AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology AUGUST 2013 From raw materials to frontier materials FEE Piezotronics push the frontier Annual raw materials overview 2013 ACers awards • Meeting previews: MS&T\'13, AACS, UNITECR Special glass Refractory Ceramic Abrasive Tile Flame retardant Meet ALTEO\'s team in September 2013: UNITECR Congress in Victoria - Canada FEUERFEST-KOLLOQUIUM in Aachen - Germany It all points to Alteo for high performance aluminas Our unique and expanding product range ensures that we can supply all the high-quality aluminas needed by refractory producers: Calcined alumina, with an unmatched capacity Reactive aluminas, the most economical and high-performing Tabular, fused and zirconia aluminas. alteo A NEW WORLD OF ALUMINA www.alteo-alumina.com Conception: sharkydesign.com contents feature articles August 2013 Vol. 92 No. 6 Piezotronics: A new field of strain-engineered functional semiconductor devices Xudong Wang • 18 Semiconductors with piezoelectric properties show promise for LED quantum efficiency, quantum well lasers, electromechanical memory diodes, photocatalysts, and PV devices. State of raw materials 2013: Overview and new frontiers 24 Eileen De Guire ACerS\'s annual report on critical raw materials and a summary of the USGS minerals report. Expanding the frontier—Grand challenges in ceramic science Gregory S. Rohrer 29 Fifteen years after the last \"grand challenges” workshop, a group of researchers identifies eight new grand challenges for ceramic science in the next decade. cover story Piezotronics: A new field of strainengineered functional semiconductor devices (Credit: Wang; U. Wisc-Madison) 32 - page 18 NIOSH research and resources for safe handling of nanomaterials Edited by Adrienne C. Eastlake A look at the possible worker health and safety risks associated with nanomaterials, and at ways to minimize them. Honoring the ACers Awards class of 2013 Distinguished Life Member Awards 2013 Class of Fellows. Society Awards Class Awards. meetings Materials Science & Technology 2013 33 33 34 38 39 42 Lectures and special events 42 Plenary session 43 State of raw materials 2013 Overview and new frontiers Calendar of events 44 (Credit: iStock) Program-at-a-glance 45 - page 24 ACerS short courses 47 AACS Division Workshop: Using X-rays to analyze cultural heritage 48 UNITECR 2013 49 Welcome reception, schedule at a glance 49 Hotel information 49 Conference dinner, poster session, sponsors, short courses, optional tours 50 departments News & Trends 3 • New projects worth millions announced on Materials Genome Initiative second anniversary ⚫ Shale gas a \'blue bridge to a green future\'? Business news • Coming soon: NSF career development workshop for young academics • New ACers website speedy, easy, and ready for smartphones and tablets • Good news for ACers journals American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org COVITIC Honoring the ACerS Awards Class of 2013 (Credit: ACerS) - page 33 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org Jim Destefani, Associate Editor ph: 614-794-5853 fx: 614-794-5813 jdestefani@ceramics.org Peter Wray, Contributing Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess M. Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Olivia Graeve, Chair, UCSD Allen Apblett, Oklahoma State University Andrew Gyekenyesi, Ohio Aerospace Institute Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Patricia A. Janeway, Associate Publisher pjaneway@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles G. Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Megan Bricker, Dir. Marketing & Membership Services mbricker@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Dir. Technical Publications & Meetings mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers Richard Brow, President David Green, President-elect George Wicks, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 William Fahrenholtz, Director 2009-2013 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 William Lee, Director 2010-2013 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Robert Schwartz, Director 2010-2013 Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org contents • August 2013 Vol. 92 No. 6 Acers Spotlight • Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! • Fellows nominations due • MS&T\'13 student activites • Ceramographic Competition entries due Oct. 4 • Pittsburgh Section annual golf outing: 4-person scramble • NETD student stipend for MS&T\' 13-ACerS 115th Annual Meeting Computational materials science TIG gears up Distinguished Life, Senior/Emeritus member registration for MS&T\' 13 • Coming soon: Materials science demonstration and lab kits • Join the Order of the Engineer at MS&T\'13 In Memoriam • Education Integration Committee Advances in Nanomaterials 3D printing of microbatteries • Metamaterial flat lens works at UV wavelengths • Research focuses on clays to build better bones • Silica nanoparticles make Teflon tougher Research Briefs 8 11 14 • Aerodynamic levitation, modeling, new analytical techniques lead to cement-to-semiconductor advances Ceramics in Biomedicine 15 • Strong, tough, and uncrushable-How Mother Nature designs structural biological materials • US \'Repair & Protect\' toohpaste has no Bioglass Simulation, 3D printing combine to duplicate (or improve!) natural materials Ceramics in the Environment • Ancient lessons: Roman concrete durable, green • • Cree moves in commercial, retail LED markets columns Deciphering the Discipline Anchal Sondhi, Richard F. Reidy, and Thomas W. Scharf Understanding the mechanism of zirconia to zirconium carbide conversion for ultra-hightemperature ceramic applications resources Calendar..... Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 17 56 525 51 52 55 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2013. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July and November, as a “dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic format (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, e-mail delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 92, No. 6, pp 1-56. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 news & trends New projects worth millions announced on Materials Genome Initiative second anniversary The Materials Genome Initiative turned two in June, and the White House celebrated the occasion by announcing a flurry of new projects that involve sizeable investments from 20 or so collaborators. According to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, which oversees the MGI, these are new commitments from universities, federal agencies, industry, and professional societies. The value of the new commitments is not clear, but OSTP says in its fact sheet, \"What started out as a modest investment of approximately $63 million involving just four Federal agencies in 2012 has grown into a multistakeholder endeavor valued at hundreds of millions of dollars...\" The OSTP is calling them “commitments,\" rather than projects, probably because the projects seem to be layers of partnerships. For example, the University of Wisconsin has plans to work with Argonne National Laboratory, CAMECA, and, according to its website, \"UW-Madison, the University of Michigan, and Georgia Tech together will begin dialog to begin building a nationwide network for materials innovation.\" OSTP says the new projects build on the foundation laid by the five federal agencies that embraced MGI early on-the National Science Foundation, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, DOD, DOE, and NASA. Some of these agencies have made very large commitments alreadyfor example, the Army Research Laboratory\'s Enterprise for Multiscale Research of Materials program, which we reported on in the March 2013 ACerS Bulletin. The ARL program is worth up to $120 million over 10 years. A long time in the planning, the Enterprise\'s vision for designing materials from fundamental principles arguably played a large role in developing the ideas that would eventually spawn the Materials Genome Initiative. THE U.S. MATERIALS GENOME INITIATIVE Meeting Societal Needs Accelerating Our Pace the foundation for new s urgent societal reeds including dess Building Infrastructure for Success The NGI XA PUD-apety n fr a more open, cotationn to devicing afsanced meria, helping its Intere The US Materials Genome Initiative. Federal agencies announced significant new investments, most of which are interagency partnerships including the five agencies mentioned already, DARPA, and the US Army. There is at least one interesting new MGI participant mentioned in the fact sheet. The Smithsonian Associates-the education arm of the Smithsonian Institutionplans to produce a program on the history of advanced materials and their development for fall 2013. A new initiative at NIST will commit $25 million over five years to form a Center of Excellence on Advanced Materials, while the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the Georgia Institute of Technology are creating new institutes in materials innovation with collective investments totaling approximately $15 million. The University of Michigan has committed to invest an additional $20 million in MGI programs already underway, and all three universities will partner to begin work toward building a nationwide materials innovation accelerator network to better connect with other American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org The US. Materials Ganome Intative DG) challenge researchars, policymakers, and ded to bring new ma M -Out At centers, institutes, future efforts, and MGI-related activity. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Intermolecular Inc. (San Jose, Calif.) will work together to more accurately predict material behavior with software tools made openly available by LBNL. Building on data from existing high-throughput combinatorial experimentation and simulation, researchers anticipate a set of tools that could increase the pace of new materials development 10-fold or more over conventional approaches. Harvard University and IBM are releasing a freely available and open database describing 2.3 million new materials for potential use in solar cells the largest open-access effort of its kind. Finally, building on pledges made by more than 60 companies and universities last year to advance the MGI, seven more academic institutions and a software company are announc ing new educational efforts that include curriculum development, new graduate degrees, and research opportunities. 3 (Credit: The White House.) news & trends Commons.) An example is MIT\'s new massive open online course (MOOC) focusing on innovation and commercialization with new materials. Shale gas a ‘blue bridge to a green future\'? In western Pennsylvania, in eastern Ohio, in Texas and Oklahoma, from Colorado to Arkansas to New York, an energy boom is in progress. It is big enough to make the United States energy-independent by 2030, according to some experts, and it may account for 50 percent of US natural gas production by then. It is hydraulic fracturing, and the technology\'s potential to unlock enormous and previously inaccessible reserves of domestic natural gas, coupled with its possible environmental risks, made it the focus of a National Academy of Engineering topical meeting held June 18-19 at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. How big is the current push to increase US shale gas production? In 2000, shale gas accounted for only one percent of domestic production, according to one industry analyst. In 2011, that figure was 25 percent, and in 20 years 4 Business news FDA grants premarket approval for new ceramic-on-ceramic total hip system (www.healio.com)... Energy-efficient materials market: New industry research report is now available (www.prweb. com)...EU tariffs aim to prevent Chinese ceramics dumping (www.uk.reuters. com)... Startup SiO2 Nanotech develops antifogging technology for variety of applications (www.skysong.asu.edu)... Discover antimicrobial ceramic product protection through Microban (www.microban.com)...OC announces acquisition of Thermafiber (www.owenscorning.com)…… NO sensor wins Ceramic Society of Japan\'s Technology Award (www.ngk.co.jp)… Kyocera donates solar power generating shale gas may account for 50 percent of domestic production. A report recently released by energy company BP says, \"From 2011 to 2030 shale gas more than trebles and tight oil grows more than sixfold. Together they will account for almost a fifth of the increase in global energy supply to 2030.\" Development of shale gas could also eliminate the need for US natural gas imports in the same time frame, the report added. Speakers at the well-attended meeting pointed out that fracking is not new-it has been used to increase production in conventional oil and gas wells since the 1940s. What is new is the combination of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, which allows creation of multiple horizontal wells radiating like spokes from a wheel for a mile or more from a single surface wellhead drilled vertically to the required depth. Now these technologies are being used to release natural gas locked up in shale deposits across the US-no mean feat, considering shale has about the same permeability as steel, according to one presenter at the meeting. Just as the combination of fracking and horizontal drilling can exponentially increase production, the process also systems to schools in Tanzania and Uganda (www.global.kyocera.com)... PPG supports first grid-connected offshore wind turbine in US waters (www.ppg.com)… Lafarge to invest $200M in Zimbabwe plant (www.theindependent.co.zw)... Innovnano\'s 3YSZ nanopowder-an ideal material for hip and knee implants (www. innovnano-materials.com)...3M to bring more color to consumer electronic devices (www.news.3m.com)...Rio Tinto Alcan gains Commonwealth approval (www. riotinto.com)…..CoorsTek chief spearheads African \"impact investing” fund (www. ft.com)... Infab Refractories: Excelling in a hot market (www.sunjournal.com) Rig for drilling multiple horizontal wells in the Marcellus Shale formation of Pennsylvania. results in added potential environmental hazards. For one thing, it requires large volumes of water, which is pumped into the wells to fracture the gas-bearing rock. The water is treated with a variety of chemicals, and about 25 percent of it eventually returns to the surface where it requires treatment for reuse and eventual disposal. Other possible environmental issues associated with fracking include surface and groundwater contamination, air pollution, and even the possibility of induced earthquakes if shale formations are fractured too near an existing natural fault. Despite these potential risks, one expert who has studied the process extensively said at the meeting that fracking to release the US\'s shale gas deposits not only can be done safely, but it must be done safely. He calls shale gas \"a blue bridge to a green future,\" saying increased domestic natural gas production can meet US energy needs through 2050, when other, renewable technologies presumably will be available to pick up the slack. Ceramic materials have a role to play in the fracking process, from the clays and cements used to ensure well integrity to the proppants-hard particles 0.5 to 2 mm in diameter-used to hold open the microfissures created by fracking that allow www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 the gas to flow. ACerS will be covering use of ceramic technology to improve fracking productivity and safety in the coming months. Coming soon: NSF career development workshop for young academics In just a few weeks-August 13-14- the National Science Foundation\'s Division of Materials Research\'s Ceramics Program is sponsoring a professional development workshop that will be held in conjunction with the International Conference and Exhibition on Advanced and Nano Materials in Quebec City, Canada. The goal of the workshop is to enhance the career development of the next generation of leaders in ceramic materials research and education, and the NSF\'s highly successful Faculty Early Career Development, or CAREER, award program will serve as the framework. Designed to be highly interactive, the program will feature talks by recent CAREER awardees on their research activities and progress, as well as their outreach goals and progress. Each talk will be followed by a panel discussion where three internationally recognized experts in the speaker\'s field will lead a discussion on the achievements thus far and provide constructive feedback. and • The workshop is free for those registering for the ICANM2013 conference. Full details of the program registration are available at www.iaemm.com/ICANM2013/ Workshop.html. New ACers website speedy, easy, and ready for smartphones and tablets Hons Join Renew Members Meetings Courses Publications Resources Sintering of Ceramics Short Course on DVD NEWS Special troductory Order your Sintering of Ceramics DVD MIN-U-SIL® AND Ⓡ SIL-CO-SIL® GROUND SILICA When you buy world-class MIN-U-SIL® and SIL-CO-SIL® Ground Silica from U.S. Silica, you can be sure the service you receive is world-class. U.S. Silica delivers the \"Total Package\" every time: • Products tailored to your needs • Convenient packaging choices including bulk and 50, 1000, and 2000# bags • . Five convenient mining and processing locations A dedicated and experienced service team Products produced to the highest standards CALL US TODAY FOR A FREE SAMPLE! 800-345-6170 www.ussilica.com sales@ussilica.com ACars News LECTRONIC MATERIALS TIONS 201 Ceramic Tech Today Websites are like garages. Periodically they need to be cleaned out, reorganized, maybe even torn down and rebuilt. So it is with the ACers website. Launched a few weeks ago, the updated site\'s structure makes it easier for us to bring you more information and easier for you to get the information you need. Smartphone and tablet users will also appreciate the site\'s dynamic resizing capability, which simplifies viewing and navigation on mobile devices. US SILICA American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org news & trends Good news for ACers journals Thomson Reuters, which calls itself \"the world\'s leading source of intelligent information for businesses and professionals,\" recently issued its annual journal impact factor statistics. For those in the scholarly publishing business, these metrics are indicators of a journal\'s quality and how it stacks up against comparable publications. \"Impact factor,\" the most commonly cited statistic, measures how often articles published in the previous two years were cited compared with the number of papers published. That is, it assesses how \"impactful\" the last two years of a journal\'s papers were by counting the number of citations made in 2012 to papers published in 2010 and 2011 and dividing by the number of papers published in these two years. So, how did ACerS\'s three journals do? Pretty darn good, it turns out. Our flagship Journal of the American Ceramic VERSION PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS FOR CERAMIC SYSTEMS Society maintained its strong position in the materials science ceramics category and earned the second highest impact factor for journals in its category at 2.107. ACerS\'s newer journals performed well, too. The International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, now in its 10th year, earned a 2012 IF of 1.153 and a fiveyear IF of 1.403. Applied Ceramic TECHNOLOGY WILEY In its first year of eligibility for an IF, the International Journal of Applied Glass Science scored a 1.548. Editors L. David Pye and Mario Affatigato were pleased with the results. \"We attribute this strong start to the scholarship of authors submitting Download Free Version 3.4 Demo Applied Glass Journal SCIENCE papers, a dedicated group of associate editors and reviewers, great support by the ACerS editorial staff, and the advice, service, and encouragement given by our publisher, Wiley, from the very beginning,\" Pye says in an email. JACerS is published monthly, Int. J. of App. Ceramic Technology publishes six times per year, and Int. J. of App. Glass Science is published quarterly. ACerS\'s publishing partner, Wiley, has collected the most-often cited papers from all three journals and made them available free for a time. Visit www.onlinelibrary. wiley.com to see where ceramic and glass science is making its biggest impacts. CERAMIC TECH TODAY (Credit: ACerS.) www.ceramics.org/phasecd The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of Commerce This man is not happy with the US formulation of Sensodyne Repair & Protect toothpaste. Find out why, and get daily news updates and biweekly email newsletters, at www.ceramics.org/ publications-and-resources/ceramictech-today-2. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\" kiln for your specific needs • Robust, industrial design and construction • After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com oacers spotlight Welcome to our newest Corporate Members! ACerS recognizes companies that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on Corporate Membership, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics.org or visit the ACerS special Corporate Member web page at www.ceramics. org/corporate. CDS CAD DESIGN SOFTWARE CAD Design Software Santa Clara, Calif., USA www.cad-design.com CARBOLITE Carbolite Inc. Watertown, Wis., USA www.carbolite.us www.ceramics.org/corporate Fellows nominations due It is time to submit nominations for the ACerS 2014 Class of Fellows. Submit nominations by Sept. 1, 2013, for elevation to Fellow at the ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T\'14 in Pittsburgh, Pa. Criteria and forms can be found at www.ceramics.org/acerscommunity/award-winners-resources. Contact Marcia Stout (mstout@ceramics. org) with questions. MS&T\'13 student activities Join fellow Material Advantage student members from around the world at MS&T, Oct. 27-31 2013, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Special sessions as well as contests are available for student participation. Read all about the student activities and opportunities at www. materialadvantage.org/mst-studentactivities/. Ceramographic Competition entries due Oct. 4 It is time to start working on your entry for the Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition organized by the ACerS Basic Science Division. This unique competition promotes the use of microscopy and microanalysis tools in the scientific investigation of ceramic materials. The Roland B. Snow award is presented to the Best of Show winner. Deadline for entries is Oct. 4, 2013. Find out more about the rules of entry at www. ceramics.org/acers-community/awardwinners-resources/roland-b-snow-award. Pittsburgh Section annual golf outing: 4-person scramble The Pittsburgh Section of ACerS is once again hosting its annual golf outing on Monday, Sept. 9, 2013, at Crispin Golf Course-Oglebay Resort & Conference Center, Wheeling, W.Va. Registration begins at 10:30 a.m., with a shotgun start at 12:30 p.m. The golf format is a four-person scramble. Early bird registration (before Aug. 9) is only $85 per player; registration increases to $95 after Aug. 9. Visit www.ceramics.org/sections/ pittsburgh-section for complete information. NETD student stipend for MS&T\'13-ACerS 115th Annual Meeting ACerS\'s Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division is offering $250 stipends to help students attend MS&T\'13 combined with the ACerS 115th Annual Meeting, Oct. 27-31 2013, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. These stipends support deserving students with current or future interests in the nuclear or environmental Computational materials science TIG gears up A relatively new way for ACerS members and prospective members to organize is by forming a Technical Interest Group. TIGs are aimed at fostering collaboration on inter-disciplinary or emerging technology topics. \"TIGs are intended to allow ACerS members and those colleagues who are not yet members to get together and coordinate around specific ceramic-related topics,\" ACerS president Richard Brow wrote in the March 2013 ACerS Bulletin. Organizers of the CDCM TIG at June\'s PACRIM 10 meeting in San Diego, Calif. From left: Juejun (JJ) Hu of University of Delaware and group champions Liping Huang and Randall Youngman. Now organizing is the Computational Design of Ceramic Materials TIG. The group\'s focus is on promoting and integrating computational approaches to ceramic science and engineering into basic and applied research. \"So far we have eight members,\" says Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\'s Liping Huang, who serves as a group champion along with Veena Tikare of Sandia National Laboratories and Sujanto Widjaja and Randall Youngman of Corning Inc. TIG members plan to meet this fall at MS&T13 and have submitted a \"Computational Design of Ceramic Materials\" symposium proposal to MS&T\'14. Other TIGs are also forming. For more information, visit www. ceramics.org/acers-community/technical-interest-groups-tigs. 8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 fields of ceramic and materials engineering. Student participation in NETDsponsored symposia through an oral or poster presentation is encouraged but not required. For more information, contact Allen Apblett at allen.apblett@ okstate.edu. Deadline to apply is Sept. 1, 2013. Distinguished Life, Senior/ Emeritus member registration for MS&T\'13 ACerS is pleased to again offer complimentary MS&T\'13 registration to Distinguished Life members and reduced registration to Senior/Emeritus members. These special offers are available only through ACerS and are not found on the online MS&T registration site, so contact Marcia Stout (mstout@ceramics.org) for one of the special forms. Coming soon: Materials science demonstration and lab kits Demo and lab kits providing an introduction to the basic classes of materials (metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites) through 10 fun and interactive lessons will be available soon. ACerS\'s PCSA organized and developed the kits. Visit http://ceramics.org/coming-soonmaterials-science-demonstration-and-labkits to learn more. Join the Order of the Engineer at MS&T\'13 The American Ceramic Society\'s National Institute of Ceramic Engineers is proud to be a part of the Order of the Engineer, an organization that exists \"to In Memoriam Richard Simbeck Gregg Melde Steve Stoddard ORDER THE ENGINEER foster a spirit of pride and responsibility in the engineering profession, to bridge the gap between training and experience, and to present to the public a visible symbol identifying the engineer.\" Porous Glass Engineering for a better life Full details can be found at www.ceramics.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ oe_invitation_mst13.pdf. The deadline to apply for induction at MS&T\'13 is Aug. 31, 2013. Contact Fred Stover (fstover@ accesstoledo.com). mo.sci CORPORATION Porous glasses and ceramics are available in frit, spheres, and porous hollow shells. Mo-Sci can provide materials that are compatible in acid, neutral and base environments. Mo-Sci specializes in final form manufacturing which includes frit, fiber, ribbon, spheres, cast objects, and porous materials. The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with you to design and develop your project. Mo-Sci is ISO 9001:2008 and AS9100C certified. Robert Gardon William A. Graff M.A. Buchan Lawrence V. Pfaender William T. Brodie Some detailed obituaries can be found on the ACers website: www.ceramics. org/acers-blog/in-memoriam mo.sci HEALTH American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org CARE mo.sci SPECIALTY PRODUCTS www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 mo-sci PRECISION MATERIALS 9 O acers spotlight Education Integration Committee Acers Divisions and Sections offer many opportunities for students Fox Brennecka By Kevin M. Fox, EIC member at large, and Geoff Brennecka, EIC chair ACerS, and its Divisions and Sections sponsor many student- and educationoriented activities. For those unfamiliar with the Society\'s structure, Divisions generally focus on specific classes of materials and associated applications; Sections are geographically distributed. Members are encouraged to join as many Divisions and Sections as their interests warrant. The first Division membership is included in ACerS membership. Annual memberships in additional Divisions cost only $10 each, and the money goes directly to assist with Division programming and other activities. Each Section also has its own membership arrangement and activities. Following are some of the ACerS Division and Section programs aimed at giving students a chance to participate in Society activities. Divisions • The new Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division encourages students to participate in organizing and attending its annual workshops and symposia. This fall\'s AACS workshop will feature a student instructor, who will discuss his undergraduate experiences at Stanford University\'s Cantor Center for the Visual Arts and at a synchrotron. AACS offers financial support for student attendance, and the Division also is organizing a symposium at MS&T\'14. Students will participate on the organizing committee and will be sponsored to attend the symposium. 10 • The Basic Science Division administers the annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science awards to recognize outstanding achievements of graduate students in materials science and engineering. The awards are open to those who make oral presentations at MS&T. • The Cements Division sponsors sev eral activities that focus on students. At its annual meeting, the Division sponsors a tutorial that is put together with students in mind. The Division also organizes an annual student poster contest with cash prizes, and, at this year\'s meeting, it organized a student networking reception where students had the chance to meet other students as well as professionals and faculty. • The Electronics Division offers awards for student presenters at its annual Electronic Materials and Applications meeting and sponsors the Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship for undergraduates in ceramics and materials science. • The Engineering Ceramics Division is introducing a new Global Young Investigator Award at the 2014 International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites in Daytona Beach. The award will recognize an outstanding young ceramic engineer and scientist whose achievements have been significant to the profession and to the general welfare of the community. • The Glass and Optical Materials Division offers free student registrations, career panel discussions, student luncheons, and student mixer events at Division meetings. GOMD also administers the Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars and the Cooper Scholars Award, holds an annual student poster competition with monetary awards for top undergraduate and graduate student posters, and provides sponsorship for some ACerS Young Professional Network activities. • The Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division offers a number of student travel stipends to attend the ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T (see page 8). • The Refractory Ceramics Division, along with The Refractories Institute, offers an academic scholarship program to support students interested in refractory manufacturing and considering a career in the industry. Section activities ACerS Sections around the US offer many opportunities for students to take advantage of scholarships, travel stipends to ACerS events, poster contests, and more. For more information, visit www. ceramics.org/member-services/sections. For more information about the EIC, contact Geoff Brennecka (glbrenn@ sandia.gov), Kevin M. Fox (kevin.fox@ srnl.doe.gov), or Marcia Stout (mstout@ ceramics.org). Education Integration Committee Subcommittees CEC reps EIC Chair Representatives Keramos (Pres.) PCSA (Chair) NICE reps Staff Liaison YPN SAC reps At-Large (Optional) www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 ●advances in nanomaterials 3D printing of microbatteries Researchers from Harvard University\'s Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign are using 3D printing to create lithium-ion microbatteries about the size of a grain of sand. \"Not only did we demonstrate for the first time that we can 3D-print a battery, we demonstrated it in the most rigorous way,\" Jennifer Lewis, senior author of the study and Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, says in a news release. Researchers built the tiny battery using a custom-built 3D printer with a nozzle narrower than a human hair to layer anode and cathode materials on gold comb contacts. They then encased the electrodes and added electrolyte solution to complete the circuit. ASU The 3D printing process required development of inks with the right electrochemical and hardening properties. The researchers then tested battery storage, power delivery, and charging properties. \"The electrochemical performance is comparable to commercial batteries in terms of charge and discharge rate, cycle life, and energy densities. We\'re just able to achieve this on a much small- Researchers from the Wyss Institute at Harvard Univerer scale,\" coauthor Shen Dil- sity and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign lon says in the release. Dillon used 3D printing to create this microsized lithium-ion is assistant professor of matebattery. rials science and engineering at UIUC. The paper is \"3D printing of interdigitated Li-ion microbattery architectures,\" published online in 200 μm Advanced Materials (DOI:10.1002/ adma.201301036). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Developers of Specialty Glass and Custom Ceramics • Hybrids • Discrete Components • Overglazes • Thick Film Pastes • Solar Metallization Pastes • Dielectric & Conductive Paste Additives • Standard & Custom LTCC Formulations • Bioactive Glass Applications • Calcined Mixtures ceradyne, inc. VIOX The right glass makes all the difference. VIOX.COM 11 (Credit: K. Sun, T-S Wei, J. Lewis, S.J. Dillon.) advances in nanomaterials Metamaterial flat lens works at UV wavelengths Scientists working at the National Institute of Standards and Technology recently demonstrated a flat lens that bends and focuses ultraviolet light to create 3D images of objects that float in free space. Developed in collaboration with researchers from the Maryland NanoCenter at the University of Maryland, Syracuse University, and the University of British Columbia, the device is fabricated O Schematic of UV metamaterial flat lens showing alternating nanolayers of silver (green) and titanium dioxide (blue). When it is illuminated with UV light, a sample object placed on the slab is projected as a 3D image in free space on the other side of the slab. from alternating nanolayers of silver and titanium dioxide. The resulting metamaterial lens has a negative refractive index, enabling it to project a 3D image of any object placed on the lens. Scientists say the device is easy to build and could lead to improved photolithography, nanoscale manipulation and manufacturing, and high-resolution 3D imaging, among other applications. The metamaterial has a negative index of refraction, meaning it causes light to flow essentially backward. Such a capability does not exist in nature, naturally occurring materials, such as air or water, have positive refractive indexes-but Russian physicist Victor Veselago postulated in 1967 that materials with negative electrical permittivity and negative magnetic permeability would have a negative index of refraction. He also theorized that a material with a refractive index of -1 could be used to make a flat (as opposed to curved) lens and that such a lens would be able to project 3D images into free space. It took more than 30 years after Veselago\'s prediction to develop lenses that worked at microwave, infrared, and visible wavelengths. Making lenses that work at shorter UV wavelengths requires features as small as 10 nm. 12 The NIST researchers adapted a design proposed by a group at Holland\'s FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, producing a sandwich of alternating nanometer-thick layers of silver and titanium dioxide they say is easy to make and has a negative index of refraction regardless of the angle of incidence of incoming light. They believe using other materials combinations may make similar lenses possible for use in other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Research focuses on clays to build better bones As the US population ages, more than a million Americans a year are undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery, according to the National Institutes of Health. Add to that orthopedic injuries incurred by military veterans, and diseases such as osteoporosis and arthritis, and the importance of research in ways to help the body regenerate human bone becomes clear. Scientists studying that topic are now looking to modified clay materials as crucial foundations for bone ingrowth and regeneration. One team at North Dakota State University (Credit: Lezec/NIST.) (Fargo) has developed a 3D mesh scaffold based on degradable, biocompatible nanoclay materials. The clay improves mechanical properties of the scaffold, allowing it to bear loads while bone regenerates, according to team leader Kalpana Katti, Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering. \"The biomineralized nanoclays also impart osteogenic or bone-forming abilities to the scaffold to enable birth of bone,\" Katti says in a press release. The workers report using modified, amino acid-containing nanoclays to facilitate new bone growth in bioreactors designed to simulate flow of fluid and blood in the body during bone regeneration. Another research team working at Brigham and Women\'s Hospital (Boston) recently reported that layered clay can transform stem cells to bone cells without additional bone-inducing factors. The group, led by Ali Khademhosseini, BWH Division of Biomedical Engineering, says in a news release that synthetic silicates it has pioneered can \"direct stem cell differentiation and facilitate functional tissue formation.\" The materials are simple or complex salts of silicic acids that have been widely used as food additives, fillers for glasses and ceramics, and other industrial applications. \"Based on the strong preliminary studies, we believe that these highly bioactive nanoplatelets may be utilized to develop devices such as injectable tissue repair matrixes, bioactive fillers, or therapeutic agents for stimulating specific cellular responses in bone-related tissue engineering,\" researcher Akhilesh Gaharwar, BWH Division of Biomedical Engineering, says in the release. Silica nanoparticles make Teflon tougher Well-known as a nonstick surface in applications from kitchen tools to aerospace and medical components, poly-tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) is getting a boost in wear resistance thanks www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 to silica nanoparticles. Researchers at the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville) treated PTFE films with silica nanoparticles to significantly reduce wear while maintaining low friction in tests. In a comparison of PTFE surfaces impregnated with silica nanoparticles versus pure PTFE films and bare stainless steel, the researchers found the composite films had greatly improved wear characteristics. All PTFE coatings were produced by dip coating type 316 stainless steel substrates. According to researcher Min Zou, associate professor, director of the university\'s Nano Mechanics and Tribology Laboratory (NMTL), and holder of the 21st Century Professorship in Mechanical Engineering, the lab tested PTFE surfaces with two concentrations of 50-nm-diameter silica nanoparticles—1.7 and 3.3 wt%– against a conventional PTFE surface and bare stainless steel. \"Linear reciprocating wear tests were performed by repetitively rubbing the test samples against a chrome steel ball under an applied pressure up to 0.5 GPa,\" Zou explains in an email. \"The pure PTFE film failed immediately under 0.5 GPa pressure, while the composite film with 3.3-wt% silica lasted 300 cycles.\" Zou and her team have continued their research with further development of the silica-PTFE composite material as well as testing of other types of nanoparticles in thin PTFE coatings, she reports. \"The durability of the film has been increased four Credit: M. Zou, University of Arkansas.) times compared to what we reported in this paper. If adding an adhesive layer, durability is increased 70 times.\" NMTL has developed a variety of nanoengineered surfaces with nanoscale topographies and chemistries to reduce friction and wear, AMERICAN cheme CORPORATION change wetting properties of surfaces, and facilitate cell adhesion and growth in biomedical applications. Results of this work are reported in the paper \"Wear-resistant PTFE/SiO2 nanoparticle composite films\" in Tribology Transactions. MADE IN MONTANA SOLD TO THE WORLD Give Ceramists Something to Think About CUPRIC OXIDE COPPER GRANULES • Blue and Red Glazes and Glass Iron Spot Brick CUPROUS OXIDE Blue Glass and Glaze • Brick Colorants and Ferrites ZINC OXIDES • For Ferrite, Brick, Fibre Glass Copper & Zinc for Ferrites Plants In Montana and Tennessee Stock Available Worldwide AMERICAN CHEMET 740 Waukegan Road P.O. Box 437 Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA Phone +1-847-948-0800 Fax +1-847-948-0811 www.chemet.com Sales@chemet.com AFM image of 50-nm-diameter silica nanoparticles on PTFE surface. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 13 Oresearch briefs Credit: Akola et al.; Argonne National Lab.) 14 Aerodynamic levitation, modeling, new analytical techniques lead to cement-to-semiconductor advances Normally, creation of a metallic glass begins with a metal that is transformed to a glassy state. Recently an international research team demonstrated a novel way to make metallic glass. The process starts with a type of cement that is heated with a laser while floating in a container, which leads to creation of a material that surprisingly behaves like a semiconductor at room temperature. After characterizing it with X-ray and neutron diffraction and extended X-ray absorption, this material was successfully matched with models that help explain this nonintuitive behavior and point the way to the discovery of other unexpected semiconductors. The researchers focused on several glass compositions, including 64 mol% CaO (64CaO) glass and 50CaO glass, combining multiple computational and experimental techniques to determine what is going on in the new material. To obtain samples, the group used a tool called an \"aerodynamic levitator\" in which they heated the cement with a laser to 2,000°C. The levitator prevented the melting cement from touching the sides of the heating vessel, suppressed crystal growth, and allowed the material to cool as a glass. They then compared predictions based on the structural models with analytical results and found close correlation. According to the researchers, as the material cooled, free electrons were trapped via \"efficient elemental mixing” in cagelike structures. These trapped electrons are at the root of the unusual conductive behavior in the glass. \"This phenomenon of trapping electrons and turning liquid cement into liquid metal was found recently, but not explained in detail until now,\" says Chris Benmore, a physicist from the Sintering of Ceramics Short Course on DVD NEW! Special Introductory Rate The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Learn sintering fundamentals at your own pace, or host multi-person training sessions at your facility. Taught by Dr. Mohamed N. Rahaman, the course covers sintering basics; diffusion and defect chemistry; solid-state, viscous and liquid-phase sintering; microstructure development and control; and much more. Take advantage of the $100 savings thru October 1st List: $665 $565 ACers Member: $595 $495 www.ceramics.org/sinteringdvd h₂ One type of cage structure around the spin-density of one electron in a model of cement-based semiconducting metallic glass (gray-Al, green-Ca, and red=O). US Department of Energy\'s Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, Ill.), in the lab\'s news release. \"Now that we know the conditions needed to create trapped electrons in materials, we can develop and test other materials to find out if we can make them conduct electricity in this way.\" The appeal of this type of metallic glass could be very strong because its properties (not brittle, corrosion resistant, easily processed and molded) would provide new nonmetal options for engineers and designers. One application Benmore predicts is thin-film resistors used in liquid-crystal displays. Materials Development Inc.\'s (Arlington Heights, Ill.) Rick Weber, also a member of the research group, is excited by the work that has been done so far. He said the effort united novel processing, advanced analytical techniques, rigorous modeling, and supercomputing to deliver \"good, fundamental science. It was great that our modeling matched our experimental data, but this was a very nonintuitive result. It is a real-life example of how researchers have to be open to new ideas and how we can use this array of tools to open up new areas of research.\" Results of the work are reported in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the article \"Network topology for the formation of solvated electrons in binary CaO-Al2O3 composition glasses.\" www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 ●ceramics in biomedicine Strong, tough, and uncrushable-How Mother Nature designs structural biological materials Nature has designed some ingenious materials. Spider thread, for example, has amazing tensile and stretching properties. Abalone shells resist the erosion of ocean floor environments that polish materials with similar compositions into shiny, pretty baubles prized by artists. Why do bird beaks not break? How is the structure of seahorse spines an advantage? 田 # Nature is replete with ingenious structures to make life not just possible, but better. The bony plates of seahorse skeletons, for example, slide past each other, giving the creature incredible flexibility. Materials scientists at the University of California, San Diego, work to unlock the University of California, San Diego, researchers Marc Meyers and Joanna McKittrick, and Po-Yu Chen, now at National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, recently wrote a review article in Science on the mechanics of structural biological materials. The paper, \"Structural biological materials: Critical mechanics-materials connections,\" reports on the search for connections between the structure and properties of biological materials, with an eye toward understanding how to engineer similar structures and properties in synthetic materials. Their review focused on three properties: strength under tension, toughness, and resistance to buckling or torsion. secrets. They note that there are seven distinguishing characteristics of structural biological materials: self assembly, multifunctionality, hierarchy (different structures at different scales for different purposes), hydration, mild synthesis conditions (low temperature and pressure in aqueous environments), constraints imposed by evolution and environment, and self-healing ability. Biological materials fall into two broad structural categories: \"soft\" structures, which are nonmineralized; and \"hard\" structures, which are composites of minerals and fibrous organic biopolymers. (See the next story for more about this.) Examples of soft structures include collagen, keratin, elastin, chitin, lignin, and others. Mineralized composites consist of a mineral reinforcement phase, such as hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, or siica, embedded in a biopolymer matrix, such as collagen or chitin. Examples from nature provide insights into the mechanics of structural biological materials. \"Mother Nature give us templates. We are trying to understand them better so we can implement them in new materials,\" McKittrick says in a news release. Biological materials also have secrets to reveal regarding processing. Exoskeletal animals, like abalone, grow their shells one layer at a time. McKittrick observes in the press release that 3D printing is basically the same concept. \"You could build a material similar to the abalone shell using principles we learned from nature by printing layer upon layer of mineral deposits—and do it much faster than nature would.” Besides structural biological materials, there are other familiar applications of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: Joanna McKittrick, UCSD.) bioinspired materials. For example, most are familiar with the invention of Velcro being inspired by the way plant burrs stuck to animal fur. Olympic sports fans may recall hearing about high-performance swimsuits-eventually banned from competition-that mimic the structure of shark skin and reduce drag in the water. New super-adhesive surgical tapes are designed after gecko foot structure. Who better than Mother Nature would know about genomes and design of materials? US \'Repair & Protect\' toothpaste has no Bioglass This past spring, GlaxoSmithKline finally (and relatively quietly) began selling its renowned Sensodyne Repair & Protect toothpaste in the United States. The product was reported to be a godsend to people whose teeth have become sensitive to heat and cold. Typically, sensitivity increases with age-some of the tooth enamel wears off over the years, exposing the dentinal tubules that connect with the tooth nerves. The solution, in Repair & Protect toothpaste that GSK has sold outside the US for years, was a form of the 45S5 glass invented by ACerS Distinguished Life Member Larry Hench. The 45S5 glass particles in Repair & Protect trigger an ionic reaction. When the glass particles contact saliva and water, the glass releases calcium and phosphate ions to form a calcium phosphate layer. The body then converts this to hydroxyapatite, which creates a physical barrier over the tubules much like the original enamel. Unfortunately, the US formulation of the product does not contain Bioglass (sold under the trade name NovaMin). The omission of this key ingredient typically is blamed on the need to obtain approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. GSK is not talking-the company twice refused to provide an interview opportunity to discuss why Bioglass is 15 ceramics in biomedicine hoto by Graham Bratzel.) not included in the US formulation of the product. Instead. the company\'s media contact for North America consumer products, Deborah Bolding, replied via email. \"Sensodyne Repair & Protect is a new product here in the US and does not contain NovaMin,\" she wrote. \"The FDA approved the formulation. We work with regulatory authorities in each market on formulations for the product to be marketed and sold in that specific market. There are variances by market depending on the local regulatory body and other factors.\" Another request, this one for contact information for a dentist featured in a testimonial video for the product, elicited the following reply: \"I am pleased that I could address a number of your questions regarding Sensodyne Repair & Protect here in the US. Unfortunately, further comment will not be available on our strategy, rationale and future plans.\" Bottom line: If you have sensitive teeth and want \"real\" Repair & Protect, you are still going to have to go outside the US to buy it! materials at once to create \"computer-optimized designs of soft and stiff polymers placed in geometric patterns that replicate nature\'s own patterns,\" the release says. \"The geometric patterns we used in the synthetic materials are based on those seen in natural materials like bone or nacre, but also include new designs that do not exist in nature,\" Buehler says in the release. \"We can design our own, which may perform even better than the ones that already exist.\" The brick-and-mortar pattern of MIT\'s simulated bone and nacre material does not look much like the real thing, but it behaves a lot like it. The materials do not appear at all like their natural counterparts. The scientists\' 3D printed bonelike material, for example, features a microscopic pattern similar to a brick wall, with stiff blue polymer bricks and a soft black polymer \"mortar.\" Turning to 3D printing, the authors used the two polymers to fabricate composites with three configurations based on their computational model: A bonelike structure with stiff Simulation, 3D printing combine platelets “mortared\" with the soft polyto duplicate (or improve!) natural materials In a synthesis of computational materials science, 3D printing, and bioinspired materials engineering, researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology are quickly designing and testing materials that duplicate or exceed the strength and toughness of natural materials. Bone is an example of a natural structural material that is a composite of hydroxyapatite and collagen. The challenge in duplicating its properties lies in the the two materials are arranged: The complex structure changes \"at every scale of the composite, from the micro up to the macro,\" according to an MIT news release. way Associate professor Markus Buehler and co-workers used a 3D printer capable of working with two or more mer, a calcite-type structure where the stiff and soft polymers alternate in columns, and a rotated bonelike structure where the stiff constituent is shaped like a diamond instead of a rectangular brick (for increased flexibility of the composite). They subjected each of three composite samples to tensile and other mechanical testing, which validated their computational models and simulation process. \"Most importantly, the experiments confirmed the computational prediction of the bonelike specimen exhibiting the largest fracture resistance,\" says graduate student Leon Dimas. \"And we managed to manufacture a composite with a fracture resistance more than 20 times larger than its strongest constituent.\" According to the release, the process \"could be scaled up to provide a cost-effective means of manufacturing materials that consist of two or more constituents, arranged in patterns of any variation imaginable and tailored for specific functions in different parts of a structure.\" \"The possibilities seem endless, as we are just beginning to push the limits of the kind of geometric features and material combinations we can print,” Buehler concludes. Results of the work are reported in the Advanced Functional Materials paper \"Tough composites inspired by mineralized natural materials: Computation, 3D printing, and testing.\" each reach your customers with ceramicSOURCE www.ceramicsource.org 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 ceramics in the environment Ancient lessons: Roman concrete durable, green Scientists working to make modern concrete more durable and sustainable are focusing their attention on ancient technology. Specifically, a research team led by Paulo Monteiro of the US Department of Energy\'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California, Berkeley, has analyzed samples from a 2,000-year-old Roman concrete breakwater to determine why the concrete is so durable, how its manufacture was more environmentally sound, and how to adapt those characteristics to modern concrete production. \"It\'s not that modern concrete isn\'t good. It\'s so good we use 19 billion tons of it a year,\" Monteiro says in a news release. \"The problem is, manufacturing portland cement accounts for seven percent of the carbon dioxide that industry puts into the air.\" Portland cement acts as the primary binding agent in modern concrete, but its production is an energy-intensive process. Roman concrete used 10 percent less binder that was produced at a temperature only 2/3 of that needed for processing portland cement, according to the researchers. Team member Marie Jackson, a research engineer of civil and environmental engineering at UC, Berkeley, obtained the sample of Roman concrete used for underwater structures from a breakwater in Pozzuoli Bay near Naples. Roman engineers produced the material by mixing lime and volcanic ash (pozzolan) to form mortar, then packing the mortar and volcanic tuff into wooden forms. Seawater hydrated the lime and reacted with the ash to cement the mixture together. \"In the mid-first-century BC, there was an explosive advance of technology in concrete,\" Jackson says. \"The Romans needed to find a mix that would work for building harbors for shipping and military purposes.\" \" With the help of classics scholars, Jackson went back to the Latin texts describing the concrete technology of the time. Based on translations and characterization observations, she says a special mix was used for seawater exposure applications. \"[Caesar] Augustus must have standardized the mix because we see that all of the concrete samples used a specific ash from a specific eruption.\" Drill core of concrete from a 2,000-year-old Roman breakwater consists of pumice (yellowish inclusions), lava and other volcanic crystalline materials (dark and gray spots), and lime (white). Inset: scanning electron micrograph of aluminum tobermorite crystals believed to provide the superior durability and mechanical properties of Roman seawater concrete. (Credit: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Fast forward a few centuries and scientists used Berkeley Lab\'s Advanced Light Source as well as facilities at UC, Berkeley, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia, and the BESSY II synchrotron at Germany\'s Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie to discover how Roman concrete differs from the modern material. They found that the binder in modern concrete is a compound of calcium, silicates, and hydrates. The binder phase of Roman concrete contains aluminum and has lower silicon content. X-ray spectroscopy indicated that the aluminum substitution may be responsible for the durability of the seawater concrete: The ancient material contained a rare hydrothermal mineral, aluminum tobermorite, that is absent in modern concrete formulations. The researchers determined tobermorite has higher stiffness than modern concrete binders and may serve as a model for future concrete strength and durability. Full results are reported in the JACerS paper \"Material and elastic properties of Al-tobermorite in ancient Roman seawater concrete. Cree moves in commercial, retail LED markets Cree Inc., Durham, N.C., recently announced it was “redefining the midpower LED market\" with the introduction of a family of ceramic-based LEDs \"that offers no-compromise performance and reliability.\" ༦ According to the company, the ceramic-based XH LEDs are designed to deliver the long L70 lifetimes at hightemperature and high-current operation of Cree\'s other high-power LEDs, such as XP and XT LEDs. In comparison, plastic LEDs are known for short L70 lifetimes at high-temperature and highcurrent operation. The XH LEDs allow lighting manufacturers to offer products that meet the reliability expectations of LED technology.\" Products include easy-to-use retrofit or upgrade kits for linear fluorescent lighting with a claimed typical payback period of only two years. Cree says the kits use 50 percent less energy, provide better light, and last up to twice as long as the standard 32-W fluorescent lamps they replace. The two-year payback period is based on a comparison to a fluorescent three-lamp setup used 12 hours per day with electricity costs of $0.11 per kWh. On the consumer front, Cree recently announced an exclusive marketing deal with Home Depot. The company is retailing 40- and 60-W equivalent bulbs starting at $9.97. 17 18 142 Hanne M 45 8 FEELFFF Inspired by the human eye, this curved photodetector made of flexible germanium could eliminate the distortion that occurs in conventional photolenses. Piezotronics: A new field of strain-engineered functional semiconductor devices By Xudong Wang Coupling piezoelectric polarization with semiconductor properties results in devices with novel functionalities. Piez Diezoelectric materials are the key functional component in many devices, such as sensors, actuators, ultrasonic transducers, sonar systems, and energy scavengers. These applications take advantage of the direct or reverse piezoelectric effects caused by simultaneous shifts in positive and negative charge centers within the primitive unit cell in response to mechanical deformation. Ideal piezoelectric materials also are perfectly dielectric. However, most piezoelectric materials are wide bandgap semiconductors that have a finite amount of free charges. The polar field resulting from the direct piezoelectric effect naturally interacts with charged species present in the solid in a Coulombic manner, and, thus, influences charge carrier distribution throughout the solid. This interaction also exists in many widely used semiconductors that are piezoelectric, such as ZnO, GaN, and CdS. Nevertheless, this polar field-charge interaction effect long has been overlooked by piezoelectric and semiconductor researchers until the recent emergence of the field known as piezotronics.¹ Piezotronics is a new field that deals with the coupling of pz piezoelectric polarization (PD) with semiconductor properties to design new devices with novel functionalities and enhanced capabilities (Fig. 1). The general principle of piezotronics lies on the P-induced internal and external free charge redistribution that can tune the local interfacial band structure and, thus, provide a mechanism to engineer the charge transport properties without altering the interface structure or chemistry. 24 In a heterojunction, the effect of the energy state discontinuity is profound, with electronic transport properties that are exquisitely sensitive to the magnitude of the discontinuity. It then follows axiomatically that the electronic properties of the heterojunction system can be tailored by precise modification of the interfacial energetics. To that end, PD could have a significant influence on the heterostructure\'s electronic properties. pz pz In 2006, the piezotronic phenomenon was first demonstrated in a P-gated ZnO nanowire (NW) transistor.5 The great promise of the piezotronic principle has been explored since then in a variety of semiconductor systems as a means for gating transistors, switching diodes, augmenting the quantum efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), improving photovoltaic (PV) performance, and optimizing catalytic ability.6 This emerging field has quickly attracted researchers worldwide from a wide range of disciplines, including materials science, physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering. This article outlines the basic principles, current research progress, and promising future of the new, interdisciplinary research field of piezotronics. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 (Credit: Zhenqiang Ma; University of Wisconsin-Madison.) (d) (b) (d) Credits: (a) Ma; U. Wisc-Madison; (b) Wolf Technical Services for USAF; (c) Wang; U. Wisc-Madison; (d) Wikipedia.) Minding the gap-Semiconductor band engineering In a heterojunction structure involv ing a piezoelectric semiconductor material, the appearance of piezoelectric polarization will lead to a considerable change of free charge distribution in the piezoelectric material and its adjacent semiconductor or metal contacts.³ For example, in the p-n junction shown in Fig. 2(a), the original interfacial band structure results from charge redistribution caused by Fermi-level mismatch. Because one of the junction materials is piezoelectric, straining creates immobile piezoelectric charge (σ) at the piezo-material surface. The free charge concentrations in both junction-forming materials are finite. Therefore, free charges with an opposite sign to σ (that is, screening charge) are attracted to the interface internally from the piezomaterial (σ) and externally from the s,in pz contacting material (σ) (the bottom s,ex picture of Fig. 2(a)). The sum of σ s,ex s,ex s,in s,in pz\' and σ is typically equal or very close to σ and the relative ratio between σ and σ is determined by the material\'s carrier concentrations and density of states. The net charge gain at the interface (σ - σ A) at the piezo-material side, and o at the non-piezo side) creates additional potential profile at the interface (top curves of Fig. 2(b)). -σ s,in\' pz pz Figure 2(b) illustrates the effect of P on the pn junction. The original band structure is shown by blue dashed lines, and the band structure modulated by P is sketched in red solid lines. The left and right diagrams, respectively, illustrate situations of positive and negative σ at the interface. Superimposing the pz pz s,ex pz P-induced potential profile onto the original semiconductor band structures resolves the shifted band structure. The greatest band shifting exists at the interface, whereas the band structure remains unchanged far from the interface. With this modification, the built-in potentials and depletion regions in both materials change. Figure 2(b) demonstrates a situation where the σ is so large that it completely inverts the band tilting direction at the n-type piezo-semiconductor side (for positive σpz left picture) or the p-type non-piezo-semiconductor side (for pz Photovoltaics (a) Logic circuitry Sensors Transistors Human-electronic Interface Piezotronics in electronics Photodetectors Piezotronics in optoelectronics (d) Laser diodes LEDS Piezotronics Coupling between piezoelectric and semiconductor Battery technology Piezotronics in electrochemistry (c) Catalysis Hydrogen fuel Strain-engineered functionality Figure 1. The new field of piezotronics couples the piezoelectric and semiconducting properties of materials to engineer strain-induced functionality into a wide range of new and familiar materials. negative σ, right picture). pz pz\' Metal-semiconductor (MS) heterojunctions are another large category of solid-state devices. Here, the screening length in metal is negligible compared with the semiconductor. Therefore, the P-induced band shifting occurs only on the semiconductor side. Figure 2(c) illustrates a MS Schottky junction. Positive σ at the MS interface reduces the Schottky barrier height. If σ is large enough, the Schottky barrier can become ohmic (left picture in Fig. 2(c)). When negative σ appears at the MS interface, (a) pz pz Dissimilar Piezo semiconductor semiconductor No pz pz the barrier height is more pronounced and creates a Schottky diode with higher threshold voltage. pz The existence of P is a steady-state effect as long as the strain is held, although the screening charges prevent external detection of a piezopotential.4 Therefore, applying strain to a piezosemiconductor constantly influences the band structure as described, and it offers an effective strategy to modulate the performance of practical heterojunctionbased devices. (b) n-type Piezoelectric Semiconductor P p-type Semiconductor n-type Piezoelectric Semiconductor p-type Semiconductor Ec E (c) n-type Piezoelectric Metal Semiconductor n-type Piezoelectric Semiconductor Metal Ec E PM Ec Figure 2. (a) Schematic charge distribution at semiconductor hetero-interface (top) and P-induced charge redistribution (bottom). (b) and (c) Band structure change as a result of the combination of intrinsic and P-induced charge distributions when the piezo-material is (b) n-type semiconductor and the other material is p-type semiconductor or (c) metal. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org pz 19 Piezotronics: A new field of strain-engineered functional semiconductor devices (a) Current (μA) 2 -Original Stretched -Compressed Original Stretched Compressed (b) 0.7 0.60.5 -140 Voltage (V) Current (μA) Experimental data Fitting 0.5 -151 -160.4-170.30.0 0.2Strain=0.0% Strain=0.2% 0.1Strain=0.39% Strain-0.59% 0.0Strain 0.78% 4-Strain-0.98% -1.0 -0.5 Strain (%) 0.0 1.0 Voltage (V) 土 2 0.5 1.0 Figure 3. (a) I-V characteristics of a Ag-ZnO-Ag system under zero, compressive, and tensile strains. (b) Strain-sensing performance of the Ag-ZnO piezotronic device. New transistor and sensor devicesMemory switches and artificial skin pz The most direct application of the P-band structure relationship presented in Fig. 2 is its modulation of charge transport through the piezoelectric material, that is, a piezotronic transistor. In a piezotronic transistor, the piezoelectric potential induced by strain replaces the conventional gate voltage. This configuration requires only two electrical terminals (electrodes) and is much simpler than regular electrically gated transistors. This is a great advantage for system miniaturization and 3D integration, for example, incorporating vertical NW arrays that can be individually addressed and controlled. The first piezotronic transistor based on a single crystal ZnO microwire (MW) was demonstrated in 2006.5 Through 20 20 (Adapted with permission from Ref. 7. Copyright 2008, American Chemical Society.) in-situ bending and I-V characterization in a scanning electron microscope chamber, a monotonic reduction of source-drain current was observed when the deflection generated a piezopotential along the MW\'s side wall. This work marked the first discovery of the piezotronic effect and quickly led to further research that involved more comprehensive characterization and obtained deeper understanding of the piezotronic phenomenon. For example, using a ZnO NW, Zhou et al. demonstrated a strain-induced I-V characteristic change in a Ag-ZnO-Ag system consisting of back-to-back Schottky barriers (Fig. 3(a)).? This system can be represented by the MS model shown in Fig. 2(c), where both electrodes share the same magnitude but opposite sign of potential change at the interface. This produces asymmetrical I-V curves, which makes it possible to use the M₁-S-M, structure as a memory switch. Intuitively, strain sensors are a direct application of the strain-regulated conductivity change. Different from the piezoresistivity, which is a bulk property and typically follows a linear relationship with strain, the piezotronic effect controls the interface barrier height, and, thus, the current change follows an exponential relationship with strain (Fig 3(b)). As a result, a piezotronic strain sensor offers a much enhanced gauge factor (the ratio between current change and strain amplitude). The highest reported gauge factor from a piezotronic ZnO NW was about 1250.8 This value significantly exceeds the gauge factors of commercial semiconductor strain sensors (~100-200) and the highest gauge factor reported for carbon nanotubes (~1000). Because of their high sensitivity and simple configuration, NW piezotronic strain sensors represent an ideal solution for artificial skin and human-electronic interfaces. Most recently, Wu et al. developed a large-area flexible piezotronic sensor sheet using individually addressed vertical ZnO NW-bundle arrays. When subjected to external force or pressure, 9 P was generated at the ZnO-metal pz contact interface and modulated the barrier height. Thus, the sensitivity was improved by a factor of at least 30 compared with resistive devices. The sensor array provided shape-adaptive force-pressure imaging with a very high resolution of 8,464 pixel/cm², which is more than an order of magnitude higher than mechano-receptors in the skin of human fingertips (~240/cm²). This transparent and flexible force-pressure sensor sheet is able to mimic the sense of human skin and offers a novel platform for interfacing human body and electronics. pz* Similar to regular transistors, piezotronic transistors also can be used for logic circuits, where the on-off states are switched by strain-induced P. Wu et al. demonstrated that multiple ZnO NWAg Schottky junctions that were integrated and operated by straining could perform universal logic operations, including NAND, NOR, and XOR.10 Such mechanically operated logic units offer a new function component for advanced nanoelectromechanical systems. Working with light— Piezophototronics and piezotronicenhanced photovoltaics Piezophototronics involves modulation of optoelectronic phenomena by engineering the band structure using the piezotronic effect. The basic principle also follows the diagram shown in Fig. 2, where the amplitude of band shifting at a heterojunction is controlled by strain to manipulate charge recombination (for light-emitting devices) or separation (for photovoltaic devices) at the junction. Yang et al. reported a dramatic improvement in the emission intensity of an n-ZnO MW/p-GaN-based LED by straining the ZnO MW component (Fig. 4). This is the case of pn junction modulation described in Fig. 2(b). In this configuration, P-induced interfacial charge redistribution forms a potential pz www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 0.019% 0.037% -0.056% 0.074% -0.093% (Adapted with permission from Ref 11. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society.) pz dip at the ZnO-GaN interface, which traps electrons or holes and facilitates their recombination. Similar to LEDs, in the case of a GaN-InGaN quantum well laser, the quantum well profile can be rectified by P__ at the well\'s interface. 12 Whether there is a negative or positive effect on the quantum efficiency results depends on the polarity of this potential. A similar effect also exists in PV devices, whose performance relies on effective electron-hole separation at a semiconductor heterojunction. The builtin field at the heterojunction provides a critical driving force for charge separation and, thus, dictates open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. When a PV structure involves a piezoelectric semiconductor, the presence of P may lead to a considerable change of free carrier distributions in the piezoelectric material and its adjacent semiconductor or metal contacts and, thus, influences the device performance. pz pz pz One example has been demonstrated based on a n-ZnO-p-PbS quantum dot (QD) heterostructure, where the built-in field in the depleted PbS layer (bi, Pbs) is essential to charge extraction from the QD layer. 13 Additional driving force could be expected when interfacial charge redistribution is induced by P from strained ZnO. Figure 5(a) shows that, when positive P appears at the ZnO-PbS interface, conduction and valence bands of PbS are bent further downward, producing a sharper, extended built-in field, which is preferable for sweeping excitons apart. In this scenario, the driving force for extracting electrons from the PbS QD assemblage is augmented to (bi,Pbs + Apz,Pbs), and the width of the depletion region in PbS under zero external bias expands accordingly. This enlarged depletion region in the PbS QD layer is necessary for enhanced charge extraction. Meanwhile, the positive P also may yield a shorter depletion region (pz,zno) and shallower band bending on the ZnO side. Figure 5(b) schematically illustrates the overall change of depletion region at the ZnO-PbS interface. Therefore, positive P at the ZnO-PbS interface is a favorable condition for charge extraction. pz The P engineered PV performance pz (b) 30002400Intensity (au) 18001200600was tested on flexible QD solar cells (QDSCs) fabricated using p-type PbS QDs and an n-type textured, (0001) orientation ZnO thin film. Appreciable change in current density (J) occurred under various strains (Fig. 5(c)). A linear relationship was identified from the plot of Je versus strain (blue squares in Fig. 5(d)), where J exhibited a 0.02 μA/cm² (or 1.1%) increase per 0.01% strain drop. Under zero strain, the efficiency of the QDSC was ~3.1% (red circles in Fig. 5(d)). Approximately 4.0% efficiency was obtained at a compressive strain of -0.25%, corresponding to a 30% improvement. The efficiency also exhibited an approximately linear relationship with strain within the testing range (-0.25% 0.15%), where a 1.2% efficiency enhancement per 0.01% strain drop was identified. 0300 400 500 Wavelength (nm) 600 Figure 4. (a.) Optical images showing the strain-dependent emission intensity from a n-ZnO/p-GaN LED. (b) Electroluminescence spectra of the LED subject to various strains at a bias of 9 V. More significant band shifting in the piezoelectric material would be observed if the external contact material, for example, a polymer, had a very low carrier density. Depending on its electrical permittivity, the screening length of a polymer can be fairly large and the Pinduced electric field can be sensed far away from the interface in the polymer. This situation was first demonstrated in a polymer solar cell, where ZnO MWs served as electron conductors and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was the photon absorber. 14 By straining the ZnO MW under photo-illumination, the cell\'s open-circuit voltage increased when positive P appeared at the ZnO-P3HT interface and lowered the conduction band of ZnO. A similar effect also has been observed from a ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-P3HT heterostructure, where the permanent polarization from PVDF enhances the PV performance. 15 So far, all the experimental evidence indicates that the piezotronic effect holds great promise for improving the performance of PV devices by enhancing the effectiveness of charge extraction and modulating the open-circuit voltage. pz American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Piezocatalysis-Straining to split water In addition to modulating regular semiconductor functions, coupling piezopotential with electrochemical processes creates a new effect, denoted as piezocatalysis. Because the strain state and electronic state of these materials are strongly coupled, piezocatalysis could be prominent in piezoelectric materials. Piezocatalysis is the product of an intimate interaction between the native electronic state of the piezoelectric material, the chemistry of the surrounding medium, and a strain-induced piezoelectric potential. Mechanically deforming a piezoelectric material induces a perfuse electric field that augments the energetics of free and bound charges throughout the material. The thermodynamic feasibility and kinetics of electrochemical processes occurring at the surface of the piezoelectric material is sensitive to the electrochemical potential difference between charges on the piezoelectric\'s surface and in the surrounding medium. Thus, piezoelectric potential, which can affect dramatically the difference between these electrochemical potentials, is a new means of modulating the material\'s electrochemical activity via its strain state. Recently, we demonstrated a piezocatalysis process in a strained ferroelectric Pb(MgNb2/3)O3032PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) beam in a deionized water system. We observed that hydrogen evolution from the water depended strongly on the 21 Piezotronics: A new field of strain-engineered functional semiconductor devices C 0.5 ZnO PbS QD App 0.00 &200 () -0.5 1-4.7pw/cm² Dark -1.0 0.15% 0.10% -0.05% 4-1.5 -2.0 ---0.05% -0.10% 0.15% ZnO 0.20% -0.25% -2.5 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Voltage (V) d 4.5 4.0Efficiency (%) 3.5 0 3.0o Efficiency Current Density 2.2 2.0 1.8 Original DepletionRegion 1.2 2.5 Depletion Region with TO positive piezopolarization 1.0 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 Strain (%) pz (Adapted from Ref. 13.) (µAcm³) Figure 5. (a) The tailoring of the quantum dot solar cells (QDSC) band diagram when a positive P appears at the ZnO-PbS interface. (b) Schematic illustration of corresponding change of the depletion regions in ZnO-PbS QD assembly. (c) J-V characteristics of a ZnO-PbS QDSC when the cell was subjected to various strains. (d) Plot of QDSC efficiency (red circles) and Jsc (blue squares) as a function of strain. material\'s piezoelectric potential. 16 The experiments measured hydrogen gas evolution as a function of time during mechanical oscillation of the PMN-PT cantilever in deionized water at select frequencies (Fig. 6(a)). The hydrogen concentration increased at a rate of 0.22 ppb/s at 10 Hz oscillation. At 20 Hz oscillation, the hydrogen-gas concentration increased at a rate of ~0.68 ppb/s, demonstrating that more strain cycles could result in a higher hydrogen output per unit time. The electrical-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency (piezocatalytic efficiency) was estimated by comparing the total surface charge generated on the strained piezoelectric material to the amount of hydrogen-gas produced. The efficiency per oscillation was less than 0.7% even under the favorable condition of high piezoelectric potential. However, it could be improved to 2%-2.4% given sufficient time for piezocatalyzed electrochemical reactions to proceed. The water reduction-oxidation system serves as a good example to illustrate the fundamental principle of piezocatalysis. Figure 6(b) demonstrates a means by which piezopotential is sufficient to create a favorable energetic landscape for generating Faradic currents on opposing 22 22 gold electrode surfaces, promoting the reduction of protons in solution (evolving hydrogen-gas) and the oxidation of water. In the limit where the piezoelectric material is a perfect dielectric, the appearance of piezopotential induces a linear shift of the Fermi level. Accordingly, the electron energy levels of both electrodes shift by an equal and opposite amount and the difference is the observed piezoelectric voltage output (solid red lines in Fig. 6(b)). This electronic perturbation induced by the mechanical deformation modifies the electrons\' energy in the gold electrodes and moves it away from equilibrium. The electrochemical potential differences between the electrode and solution are a driving force for electron transfer across the electrode-solution interface and thus induce electrochemical reactions. This process is similar to that which occurs in an electrolysis system, where an applied bias disrupts the Fermi-level equilibrium across the interface resulting in a driving force for electrochemical reactions. Therefore, when the potential on the negative electrode exceeds the proton reduction potential (right Au electrode in Fig. 6(b)), electrons of sufficient energy transfer from the electrode to protons on or near the surface, producing hydrogen. Similarly, when unoccupied electron energy levels of the electrode are made sufficiently positive in potential so as to exist below the water oxidation potential (left Au electrode in Fig. 6(b)), electrons transfer from water molecules to the electrode, producing oxygen. Such piezoelectric-potential-driven electrochemical reactions create Faradic currents in the electrolyte and deplete piezoelectric-induced surface charge. Therefore, the piezoelectric potential drops accordingly, and eventually the reactions cease when the electron energy levels are no longer energetically favorable for net charge transfer (dashed red lines in Fig. 6(b)). pz In addition to piezocatalyzed water splitting, numerous recent studies have confirmed the broader correlation between electrochemical activity and P For example, a study conducted using ferroelectric PVDF demonstrated that in-situ piezopotential can influence lithium-ion battery charging behavior. 17 Also, electror.17 chemical deposition can be selectively activated by the ferroelectric domain polarization.18 Thus, the novel coupling effect between P and electrochemical processes emboldens a new and promising strategy for mechanically tailoring interface energetics and chemistry. pz Conclusion Piezotronics is an exciting new interdisciplinary field bridging between piezoelectrics and semiconductors. Promising proof-of-principle devices and systems are revolutionizing our understanding and practice of strain-regulated semiconductor functions. So far, the piezotronic effect has been used to • Create local potential wells for enhanced LED quantum efficiency; Improve performance in GaNInGaN quantum well lasers; • Form electromechanical memory diodes; • Increase open-circuit voltage and photocurrent extraction in PV and PEC devices; and • Activate or facilitate electrochemical reactions. Considering that P depends directly upon the linear piezoelectric coefficient and the strain tensor, a more pronounced piezotronic effect can be obtained by using • Materials that are capable of sustaining large strains without failure and • Making use of certain piezoelectric materials that have pronounced piezoelectric coefficients and attractive semiconductor functionality. The first case results in a more rugged piezoelectric component capable of www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 enduring substantial strain. A design where peripheral, robust, strained piezoelectric films sandwich an active semiconductor heterojunction located within a neutral strain axis is a conceivable architecture for enhancing piezotronic performance. A key challenge facing the second case is the low conductivity of the piezoelectric materials in conjunction with their pronounced piezoelectric coefficients. In devices whose functionality depends on the transport of charge carriers, this impediment cannot be overstated. A peripheral approach, where the piezoelectric material itself does not take part in the active heterojunction, may alleviate the problem. Alternatively, GaN and many other III-V wurtzite materials are the core semiconductor components in solar cells, lasers, LEDs, and PEC cells. These materials also exhibit appreciable piezoelectric effect, and thus make good candidates for using the piezotronic effect to regulate their functionalities. In general, piezotronics brings new knowledge to classic semiconductor theories, where semiconductor band theory and the behaviors of electrons and holes are interpreted with additional contributions from P. Piezotronics also introduces a new concept to the classic piezoelectric electromechanical coupling effect by addressing the contributions from freecharges, junction materials, surface and interface properties, and external illumination. New science obtained from the coupling between crystal structure, mechanical strain and electronic properties opens a new route toward designing, operating, and enhancing electronic, optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and even catalytic materials and systems. Piezotronics will find a significant role in the operational principles of flexible devices, MEMs, sensors, humanCMOS interfacing, and energy conversion and storage systems. pz\" Acknowledgements The author thanks Zhong Lin Wang at Georgia Institute of Technology for his pioneering work on piezotronics, as well as J. Shi and M. Starr for their contributions to the work in this article. The author gratefully acknowledges the Inancial support of DARPA under Grant No. N66001-11-1-4139 and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CMMI-1148919. About the author Xudong Wang is an assistant professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Contact: xudong@engr. wisc.edu. References ¹Z.L. Wang, \"Nanopiezotronics,\" Adv. Mater., 19 [6] 889-92 (2007). 2Z.L. Wang, \"Piezopotential gated nanowire devices: Piezotronics and piezo-phototronics,\" Nano Today, 5 [6] 540-52 (2010). 3J. Shi, M.B. Starr, and X. Wang, \"Band structure engi neering at heterojunction interfaces via the piezotronic effect,\" Adv. Mater., 24 [34] 4683-91 (2012). (a) 12000 10000 H₂ concentration (ppb) (b) 8000 6000 Oscillating at 20 Hz 0.68 ppb/s 4000 2000 Oscillating at 10 Hz 0.22 ppb/s Control 0 0 50 100 150 Time (min) 200 250 Water Au Piezo Au Water eV -4.4 -2H/H₂ -4.8 Vpz 5.2 /pz -5.6 -H₂O/O₂ -6.0 -6.4 Figure 6. (a) H2 concentrations measured as a function of oscillating time of the piezoelectric beam in deionized water with a frequency of 10 Hz (triangles) and 20 Hz (diamonds). A silicon cantilever with identical configuration was used as a control (circles). Inset is a photo of the piezocatalysis system. (b) Proposed mechanism of piezocatalysis at the piezoelectric-water interface. 4J. Shi, M.B. Starr, H. Xiang, Y. Hara, M.A. Anderson, J.-H. Seo, Z. Ma, and X.D. Wang, \"Interface engineering by piezoelectric potential in ZnO-based photoelectrochemical anode,\" Nano Lett., 11 [12] 5587-93 (2011). 5X.D. Wang, J. Zhou, J.H. Song, J. Liu, N.S. Xu, and Z.L. Wang, “Piezoelectric field effect transistor and nanoforce sensor based on a single ZnO nanowire,\" Nano Lett., 6 [12] 2768-72 (2006). 6Z.L. Wang, Piezotronics and Piezo-Phototronics. Springer, New York 2012. J. Zhou, P. Fei, Y.D. Gu, W.J. Mai, Y.F. Gao, R. Yang, G. Bao, and Z.L. Wang, “Piezoelectricpotential-control led polarity-reversible Schottky diodes and switches of ZnO wires,\" Nano Lett., 8 [11] 3973-77 (2008). J. Zhou, Y.D. Gu, P. Fei, W.J. Mai, Y.F. Gao, R.S. Yang, G. Bao, and Z.L. Wang, “Flexible piezotronic strain sensor,\" Nano Lett., 8 [9] 3035-40 (2008). \'W. Wu, X. Wen, and Z.L. Wang, \"Taxeladdressable matrix of vertical-nanowire piezotronic transistors for active and adaptive tactile imaging,\" Science, 340 [6135] 952-57 (2013). 10W. Wu, Y. Wei, and Z.L. Wang, “Strain-gated piezotronic logic nanodevices,\" Adv. Mater., 22 [42] 4711-15 (2010). \"Q. Yang, W. Wang, S. Xu, and Z.L. Wang, \"Enhancing light emission of ZnO microwire-based diodes by piezo-phototronic effect,\" Nano Lett., 11 [9] 4012-17 (2011). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 12S.-H. Park and S.-L. Chuang, \"Piezoelectric effects on electrical and optical properties of wurtzite GaN/AlGaN quantum well lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 72 [24] 3103-105 (1998). 13J. Shi, P. Zhao, and X. Wang, “Piezoelectricpolarization-enhanced photovoltaic performance in depleted-heterojunction quantum-dot solar cells,\" Adv. Mater., 25 [6] 916–21 (2013). 14Y. Yang, W. Guo, Y. Zhang, Y. Ding, X. Wang, and Z.L. Wang, \"Piezotronic effect on the output voltage of P3HT/ZnO micro/nanowire heterojunction solar cells,\" Nano Lett., 11 [11] 4812–17 (2011). 15J.S. Huang, Y.B. Yuan, T.J. Reece, P. Sharma, S. Poddar, S. Ducharme, A. Gruverman, and Y. Yang, \"Efficiency enhancement in organic solar cells with ferroelectric polymers,” Nat. Mater., 10 [4] 296-302 (2011). 16M.B. Starr, J. Shi, and X. Wang, \"Piezopotentialdriven redox reactions at the surface of piezoelectric materials,\" Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 51 [24] 5962-66 (2012). 17X.Y. Xue, S.H. Wang, W.X. Guo, Y. Zhang, and Z.L. Wang, “Hybridizing energy conversion and storage in a mechanical-to-electrochemical process for self-charging power cell,\" Nano Lett., 12 [9] 5048-54 (2012). 18G.S. Rohrer, N.V. Burbure, and P.A. Salvador, \"Photochemical reactivity of titania films on BaTiO, substrates: Origin of spatial selectivity,\" Chem. Mater., 22 [21] 5823-30 (2010). ■ 23 (Adapted from Ref. 16.) State of raw materials 2013 Overview and new frontiers By Eileen De Guire How far can we push materials? core question discipline that is materials science. The question implicit in the Materials Genome Initiative is, \"must innovation be at the mercy of known materials?\" The finite set of raw material compositions and the limited ways that chemistry and processing allow them to be combined impose limitations on the structure, chemistry, and, ultimately, properties of manufactured components. Materials science, in many ways, has been a materials selection and product design problem, not a “materials design” problem. MGI flips the question, and asks what properties are desired, and how can we use what we know about structure at the electronic and atomic levels, to engineer materials with specified properties from first principles? Rohrer describes eight grand challenges identified at the workshop, with the caveat that there are likely more. Some research groups are already developing new materials that push the frontier of traditional materials. In the lead article of this issue, for example, Xudong Wang writes about a new class of materials-piezotronics-that are semiconductors with piezoelectric properties and use strain to engineer the band gap. Their fascinating properties are just starting to be explored, and could yield big dividends in energy and process industry applications. New materials development has a practical side, too, and it behooves manufacturers to proactively address occupational health and safety issues. Especially in the realm of nanomaterials, new questions arise about materials hanHowever, MGI is only a formalization of a trend. The discovery of nanomaterials-actually, the discovery of ways to observe nanomaterials-opened the door to engineering materials on length scales not previously imagined. This required development of newer, more powerful characterization tools, but also computational dling and worker exposure in promethods that allow modeling across length scales that span many orders of magnitude. After all, even nanomaterial-based products interact sooner or later with users on a \"people scale.\" The ability to model, synthesize, and characterize materials on such small scales led, perhaps inevitably, to researchers challenging boundaries, stretching theories, and demanding that materials deliver more of their intrinsic potential. To this end, a group of researchers embraced the challenge of identifying the \"grand challenges\" of ceramic science at a NSF-sponsored workshop in spring 2012. They asked what are the compelling scientific questions that, if answered, could lead to the development of game-changing new materials, like oxide-based electronic devices? What questions, if answered, could lead to superior performance of existing materials, like maintaining the intrinsic strength of glass? The article in this issue, \"Expanding the frontier-Grand challenges in ceramic science,\" by Gregory 24 24 duction environments. The medical community is responding with research on how nanomaterials enter, move through, and interact with living organisms. The Center for Disease Control\'s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health works with manufacturers on a voluntary basis to develop safe protocols for nanomaterial manufacturing. See the article, \"NIOSH research and resources for safe handling of nanomaterials,\" for details. While we wait to see what new, previously unimagined materials and applications await us across the frontier, the \"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013\" report published by the United States Geological Survey reminds us that the manufacturing economy is the \"here and now.\" Its health depends on access to reliable supplies of raw materials. The numbers tell the story. The report estimates the value of mineral raw materials produced at mines in the US was $76 billion, up from $74.8 billion in 2011. The value of domestic raw materials combined with domestic recycled materials is estimated to be in the neighborhood of $2.4 trillion in 2012. According to the USGS report, 2012 represented the third straight year of growth for the mineral production industry. Minerals contribute to the US gross domestic product on several levels-mining, processing, and manufacturing. For the second consecutive year, the contribution of minerals to GDP grew. The economy\'s harbinger construction industry fuels demand for minerals and products like cement, sand and gravel, and gypsum that are used almost exclusively for construction, not to mention the mineral raw materials used to make steel, windows, tile, fixtures, etc. Imported minerals continue to be important to US manufacturing. According to the report, more than half of the consumption of 41 minerals in 2012 was imported. Eighteen of the 41 commodity minerals were 100 percent imported. This is about the same level of import-dependence as 2011 and 2010. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 Selected highlights from the 2012 USGS Minerals Commodities report Abrasives, manufactured The United States manufacturing sector strongly influences the markets for manufactured abrasives-fused aluminum oxide and silicon carbide-particularly in the aerospace, automotive, furniture, housing, and steel industries. In the US and Canada, two companies produced 10,000 tons of fused alumina valued at $1.7 million in 2012. Likewise, two companies produced 35,000 tons of silicon carbide abrasives in 2012 valued at $26 million. In 2012 China was the world\'s leading producer of manufactured abrasives. Plants operating nearly at capacity produced 695,000 tons of fused alumina and 450,000 tons of silicon carbide. Domestic resources of raw materials to produce fused alumina are limited. However, adequate resources exist in the Western Hemisphere. Domestic resources are more than adequate to produce silicon carbide. Imports, especially from China, and high operating costs continue to challenge North American abrasives manufacturers, who are likely to further curtail production. Bauxite and alumina As in previous years, nearly all bauxite consumed in the United States in 2012 was imported, and more than 95 percent was converted to alumina. More than 90 percent of the alumina went to primary aluminum smelters, leaving less than 10 percent for nonmetallurgical uses, such as abrasives, chemicals, and refractories. Annual US alumina production capacity was 5.64 million tons, with four Bayer refineries operating throughout the year. Globally, alumina production increased by five percent in 2012 over 2011 levels. Worldwide bauxite production increased slightly in 2012 compared with 2011 with increased production levels in Australia, Brazil, China, Guinea, and India. However, the increases were largely offset by declining production in Indonesia, which enacted strict mine export tariffs during 2012. Boron Two companies in southern California produced borates in 2012, and most of the boron products consumed in the United States were manufactured domestically. In 2012, the glass and ceramics industries remained the leading domestic users of boron prodELECTRO ucts, consuming an estimated 80 percent of the total borates marketplace. Boron also was used as a component in abrasives, cleaning products, insecticides, and in the production of semiconductors. Global consumption of borates is expected to increase in 2012 and the coming years, spurred by strong demand in the Asian and South American agriSubmit Today! LECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2014 Jan. 22-24 DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World® | Orlando, Fla., USA The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org www.ceramics.org/ema2014 EMA 2014 Symposia - Functional and Multifunctional Electroceramics for Commercialization - Multiferroic Materials and Multilayer Ferroic Heterostructures: Properties and Applications - Structure of Emerging Perovskite Oxides: Bridging Length Scales and Unifying Experiment and Theory - LEDs and Photovoltaics-Beyond the Light: Common Challenges and Opportunities - Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Electronic Materials - Thermoelectrics: Defect Chemistry, Doping and Nanoscale Effects - Computational Design of Electronic Materials - Advances in Memory Devices -Thin Film Integration and Processing Science - Ceramic Composites for Defense Applications - Failure: The Greatest Teacher - Recent Developments in HighTemperature Superconductivity - Highlights of Undergraduate Student Research in Basic Science and Electronic Ceramics - Highlights of Student Research in Basic Science and Electronic Ceramics: Best Student Presentation Finalists American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 25 State of raw materials 2013 cultural, ceramic, and glass markets. In particular, boron consumption in the global fiberglass industry was projected to increase by seven percent annually through 2013, spurred by a projected 19 percent increase in Chinese consumption. World consumption of borates is projected to reach 2.0 million tons by 2014, compared with 1.5 million metric tons in 2010, with most of the increased demand coming from glass and ceramics industries. China is expected to increase imports from Chile, Russia, Turkey, and the US during the next several years. Continued investment in new refineries and technologies and the continued increase in demand were expected to fuel growth in world production during the next several years. Cement US plants produced about 71 million tons of portland cement and 2.0 million tons of masonry cement at 98 plants in 35 states. Although the economic recovery helped boost production levels above 2009-2011 levels, production continued to be very low compared with levels during 2002-2007, when it exceeded 90 million tons per year. Sales volume in 2012 was 51 million tons less than the record level achieved in 2005. The cement market generated $7.5 billion in sales, and most of it was used to make concrete, worth at least $41 billion. Manufacturing clinker for cement releases a great deal of carbon dioxide. The US Environmental Protection Agency published the results of the first mandatory reporting survey (2010) of the cement industry\'s greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon dioxide reduction strategies by the cement industry mainly aim at reducing emissions per ton of cement product rather than by a plant overall. Approaches include installation of more fuel-efficient kilns, partial substitution of noncarbonate sources of calcium oxide in the kiln raw materials, and partial substitution of supplementary cementitious materials, such as pozzolans, for portland cement in the finished cement products and in concrete. Many portland cement substitute materials, especially fly ash 26 26 and ground granulated blast furnace slag, react with the lime released by the hydration of portland cement and develop good hydraulic cementitious properties. Clays In 2012 about 180 companies operated approximately 750 clay pits or quarries and recovered about 25.7 million tons valued at $1.57 billion. Specific clays and products made from them include ball clay for floor and wall tile, sanitaryware, and other uses; bentonite for drilling mud, absorbents, iron ore pelletizing, foundry sand bond, and other uses; common clay for brick, lightweight aggregate, cement, and other uses; fire clay for heavy clay products, refractory products, and other uses; fuller\'s earth for absorbents and other uses; and kaolin for paper and other uses. Increased commercial and residential housing construction is likely to slightly increase sales of common clay and fire clay for heavy clay products and ball clay for ceramic tile and sanitaryware manufacture. Kaolin production is likely to increase slightly as ceramic markets increase and paper markets stabilize. Feldspar US feldspar production in 2012 was valued at about $39 million. Feldspar is ground to about 20 mesh for glassmaking and to 200 mesh or finer for most ceramic and filler applications. During 2012, glassmakers used about 70 percent of domestic feldspar supplies, with 30 percent going to pottery and other uses. The glass industry uses most of the feldspar it consumes to manufacture container glass, which was a moderately stable industry despite some competition in baby food, fruit juices, mineral water, and wine container segments. Additionally, increased use of postconsumer glass collected through local government and neighborhood recycling programs competes with traditional raw materials, such as feldspar. Residential flat glass markets improved slightly in 2012, but sluggishly. Automotive glass markets increased also. In 2013 fiberglass consumption for thermal insulation is forecast to expand in line with housing and commercial building construction in the US through 2013. Another growing segment in the glass industry is solar glass, used in the production of solar cells. Iron and steel The iron and steel industry and ferrous foundries produced goods in 2012 valued at $112 billion. About 48 companies produce raw steel in the US at about 108 minimills representing a combined production capability of about 118 million tons. Most are located in the established steelmaking Great Lakes region encompassing Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. China accounted for about 47 percent of world steel production. According to the World Steel Association, world apparent steel consumption (ASC) was expected to increase by 2.1 percent to 1.41 billion tons in 2012, and increase by 3.2 percent to 1.46 billion tons in 2013. ASC in China, the world\'s leading producer and consumer of steel, is expected to increase by 2.5 percent and by 3.1 percent in 2012 and 2013, to 640 million tons and 659 million tons, respectively. ASC for North America is expected to increase by 7.5 percent in 2012 to 130 million tons and by 3.6 percent in 2013 to 135 million tons. ASC for India is expected to increase by 5.5 percent and 5.0 percent in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The global steel industry has been struggling from the impact of the debt crisis in Europe and slowing demand and oversupply in China. Kyanite and related Commercially produced mullite is synthetic, produced from sintering or fusing such feedstock materials as kyanite or bauxitic kaolin. Natural mullite occurrences typically are rare and uneconomic to mine. Refractories consume about 90 percent of the kyanite-mullite output. Most refractories, 60-65 percent, are used for ironmaking and steelmaking and the remainder for manuwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 facture of chemicals, glass, nonferrous metals, and other materials. Crude steel production in the United States, which ranked third in the world in steel production, increased by six percent in the first eight months of 2012 compared with that of the same period in 2011, which increased consumption of kyanite-mullite refractories. Demand for refractories in iron and steel production is expected to grow during the next several years, depending on the rate of increase in steel production. Growth also is anticipated for refractories to produce other metals and to meet increasing production of cement, ceramics, glass, and mineral products. Lithium Globally, lithium end-use markets include ceramics and glass, batteries, lubricating greases, air treatment, metals, polymers, pharmaceuticals and primary aluminum production. Demand for lithium in batteries expanded significantly call for papers in recent years with growing demand for rechargeable lithium batteries in portable electronic devices and electric tools. Batteries, especially rechargeable batteries, are expected to provide the largest growth potential for lithium compounds. Besides electronic devices, major automobile companies are developing lithium batteries for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Lithium supply security has become a top priority for Asian technology companies. Strategic alliances and joint ventures have been, and are continuing to be, established with lithium exploration companies worldwide to ensure a reliable, diversified supply of lithium for Asia\'s battery suppliers and vehicle manufacturers. Platinum group metals Catalysts to decrease emissions in light- and heavy-duty vehicles continue to make up the leading demand sector for PGMs. Most motor vehicle manufacturers now routinely substitute palladium for the more expensive platinum in gasoline-engine catalytic converters. Up to 25 percent palladium is routinely substituted for platinum in diesel engines. The chemical-processing industry and petroleum-refining industry also use PGM catalysts. High-purity crystals for the electronics industry are grown in PGM crucibles. Machines for manufacturing fiberglass, liquid-crystal displays, and flat-panel displays have PGM components. Average annual prices for palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium were lower in 2012 than in 2011 because of economic concerns. Volatility throughout the year reflected external effects such as labor disputes and investor buying and selling. The sole US-based minSubmit abstracts by September 30th DGG-ACerS GOMD 2014 Aachen, Germany Submit your abstract in: . May 25-30, 2014 • Advances in Fusion & Processing of Glass • Energy Applications of Glass. • Health, Medical, Biological Aspects • Fundamentals of the Glassy State and Amorphous Materials • Optical Materials & Devices Points of contact: Steve W. Martin, Iowa State University of Science & Technology, Ames, IA, swmartin@iastate.edu Gang Chen, Ohio University, Athens, OH, cheng3@ohio.edu www.dgg-gomd.org & The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 27 22 State of raw materials 2013 ing company expanded its mines and is testing new precious metals refinery technology. Canada plans to launch a new platinum and palladium exchange-traded fund that would be backed by physical metal held at the Royal Canadian Mint and intended for long-term investment rather than short-term investment on price fluctuations. Investors will be able to redeem the physical metal. Soda ash The total value of domestic soda ash (sodium carbonate) produced in 2012 was estimated to be about $1.6 billion. Nearly half of the 14.5 million ton capacity of domestic soda ash producers is used by the glass industry. Other uses include chemicals, soap and detergent, desulfurizers, and pulp and paper. The largest deposit in the world is in the Green River Basin in Wyoming. China recently announced discovery of a large trona deposit in Tongbai County, ranking it the largest trona deposit in Asia and second only to the Wyoming deposit. Overall global demand for soda ash was expected to increase by 1.5 percent to two percent annually for the next several years, with most of the growth expected to be in China, India, Russia, and South America. If the domestic economy and export sales improve, US production may be higher in 2013. If the reports about a new trona discovery in China are confirmed, China may become the lowest-cost soda ash producer in Asia and a strong competitor with the US in the Far East soda ash markets. Talc and pyrophyllite Domestic talc production in 2012 was estimated to be 623,000 tons valued at $22 million and generated sales of about 571,000 tons valued at $90 million. Sales in 2012 were about seven percent more than on 2011. Talc is used to produce ceramics (primarily refractories) paint, paper, plastics, roofing, and cosmetics. About 260,000 tons was imported. Production of pyrophyllite, the aluminum silicate hydroxide mineral Al,SiO(OH)2, decreased slightly from 2011 levels. It is used to manufacture refractory products, ceramics, and paint. Sales of pyrophyllite declined slightly in 2012 because of the slow recovery of those sectors of the economy. No issues loom with access to talc or pyrophyllite. The US is self-sufficient in most grades of talc and related minerals. Domestic and world resources exceed estimated reserves by about fivefold. Tungsten More than one-half of the tungsten consumed in the US was used in cemented carbide parts for cutting and wear-resistant materials, primarily in the construction, metalworking, mining, and oil and gas-drilling industries. The remaining tungsten was consumed to make tungsten heavy alloys for applications requiring high density; electrodes, filaments, wires, and other components for electrical, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications; steels, superalloys, and wear-resistant alloys; and chemicals for various applications. The estimated value of apparent consumption in 2012 was $1 billion. World tungsten supply was dominated by Chinese production and exports, but China also was the world\'s leading tungsten consumer. China\'s government has regulated its tungsten industry by limiting the number of exploration, mining, and export licenses; limiting or forbidding foreign investment; imposing constraints on mining and processing; and establishing quotas and imposing export taxes on tungsten materials. China\'s government plans to expand exploration and increase ore reserves in approved mines, to control tungsten mine production, to improve its tungsten-processing technology, and to increase the development and sales of value-added downstream tungsten products. Yttriium Phosphors for color televisions, computer monitors, temperature sensors, trichromatic fluorescent lights, and X-ray-intensifying screens use the rareearth yttrium, which is mined as bastnasite in the US. China, however, produces most of the world\'s supply of yttrium. India expects to become a significant producer with the opening of a new monazite processing plant. Although prices for yttrium metal and oxides were relatively stable for the first three quarters of 2012, they decreased significantly in the fourth quarter because of reduced demand, mostly in the energy and defense sectors. Yttria-stabilized zirconia applications include alumina-zirconia abrasives, bearings, seals, high-temperature refractories, jet-engine coatings, oxygen sensors in automobile engines, simulated gemstones, and cutting tools. The optical and lasing properties of yttriumcontaining garnets make them useful for medicine, communications, sensing, industrial cutting and welding, nonlinear optics, photochemistry, high-temperature superconductors, and photoluminescent devices. Zirconium and hafnium Zircon is a coproduct from the mining and processing of heavy minerals. Typically, zirconium and hafnium are contained in zircon at a ratio of about 50 to 1. Two firms mined zircon from surface operations in Florida and Virginia. Ceramics, foundry applications, opacifiers, and refractories are the leading end uses for zircon. Other end uses of zircon include abrasives, chemicals, metal alloys, and welding rod coatings. The leading consumers of zirconium metal and hafnium metal are the nuclear energy and chemical process industries. China plans to increase its nuclear power development, which would likely increase demand for nuclear-grade zirconium and hafnium, which are used for nuclear fuel cladding. 28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 Lou Mattos from The Coca-Cola Company describes challenges to achieving maximum glass strength. A little over one year ago, a group of ceramics researchers from academia, government labs, and industry (Table 1) met at a workshop near Washington D.C. to identify and articulate the emerging scientific grand challenges facing the ceramics research community. Following the workshop, the group coauthored a report that was published in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society.1 (Credit: ACerS.) There have been forward-looking sessions at the biannual International Congress on Ceramics, but these have had a distinct technology, rather than science, focus.² Since the previous workshop in 1997 on future directions for ceramics,³ there have been some truly transformational changes in our field. In the area of characterization, atomic force microscopy, aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, highspeed electron backscatter diffraction mapping, three-dimensional atom probe microscopy, and dual-beam focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy have transitioned from laboratory curiosities to nearly standard methods enabling new discoveries. In the area of synthesis and processing, thin-film growth by pulsed laser deposition and molecular beam epitaxy, current-activated pressure-assisted densification, and templated grain growth are important methods for controlling the structure and composition of ceramics. Also, new phenomena have been identified and exploited, including colossal magnetoresistance, two-dimensional electron gasses, and interface complexions, to name a few. Nanoscale phenomena, just emerging 15 years ago, now permeate the field. Finally, the ability to simulate ceramics from electronic structure calculations, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, mesoscale simulations, and finite-element models have kept pace with Moore\'s law and now permit the exploration of more practical length and time scales. In other words, the landscape for ceramics research has changed dramatically in the past 15 years, and this is an appropriate time to consider challenges for the future. Other broad Expanding the frontier-Grand challenges in ceramic science By Gregory S. Rohrer The landscape for ceramics research has changed dramatically in the past 15 years. trends in materials research, for example, issues of sustainabil ity, have to be considered, too. The workshop participants considered separately oxide ceramics, composites, glasses, and other nonoxide and carbonbased ceramic materials with the goal of identifying a set of scientific grand challenges for the ceramics research community with a scope that will require five to ten years of effort by multiple research groups to be addressed adequately. They reached consensus on eight grand challenges for ceramic science, but they do not consider this list to be exhaustive. A very brief synopsis of the eight challenges (excerpted from the JACerS paper) follows. No priority is implied by the order, but they represent the output of the subgroups who considered composites (1-3), oxides (4, 5), non-oxides (6, 7), and glasses (8). (Editor\'s note: The JACerS article is open access and available free online at www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com. See the article for extensive bibliographic citations.) 1. Understanding rare events in ceramic microstructures The lifetimes of ceramics in many structural and functional applications are particularly sensitive to rare events. These include brittle failure during mechanical or thermal loading, pitting by corrosion, dielectric breakdown, and fatigue crack initiation. The challenge is to understand the causes and mechanisms by which rare events lead to failure. Previous attempts to understand these processes engineered experiments to eliminate their statistical nature. In fracture experiments, for example, precracks or notches are placed in specimens to provide focus for the experiment. Although affording useful information in assessing the steady-state phenomena of crack growth, these experiments mask information regarding the nucleation or initiation event. Of even greater concern from a technological perspective is that lifetime predictions based on continuum or fracture mechanics treatments for artificial cracks are not appropriate for short, naturally occurring cracks. A new avenue of research is required to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 29 (Credit: ACerS.) Expanding the frontier-Grand challenges in ceramic science help elucidate fundamental mechanisms of nucleation events and to provide grist for lifetime models that more accurately portray reality. 2. Understanding the phase behavior of interfaces The second grand challenge is to expand and redefine the current boundaries of ceramic behavior by exploiting the boundaries within the structure. Often, grain-boundary behavior influences the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of bulk, polycrystalline materials. For example, incorporating oversized dopant ions at alumina grain boundaries can influence the hightemperature mechanical and transport behavior. The dopant ions segregate to the grain boundaries. However, the mechanism by which the properties modify is unresolved. A fascinating new development in terms of our view of boundaries is related to the discovery of thermodynamically stable interphases at grain boundaries, referred to as complexions, which do not exist as stand-alone materials. For example, it has been shown that in certain impure alumina ceramics, grain boundaries with distinct structures and compositions have different mobilities, energies, orientation distributions, compositions, and atomic structures. Given the importance of boundaries in determining the overall material properties, this raises the exciting prospect of synthesizing new materials with unique combinations of properties. In principle, therefore, one could begin to colonize the \"white space\" in Ashby diagrams, which are the locations of contraindicative properties, such as simultaneous high hardness and toughness, on property correlation maps. 3. Predicting and controlling heterogeneous microstructures with unprecedented functionalities Multiphasic combinations of ceramics and hybrid combinations with other materials offer the potential to realize functionalities well beyond the limits of present-day materials. However, achieving unprecedented functionalities will require a fundamental understanding and control 30 30 of constituent properties, interfaces, and microstructures at length scales across several orders of magnitude. The challenge for the future is to merge this information at various length scales and to conduct such studies as a function of the fourth dimension, time, to develop a fundamental understanding of the evolution of the microstructure and its effect on properties. Several advancements are needed. First, to gain a comprehensive understanding of a mechanism, structural characterization will need to integrate multiple techniques to span several orders of magnitude of length scales. A second barrier is the need to analyze at high scanning rates large volumes of material that contain more of the features of interest (such as second-phase particles and interfaces). Even defining the representative volume of material required to understand the origin of a given property remains a challenge. A third challenge is to develop more facile approaches to collect time-dependent information from multiple trials using destructive and nondestructive imaging techniques. 4. Controlling the properties of oxide electronics The past 15 years of research on oxide single crystals and thin films provide great insight to the diverse spectrum of electronic, optical, and magnetic properties of ceramic oxide materials that were historically categorized as passive insulators. For example, precise control of the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface demonstrates that joining two linear dielectrics can lead to a high-mobility electron gas. The future challenge is to design and synthesize oxide surfaces, interfaces, and nanoscale structures that catalyze a wide spectrum of scientifically inspiring electronic properties, including high mobility, superconductivity, and magnetism, that are tunable by external electrical, optical, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical stimuli. Next-generation oxide electronics will require significant synergy between materials theory, modeling, synthesis, characterization, and nanomanufacturing. Major scientific advances are required, including a sophisticated ability to control stoichiometry, strain, defect chemistry, crystallinity, and diffusion at interfaces, which incorporate increasing chemical, structural, polar, and bonding contrast. 5. Understanding defects in the vicinity of interfaces Advanced materials span a continuum from passive to functional behavior. Modern technologies for energy, sustainability, and miniaturization will require a departure from the tailoring of continuously varying properties to engineered multifunctionality—technology demands will not usually be met by single-phase Table 1. Workshop participants Gregory S. Rohrer Mario Affatigato Monika Backhaus Rajendra K. Bordia Helen M. Chan Stefano Curtarolo Alex Demkov James N. Eckstein Katherine T. Faber Javier E. Garay Yury Gogotsi Liping Huang Linda E. Jones Sergei V. Kalinin Robert J. Lad Carlos G. Levi Jeremy Levy Jon-Paul Maria Louis Mattos Jr. Alexandra Navrotsky Nina Orlovskaya Carlo Pantano Jonathan F. Stebbins T. S. Sudarshan Toshihiko Tani K. Scott Weil Carnegie Mellon University Coe College Corning Incorporated University of Washington (now with Clemson University) Lehigh University Duke University The University of Texas at Austin University of Illinois Northwestern University University of California, Riverside Drexel University Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Alfred University Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of Maine University of California, Santa Barbara University of Pittsburgh North Carolina State University The Coca-Cola Company University of California, Davis University of Central Florida Pennsylvania State University Stanford University Materials Modification Inc. Toyota Technological Institute Pacific Northwest National Laboratory www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 materials. For example, energy storage technologies need solid electrolytes offering 10 times higher ionic conductivities, energy harvesters need thermoelectrics that decouple phonon and electron transport, solid oxide fuel cells need to operate at much lower temperatures, and filtration technologies need materials with graded nanoporosity, chemically active surfaces, and environmental stability. The challenge is to extend defect chemistry models to account for the metastability of defect distributions in nanoheterogeneous ceramic systems where surfaces and interfaces are closely spaced. Models for defect distributions in these conditions also must account for the composition of the gaseous environment, high pressure and temperature, and high strain (often present in heterostructures), and high electric fields. To meet this challenge, a new defect chemistry perspective is needed that merges controlled-atmosphere surface science (as opposed to ultrahigh vacuum) with thermodynamic and kinetic models for defect formation. 6. Control of ceramics far from equilibrium Advances in processing methods during the past decade have freed ceramic science from the \"tyranny of equilibrium.\" We can synthesize ceramic materials that do not represent the state of lowest free energy but that persist, sometimes to surprisingly high temperatures, and can be fabricated and used in a variety of applications. The challenge is to understand and predict how the thermodynamic, physical, structural, and functional properties of materials prepared far from equilibrium differ from those of the bulk equilibrium phases and how these properties change with composition and grain size. This understanding is a prerequisite to tailoring materials for specific applications and to using concepts such as \"inverse design\" to find optimum materials for a given application. It also is a prerequisite to understanding when such materials have acceptable lifetimes in application and when they evolve to other states that often compromise function. 7. Accelerating the development of new ceramic materials range Although there exists a wide of synthetic paths for new ceramics, we are not yet able to make new materials in a sensible and systematic fashion and to explore the physical properties of such materials with an eye to unique behavior and novel applications. The goal is to create totally new types of ceramics rather than to modify existing ones by small changes in composition or processing. This area is especially fruitful for materials containing B, N, C, chalcogenides, and halides, which have not been explored as thoroughly as oxides. Addressing this challenge will require guidance from computation on target compositions and synthesis strategies as well as a merging of the practices of the synthetic chemist and ceramist. The challenge is to use available synthetic capabilities to make new materials in a sensible and systematic fashion and to explore the physical properties of such materials with an eye to unique behavior and novel applications. This brings the synthetic chemist and ceramist together, especially when complex organometallic precursors are used or when inorganic materials are functionalized with organic groups. 8. Intermediate-range order in glasses to enable novel properties Even though glass has been known since ancient civilizations, understanding and controlling the intermediate-range order in glasses remains a grand challenge. Intermediate-range order (IRO), meaning nonrandom structure beyond the first two or three coordination shells, is a long-standing problem in glasses and glassforming liquids. Intermediate-range order influences diffusion and corrosion of glass surfaces, and thus strength and fracture toughness. The elucidation of IRO will have an immediate impact on the transport properties of many glass families. For example, the channel model for alkali silicates changes dramatically our approach to understanding diffusion of ions into or out of the bulk. Because many disordered solids are far from their equilibrium states, the developAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org ment of order on cooling or disorder on heating is inherently dynamic, and it is often best studied by in-situ, high temperature methods. Such experiments are often technically challenging and need further development. Theoretical and computational developments could lead to major breakthroughs in interpreting structural data and understanding fundamental dynamic processes. In-situ structural measurements also are especially useful for testing and validating models (e.g., molecular dynamics), for which computational limits restrict the range of real temperatures that can be simulated accurately. Acknowledgement National Science Foundation Grant DMR-1216415 supported the workshop and report. The workshop organizers appreciate the encouragement and guidance of Lynnette Madsen. About the author Gregory S. Rohrer is W.W. Mullins Professor and head of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa. Contact: gr20@andrew.cmu.edu. References ¹G. S. Rohrer, M. Affatigato, M. Backhaus, R. K. Bordia, H. M. Chan, S. Curtarolo, A. Demkov, J. N. Eckstein, K. T. Faber, J. E. Garay, Y. Gogotsi, L. P. Huang, L. E. Jones, S. V. Kalinin, R. J. Lad, C. G. Levi, J. Levy, J. P. Maria, L. Mattos, A. Navrotsky, N. Orlovskaya, C. Pantano, J. F. Stebbins, T. S. Sudarshan, T. Tani, and K. S. Weil, “Challenges in ceramic science: A report from the workshop on emerging research areas in ceramic science,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 95 [12] 3699-712 (2012). 2K. Niihara, T. Ohji, and Y. Sakka, \"3rd International Congress on Ceramics (icc3)\"; p. 1001 in IOP Conference Series, Vol. 18, 2011. 3Y. M. Chiang and K. Jakus, “Fundamental research needs in ceramics: Report from the 1997 NSF workshop.,\" http://www-unix.ecs. umass.edu/~jakus/nsf/nsf.ceramics.report6. pdf. 31 NIOSH research and resources for safe handling of nanomaterials By Adrienne C. Eastlake he mission of the The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), a nonregulatory federal agency, is to conduct research and make recommendations for preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths. Within NIOSH, the Nanotechnology Research Center coordinates a program of laboratory and field investigations to develop and disseminate information on tools, practices, and recommendations for safe handling of nanomaterials in the workplace. Publications such as “Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology,\" and others are available on the NIOSH website (see online resources in Table 1). The possible health risks associated with exposure to these types of materials are not clearly understood. Research shows that traditional engineering control methods adequately decrease the potential for employee exposure to engineered nanoparticles. Until more is known, using nanoscale ceramics to create exciting new properties and opportunities for new products should be done in a way that limits worker exposure. A look at metrics collected by organizations that follow nanotechnology industries provides some perspective. In 2013 the Nanowerk (Honolulu, Hawaii) nanomaterials database listed more than 3,000 commercially available pure nanomaterials. Another group, Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (Washington, D.C.) estimates that new nanotechnology-based consumer products are coming on the market at a rate of more than four per week, according 32 the Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology Managing the Health and Safety Concerns Associated with Engineered Nanomaterials CDC NIOSH to the latest update to its nanotechnology consumer product inventory list. Finally, the market forecasting company BCC Research (Wellesley, Mass.) projects use of nanoscale ceramic powder in the United States will increase by a compound annual growth rate of 9.9 percent between 2011 and 2016.This type of market information validates the growing use of nanomaterials, including ceramic nanoparticles, in manufacturing processes and in a wide variety of consumer, industrial, and commercial products. Workers in nanotechnology-related industries who are handling free, unbound nanoparticles risk potential exposure to these uniquely engineered materials at levels that far exceed the potential exposure of consumers, who may come into contact only with the bound materials. Any inhaled free, unbound nanoparticles can lodge in the smallest, deepest areas of the lungs. Research with laboratory animals showed that some types of nanoparticles may cause inflammation and fibrosis in the lung, while some can penetrate the lung and move to other body organs. The significance of the translocation of these nanoparticles is not yet known and is the subject of further research. For example, a March 11, 2013, post in the NIOSH Science Blog reports that preliminary studies of animals show that certain types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes can act in concert with other known carcinogens to increase significantly the potential for tumor formation. A NIOSH field studies team conducts onsite assessments of potential occupational exposure to a variety of nanomaterials and evaluates methods for mitigating exposure. The team partners with volunteer companies that produce or use engineered nanomaterials to expand and share knowledge specific to the health and safety practices needed for nanomaterials. Partnering with NIOSH benefits the company by providing a comprehensive occupational exposure characterization and control technology assessment, at no cost to the facility. Current federal laws provide protection for the proprietary and trade secret information of the participating companies. Visit the NIOSH Nanotechnology website listed in the table for information and guidance on handling engineered nanomaterials and partnering with the NIOSH nanotechnology field team. Disclaimer The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. About the author Adrienne C. Eastlake is an industrial hygenist with NIOSH. Contact: aeastlake@cdc.gov. Table 1. NIOSH nanotechnology resources online National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) NIOSH Nanotechnology Topics NIOSH Publications and Products NIOSH Science Blog www.cdc.gov/niosh www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125 www.blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology (pdf) www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2009-125/pdfs/2009-125.pdf www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No.6 Class of 2012 Fellows with ACerS president Richard Brow and past president George Wicks at the 2012 ACerS awards banquet. Honoring the ACerS Awards Class of 2013 Over its long history, The American Ceramic Society has established a tradition of awards to recognize its members\' outstanding contributions and accomplishments and to create career benchmarks for aspiring young scientists, engineers, and business leaders. The most prestigious of ACerS awards is designation as a Distinguished Life Member, a recognition bestowed upon only two or three members each year. In 2013, three individuals will receive DLM honors: Katherine T. Faber, Ludwig J. Gauckler, and Gary L. Messing. The Society will elevate 18 members to Fellow and recognize many more outstanding members with various Society, Division, and Class awards and lectures. Awards and most of the lectures will be presented at ACerS\'s Annual Meeting, Oct. 27-31, held in conjunction with MS&T\'13 in Montreal, Quebec. A description of each winner is presented in the following pages. Awards Banquet The winners of the Society\'s 2013 awards will be recognized at the ACers Annual Awards and Honors Banquet, Monday, Oct. 28. Banquet tickets may be purchased with conference registration or by contacting Marcia Stout (mstout@ceramics.org). See pages 42-47 for schedule details. 2013 Distinguished Life Members Katherine T. Faber Educated at Alfred University with a BS in Ceramic Engineering, Katherine T. Faber continued her training at Pennsylvania State University (MS in ceramic science) and the University of California, Berkeley (PhD in materials science and engineering). She since has gone on to an outstanding career, including positions in research, industry, academia, and academic administration. Faber held positions at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Carborundum Co., and served as an assistant and associate professor of ceramic engineering at Ohio State University before joining the faculty of Northwestern University in 1988. Faber currently holds the position of Walter P. Murphy Professor of Materials Science and Engineering in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science at Northwestern University and codirects the Northwestern University-Art Institute of Chicago Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts. \"I originally wanted to be a chemist and visited Alfred University in my college search,\" Faber says in an email. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org \"Gene Mueller, dean of the College of Ceramics at Alfred at the time, provided a warm welcome and great sales pitch as to why I should study ceramics. He was so convincing that I didn\'t apply to any other school!\" (Credit: ACerS.) Faber\'s research interests include fracture of brittle materials, residual stresses, porous materials, and cultural heritage science. She has authored more than 150 papers, three book chapters, and edited one book, but says teaching has been the most rewarding part of her career. \"Hands down, the most satisfying professional experience of my career has been training PhD students. To be a part of the process by which a student matures scientifically and grows to be one of your peers is extraordinary.\" A member of ACerS since 1975, Faber served as president in 2006-2007 and presided over the 4th International Congress on Ceramics in Chicago in 2012. She is a member of ACerS\'s Basic Science, Engineering Ceramics, and Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Divisions. \"ACerS has been my professional family and has given me what any good family would provide—lifelong friends, opportunities for growth, and pearls of wisdom,\" she says. Ludwig J. Gauckler Ludwig J. Gauckler is professor for nonmetallic inorganic materials at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. A prolific researcher who has coauthored more than 300 articles in peerreviewed journals and more than 60 33 33 Honoring The ACerS Awards Class of 2013 book chapters and holds 15 patents, Gauckler earned his degree in physics from the University of Stuttgart and his PhD in natural sciences with Günter Petzow from the Max Planck Institute for Materials Research in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1976. His experience also includes postdoctoral research with T.Y. Tien at the University of Michigan and a stint as senior scientist at the central R&D laboratories of Swiss Aluminium Ltd. In 1988, Gauckler became professor in the Department of Materials at the ETHZurich. His work there has focused on colloidal processing of ceramics for medical implants, dental restorations, and engineering ceramics. He also has researched the thermodynamics and processingproperty relations of high-temperature superconductors as well as mixed ionicelectronic conductors for solid oxide fuel cells. New porous ceramics, capsules, and polymer/ceramic composites are among his recent inventions, and other research interests include application of thermodynamics to ceramic systems and processing of ceramic materials. He has worked on the crystal chemistry and phase equilibria of silicon nitride, silicon carbide, and zirconia. Gauckler founded Cerion Ltd. and cofounded DeCavis Ltd., both spin-off companies of ETH-Zurich, and served on the boards of various ceramic companies. A Fellow of The American Ceramic Society since 1998, he received the Richard and Patricia Spriggs Phase Equilibria Award from The American Ceramic Society in 2008. In 2009 he delivered the Orton Lecture at the ACerS annual meeting. Gary L. Messing Gary L. Messing is Distinguished Professor of Ceramic Science and Engineering and head of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Pennsylvania State University, where he has also served as director of the Materials Research Laboratory and cofounding director of the NSF I/UCRC Center on Particulate Materials. He is past president of the International Ceramic Federation, vice president of the World Academy of Ceramics, member at large of the Industrial Science and Technology Section of AAAS, and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Materials Research. Messing earned a BS degree in ceramic engineering at Alfred University and a PhD in materials science and engineering at the University of Florida. “As a high school student I was lucky enough to learn about Alfred University, where the New York State College of Ceramics made it possible for me to go to college and to get an engineering degree,\" Messing recalls in an email message. \"I was told ceramic engineering was like chemical engineering. I believed them, and the rest is history-at least, my history.\" He has published more than 300 papers related to improving ceramic materials for optical, piezoelectric, and The 2013 ACerS Class of Fellows Monika BackhausRicoult is senior research associate in Crystalline Materials Research at Corning Inc. At Corning, her work has focused on Backhaus-Ricoult the fundamental relationship of ceramic properties with microstructure and processing. She also is engaged in research for solid oxide fuel cells and electrochemical devices. Her key interests include in-situ studies of interfacial and surface phenomena by electron microscopy and spectroscopy. Before joining Corning in 2003, structural applications by regulating microstructure evolution through seeding of phase transformations, sintering, and templated grain growth. In 1983 he cofounded and continues to coorganize the International Conference on Ceramic Powder Processing Science. Messing\'s career also has included positions as visiting professor, University of Paris; research fellow, Curtin University of Technology (Perth, Australia); visiting professor, ETHZurich; and visiting senior professor, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. \"My most satisfying professional experiences revolve around the many graduate students, postdocs and visiting scientists in my research group at Penn State,\" he says. \"I have thoroughly enjoyed being a part of them becoming professionals in ceramics. Also, I have been blessed to meet many ceramists around the world. It is a wonderful community of people who have a compassion for our field.\" An ACerS member since 1972, Messing served as president of the Society in 2002-2003. He also has served as chair of the Society\'s Basic Science Division, member of the Board of Directors, coeditor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, and cofounded the Snow and Kingery Awards. Messing has received the Society\'s Richard M. Fulrath Award, John Jeppson Award, Robert Sosman Award, and Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Award, and the Ceramic Education Council\'s Outstanding Educator Award. He is a Fellow of ACerS. Backhaus-Ricoult spent 18 years in academia, conducting and guiding research as well as teaching. She has been an ACerS member for more than 20 years and is in the Basic Science and Engineering Ceramics Divisions, and NICE. 34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 Bellosi Alida Bellosi is director of the ISTEC Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-CNR, Faenza, Italy. Her primary fields of research involve structural advanced ceramics: oxide- and nonoxide-based monolithics; composite ceramics and ultra-refractory ceramics for engineering and biostructural applications. Coauthor of more than 300 papers and holder of three patents, Bellosi has presented about 50 invited or keynote talks at international conferences. She is a member of the Engineering Ceramics Division. Bergström Lennart Bergström is professor in materials chemistry at the Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry at Stockholm University, Sweden. His current research interests include assembly of polyhedral nanoparticles into wellordered arrays of novel symmetries, development of novel powder processing routes of hierarchically porous monoliths for gas separation applications, and multifunctional inorganic-nanocellulose hybrids. Bergström has published more than 150 peer-reviewed papers, numerous book chapters, and has seven patents. Bergström belongs to the Basic Science Division and NICE. Christopher C. Berndt is professor of surface science and interface engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences, IRIS, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia. Berndt\'s professional interests gravitate around manufacturing, especially in the area of protective ceramic coatings. Berndt Berndt has more than 450 publications. He undertook several fellowships in the United States before returning to Australia in the mid-1980s. He then accepted a professorial appointment at University of New York-Stony Brook before returning again to Australia in early 2005. Bose Susmita Bose is professor in the School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering and an affiliate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Washington State University. A member of ACerS since 2000, Bose received the National Science Foundation\'s Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers. In 2009, she received ACerS\'s Schwartzwalder-Professional Achievement in Ceramic Engineering (PACE) Award. She has coauthored more than 200 papers and sits on the editorial boards of six international journals, including JACerS. She is a member of the Basic Science, Glass & Optical Materials, and Nuclear Divisions, and NICE. Chen Xiang Ming Chen is professor of materials science and director of the Institute of Materials Physics and Microstructures in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. He is author or coauthor of more than 280 peer-reviewed papers and has 14 Chinese patents and one US patent. Chen has been a member of ACerS\'s Electronics Division since 1993. He has been an associate editor of JACerS since 2007. His current research interests cover microwave dielectric ceramics, giant dielectric constant materials, ferroelectric and relaxor ferroelectric materials, multiferroic materials, as well as dielectric ceramics for energy applications. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org Clem Paul Clem is manager of the Electronic, Optical and Nanomaterials Department at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Mex. Clem has 20 years of experience in solgel deposition, ceramic processing, and development of functional materials, with more than 100 publications and five patents issued. He is a member of ACerS\'s Electronics and Basic Science Divisions as well as CEC and NICE. He established the Society\'s Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA) conference in 2010 and served as an officer of the Electronics Division from 2006 to 2011, including chair in 2010. Hammetter William (Bill) Hammetter is the Level I manager of the Advanced Materials Laboratory at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, where he leads development of materials and processes for nuclear weapons applications, battery materials, materials for alternative energy applications, catalysts, nanoscale materials synthesis and assembly, and thermal and electrical property research. An ACerS member since 1976, Hammetter is immediate past president of Keramos and counselor of ACerS\'s Ceramic Education Council. He is a member of the Basic Science Division, Electronics Division, NICE, Keramos, and CEC, as well as an ABET commissioner on the Engineering Accreditation Commission and one of the ACerS representatives to ABET. Imanaka Yoshihiko Imanaka is a research fellow at Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd., Kawasaki, Japan. Imanaka joined Fujitsu in 1983, developed multilayered lowtemperature cofired ceramics for super35 36 36 2013 Fellows computers, and was the first to publish information on the technology in English and Chinese. His current work is on development of a thin ceramic decoupling capacitor with low inductance and high capacitance for high-speed LSI for high-end computers and environmental and energy materials. A member of ACerS since 1990, Imanaka received the Society\'s Richard M. Fulrath Award in 2006. He has served as organizer, steering committee member, and advisory board member for MS&T, ICCPS, and PACRIM meetings. He is a member of the Electronics Division and NICE. Johnson Jacqueline A. Johnson is a faculty member in the Biomedical Engineering Department at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma. Her major research interest is in structural characterization of materials, particularly glasses, glass-ceramics, nanomaterials, and carbon films. She is currently developing a new mammography system using a novel glass-ceramic plate with the goals of improving the image quality and reducing the cost of digital mammography. A member of ACerS\'s Glass & Optical Materials Division since 2000, Johnson has 100 peer-reviewed papers and a US patent to her credit. Yutai Katoh is a research staff member in the Materials Science and Technology Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn. He is a holder of 14 patents with several patents pending in the area of ceramic and composite processing. Katoh\'s research interests and activities span broad areas of materials science and engineering for advanced energy systems, with particular emphases on Katoh advanced ceramics, ceramic composites, and irradiation effects in materials for fusion and fission reactors. Katoh has published more than 250 peer-reviewed papers. He is affiliated with ACerS\'s Engineering Ceramics and Nuclear & Environmental Technology Divisions. Katz Base, Ohio. Allan P. Katz is senior program manager in the Composites Branch at the Air Force Research Laboratory\'s Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WrightPatterson Air Force His career has focused on high-temperature ceramics for structural applications, including development of refractory carbides and nitrides, advanced fibers, and fiber-reinforced composites for a variety of aerospace applications. He now leads the Air Force program to develop SiC-based composites for application in the hot section of aerospace turbine engines. Katz has been active in ACerS\'s Engineering Ceramics Division. Do Kyung Kim is professor of materials science and engineering at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon. Before joining the faculty of KAIST in 1994, he worked for the Korea Agency for Defense Development. He also has been a visiting professor at University of California, San Diego (1992), NIST (2002), and UC, Berkeley (2008). Kim Kim has authored more than 150 technical articles and has filed 17 patents in the United States, Japan, and Korea. He is a member of the Basic Science and Engineering Ceramics Divisions. Martha L. Mecartney is professor of chemical engineering and materials science at the University of California, Irvine. She has published more than 100 articles on microstructural development in ceramics for applications Mecartney in electronics and energy. Her research investigates the role of water vapor on enhanced diffusion in ceramics, uses computational modeling to predict properties of multiphase ceramics, and evaluates radiation damage in ceramics for nuclear applications. An ACerS member since 1978, Mecartney is a past chair of the Society\'s Basic Science Division and also holds membership in the Society\'s Nuclear, Electronics, Engineering Ceramics, and Art, Archaeology & Conservation Science Divisions. Priya Shashank Priya is professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. He also is serving as a program director for the National Science Foundation. Priya\'s research has made an impact in the fields of piezoelectrics, energy harvesting, magnetoelectric composites, and bio-inspired robotics. He has published more than 200 papers and edited five books. A past chair of the ACerS Electronics Division, Priya was an associ ate editor of JACerS until 2012. He is the founder and chair of the Annual Energy Harvesting Workshop series and Energy Summit. Jeffry W. Stevenson is a laboratory fellow at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Wash. His work has focused primarily on development and characterization of electro-ceramic materials and devices, including solid Stevenson www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 oxide fuel cells and gas separation membranes. Stevenson holds nine US patents and has published more than 125 technical papers. An ACerS member since 1974, he is affiliated with the Engineering Ceramics Division. He also is a member of the organizing committee for the International Symposium on SOFC: Materials, Science, and Technology, which is held annually at the ICACC meeting (Daytona Beach, Fla.), and is an associate editor of JACerS. Van der Biest Omer Van der Biest has been a professor in the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering at Leuven University, Belgium since 1987. A member of ACerS\'s Basic Science Division since 1973, Van der Biest is the author of more than 350 publications in international refereed journals, holds six patents, and has served as coeditor of six books. The role that electrical and magnetic fields can play in the processing of materials has been a continuous theme in his work. This has led to research on electrophoretic deposition and texturing of materials in a strong magnetic field. He also pioneered development of equipment for sintering under an electric field and contributed early-on to microwave sintering of powders. Zhong Lin (ZL) Wang is the Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering, Regents\' Professor, Engineering Distinguished Professor and director, Center for Nanostructure Characterization, at Georgia Institute Wang of Technology, Atlanta. Wang has made original and innovative contributions to the synthesis, discovery, characterization, and understanding of fundamental physical properties of oxide nanobelts and nanowires. He coined the term and pioneered the field of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics by introducing the piezoelectric potential gated charge transport process in fabricating new electronic and optoelectronic devices. Wang is a fellow of numerous US and international technical societies. He received ACerS\'s 2009 Purdy Award and 2012 Edward Orton Memorial Lecture Award as well as many other awards. He is a member of the Engineering Ceramics Division. Richard M. Fulrath Symposium and Awards To promote technical and personal friendships between Japanese and American ceramic engineers and scientists. Gouma Symposium: Monday, Oct. 28, 2:00 p.m. Pelagia-Irene (Perena) Gouma Title: Nanoceramic polymorphs for selective chemosensors and diagnostic breathalyzers Gouma is professor of materials science and engineering and director of the Center for Nanomaterials and Sensor Noguchi Development at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Halbig Kintaka Michael Halbig Title: Integration challenges in silicon carbide-based fuel injectors Halbig is a materials research engineer at NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. Yuji Kintaka Title: Development of transparent ceramics for optical lenses Kintaka is associate chief researcher in the New Process Development Center of Murata Manufacturing Corp. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan. Tsutsumi Yuji Noguchi Title: Defect engineering for perovskite oxides ferroelectric single crystals Noguchi is associate professor at the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Tokyo, Japan. Jun Tsutsumi Title: Research and development of lowloss, high-linearity, and high-isolation RF acoustic duplexers based on innovative resonator and circuit design in piezoelectric materials Tsutsumi is a manager in the Microdevice Research and Development Department at Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Akashi, Japan. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 37 332 Society awards W. David Kingery Award, to recognize distinguished lifelong achievements involving multidisplinary and global contributions to ceramic technology, science, education, and art. Bradt Richard C. Bradt earned his bachelor\'s degree from MIT, then his MS and PhD from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute after a period in industry. He joined the faculty of Pennsylvania State University in 1967, then went on to the Universities of Washington, Nevada, and Alabama. Bradt held the endowed Kyocera Professorship at UW and the endowed Alton N. Scott Chair at UA and is professor emeritus at the University of Alabama. Bradt has received multiple Society honors, including the Bleininger Award, the Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award, the Fulrath Award, the Jeppson Award, and the CEC Outstanding Educator Award. He was the Arthur Friedberg Laureate in 1994. He is an ACerS Fellow and a Distinguished Life Member of UNITECR. Bradt has coauthored nearly 400 manuscripts, more than 100 of which have appeared in JACerS or the ACerS Bulletin, and has edited more than 20 proceedings of international meetings. He has advised or coadvised more than 100 graduate students and directed 50 PhD theses. Twelve of his former graduate students hold university positions around the world. An ACerS member nearly 50 years, he belongs to the Refractory Ceramics, Basic Science, and Glass and Optical Materials Divisions. He also belongs to NICE and Keramos. He has served on the Board of Trustees and was an ACerS vice president. John Jeppson Award, to recognize distinguished scientific, technical, or engineering achievements. Anil V. Virkar is distinguished professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering 38 Virkar at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, director of the National Science Foundation Materials Research Science and Engineering Center on Plasmonics and Spintronics at Utah, and the cofounder of several spin-off companies. He has conducted research on structural ceramics, phase transformation mechanisms and kinetics in ceramics, ion and electron conducting ceramics, and their applications in batteries, fuel cells, and electrolyzers. A Fellow of The American Ceramic Society, Virkar has received ACerS\'s Ross Coffin Purdy Award and James I. Mueller Award. He has authored or coauthored more than 250 research articles and is listed as an inventor or coinventor on more than 40 patents. Robert L. Coble Award for Young Scholars, to recognize an outstanding scientist who is conducting research in academia, in industry, or at a government-funded laboratory. Balke Nina Balke is a researcher at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. She has published more than 40 papers in peer-reviewed journals and was involved in research on new characterization techniques for energy storage electrode materials, which was awarded the Microscopy Today Innovation Award in 2011. She has been an ACerS member since 2009 and received the Roland B. Snow award in 2010. Karl Schwartzwalder-Professional Achievement in Ceramic Engineering Award, an ACerS/NICE award that recognizes an outstanding young ceramic engineer whose achievements have been significant to the profession and to the general welfare of the American people. Geoffrey Brennecka is principal member of the technical staff at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, Brennecka He has been involved with ACerS at the national level since 1999. He helped launch the PCSA in 2008 and the Young Professionals Network in 2010 and continues to serve as mentor for each program. He also is an associate editor of JACerS, has served on four Society award committees, was president of NICE in 2010, and is currently chair of the Education Integration Committee. He is associated with the Electronics Division, where he currently serves as secretary. Ross Coffin Purdy Award, to recognize the authors who made the most valuable contribution to the ceramic technical literature in 2012. The award-winning paper is \"Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides,\" ACS Nano, 6 [2] 1322-31 (2012), by M. Naguib, O. Mashtalir, J. Carle, V. Presser, J. Lu, L. Hultman, Y. Gogotsi, and M.W. Barsoum. Michel W. Barsoum is A.W. Grosvenor Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University, Philadelphia. He is a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society and the World Academy of Ceramics. Barsoum Carle Joshua Carle is an undergraduate student at Drexel University in Pennsylvania. He is currently working on a bachelor\'s degree in chemical engineering with a minor in materials science and engineering. Yury Gogotsi is Distinguished University and Trustee Chair Professor in the Department of Materials Gogotsi Science and Engineering at Drexel University and serves as director of the A.J. Drexel Nanotech-nology Institute. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 Lars Hultman is chief executive officer at the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, Stockholm. He also is proHultman fessor and head of the Kobayashi Kiyoshi Kobayashi is principal researcher at the National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Japan. Corporate Environmental Achievement Award, to recognize and honor an outstanding environmental achievement made by an ACerS corporate member in the field of ceramics. Thin Film Physics Division at the Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology at Linköping University, Sweden. Lu Mashtalir Naguib Presser Jun Lu is a senior researcher in the Thin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology at Linköping University, Sweden. Olha Mashtalir is a PhD candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University. Michael Naguib is a PhD candidate and research assistant in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University. Volker Presser is leader of the Junior Investigator Group \"Energy Materials\" at the INM Leibniz Institute for New Materials, and assistant professor at the _ Department for Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. Richard and Patricia Spriggs Phase Equilibria Award, to honor the authors who made the most valuable contribution to phase stability relationships in ceramic-based systems literature in 2012. The award-winning paper is “Phase Relationships in the Quasi-Ternary LaO15-SiO2-MgO System at 1773 K,” Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 13, 045006 (2012), by K. Kobayashi and Y. Sakka. Sakka Yoshio Sakka is managing director of the Materials Processing Unit at the National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, and professor at the University of Tsukuba. SCHOTT glass made of ideas Schott won the Corporate Environmental Achievement Award for its sustainable manufacturing processes for Ceran and Pyran platinum glassceramics, which are produced without heavy metals and with water and energy conservation in mind. Class awards ACerS/NICE: Arthur Frederick Greaves-Walker Lifetime Service Award, to an individual who has rendered outstanding service to the ceramic engineering profession and who, by life and career, has exemplified the aims, ideals, and purpose of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers. William G. Fahrenholtz is Curators\' Professor of Ceramic Engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla. He earned BS and MS degrees in ceramic engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1987 and 1989, respectively, and completed his PhD in chemical engineering at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, in 1992. Fahrenholtz He is the author or coauthor of more than 100 peer-reviewed articles and holder of four US patents. Fahrenholtz\'s research expertise is in processing and characterization of ceramic materials. He is an ACerS Fellow and currently sits on the Society\'s Board of Directors. He also has served on the Publications Committee, the Ceramic Education Council, the Education Integration Committee, as an officer of the New Mexico Section, and as an associate editor for JACerS. Ceramic Education Council: Outstanding Educator Award, to recognize truly outstanding work and creativity in teaching, directing student research, or the general educational process of ceramic educators. Jones Linda E. Jones is professor of engineering, vice president and head of the New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University. Her current research focus is the structure-properties relationships of novel forms of carbons and carbides used in energy applications and the high-temperature decomposition behavior of materials, including glass. In 1991, she took an assistant professor position in Alfred\'s Department of Ceramic Engineering, rising to full professor and department chair of materials science and engineering. In 2005, Jones joined the faculty of Smith College as the Rosemary Bradford Hewlett \'40 Professor of Engineering and director of the Picker Engineering Program, the nation\'s only accredited engineering program at an all-women\'s institution. She returned to Alfred to accept her current position in 2010. In addition to her management responsibilities, Jones serves as advisor for all students seeking a double degree that combines ceramic arts and engineering. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 39 Society awards The patented melting process for Ceran annually eliminates more than 100 tons of arsenic and antimony, which are normally used as refining agents to rid glass of bubbles, and has reduced arsenic and antimony usage by an estimated 1,000 tons since the product\'s introduction. The process that reduces Ceran\'s environmental impact also is used for Pyran Platinum, a fire-rated transparent glass-ceramic glazing material. Pyran is produced using graywater from a nearby river for 90 percent of the plant\'s total water needs, and water and wastewater streams are monitored to ensure they meet or exceed regulations. Schott also has developed energy-efficient melting technologies to reduce energy consumption and emissions in Pyran production. Corporate Technical Achievement Award, to recognize a single outstanding technical achievement made by an ACerS corporate member in the field of ceramics. SURMET Engineering Better Material Solutions\" TM Surmet Corp., Burlington, Mass., won the Corporate Technical Achievement Award for its successful development and commercialization of its ALON aluminum oxynitride spinel material for transparent armor and optical applications. AlON transparent armor provides more than 50 percent weight savings over glass-based armor, resulting in substantial improvement in system performance and life-cycle cost. Surmet began to focus on development and commercialization of the technology in 2007, investing $25 mil lion in company funds and $32 million in government funding to advance AlON to its current state. Today the company can produce transparent ceramics in tonnage quantities, with consistent quality, and in increasing sizes and complexity. The company recently manufactured several 18-inch × 35-inch monolithic AlON windows, which it says are possibly the largest transparent ceramic windows that ever have been made. Du-Co Ceramics Awards New in 2013, these two awards were established by the late Reldon Cooper, cofounder of Du-Co Ceramics Co., Saxonburg, Pa. Du-Co Ceramics Young Professional Award, to a young professional member of ACerS who demonstrates exceptional leadership and service to ACerS. Fox Kevin M. Fox is principal engineer in the Environmental Stewardship Directorate of the Savannah River National Laboratory in South Carolina. Fox is a past chair of the ACerS Nuclear and Environmental Technology Division, a past president of the Ceramic Education Council, and a past member of the Material Advantage Committee. He currently serves as vice president of the Keramos Board of Directors, chair of the Book Publishing Committee, and a member of the Education Integration Committee. He is a recipient of the Basic Science Division Graduate Excellence in Materials Science Award, the Karl Schwartzwalder-Professional Achievement in Ceramic Engineering Award, and the SRNL Laboratory Director\'s Early Career Exceptional Achievement Award. Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship Award, to recognize the participation in ACerS activities of an undergraduate student in ceramic or materials engineering. Meyer Kelsey Meyer is a senior at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, where she is pursuing a dual major in physics and materials engineering. Meyer has been involved with PCSA since January 2012. She served as the Programming Committee chair in 2012 and continues to participate in PCSA as a member of the Programming Committee. She also has been involved in Material Advantage throughout her undergraduate career and served as the president of her school\'s student chapter last year. After completing her undergraduate degrees, Kelsey intends to pursue a doctoral degree combining her interests in physics and materials engineering. ACerS Award Lectures Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Delivered Monday, June 3 at the PACRIM-GOMD Meeting, San Diego, Calif. Walter Kob Lecture title: The properties of glass-forming systems at the Kauzmann temperature Walter Kob is professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Montpellier 2, France. He has authored more than 170 publications, including one textbook, and was the 2011 recipient of the Ivan Peyches Award of the French Academy of Science and the 2007 recipient of the Otto Schott Research Award for Outstanding Research Achievements in Glass Science. 40 40 Kob www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 ACerS Award Lectures Frontiers of Science and Society-Rustum Roy Lecture Sunday, Oct. 27, 5 p.m. Lecture title: Affordable healthcare? Role of bio-ceramic technology, socio-economic, and ethical issues Larry L. Hench is University Professor of Engineering in the Biomedical Engineering Program at Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne; professor and director of Special Projects at the University of Central Florida, Orlando; guest faculty member of the Department of Bioengineering, Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers; and vsiting professor at Kings College/Guy\'s Hospital, University of London. Hench is best known as the inventor of Bioglass, the first synthetic material to bond to living tissues. The concept of Hench Wiederhorn bioactive bonding pioneered by Hench\'s discovery opened the field of biomedical materials to innovation that has led to numerous second- and third-generation materials and devices and revolutionized repair and regeneration of the body. Hench since has continued his research in biomaterials. He is a member of the US National Academy of Engineering and World Academy of Ceramics as well as a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society; Society of Glass Technology; Society for Biomaterials; Institute of Materials, Mining, and Metallurgy; Royal Society of Chemistry; and AIMBE. Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture Tuesday, Oct. 29, 1 p.m. Sheldon M. Wiederhorn Lecture title: Griffith cracks at the nanoscale Sheldon M. Wiederhorn is a Senior Fellow Emeritus at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. His current interests are using the atomic force microscope to investigate the structure of cracks in glass at the nanometer scale and to develop ways in which the propagation of these cracks can be resisted. Wiederhorn is best known for experiments he developed to characterize subcritical crack growth in glasses. The results of these studies illustrated the complexity of subcritical crack growth and led to the conclusion that failure of glass was caused by the slow growth of cracks to a critical size, which determined the time-to-failure. At the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), Wiederhorn became one of the first to apply fracture mechanics techniques to study the fracture of ceramic materials. A consequence of his research was the development of techniques to assure the structural reliability of brittle ceramic materials. Techniques pioneered by Wiederhorn and his colleagues are now used to assure the reliability of glass windows in airplanes, space-vehicles, and related applications. Wiederhorn is an ACerS Distinguished Life Member and Fellow, and has received numerous Society awards. ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture Tuesday, Oct. 29, 8 a.m. Greg Hilmas Lecture title: Engineered structural ceramic materials: Novel methods for increasing toughness, wear resistance, and thermal shock Greg Hilmas joined the Department of Materials Science & Engineering at the University of Missouri-Rolla (now MS&T) in 1998 and is Curators\' Professor of Ceramic Engineering. His current research involves development of ultra-high-temperature ceramics for propulsion and thermal protection applications. He also has active research programs in rapid prototyping of 3D structural ceramics and bioceramics for bone replacement. Hilmas is an ACerS Fellow and a member of Keramos. He is the author or coauthor of more than 110 papers, holds 10 US patents, and has three patents pending. Hilmas Basic Science Division Robert B. Sosman Award and Lecture Wednesday, Oct. 30, 1 p.m. Nava Setter Lecture title: Structure and functions of ferroic domain walls Nava Setter completed her MSc in civil engineering at Technion (Israel) and PhD in solid state science at Pennsylvania State University in 1980. After postdoctoral work at the Universities of Oxford and Geneva, she joined an R&D institute in Israel and led its electronic ceramics lab. In 1989 she was appointed professor of materials science and engineering and director of the ceramics laboratory of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. She has served in the past as the director of the materials department of the institute. Setter Setter\'s research interests include ferroelectrics and piezoelectrics. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 41 premeeting planner october 27-31, 2013 Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada MS&T13 Materials Science & Technology 2013 Conference & Exhibition www.matscitech.org The leading forum addressing structure, properties, processing, and performance across the materials community. Organizers: Amencon Ceramic Society. ceramich AIST AFSOCIATION FOR GROW & WIREL SECHWOLPEY AS100 ANNIVERSARY 1913-2013 MET SOC TMS The Minerals Metals & Materials Society Co-sponsor: NACE INTERNATIONAL THE CORRONON SOCIETY (Credit: ©Marc Cramer) Join us for the ACerS 115th Annual Meeting! Lectures Sunday, Oct. 27 5:00 6:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society: Rustum Roy Lecture Larry Hench, Florida Institute of Technology, \"Affordable Healthcare? Role of Bio-Ceramic Technology, Socio-Economic, and Ethical Issues\" Monday, Oct. 28 8:00 10:20 a.m. MS&T\'13 Opening Plenary Session Kevin G. Bowcutt, Senior Technical Fellow, Chief Scientist of Hypersonics, The Boeing Co. Tresa M. Pollock, Alcoa Professor at the College of Engineering, Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara John Sarrao, Associate Director for Theory, Simulation, and Computation, Los Alamos National Laboratory 2:00 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Award Session 2:00-2:40 p.m. Japanese Academic: Yuji Noguchi, University of Tokyo 2:40-3:00 p.m. Japanese Industrial 1: Yuji Kintaka, Murata Manufacturing Co. 3:00-3:20 p.m. American Industrial: Michael Halbig, NASA Glenn Research Center 3:40-4:00 p.m. Japanese Industrial 2: Jun Tsutsumi, Taiyo Yuden Co. 4:00-4:40 p.m. American Academic: Pelagia-Irene (Perena) Gouma, SUNY - Stony Brook 2:00 5:10 p.m. ACers Cooper Session Distinguished Lecturer: Alexandra Navrotsky, University of California, Davis, \"New Frontiers in the Thermochemistry of Glassy, Amorphous, and Nanoscale Materials\" Tuesday, Oct. 29 8:00 9:00 a.m. ACers Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture Greg E. Hilmas, Missouri University of Science and Technology, \"Engineered Structural Ceramic Materials: Novel Methods for Increasing Toughness, Wear Resistance, and Thermal Shock\" 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACers Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture Sheldon M. Wiederhorn, National Institute of Standards & Technology, \"Griffith Cracks at the Nanoscale\" 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACers Robert B. Sosman Lecture Nava Setter, École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne, Switzerland, \"Structure and Functions of Ferroic Domain Walls\" Wednesday, Oct. 30 Special events Sunday, Oct. 27, 2013 | 6:30 - 7:30 p.m. Welcome Reception Network with your colleagues, meet new people, and learn about the exciting membership offerings of the organizing societies. Monday, Oct. 28, 2013 ACerS 115th Annual Meeting | 1:00 - 2:00 p.m. Watch newly elected officers take their positions during the Annual Membership Meeting. All ACerS members and guests are welcome. Women in Materials Science Reception | 5:30 - 6:30 p.m. Enjoy the chance to network with professionals and peers in a relaxed environment. ACerS 115th Annual Honors & Awards Banquet | 7:30 - 10.00 p.m. Enjoy dinner, conversation, and the presentation of Society awards. Purchase tickets for $90 via the conference registration form. Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 MS&T\'13 Exhibit Happy Hour Reception | 4:00 – 6:00 p.m. Network with colleagues and build relationships with qualified attendees, buyers, and prospects! MS&T Young Professionals Reception | 4:30 - 6:30 p.m. Attend this reception to meet and network with fellow young professionals. 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 Plenary session Oct. 28, 2013, at 8 to 10:20 a.m. | Rm 517 Advanced Materials and Manufacturing for Extreme Environments Bowcutt Kevin G. Bowcutt, Senior Technical Fellow, Chief Scientist of Hypersonics, The Boeing Company Hypersonic Flight: The Final Frontier of Aeronautics Abstract: Efforts to develop technologies that will enable hypersonic flight have been ongoing since the late 1950s. During this time substantial advancements have been made in high-temperature structural materials and thermal protection systems, hypersonic propulsion systems, such as scramjets, and advanced vehicle design methods and tools. Taken together, these advancing technologies are moving mankind ever closer to achieving practical hypersonic flight. During the past decade, emphasis has been placed on validating in flight the key technologies, design techniques, and design concepts for hypersonic vehicles. For example, in 2004, NASA successfully flight tested the world\'s first airframe-integrated scramjet (X-43A), in 2010, the US Air Force successfully flight tested the world\'s first flight-weight and fuel-cooled scramjet (X-51A), and other flight experiments are being conducted by the Hypersonic International Flight Research and Experimentation (HIFIRE) program. Maturing technologies to the point where hypersonic platforms are technically viable and hypersonic flight is economically affordable will provide means to enable dramatically faster military mission execution and global transportation as well as dramatically more affordable space transportation. This presentation will address the key technical aspects and challenges of hypersonic vehicle design and will summarize progress made in maturing technologies critical to the successful development of practical hypersonic systems. The successful X-51A and HIFIRE flight test programs will be highlighted. The presentation will conclude by describing a vision for a hypersonic space and global transportation system. Sarrao John Sarrao, Associate Director for Theory, Simulation, and Computation, Los Alamos National Laboratory The Codesign of Experiment and Theory at the Mesoscale: A MARIE Perspective Abstract: MaRIE, for Matter-Radiation Interactions in Extremes, is Los Alamos National Laboratory\'s facility concept for addressing decadal challenges in materials, especially in extreme environments, through a focus on predicting and controlling materials microstructure. MaRIE will be an international user facility and will enable unprecedented in-situ, transient measurements of \"real\" mesoscale materials in relevant extremes, especially dynamic loading and irradiation extremes. Concurrent advances in multiscale modeling and computational resources hold great promise for rapid progress toward these goals. In this presentation we will discuss the science questions that motivate such a facility and our vision for realizing it. Importantly, theoretical and computational advances that enable effective data utilization are of comparable significance and challenge as the acquisition of said data. Our recent experience in attempting to pursue this vision of prediction and control will form a central element of the presentation. Biography: Sarrao leads the Laboratory\'s efforts in applying science-based prediction to existing and emerging national security missions. Previously, Sarrao was the Program Director for Los Alamos National Laboratory\'s Office of Science Programs and for MaRIE. He has also served on a number of US DOE Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee subcommittees, helping to set strategic directions for materials research. He obtained his PhD in physics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1993 based on thesis work performed at LANL. He returned to LANL as a technical staff member following postdoctoral research with Zachary Fisk at the University of California, San Diego and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Fla. Sarrao\'s primary research interest is in the synthesis and characterization of correlated electron systems, especially actinide materials. He is the coauthor of more than 540 publications and was the 2004 winner of the LANL Fellows Prize for Research. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Physical Society, and LANL. Pollock Tresa M. Pollock, FASM, ALCOA Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara Materials in Turbine Engine Environments Abstract: The extreme combinations of temperature, stress, strain rate, vibratory loading, and oxidizing conditions encountered in turbine engines pose a major challenge for the materials operating in these environments. As a result, the design and performance of new aircraft engines, power generation plants, and rocket propulsion systems are often limited by the turbine materials. For an individual component, a spectrum of failure modes may occur. The challenges in developing monolithic materials as well as hybrid combinations of materials that satisfy a wide range of property constraints will be discussed. Some examples of successes and failures in the development of new materials for turbine engines will be highlighted. The need for computational and experimental tools that enhance the discovery, design, and deployment of new materials for turbine environments will also be discussed. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 43 october 27-31, 2013 | Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada MS&T$13 register at www.matscitech.org today! Calendar of events (Times and locations are subject to change) SATURDAY, OCT. 26 Educational Courses Legend: HR-Hyatt Regency PDC- Palais des Congres TIME LOCATION TUESDAY, OCT. 29 Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. HR Poster Installation General Poster Viewing TIME 11:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. PDC 2:00 6:00 p.m. LOCATION MS&T\'13 Exhibit Mini-Materials CampⓇ SUNDAY, OCT. 27 Show Hours PDC 9:00 a.m. 11:00 p.m. PDC 11:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. PDC Conference Activities Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion 11:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. PDC Technical Programming Support Desk Registration Noon 5:30 p.m. PDC MS&T Food Court Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC 2:00 7:30 p.m. PDC Mini-Materials CampⓇ Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC Society Member Lounges 2:00 7:30 p.m. PDC ACerS Basic Science Division Cera2:00 7:30 p.m. PDC Happy Hour Reception Lectures 4:00 6:00 p.m. PDC mographic Exhibit & Competition Welcome Reception 6:00 7:30 p.m. PDC Educational Courses Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology 8:30 a.m. -4:30 p.m. HR ACerS Arthur L. Friedberg Memorial Lecture ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest 8:00 9:00 a.m. PDC 1:00 2:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. PDC Display Lectures Mug Drop Contest 11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. PDC ACerS Frontiers of Science and Society: Rustum Roy Lecture 5:00 6:00 p.m. PDC Disk Golf Contest 12:15 1:30 p.m. PDC Material Advantage Student Functions Material Advantage Chapter Leadership Workshop 10:00 a.m. Noon PDC Student Awards Ceremony Social Functions ACerS Companion Breakfast 2:00 3:00 p.m. PDC 7:30 10:00 a.m. HR Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Semifinals 1:00-3:00 p.m. PDC Guest Tour: Bernard Seguin Poirier Enamel on Copper 9:45 a.m. 12:45 p.m. PDC Young Professionals Reception 4:30-6:00 p.m. PDC Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest 4:00 – 5:00 p.m. Finals PDC WEDNESDAY, OCT. 30 Undergraduate Student Poster Contest 6:00 7:30 p.m. PDC Conference Activities Display Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. PDC Student Networking Mixer 7:00-9:00 p.m. PDC Technical Programming Support Desk Registration 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. PDC MONDAY, OCT. 28 Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC Conference Activities ACerS Basic Science Division 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. PDC Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. PDC Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition Technical Programming Support Desk 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC Poster Session with Presenters 9:30 10:30 a.m. PDC Registration 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC Poster Dismantle 10:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. PDC Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC MS&T\'13 Exhibit ACerS Basic Science Division 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. PDC Mini-Materials CampⓇ 9:00 11:00 a.m. PDC Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition Show Hours 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. PDC Lectures MS&T\'13 Opening Plenary 8:00 10:20 a.m. PDC Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion 9:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. MS&T Food Court PDC Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Award Session ACerS Cooper Award Session 2:00 4:40 p.m. PDC Materials Camp Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC 2:00 5:10 p.m. PDC Lectures Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display ACerS Robert B. Sosman Lecture 1:00-2:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest 7:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. PDC ACerS Student Tour (tentative) Noon 5:00 p.m. PDC Display Social Functions Guest Tour: Bonjour Montreal City Tour 9:00 a.m. Noon PDC THURSDAY, OCT. 31 Women in Materials Science Reception 5:30-6:30 p.m. PDC Conference Activities ACerS Banquet Reception 6:45 7:30 p.m. HR Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. PDC ACerS Annual Honors & Awards Banquet 7:30 10:00 p.m. HR Annual Meetings Technical Programming Support Desk Registration 7:00 a.m. Noon PDC 7:00 a.m. Noon PDC ACerS 115th Annual Membership Meeting 1:00 2:00 p.m. PDC Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m. Noon PDC Educational Courses TUESDAY, OCT. 29 Electroceramics Basics: Applications and 8:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. HR Devices Conference Activities Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. PDC Sintering of Ceramics 8:30 a.m. 5:30 p.m. HR Technical Programming Support Desk Registration 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. PDC FRIDAY, NOV. 1 Society Member Lounges ACerS Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition 44 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. PDC Educational Courses Sintering of Ceramics 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. HR www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 Program-at-a-glance BIOMATERIALS Bioinspired Materials Engineering Next Generation Biomaterials Surface Properties of Biomaterials IV CERAMIC AND GLASS MATERIALS Amorphous Materials: Common Issues within Science and Technology Ceramic-Matrix Composites Glass and Optical Materials, Including the Cooper Award Session Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites Multifunctional Oxides Solution-Based Processing for Ceramic Materials Robert Sosman Award Symposium Richard Fulrath Award Session ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices Pb-Free Solders and Advanced Interconnecting Materials Recent Advances in Low-Temperature Processes for the Development of RF, EO, Magnetic, and Electronic Bulk and Thin-Film Crystals ENERGY ISSUES Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed Wed a.m. p.m. a.m. Thu p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Energy Storage III: Materials, Systems, and Applications Symposium Hybrid Organic - Inorganic Materials for Alternative Energy • Materials Development and Degradation Management for Nuclear Applications Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century Materials for CO2 Capture and Conversion Thin-Film Structures for Energy-Efficient Systems Water and Energy in Mineral Processing FUNDAMENTALS AND CHARACTERIZATION Applied Neutron Scattering in Engineering and Materials Science Research Boron, Boron Compounds, and Boron Nanomaterials: Structure, Properties, Processing, and Applications Deformation and Transitions at Grain Boundaries III Failure Analysis and Prevention First Symposium on Computational Materials Design - CMaD I International Symposium on Defects, Transport, and Related Phenomena Material Data and Software Tools Needed to Make MGI and ICME a Reality Materials Tribology: Fundamentals, Applications, and Solutions Mechanical Properties of Thermoelectric Materials • Multiscale Modeling of Microstructure Deformation in Material Processing Multiscale Perspectives on Plasticity in BCC Metals Optical and X-ray Imaging Techniques for Material Characterization Phase Stability, Diffusion, Kinetics, and Their Applications (PSDK-VIII) Recent Approaches and Challenges in Smart Coatings Scanning Probe Techniques for Functional Materials Semiconductor Heterostructures: Theory, Growth, Characterization, and Device Applications Synthesis and Structural and Functional Characterization of Thin Films and Self-Assembled Nanostructures IRON AND STEEL Advanced Steel Metallurgy: Design, Processing, and Technological Exploitation Tubular Processing and Technology American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • 45 october 27-31, 2013 | Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada MS&T$13 Program-at-a-glance MATERIALS PERFORMANCE Light Metals for Transportation Magnesium Technology Measurement and Modeling of High-Strain-Rate Deformation Particulate Composites Surface Protection for Enhanced Materials Performance: Science, Technology, and Application Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Processing, Deformation Behavior, Properties, and Applications MATERIALS-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Advanced Materials for Harsh Environments Coatings for Corrosion and Wear-Resistance Applications Environmentally Assisted Cracking (EAC): Laboratory Research and Field Experiences High-Temperature Corrosion and Oxidation of Materials Predicting and Combating Corrosion and Degradation of New Coating and Material Technologies NANOMATERIALS Commercial Production and Applications of Nanomaterials register at www.matscitech.org today! Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed Wed Thu a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. • • • • • • • • • • • • Controlled Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Structural and Functional Nanomaterials • • • Nanostructured Magnetoelectrics and Multiferroics Optical Nanomaterials for Photonics/Biophotonics Nanotechnology for Energy, Environment, Electronics, and Industry • • Structure-Property Relationships in Low-Dimensional Metallic Nanostructures • PROCESSING AND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Advanced Materials, Processes, and Applications for Additive Manufacturing Advanced Materials, Processes, and Evaluation Methods for Aerospace and Defense Applications Advances in Hydroelectric Turbine Manufacturing and Repair Advances in Metal-Casting Technologies Green Composite Materials: Development, Manufacturing, and Testing Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing V Hydrometallurgy: Materials and Equipment Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials (JASM XV) Metal- and Polymer-Matrix Composites Powder-Based Processes and Products for Advanced Applications Rare-Earth Elements Sintering and Related Powder Processing Science and Technologies SPECIAL TOPICS ASM/TMS Distinguished Lecture Symposium Continuous Improvement of Academic Programs (and Satisfying ABET Along the Way): The Elizabeth Judson Memorial Symposium Ensuring Safety in Academic and Industrial Lab Settings Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals Ralph Lloyd Harris Memorial Symposium Rustum Roy Memorial Symposium Technology Cross-Pollination 46 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 ACers short courses Saturday, Oct. 26 Sunday, Oct. 27 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. | 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology Instructor: Arun K. Varshneya, Saxon Glass Technologies, Alfred University Description: The course covers basic glass science and technology in order to broaden or improve one\'s foundation in the understanding of glass as a material of choice. Topics include glass science (commercial glass families, glassy state, nucleation and crystallization, phase separation, glass structure); glass technology; batch calculations; glassmelting and glass forming; glass properties and engineering principles; and elementary fracture analysis. At the end of the course, the attendee should • Know the various commercial oxide glass families, their nominal chemical composition, and their key properties that are important for applications; • Understand the physical relationship of glass to liquids and solids; • Have a general idea of key physical and chemical properties that lead to common applications; and • Know the basics of glassmelting and glass forming, including annealing of the more common commercial glass products. Thursday, Oct. 31 8:30 a.m. 5:30 p.m. Electroceramics Basics: Applications and Devices Instructor: R.K. Pandey, Texas State University Description: Electroceramics have become an integral part of modern microelectronics because of advancements made in the past decade and the advent of multifunctional oxides, multiferroics, spintronics, radhard electronics, bioelectronics, detectors and sensors, etc. The objective is to review the current state of knowledge in this field and emphasize practical applications and potentials for inventions as well as prospects for commercialization. Key topics include • Introduction to electroceramics suitable for microelectronic applications; • Introduction to the interacting forces that result in some unique phenomena found in electroceramics; • Processing and characterization of materials for low-cost R&D; • Physical basis for multifunctional materials and multiferroics, and their applications; • Nonlinear dielectrics magnetics and their applications; • Oxide-based hybrid structures for novel microelectronic devices; and • Detectors and sensors. Thursday, Oct. 31 Friday, Nov. 1 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. | 8:30 a.m. Sintering of Ceramics 4:30 p.m. Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology Description: The course reviews sintering basics: characterization of sintering (methods used to measure/monitor the progress of sintering); driving forces; diffusion and defect chemistry; solid-state and viscous sintering; microstructure development and control; liquid-phase sintering; special topics; effect of homogeneities on sintering; constrained sintering of composites, adherent thin films, and multilayers; solid-solution additives (dopants); reaction sintering; viscous sintering with crystallization; sintering practice; \"how to do\" sintering; effect of various materials and processing parameters on sintering; and case studies. The attendee will develop sufficient background in the principles and practice of sintering to be able to • Sinter to achieve specified target microstructures; • Understand the difficulties encountered in practical sintering; and Take practical steps to rectify the problems encountered in producing required target microstructures. • Hotel Information Reserve your room through reservation@tourisme-montreal.org at one of the official conference hotels. MS&T has arranged for discounted rates for attendees. Please note that MS&T has assumed a financial liability for any and all hotel rooms in blocks that are not reserved. We ask that you reserve your room at one of the hotels listed below in order to limit our financial liability and ensure the overall success of the meeting. Thank you for your cooperation. Hyatt Regency - ACerS Headquarters Hotel Le Westin Montreal - ASM Headquarters Hotel Intercontinental Montreal - TMS and AIST headquarters hotel Travelodge Montreal Centre Holiday Inn Select Montreal Reserve your room online at www.matscitech.org. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 47 (Credit: ACerS) m Using X-rays to Analyze Cultural Heritage Oct. 1 – 2, 2013 SLAC National Accelerator Lab and the Cantor Center for the Visual Arts at Stanford University This workshop hosted by the Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science and the Basic Science Divisions of ACerS will bring students and other interested researchers from a variety of disciplines (engineering, art history, and archaeology) in contact with the leading scientists working in the field of synchrotron analysis of cultural heritage. Participants will learn about the latest research on the use of synchrotrons to analyze cultural heritage, obtain hands-on experience with the examination and treatment of synchrotron-derived data as taught by Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL) staff scientists, and have a tour of the SSRL facility with a particular emphasis on the imaging microscopes at beamlines 2-3, 10-2, and 14-3. 48 Workshop rates: ACerS Member: $295 Nonmember: $415 Student support available to members Workshop speakers Volker Rose, Physicist, Argonne National Laboratory X-rays paint a picture of Picasso\'s pigments Jennifer Mass, Senior scientist, Winterthur Museum of Art The pynchrotron and the pasterpiece Phillipe Sciau, Researcher, CNRS Schedule of events Oct. 1, 2013, at SSRL 9:30 a.m. Check-In/Coffee 10:00 a.m. Welcome: Marc Walton, Getty Conservation Institute, and Apurva Mehta, SLAC 10:15 a.m. Uwe Bergman, LCLS director, Stanford Fast X-ray scanning, Archimedes palimpsest, and fossils 10:45 a.m. Joris Dik, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Professor at Delft X-ray scanning to reveal hidden layers and pigments: Monet and Rembrandt 11:15 a.m. Jennifer Mass, Senior scientist at the Winterthur Museum of Art XANES and confocal X-ray scanning: Confocal of \'The Armorers Shop\' and Matisse Lunch Ben Kocar and Apurva Mehta, SSRL staff scientists Tour of Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource floor (Emphasis on BL 2-3, 10-2, and 14-3) XANES full-fired and micro-XRD study of Roman ceramics: estimating firing conditions Noon 2:00 p.m. Uwe Bergman, Interim director, Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC 3:00 p.m. Coffee and refreshments 3:30 p.m. Ancient writings under X-ray vision Tutorial Part 1: Sample preparation, XRF mapping, region of interest masking using bivariate scatter plots, use of MCA\'s for data-analysis, PCA analysis, microtomography Zhi Liu, Staff scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Study of ancient black-glazed Jian (Temmoku) wares using synchrotron radiation Joris Dik, Staff scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab In-situ scanning macro-XRF investigation of historical paintings: Mobile instruments vs. synchrotrons Stanford Guest House 2575 Sand Hill Rd. Menlo Park, CA 94025 Front Desk: 650-926-2800 | Fax: 650-926-5388 Be sure to use the code \"10SYMP\" when making your reservation to ensure you receive the discounted rate. Rate Single/Double: $115 5:30 p.m. Adjourn Oct. 2, 2013, at Cantor Center for the Visual Arts 9:30 a.m. Check-In/Coffee 10:00 a.m. Welcome: Susan K. Roberts-Manganelli, Manager, Collections, Exhibitions & Conservation, Cantor Center for the Visual Arts at Stanford University 10:15 a.m. Zhi Liu, Beamline scientist at ALS, Berkeley Study of ancient black-glazed Jian (Temmoku) 10:45 a.m. Phillipe Sciau, Scientist at CNRS, Toulouse XRF, XANES, and XRD of Roman terra sigillata 11:15 a.m. Volker Rose, Physicist, Argonne National Laboratories Picasso and zinc oxide paints Noon 2:00 p.m. Cutoff Date Sunday, Sept. 1, 2013 4:00 p.m. www.ceramics.org/aacsworkshop 4:30 p.m. Lunch Sam Webb and Apurva Mehta, SSRL staff scientists Tutorial Part 2: XANES and EXAFS at different edges (S, Fe, Cu, etc.) Coffee Tutorial Part 3: Multienergy mapping 5:30 p.m. Adjourn www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 SEPT. 10-13, 2013 13th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories Unitecr 2013 The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories Register now! he Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories is a biennial international The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories is a biennial intern technologies concerning refractories. UNITECR\'13 is designed for manufacturers, scientists, engineers, and industry professionals interested in the science, production, and application of refractory materials. Attendees are involved in materials development, formulation, production, and engineering of refractories for ferrous and nonferrous metals industries as well as the minerals-processing, glass, cement, and petrochemical industries. Sign up at www.unitecr2013.org today! Scan for UNITECR\'13 app Welcome reception UNITECR welcome receptions are events to be remembered. With hundreds of artifacts, specimens, and dramatic displays of British Columbia\'s natural and human history, the Royal BC Museum is sure to capture your attention. Add in food, beverages, and your fellow UNITECR attendees, and you have the making of a truly memorable event. Museum docents will be on hand to share their knowledge and answer questions. Totem Hall is the central exhibit in the Schedule at a glance Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013 FIRE Corrosion Short Course FIRE Castable Short Course Young Professionals Reception Welcome Reception at British Columbia Museum Wednesday, Sept. 11, 2013 Opening Session and Keynote Speaker, Remco De Jong Exhibits Concurrent Technical Sessions Poster Session Thursday, Sept. 12, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Tom Vert Concurrent Technical Sessions Exhibits Concurrent Technical Sessions Conference Dinner Friday, Sept. 13, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Charles Semler Concurrent Technical Sessions Lunch and Closing Ceremony 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 5:00-6:00 p.m. 7:00-10:00 p.m. 8:40 10:00a.m. 9:30 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. 10:40 a.m.-6:00 p.m. 5:30-7:00 p.m. 8:10 9:00 a.m. 9:10 a.m. 12:40 p.m. 9:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 2:20-6:10 p.m. 7:00 10:00 p.m. 8:00 9:00 a.m. 9:20 a.m. 12:40 p.m. 1:00-2:00 p.m. Breaks and lunches take place in the Exhibit Hall. First Peoples gallery, and the perimeter of the hall is surrounded by examples of masks, regalia, and modern works. The display unites old and new works, which is appropriate in an exhibit that emphasizes the continuing artistic traditions of the Northwest Coast First Nations. The reception includes food and beverage stations highlighting local cuisine. Thank you to Kerneos for sponsoring this event. Hotel information The Fairmont Empress 721 Government St., Victoria, BC, Canada Phone: +1 250-384-8111 Rates Single/Double: $259 CAD, plus tax Deluxe Single/Double: $279 CAD, plus tax Cutoff Date Aug. 12, 2013 Note: Foreign Service Officers are on legal strike at Canadian embassies around the world. Anyone applying for a visa should anticipate delays and submit their application as far in advance as possible. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 49 Conference dinner The UNITECR\'13 conference dinner is your opportunity to celebrate the refractory industry in the company of nearly 800 of your closest UNITECR friends. The 2013 conference dinner is hosted in the iconic Crystal Gardens, which was Victoria\'s first convention center. The facility also has been an arboretum, restaurant, art gallery, and swimming pool. This unique structure is the ideal setting for a lively evening of good food, good drink, good friends, and live entertainment. A highlight will be the induction of the 2013 class of UNITECR Distinguished Life Members, in addition to other award presentations. Thank you to The Refractories Institute for sponsoring the conference dinner. Poster session UNITECR\'13 introduces the inaugural poster session, hosted Wednesday, Sept. 11, from 5:30 - 7 p.m. in the Palm Court room. This session will feature 32 presentations. Meet with authors to discuss their research over light refreshments. Please attend and cast your vote for Attendee\'s Choice Best Poster winner. Thank you to The Technical Association of Refractories, Japan, for sponsoring the poster session. Sponsors Closing ceremony Friday\'s lunch and closing ceremony take place in the Palm Court/ Crystal Ballroom from 1:00 to 2:00 p.m. UNITECR organizers will be raffling off prizes, but you must be present to win. Optional tours Take advantage of optional tours during UNITECR\'13. Visit www.unitecr2013.org to sign up. Afternoon tea at The Empress 12:00 p.m. daily $59.95 CAD, $50 CAD for hotel guests Victoria city tour and Butchart Gardens Monday, Sept. 9, 9:00 a.m. – 12:30 p.m. | $81 CAD Whale watching Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m. | $95 CAD Goldstream Park excursion and Cowichan Valley Winery Wednesday, Sept. 11, 10:00 a.m. - 4:00 p.m. | $96 CAD ALMATIS kerneos PREMIUM ALUMINA ALUMINATE TECHNOLOGIES TRI THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE _NARCO ~ Harbison ANH Refractories AP Green Walker 50 IMERYS TRANSFORM TO PERFORM CALUCEM C-E Minerals CHRISTY MINERALS Short courses Sponsored by ANH Refractories Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Early-Bird Rate: $595 | Regular Rate: $745 fire Dispersion and Packing of Ceramics Particles for Advanced Refractory Castables Instructors: Ana Paula Luz, Mariana A. Braulio, and Victor C. Pandolfelli, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil Fundamentals on Corrosion Behavior of Refractories Instructors: Christos Aneziris, Technical University Freiberg, Germany, and Jacques Poirier, University of Orleans, France A limited number of student scholarships are available. Apply at www.unitecr2013.org. RefractoryCeramicsDivision The American MALUCHEM inc Refined Minerals and Chemicals VIRGINIA KROSAKI HARIMA KROSAKI HARIMA CORPORATION Keynote Speaker Remco De Jong KYANITE VAR Vice president and general manager, Refractory Minerals Division, IMERYS Title: Minerals to materials: The changing face of the global refractory industry Plenary Speakers Tom Vert General manager of primary manufacturing, ArcelorMittal Dofasco Title: How do steelmakers pick refractories-Logic, emotion, or dartboard? Charles E. Semler President/consultant, Semler Materials Services Title: Trends for the world\'s most important, but least known products www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 resources Calendar of events August 2013 4-7 ICCPS-12: Int\'l Conference on Ceramic Processing Science - Hilton Portland & Executive Tower Portland, Portland, Ore.; www.bit.ly/Wn7mNJ 4-8 Microscopy & Microanalysis 2013 Indiana Convention Center, Indianapolis, Ind.; www.microscopy. org/MandM/2013/index.cfm 11-16 IMRC-2013: XXII Int\'l Materials Research Congress - Cancun, Mexico; www.mrs.org/imrc2013/ 12-14 Int\'l Conference on Advanced & Nano Materials (ICANM 2013) — Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; www.iaemm.com/ICANM2013 25-28 MMM2013: 15th IFAC Symposium on Control, Optimization, and Automation in Mining, Mineral, and Metal Processing - Hyatt Regency Mission Bay Spa & Marina, San Diego, Calif.; www.flogen.org/mmm2013 September 2013 2-3 Cement and Concrete Science Conference 2013 - University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England; www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/sces/ccs2013/ 2-5 DCM 2013: Int\'l Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials - Riva del Garda, Italy; www.diamond-conference.elsevier.com 11-12 GlassBuild America 2013Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, Ga.; www.glassbuildamerica.com 10-13 UNITECR 2013 - The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; www. unitecr2013.org 16-18 ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems Snowbird Resort and Conference Resort, Snowbird, Utah; www.asmeconferences.org/smasis2013/ 16-19 Advanced Materials World Congress (AMWC 2013) - Altinyunus Hotel Çeşme, Çeşme, Turkey; www. amwc2013.org 16-20 E-MRS 2013 Fall Meeting Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; www.emrs-strasbourg.com/index.php?option=com_con tent&task=view&id=572&Itemid=1584 16-20 JSAP-MRS Joint Symposia - Kyotanabe Campus, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; www.gakkaiweb.net/gakkai/jsap/jsap_mrs/hp/ index.html 22-26 HTCMC-8: 8th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Qujiang Int\'l Exhibition Center, Xi\'an, China; www.htcmc8.org 25-27 Int\'l Ceramic Exhibition - Tokyo Big Sight East Hall, Tokyo, Japan; www. ceramic-expo.jp 29-Oct. 2 Fractography of Advanced Ceramics - Smolenice Castle, Smolenice, Slovakia; www.imr.saske.sk 29-Oct. 3 ATPC 2013: 10th Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference - Ramada Plaza Jeju Hotel, Jeju, Korea; www.atpc2013.org 29-Oct. 4 Int\'l Conference on Silicon Carbide and Related Materials Phoenix Seagaia Resort, Miyazaki, Japan; www.icscrm2013.org October 2013 1-2 ACerS AACS Division Workshop - Using X-rays to Analyze Cultural Heritage SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Cantor Art Museum at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/meetings/acersmeetings _ 1-4 Nanoscale Multilayers \'13 IMDEA Materials Institute, Madrid, Spain; www.tms.org/meetings/2013/ nanoscalemultilayers13 5-9 TACT 2013: Int\'l Thin Films Conference - The Grand Hotel, Taipei, Taiwan; www.tact.org.tw 6-11 SOFC-XIII: 13th Int\'l Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Okinawa Convention Center, Okinawa, Japan; www.sofc-xiii.com 7-11 IC-RMM1: 1st Int\'l Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials - Hunguest Hotel Palota, MiskolcLillafüred, Hungary; www.ic-rmm1.eu 8-11 MiMe: Materials in MedicineCeramics Cells and Tissues - City Hall, Faenza, Italy; http://mime.centuriaagenzia.it 14-17 74th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org _ 14-17 SPIE OptiFab 2013. Rochester Riverside Convention Center, Rochester, New York; www. spie.org/x6567.xml 27-28 ICE2013: 6th Int\'l Conference on Electroceramics - Hotel Tambau, João Pessoa, Brazil; www.ice2013.net 27-31 Fractography of Advanced Ceramics-Smolenice Castle Castle, Smolenice, Slovakia; www.imr.saske.sk 27-31 MS&T\'13: Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition Palais des Congrès de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; www.matscitech.org 27-31 ACerS Annual Meeting and Awards Banquet - Palais des Congrès de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; www.ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses or otherwise cooperates in organizing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 | www.ceramics.org 51 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics JOE DRAPCHO 24549 Detroit Rd. Westlake, Ohio 44145 (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services consulting/engineering services • DELKIC & ASSOCIATES INTERNATIONAL CERAMIC CONSULTANTS • Worldwide Services • Energy Saving Ceramic Coatings & Fiber Modules • FERIZ DELKIĆ Ceramic Engineer P.O. Box 1726, Ponte Vedra, FL 32004 Phone: (904) 285-0200 Fax: (904) 273-1616 Tape Casting Consultants, Inc. • Consultation • Slip Development • Table Top Tape Casters TAPE CASTING • Yardley, PA 19067 215-493-7900 Development Machines • Product Machines Richard E. Mistler President 52 62 A AdValue Toy email: drblade@juno.com Fused Quartz. Alumina. Zirconis Custom Fabrication Services ⚫ Special Quartz Tubes • Custom Quartzwares Cutting, Machining, Surface Finishing AdValue Technology Http://oxadaberest.com Tel: (530) 514-1100 Fax: (520) 747-4004 Email: sales@adalech.com 3470 S. 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Capabilities ADVANCED CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY Contract Machining Service Since 1980 Utmost Confidentiality • Alumina to Zirconia including MMC Exacting Tolerances •Complex shapes to slicing & dicing Fast & reliable service SONIC-MILL MACHINING THE UNMACHINABLE Your best source for: Multi-Hole Drilling-Ideal for gas discharge plates used in plasma etching and related applications. Whether it\'s ten holes or thousands of holes, we machine them perfectly and precisely. Deep-Hole Drilling-Ideal for optical fiber preforms and similar applications. We can drill high-quality, pre-polished, long, deep holes in most technical ceramics and glass materials. Machine Sales-Acquire your own drilling capabilities when you invest in Sonic-MillⓇ sinker or rotary ultrasonic drilling equipment, custom suited to your manufacturing applications. Located in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 505.839.3535 www.sonicmill.com custom/toll processing services TOLL FIRING SERVICES • Sintering, calcining, heat treating to 1700°C • Bulk materials and shapes • R&D, pilot production • One-time or ongoing EQUIPMENT • Atmosphere electric batch kilns to 27 cu. ft. • Gas batch kilns to 57 cu. ft. HARROP INDUSTRIES, INC. Columbus, Ohio 614-231-3621 www.harropusa.com sales@harropusa.com PremaTech ADVANCED CEFAMICS™ 160 Goddard Memorial Dr. Worcester, MA 01603 USA Tel: (508) 791-9549 • Fax: (508) 793-9814 ⚫E-mail: info@prematechac.com •Web site: www.PrematechAC.com PPT POWDER PROCESSING & TECHNOLOGY, LLC Your Source for Powder Processing We specialize in: • Spray Drying • Wet and Dry Milling Calcining and Sintering • Typical Applications: • Catalysts • Electronics • Ceramics • Fuel Cells For more information, please contact Sara Conn at 219-462-4141 x244 or sales@pptechnology.com 5103 Evans Avenue | Valparaiso, IN 46383 IIIIIIIII t t amp ekology.com www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 YTC AMERICA INC. (A YAZAKI GROUP COMPANY) YTC America Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Yazaki Corporation, Japan, is inviting applications for the position of Director, Materials R&D. Yazaki Corporation is a multinational company engaged in design, engineering and manufacturing of automotive parts such as wire harnesses, harness components, instrumentation clusters for multiple types of automobiles. Yazaki has substantial presence in various countries and regions of the world to support automotive OEMs\'. In addition to the automotive group, Yazaki Energy Systems Corporation, another group company, focuses on energy related equipment / system development and manufacturing. The total revenue of Yazaki group in 2012 exceeded US $12.0 billion. Yazaki Technology Center (YTC), Susono, Japan is the corporate R&D center supporting technology development needs for Yazaki group worldwide. YTC America (YTCA), operating in California from 1992, is the first R&D center for Yazaki group outside of Japan. YTCA is responsible for developing leading edge technology to support Yazaki current business sectors and also to create new business opportunities. Company typically engages in longer term R&D themes, starting from fundamental research in a chosen field and transitioning to application specific R&D activities. YTCA is active in the field of nanotechnology (carbon nanotubes, optical thin films, organic-inorganic hybrids), EMI shielding, biopolymers, metal-matrix composites, etc., and has developed a number of commercially successful products. Whereas the company has always been funded internally and will continue its operation mostly that way, future aim is also to compete selectively for research grants from US Government agencies for the purpose of establishing a professional network and creating technology commercialization opportunities. Job Responsibilities: • Managing multiple R&D projects in diverse fields of materials science • • • Conceptualizing and proposing new R&D themes •Providing idea leadership to scientists in solving challenging technical problems Providing leadership to scientists in transitioning from basic research to development of commercially feasible products and processes • Ensuring high quality results . • • Reporting R&D results to a global audience of high level executives • Budgetary planning and management • Preparing research proposals for funding from US Government agencies Interacting with technical staff of Yazaki international group companies Expected Profile: • Ph.D. in Materials Science or related technical discipline with a minimum of 10 years of experience in R&D project management • • Dynamic, motivated, and entrepreneurial with strong leadership qualities Ability to conceptualize and develop new R&D proposals – present proposals at high level executive meetings for approvals • Well-structured, logical, timely and systematic working methods Experienced in managing a team of technical staff with advanced technical degrees in multiple disciplines Experienced in providing guidance to technical staff in solving challenging problems • • • Objective but demanding with evaluation of staff performance • • Experienced in securing funding from US Government funding agencies Experienced with technology licensing and collaborations • Ability to interact with people of different countries and culture with patience and sensitivity to complete tasks effectively • US Citizen or Permanent Resident (Green Cardholder) Interested applicants should forward a cover letter outlining research management expertise, career interest plus a resume with full list of patents and publications by mail to Mrs. Linda Cohen, Manager HR, YTC America Inc., 3401 Calle Tecate, Camarillo, California 93012, or, by e-mail to Icohen@ytca.com YTCA is an Equal Opportunity Employer classified advertising Electronic and Specialty Glass Frits & Powders ceradyne, inc. VIOX GLASS TECHNOLOGY Design. Development. Manufacturing • Standard compositions • Custom melt capacity • Glass development • Calcinations • Toll processing • Test sample availability • Production volumes • Tailored particle sizes • Press-ready granulation ■ ISO 9001:2008 registered 6701 Sixth Ave. S. Seattle, WA 98108 (206) 763-2170 E-mail: glass@viox.com www.viox.com SEM COM COMPANY, INC. SPECIALTY & ELECTRONIC GLASS MANUFACTURING We provide the following services: I GLASS MELTING GLASS FABRICATION COMPOSITION DEVELOPMENT I CONSULTING Call or write for further information P.O. 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Fifth Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43219-1797 (614) 231-3621 Fax: (614) 235-3699 E-mail: sales@harropusa.com 54 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin AUGUST 2013 ADVERTISER INDEX Mohr trades ceramic machinery worldwide. When your surplus machinery is on one continent and the market is half-a-world away, it is Mohr Corporation that will put the deal together. Your only global source Mehr P.O. 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Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 Ceramic American Society Westerville, OH 43082 www.ceramics.org 55 54 O deciphering the discipline Understanding the mechanism of zirconia to zirconium carbide conversion for ultra-high-temperature ceramic applications Modern hypersonic aircraft have many structural components, such as wing leading edges and nose cones, made from carbon-carbon composites (CCC). At hypersonic speeds, the outer skin of the aircraft may reach temperatures of approximately 2,000°C,¹ triggering rapid oxidation of the material, loss of structural material, and, ultimately, failure. Thermal and environmental barrier coatings (EBC) are widely used in such harsh conditions. Yttria-stabilized zirconia is an important EBC material used to protect turbine blades² because of its versatile thermomechanical properties.³ In a new approach, YSZ is deposited on CCC substrates. The novelty lies in the fact that, as temperature increases beyond 1,657°C, CCC and YSZ react to form zirconium carbide at the CCC/ YSZ interface. Because ZrC is a weaker oxygen conductor and has higher thermal conductivity than YSZ, the performance of the protective coating actually improves over time. To understand the carbothermal reduction mechanism, where ZrO2 converts to ZrC, we investigated the reduction reaction in ultra-high-temperature experiments and with thermodynamic modeling. Four composite systems with pressed powder pellets were designed consisting of two parts: an upper half and a lower half. All four had an upper half made from 3 mol% YSZ. Two samples had a lower half consisting of a mix of YSZ and graphite to act as a source of CO. Two others were made from pure graphite. Each of these variants was used with corresponding unsintered and sintered YSZ upper halves and heat treated at 1,800°C in a flowing helium atmosphere. Quantitative X-ray diffraction results established that the carbothermal mechanism involves solid (ZrO2)-gas (CO) and solid (ZrO2)-solid (carbon) interactions. These find ings were published in Ceram. Intl., 39 [4], 448997 (2013). Thermodynamic modeling furthered our understanding of the influence of CO on ZrC formation. Modeling using FactSage 6.3 software correlated the activity of carbon due to CO, which ultimately forms ZrC. We plan to augment these findings with new experimental results to better understand how to control the kinetics of carbo-thermal reduction of zirconia. ZrC formed (moles) (a) 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.90.80.7 0.6 0.50.40.30.2 0.20.00.0 22 20 18 16 E 14 ZrC formed (× 10+ moles) (b) 00 Anchal Sondhi, Richard F. Reidy, and Thomas W. Scharf Guest columnists 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 Carbon activity, ac 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 CO partial pressure, Pco Preliminary results of thermodynamic modeling for reaction between 1 mole of ZrO2 with carbon in one case and with CO in another. (a) Influence of carbon activity on amount of ZrC formed at 1,800°C (b) Influence of CO partial pressure on amount of ZrC formed at 1,800°C. Anchal Sondhi is a PhD candidate in the department of Materials Science and Engineering at University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. He also is a member of PCSA Communications Committee. His advisers are department professor Richard F. Reidy and associate professor Thomas W. Scharf. References \'M.M. Opeka, I.G. Talmy, and J.A. Zaykoski, \"Oxidation-based materials selection for 2000C+ hypersonic aerosurfaces: Theoretical considerations and historical experience,\" J. Mater Sci., 39 [19] 5887-904 (2004). http://dx.doi. org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041686.21788.77. doi:10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041686.21788.77. 2S. Stecura, \"Two layer thermal barrier coating for high-temperature components,\" Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 56 [12] 1082-85, 1089 (1977). 3C.A. Daniels, Ceramics: Structure and properties; p. 271. Abyss Books, Washington, D.C., 2002. 4A.W. Weimer, Carbide, nitride, and boride materials synthesis and processing. Chapman and Hall, London, 1997. 5C.W. Bale, E. Bélisle, P. Chartrand, S.A. Decterov, G. Eriksson, K. Hack, I.-H. Jung, Y.-B. Kang, J. Melançon, A.D. Pelton, C. Robelin, and S. Petersen, \"FactSage thermochemical software and databases-recent developments,\" Calphad, 33 [2] 295-311 (2009). doi: 10:1016/j. calphad.2008.09.009. 56 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 6 SUBMIT YOUR ABSTRACT BY SEPTEMBER 19TH! 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