze Glass Transition and Relaxation I Monday, June 3 2:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Seabreeze George W. Morey Award Lecture Tuesday, June 4 8:00 a.m. 8:50 a.m. Seabreeze Glass Transition and Relaxation II Tuesday, June 4 9:00 a.m. 10:50 a.m. Seabreeze Non-oxide Glasses | Tuesday, June 4 10:50 a.m. 11:50 a.m. Seabreeze Norbert J. Kreidl Award Lecture Tuesday, June 4 1:00 p.m. 1:50 p.m. Seabreeze Non-oxide Glasses II Tuesday, June 4 2:00 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Seabreeze Glass Structure & Properties - Novel Glass Formers Wednesday, June 5 8:40 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Seabreeze Glass Structure & Properties - NMR Studies Wednesday, June 5 10:20 a.m. Noon Seabreeze The Stookey Lecture of Discovery Award Thursday, June 6 8:00 a.m. Glass Structure & Properties - Mechanical Properties Thursday, June 6 9:00 a.m. Glass Structure Thursday, June 6 Theoretical & Numerical Modeling Friday, June 7 Glass Structure & Properties - Characterization Friday, June 7 1:20 p.m. 8:30 a.m. 8:40 a.m. 8:50 a.m. Noon 5:40 p.m. Noon 11:00 a.m. Seabreeze Seabreeze Seabreeze Seabreeze Pacifica/Tide GOMD SYMPOSIUM B: GLASS TECHNOLOGY AND CROSS-CUTTING TOPICS Glassmelting and Thermal Processing Thursday, June 6 8:30 a.m. 11:10 a.m. Sunset Glass and Ceramics for Novel Applications I Thursday, June 6 11:10 a.m. Noon Sunset Ultrafast Science of Glass, Ceramics, and Materials Thursday, June 6 1:20 p.m. 3:20 p.m. Sunset Surface Reactions and Corrosion Thursday, June 6 3:20 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Sunset Glass and Ceramics for Novel Applications II Glass Strengthening (Chemical, Mechanical, and Thermal) Friday, June 7 Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Sunset 10:20 a.m. Noon Sunset GOMD SYMPOSIUM C: GLASSES FOR OPTOELECTRONIC AND OPTICAL APPLICATIONS Glasses for Sensing Monday, June 3 2:00 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Sunset Photoinduced Glass Modifications Monday, June 3 3:40 p.m. 6:00 p.m. Sunset Glasses with Nanoparticles Tuesday, June 4 9:00 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Sunset Photoluminescent Materials I Tuesday, June 4 10:20 a.m. Noon Sunset Photoluminescent Materials II Tuesday, June 4 2:00 p.m. 3:40 p.m. Sunset Glass Surface Modifications and Films Tuesday, June 4 3:40 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. Sunset Novel Optical Fibers | Novel Optical Fibers II Wednesday, June Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Sunset 10:20 a.m. Noon Sunset GOMD SYMPOSIUM D: JAMES C. PHILLIPS HONORARY SYMPOSIUM Topological Constraint Theory of Glass I Topological Constraint Theory of Glass II Exponential Complexity in Materials Science and Biology Superconductivity Semiconductors, Pseudopotentials, and Dielectric Theory I Semiconductors, Pseudopotentials, and Dielectric Theory II Intermediate Phase I Monday, June 3 Tuesday, June 4 2:00 p.m. 9:00 a.m. 5:50 p.m. Palm 11:50 a.m. Palm Tuesday, June 4 2:00 p.m. 5:50 p.m. Palm Wednesday, June 5 8:30 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Palm Wednesday, June 5 Intermediate Phase II American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org Thursday, June 6 Thursday, June 6 Friday, June 7 10:20 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 5:50 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 11:50 a.m. Palm 11:50 a.m. Palm Palm Palm 445 13th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories Unitecr 2013 The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories www.unitecr2013.org Hosted by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org September 10-13, 2013 | The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre | Victoria, BC, Canada REGISTER NOW! Save $150 through August 5th The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories is a biennial international conference that contributes to the progress and exchange of industrial knowledge and technologies concerning refractories. UNITECR\'13 is designed for manufacturers, scientists, engineers, and industry professionals interested in the science, production, and application of refractory materials. Attendees are involved in materials development, formulation, production, and engineering of refractories for ferrous and non-ferrous metals industries as well as the minerals processing, glass, cement, and petrochemical industries. Sign up by August 5, 2013, to save. Keynote Speaker Remco De Jong Vice President and General Manager, Refractory Minerals Division, IMERYS Joining IMERYS Refractory Minerals group in July 2012, De Jong was formerly the CEO of Almatis Group (market leader in the specialty alumina niche). With Almatis and previously with Corus Steel and Hoogovens, he held various senior management positions in Asia, Europe and the USA. He was notably involved in the development of new products and markets and in the optimization of processes and supply chains with global customers, in automotive and portable energy end markets. Plenary Speakers Tom Vert General Manager Primary Manufacturing, ArcelorMittal Dofasco Title: How Do Steelmakers Pick Refractories - Logic, Emotion, or Dartboard? Vert is the General Manager of Primary Manufacturing at ArcelorMittal Dofasco, which includes cokemaking, ironmaking, steelmaking, and material handling and logistics, and has held this position since 2010. He graduated from McMaster University in 1987 with a Bachelor of Engineering (Ceramic) and received his MBA in 1994, also from McMaster University. Vert joined ArcelorMittal Dofasco in 1989 and has moved through a number of positions in steelmaking in technology and operations. He has been chairperson for the Refractory Division of the Canadian and American Ceramic Societies. Vert has served as chairperson of the UNITECR Refractory International Executive Board and is a distinguished life member of this group. Charles E. Semler President/Consultant, Semler Materials Services Semler has worked in the refractories industry since 1971. His refractories career began with HarbisonWalker Refractories Co., and then he was a professor of Ceramic Engineering and director of the Refractories Research Center at The Ohio State University for 12 years. Since 1986, he has worked as an independent refractories consultant, serving many United States and foreign companies, including travel to 97 countries. He serves on the advisory board for several refractories publications - Interceram and Refractories World Forum (Germany), Journal of Technical Association of Refractories, Japan, and China\'s Refractories. He has written more than 200 papers, delivered lectures and conducted workshops around the world, and holds four patents. Semler has received the following honors/awards: Fellow of The American Ceramic Society; Distinguished Life Member of UNITECR; T.J. Planje St. Louis Refractories Award; Service Award from Technical Association of Refractories, Japan (TARJ); elected to the International Academy of Ceramics; and Tredennick Award from The Refractories Institute (USA). Schedule at a Glance Tuesday, September 10, 2013 FIRE Corrosion Short Course FIRE Castable Short Course Welcome Reception at British Columbia Museum Wednesday, September 11, 2013 Opening Session and Keynote Speaker, Remco De Jong Exhibits Concurrent Technical Sessions Poster Session Thursday, September 12, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Tom Vert Concurrent Technical Sessions Exhibits Concurrent Technical Sessions Conference Dinner Friday, September 13, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Charles Semler Concurrent Technical Sessions Lunch & Closing Ceremony 8:00 a.m.5:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 7:00-10:00 p.m. 8:00 10:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. 10:40 a.m.-6:00 p.m. 5:30-7:00 p.m. 8:10-9:00a.m. 9:10 a.m. Noon 9:30 a.m.-3:00 p.m. 1:40 - 6:10 p.m. 7:00-10:00 p.m. 8:00-9:00a.m. 9:20 a.m. - Noon Noon–1:40 p.m. 46 46 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 • Sponsors ALMATIS kerneos PREMIUM ALUMINA IMERYS TRANSFORM TO PERFORM ALUMINATE TECHNOLOGIES >CALUCEM C-E Minerals CHRISTY MINERALS The technical program covers: ⚫ Advanced Testing of Refractories, Co-Chairs: Len Krietz, Plibrico Co., USA; Nigel Longshaw, Ceram Research Ltd., UK ⚫ Advanced Installation Techniques & Equipment, Co-Chairs: Jim Stendera, Vesuvius, USA; Hirohide Okuno, Taiko Refractories Co., Japan • • Monolithic Refractories, Co-Chairs: Dale Zacherl, Almatis, USA; Goutam Bhattacharya, Kerneos, India ⚫ Iron & Steel Making Refractories, Co-Chairs: Mike Alexander, Riverside Refractories, USA; Patrick Tassot, Calderys, Germany Raw Materials Developments & Global Raw Material Issues, Co-Chairs: Shane Bower, Christy Minerals LLC, USA; Phil Edwards, Imerys, France ⚫ Refractories for Glass, Co-Chairs: M.D. Patil, Corning Inc., USA; Adam Wisley, Kopp Glass, USA . Cement & Lime Refractories, Co-Chairs: Fielding Cloer, Spar Inc., USA; Swapan Das, Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, India Modeling and Simulation of Refractories, Co-Chairs: Bill Headrick, Morco, USA; Harald Harmuth, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria RefractoryCeramicsDivision Ceramic Society TRI THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE KROSAKI HARIMA ⚫ Petrochemical, Co-Chairs: Don McIntyre, ANH Refractories Co., USA; Ken Moody, Refractory System Solutions, USA • Refractories for Waste to Energy Processing & Power, Co-Chairs: Ben Markel, Resco Products, USA; Andy Wynn, Morgan Ceramics, China • Energy Savings through Refractory Design, Co-Chairs: James Hemrick, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; Valeriy Martynenko, Ukrainian Research Institute of Refractories ⚫ Non-oxide Refractory Systems, Co-Chairs: Dave Derwin, Superior Graphite, USA; Marcus Vinicius Moraes Magliano, Saint-Gobain, Brazil ⚫ Refractories for Chemical Processes, Co-Chairs: James Bennett, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA; Matthias Rath, Austria Developments in Basic Refractories, Co-Chairs: Dominick Colavito, Minteq International Inc., USA; Andrie Garbers-Craig, University of Pretoria, South Africa Global Education in Refractories, Co-Chairs: George Oprea, University of British Columbia, Canada; Yawei Li, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China • KROSAKI HARIMA CORPORATION NARCO Harbison. ANH Refractories APGreen ALUCHEM inc. Refined Minerals and Chemicals VIRGINIA K KYANITE Walker Refractories for Non-ferrous Metallurgy, Co-Chairs: Rick Volk, United Refractories Co., USA; Angela Rodrigues-Schroer, Minteq, USA · Safety, Environmental Issues, and Recycling Solutions for Refractories, Co-Chairs: Jason Canon, The Christy Refractories Co., USA; Leonardo Curimbaba Ferreira, US Electrofused Minerals/Electro Abrasives, USA/Brazil North American UNITECR Committee Jeff Smith, Missouri University of Science and Technology Dana Goski, Allied Mineral Products Inc. Nancy Bunt, Kerneos Inc. Michael L. Alexander, Riverside Refractories Inc. 2013 Officers Louis J. Trostel Jr., President Rob Crolius, Treasurer Hotel Information The Fairmont Empress Dana Goski, Technical Program Chair Nancy Bunt, Social Program Chair 721 Government Street, Victoria, BC, Canada Phone: +1 250-384-8111 Rates Single/Double: $259 Canadian dollars, plus tax Deluxe Single/Double: $279 Canadian dollars, plus tax Cut Off Date August 12, 2013 Short Courses Sponsored by ANH Tuesday, September 10, 2013 | 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Early-Bird Rate: $595 | Regular Rate: $745 fire Dispersion and Packing of Ceramics Particles for Advanced Refractory Castables Instructors: Ana Paula Luz, Mariana A. Braulio, and Victor C. Pandolfelli, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil Fundamentals on Corrosion Behavior of Refractories Instructors: Christos Aneziris, Technical University Freiberg, Germany, and Jacques Poirier, University of Orleans, France American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 47 Register Now! LOBB Don\'t miss the Interstate Brick Plant Tour! Thank you to the Clay 2013 Welcome Reception & Suppliers Mixer sponsors: Direxa Engineering, LLC Elster Kromschröder Hauck Manufacturing Company Prince Minerals Stedman Machine Swindell Dressler Int\'l Company Hellmich GmbH & Co. KG MECO Signode Packaging Systems Kercher Industries Inc. Halbert Mill Company Southern Color N.A. Inc. Star Engineering Inc. LignoTech USA Inc. Basic Machinery Co. Inc. Reymond Products Int\'l Inc. Harrop Industries Inc. J. C. Steele & Sons Inc. Resco Products Inc. Lingl The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTER ACerS STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION MEETING in conjunction with The National Brick Research Center Meeting May 13-15, 2013 | Salt Lake City, Utah Make Hotel Reservations by April 15, 2013 Sheraton Salt Lake City Hotel 150 West 500 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84101 Phone: (888) 627-8152 or (801) 401-2000 When making a reservation by phone, mention The American Ceramic Society room block to secure the conference rate. Single/Double Rate: $96.00 www.ceramics.org/clay13 NW 1 2 NE Highlights from the 37th International Conference & Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites 4 D spite the last-minute budget-related travel embargo from a least one federal agency, the 37th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites turned out to be one of the largest and most global of the meetings in the series with more than 1,000 attendees from 45 countries. Conference program chair Sujanto Widjaja and Engineering Ceramics Division chair Sanjay Mathur report that ICACC\'13 had more than 900 papers and posters plus 55 exhibitors at the conference expo. As always, ICACC covered an impressive array of topics, from coatings to fuel cells to armor to multifunctional materials. Energy, biomedical applications, and computational modeling themes also crisscrossed through the symposia. The Society\'s student organization, the President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA), held its annual meeting and officer elections in conjunction with the conference. And, the annual Schott-sponsored shot glass drop contest which for the first time required a special lift to reach the winning height―provided a recreational high point during the expo. I 6 7 1 Yanchun Zhou, left, from China\'s Institute for Metal Research and director of the HighPerformance Ceramic Division at the Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, greets a colleague at the opening reception. 2 Jose Arana Varela discusses international research with an ICACC attendee. Arana Varela, who is from the São Paulo Research Foundation, helped organize the ECD\'s Summit of the Americas. 3The ACerS-Wiley table was a popular spot during coffee breaks to stop for book buying, picking up information on upcoming meetings, and asking questions about the Society. 4Schott shot glass drop competition winners Christian Espinoza-Santos and Daniel Ribero Rodriquez, graduate students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 5Student and young professional attendance at ICACC is strong because of the opportunities to meet with peers as well as veteran researchers. 6PCSA elected new officers for 2013, including Derek Miller (red shirt) as its new president. Miller is from The Ohio State University. 7There were enough posters accepted in 2013 to wrap around the three sides of the ICACC Expo. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 49 Failure-induced success at Electronic Materials and Applications meeting in Orlando T The Electronic Materials and Applications meeting in Orlando, Fla., January 2325, attracted more than 260 attendees, about 90 more than last year\'s meeting. It was organized by Bryan Huey (University of Connecticut), Quanxi Jia (Los Alamos National Laboratory), and Timothy Haugan (Wright Patterson Air Force Base). This was the fourth year for EMA, which is the joint meeting for the Electronics Division and the Basic Science Division. Three new symposia were organized this year, including a symposium looking at interdisciplinary challenges, \"LEDs and Photovoltaics beyond the Light: Common Challenges and Opportunities.\" The symposium talks were reminders that materials are used in systems and that systems designers and the materials science communities benefit from working together. An unintended theme of EMA\'2013 was failureinduced success. Organizers first encountered failure when scheduled plenary speaker, Kitt Reinhardt, program manager at the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, cancelled because of federal travel restrictions. Undaunted, meeting organizers trolled through the registration list for a pinch-plenary-speaker and found a winner in Susan Trolier-McKinstry. The second failure-induced success was an informal \"after-hours\" symposium titled, \"Failure: The 2 Greatest Teacher.\" The symposium was held after the poster session and featured only two speakers-Erik Spoerke and Clive Randall—and attracted almost 80 attendees. The speakers gave lively, engaging talks about the taboo subject of flat-out failure-how it happened, what they learned from it, and why it proved to be a good thing in the end. Organizers are already working on plans to build on this year\'s successes for EMA 2014. 3. Electronics and Basic Science Divisions Welcome You www.ceramic.org 1 First-time attendee, Nathan Newman (Arizona State University), reviews the program. 2Lyndsey Denis presents results from her undergraduate research project conducted under the supervision of Jacob Jones at the University of Florida-Gainesville. 3Between-session networking 4The poster session and reception provided a setting for stimulating conversation. 5Bryan Huey (standing) at the Young Professionals reception. 6Plenary session audience. 50 5 4 6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 new products Sanitary box dumper Flexicon Corp (Bethlehem, Pa.) www.flexicon.com sales@flexicon.com 1-(888)-353-9426 he TIP-TITE sanitary box dumper The P-TXT sanitary dust-tight seal between the container and the equipment, tips the container, and discharges bulk material at controlled rates. It unloads bulk chemicals and minerals while avoiding contamination of the plant environment or cross contamination, for example, by colorants, of different materials handled by any one piece of bulk handling equipment. Dual hydraulic cylinders raise the container platform and create a dust-tight seal between the top edge of a box and the underside of a discharge hood. Twin hydraulic cylinders pivot the platformhood assembly, while maintaining the seal, to 45°, 60°, or 90° beyond horizontal, including a motion-dampening feature at the termination of container rotation. A pneumatically actuated slide gate at the discharge end of the cone controls the flow of material into storage vessels or process equipment. High-speed nano wear testing system Nanovea (Irvine, Calif.) www.nanovea.com info@nanovea.com (949) 461-9292 anovea\'s Nano Wear Testing as 1,400 mm/s. The length of stroke, up to 10 mm, combined with a linear movement at a rate up to 70 Hz, and possibly at higher frequencies, allows speeds never before available for nanoscale wear testing. For many applications, the service life requires a very high number of cycles to ensure that the device will hold up after years of use. At the slow speeds available with cantilever technologies, it could take more than six months to accomplish a single wear test. This is impractical and clearly slows down development and approval of new technology. Nanovea attains faster speeds and secure control of the loads during nano wear testing using a coil speaker system for quick and smooth displacement. Adding the Nanovea Nano Module with a piezo actuator and an ultrasensitive load cell creates quick load control with vertical mounting to ensure superior response to speed. Rotary furnace for processing nanopowders HED International (Ringoes, N.J.) www.hed.com info@hed.com 609-466-1900 ED International developed and Rutgers materials science engineers for processing nanopowders. The HED RTC Rotary Furnace Atmosphere Sealing System designed for this project features gas-purged, double mechanical seals capable of operating with near zero pressure losses and system air ingress for the best performance, efficiency, and safety. Seal performance may be continuously monitored and adjusted, simplifying routine maintenance and maximizing seal service life. The sealing system is designed for processing a wide range of materials and atmospheres, including some that may be reactive, flammable, or explosive. The furnace is rated up to 1,800°C and is available with precise control of atmosphere and temperature gradient profiles. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 | www.ceramics.org 51 Oresources Calendar of events April 2013 15-19 ICF11: 11th Int\'l Conference on Ferrites - Okinawa Convention Center, Okinawa Pref., Japan; www.idf11.jp 18 Toledo Glass and Ceramic Award, sponsored by the Michigan/Northwest Ohio Section of ACerS - 6 p.m., The Toledo Club, Toledo, Ohio; contact Jan Bailey (jebailey@wowway.com) or Fred Stover (fstover@accesstoledo.com) 23-24 BIOMAT: European Symposium and Exhibition on Biomaterials and Related Areas - Radisson Weimar Hotel, Weimar, Germany; www.dgm.de/dgm/ biomat/ 23-25 CICMT 2013: 9th Int\'l Conference and Exhibition on Ceramic Interconnect and Ceramic Microsystems Technologies (coorganized with IMAPS) - Buena Vista Palace Hotel & Spa, Orlando, Fla.; www.imaps.org/ceramics 23-25 PARTEC 2013: Int\'l Congress on Particle Technology - Exhibition Centre Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany; www.partec.info 26-28 IACE 2013: China Int\'l Advanced Ceramics Exhibition & Conference - Everbright Convention & Exhibition Center, Shanghai, China May 2013 7-8 Glassman Europe 2013 - Expo XXI, Warsaw, Poland; www.glassmanevents.com/europe 13-15 Structural Clay Products Division Meeting (in conjunction with The National Brick Research Center) - Salt Lake City, Utah; www.bit.ly/12FYITO 21 United States Advanced Ceramics Association Technical Meeting 2013 - National Academy of Public Administration, Washington, D.C.; www. advancedceramics.org 23 Glass Focus Conference - Radisson Blu Hotel, Manchester Airport, Manchester, UK; www.britglass.org.uk/ Glass-Focus-2013 24-27 China Glass 2013 - China Int\'l Exhibition Center, Beijing, China; www. bit.ly/11Rev3h 28-June 1 Ceramics China 2013: China Int\'l Exhibition for Ceramics Technology, Equipment and Product 52 Pazhou Complex, Guangzhou, China; www.ceramicschina.com.cn June 2013 1-7 Sintering Short Course (organized by ACers and held in conjunction with PACRIM 10, see below); www.bit.ly/ VvyzMX 2-7 PACRIM 10: The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology, including the Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting - Hotel Del Coronado, San Diego, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/pacrim10 5-6 Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology Short Course (organized by ACers and held in conjunction with PACRIM 10, see above); www.bit. ly/XimnBK 7-12 NCM12: 12th Int\'l Conference on the Structure of Non-Crytalline Materials - Riva del Garda, Trento, Italy; http:// events.unitn.it/en/ncm12 17-20 Mir Stekla/World of Glass Int\'l Exhibition - Expocentre Fairgrounds, Moscow, Russia; www.mirstekla-expo.ru 19-20 2013 ACerS-NSF Ceramic Materials Principal Investigator Workshop - NSF Headquarters, Arlington, Va.; www.bit.ly/Y3Dfsg 19-22 ECers Summer School: Ceramic Science and Technology for the 21st Century - Ester Technopole, Limoges, France; www.ecers2013.fr 23-27 Summer School of Calorimetry 2013: \"Calorimetry and Thermal Methods in Catalysis\" - CNRS, Fourvière Hill, Lyon, France; http://calo.catalyse.cnrs.fr 23-27 ECerS XII: 13th Conference of the European Ceramic Society - Ester Technopole, Limoges, France; www. ecers2013.fr July 2013 1-5 Int\'l Commission on Glass XXIII Int\'l Congress - Prague, Czech Republic; www.icglass.org 8-10 ACers Cements Division Annual Meeting - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, III.; www.bit.ly/TwvbRd 8-11 MC11: 11th Int\'l Conference on Materials Chemistry – University of Warwick, Warwick, UK; www.rsc.org/ mc11 10-12 CERMODEL2013: Modeling and Simulation Meet Innovation in Ceramics Technology - Trento, Italy; http://events.unitn.it/en/cermodel2013 28-Aug. 1 MCARE 2013: Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy 2013 - Silk Road Dunhuang Hotel, Dunhauang, Gansu, China; http:// mcare2013-dunhuang.dconference.cn August 2013 4-7 ICCPS-12: Int\'l Conference on Ceramic Processing Science - Hilton Portland & Executive Tower Portland, Portland, Ore.; www.bit.ly/Wn7mNJ 25-28 MMM2013: 15th IFAC Symposium on Control, Optimization, and Automation in Mining, Mineral, and Metal Processing - Hyatt Regency Mission Bay Spa & Marina, San Diego, Calif.; www.flogen.org/mmm2013 September 2013 2-5 DCM 2013: Int\'l Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials - Riva del Garda, Italy; www.diamond-conference.elsevier.com 10-13 UNITECR 2013 - The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; www. unitecr2013.org 22-26 ➡ HTCMC-8: 8th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Qujiang Int\'l Exhibition Center, Xi\'an, China; www.htcmc8.org 25-27 Int\'l Ceramic Exhibition - Tokyo Big Sight East Hall, Tokyo, Japan; www. ceramic-expo.jp 29-Oct. 2 Fractography of Advanced Ceramics - Smolenice Castle, Smolenice, Slovakia; www.imr.saske.sk Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses or otherwise cooperates in organizing. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 3 classified advertising Career Opportunities ACers is Hiring... ASSOCIATE EDITOR Bulletin and Ceramic Tech Today Are you an experienced editor or science writer with a degree in materials science, engineering, or the physical sciences? The American Ceramic Society is hiring an Associate Editor to report, write and develop print, video and online content, and assume some production management responsibilities. Experience with web-based publishing systems and prepress publishing processes are desirable. This full-time position is located in the ACerS headquarters office in Columbus (Westerville) Ohio, and offers competitive compensation plus strong growth potential. Information on the position requirements and application process can be found on the ACerS Career Center at careers.ceramics.org. 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