AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MARCH 2013 Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend \"Atoms to armor\"-Army Research Lab\'s new program New opportunities for transparent ceramics Art Division gets new name, broader mission President\'s Council of Student Advisors Conference previews: St. Louis Section/RCD; PACRIM 10; UNITECR\'13 Abusive Refractory Caramic 0 Tile Flame retardant alteo A NEW WORLD OF ALUMINA Meet ALTEO at the 49th Annual Symposium on Refractories in St Louis It all points to Alteo for high performance aluminas Our unique and expanding product range ensures that we can supply all the high-quality aluminas needed by refractory producers: Calcined alumina, with an unmatched capacity ◆Reactive aluminas, the most economical and high-performing Tabular, fused and zirconia aluminas. www.alteo-alumina.com Conception: sharkydesign.net contents feature articles March 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 2 Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend. Mohan Ramisetty, Suri Sastri, Uday Kashalikar, Lee M. Goldman, and Nagrenda Nag Aluminum oxynitride and magnesium-spinel are lightweight, strong, and transparent armor materials. Besides protecting soldiers and equipment, there are interesting optics applications for these materials, too. 20 \"Atoms to armor\"-Army invests in basic research to design new materials 26 Eileen De Guire In this interview, Army Research Laboratory\'s chief scientist James McCauley tells how ARL is answering a challenge to design new materials from the atomic scale up with a $120 million, potential 10-year basic research program. New opportunities for transparent ceramics Shi Chen and Yiquan Wu From armor to lasers to medical imaging equipment, transparent polycrystalline ceramics deliver a unique mix of properties. This overview surveys the wide range of transparent ceramic compositions, the history of their development, and applications for these materials. meetings St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics Division 32 cover story Transparent polycrystalline spinel armor protects soldiers and instruments, but these materials do much more than stop projectiles. (Credit: Surmet.) - page 20 100 μm Ceramic body 8 pecies PACRIM 10, including GOMD 2013 38 Plenary speakers... .39 Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Tentative schedule of events 39 .40 pecies Hotel information .40 Short courses 40 Themes and symposia.. UNITECR 2013 Keynote and plenary speakers. Schedule at a glance Hotel information Technical program Short courses departments News & Trends 41 42 The Society\'s Art Division recasts itself with a new name and bigger mission. 42 (Credit: Marc Walton; NSF.) 42 - page 13 .42 43 43 3 • Big awards for little SOFC device • Business news • Good news for touchscreen glass: Tablet market expected to hit 72 million by 2018 • EU awards €1B for graphene research • Roskill: Upturn in shipped, traded bauxite; market to be oversupplied short term • India creates online glass, ceramics core lecture series on YouTube ACers Spotlight • ACers to foster \'Technical Interest Groups\' • Welcome to our newest Corporate Member! • Graduate student poster contest at MS&T\'13 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org research briefs In-situ observation of microcracks in UHTCs at high-temperature with X-ray computed tomography (Credit: Ritchie, LBNL.) - page 17 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Peter Wray, Director of Communications ph: 614-794-5853 fx: 614-794-5813 pwray@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess M. Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Olivia Graeve, Chair, Alfred University Allen Apblett, Oklahoma State University Andrew Gyekenyesi, Ohio Aerospace Institute Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London Peter Wray, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Patricia A. Janeway, Associate Publisher pjaneway@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles G. Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Megan Bricker, Dir. Marketing & Membership Services mbricker@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Dir. Technical Publications & Meetings mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Linda Ballinger, Director of Finance and Operations Iballinger@ceramics.org Peter Wray, Director of Communications pwray@ceramics.org Officers Richard Brow, President David Green, President-elect George Wicks, Past President Ted Day Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 William Fahrenholtz, Director 2009-2013 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 William Lee, Director 2010-2013 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Robert Schwartz, Director 2010-2013 Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org contents March 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 2 • Last chance: Student UNITECR 2013 scholarship opportunity • PayPal now accepted for ACerS website orders • GEMS Award call for papers • In Memoriam • • 49th refractory symposium March 26-28 Upcoming award nomination deadlines: Take note • Names in the news • ACers launches new Arts, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division • Back to school: Revived EIC to boosts Society\'s education efforts Ceramics in Energy • Flexible CIGS solar cells from Empa break efficiency record Ceramics in the Environment 15 16 • Rare-earth compounds defeat not-so-rare corrosion on aluminum fighter jets 17 Research Briefs • Extreme testing: Mechanical testing of UHTCs at ultra-high temperatures • Oxide ceramics handle heat, struggle with corrosion in reverse-flow pyrolysis petrochemical reactors • New Critical Materials Hub to take broad approach to rare earths, other strategic materials resources Calendar New products Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 44 45 45 48 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2013. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July and November, as a “dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic format (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, e-mail delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 92, No. 2, pp 1-48. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 news & trends Big awards for little SOFC device When the Consumer Electronics Show was going on in Las Vegas in January, one item that got a lot of attention aims to set us free from the power cords that recharge the cell phones, laptops, tablets, and other power-hungry electronics we happily lug around. The aptly named company, Lilliputian Systems, showcased its portable SOFC device-Nectar-that provides up to two weeks of grid-free juice. The little power device was a big winner at CES and brought several sweet awards home from the show, according to a company press release. They include the CES Innovations Award for Business news 3M launches high-performance embedded capacitance material (www.3m. com)... Nippon Electric Glass Co. offers widest and thinnest glass-ribbon (www. neg.co.jp)... Pilkington is to close its factory site in Aintree, UK (www. pilkington.com)... RHI also signed share purchase agreement to acquire Indian Orient Refractories Ltd. (www.rhi-ag. com)... Ceram signs agreement with AstraZeneca on drug delivery system (www.ceram.com)... Owens-Illinois reports an annual profit in 2012 (www.o-i. com)... Raytheon achieves UK first with opening of new silicon carbide foundry (www.raytheon.com)... Zircoa transfers product business activities from Didier, forms Zircoa GmbH (www.zircoa.com)... Saint-Gobain begins Verallia exit with $1.7 billion deal (www.saint-gobain.com)... RT Vanderbilt announces new structure, major expansion (www.rtvanderbilt. com)... Electrochromic glass from Sage keeps operating rooms bright (www. sageglass.com)... PyroMax proppant Engineering and Design in the Portable Power category, Popular Science Product of the Future Award (one of 15 selected), and the Gotta be Mobile Best of CES Award (one of twelve selected). (Keep in mind, thousands of new products are launched at CES.) \"Nectar is the only solution that truly addresses the challenge of keeping today\'s mobile devices powered,\" says Mouli Ramani, the company\'s vice presi dent of business development. The YSZ-electrolyte SOFC is fueled with small butane canisters that are easily replaced. The company has a nice white paper describing how the technology works available online. Lillliputian says it expects to start shipping the devices in summer or fall of this year. facility slated to open in March (www. pyramaxceramics.com)... MesoCoat\'s metal cladding plant in Euclid is first step in growth plan (www.abakaninc.com)... PPG touts coatings, fiberglass and silica innovations at international auto show (www.ppg.com)... Nanovea offers white paper on surface boundary measurement using 3D profilometery (www.nanovea. com)... Crystex Composites LLC announces \'green\' achievement (www.crystexllc. com)... Lafarge creates joint venture with Elementia to combine cement assets in Mexico (www.lafarge.com)... Netzsch to supply SpaceX\'s thermal analysis lab (www.netzsch.com)... Morgan Thermal Ceramics offers mastics for maintenance and hot spot repair (www.morganthermalceramics.com)... Orbite Aluminae Inc. named as national winner of Canada\'s 2012 new technology awards (www. orbitealuminae.com)... Cabot Aerogel introduces industrial insulation blanket for nectar ww Nectar portable SOFC. Preorders are being accepted online through retailer Brookstone. There is some evidence that the company is gearing up-a hiring spree has been underway. Visit: www.nectarpower.com Good news for touchscreen glass: Tablet market expected to hit 72 million by 2018 If it feels like iPads, Kindle Fires, Galaxys, and similar tablet devices are everywhere, you are right. If you feel like you are the only one without one, you are nearly right. One measure of tablet devices trends is to look at activation levels on Christmas Day. Historically, more devices are activated on Dec. 25 than any other day of the year. (Credit: Lilliputian Systems.) The trend held for Christmas 2012, but blew previous records out of the water, according to an analysis by Flurry, a company specializing in mobile app analytics. Christmas Day 2012 saw 17.4 million activations compared to 6.8 million activations on Christmas Day 2011 (itself a record-breaker). That is an increase of more than 150 percent. With so many tablets out there, what are the prognosticators saying about the future for tablets? A new report by high temp applications (www.cabot-corp. Transparency Market Research predicts that the market is heading up, up, up. com) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 3 Onews & trends (Credit: Roskill.) Unite(r 2012 Christmas Day tablet device activation increased by 150 percent in 2012. The report, \"Tablet PC Market-U.S. Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth And Forecast, 2012-2018,\" offers these numbers and estimates. 34.2 million units: US tablet shipments in 2012. . 71.6 million units: Estimated US tablet shipments by 2018. • 18 percent: Estimated annual growth rate of corporate use from 20122018. Visit: www.transparencymarket research.com/tablet-pc.html EU awards €1B for graphene research The European Commission, the executive body of the EU, announced in late January that it would sponsor €1 billion in research on graphene aimed at delivering “10 years of worldbeating science at the crossroads of science and technology,\" according to a press release. The EC will fund directly €54 million, and the rest of the funding will come from other research programs and partnerships. According to the EU\'s Future and Emerging Technologies website, the award has been almost two years in the making. In July 2010, 21 proposals were submitted and six were selected as pilots. The six projects, called \"FET Flagship Initiatives,\" received €1.5 million awards starting in May 2011 to develop an \"integrated research agenda,\" which were to include an \"assessment 4 (Credit: ACerS.) of feasibility in scientific, technical, and financial terms.\" The FET falls under the large umbrella of the EU\'s research and innovation funding framework program, called Horizon 2020, the goal of which is to fund research that will drive innovation, economic growth, and jobs. In late 2012 a panel of 25 experts evaluated final proposals and choose two winners. Jari Kinaret of Sweden\'s Chalmers University leads the \"Graphene\" project, which will involve more than 100 research groups and 136 principle investigators. The other winning project involves human brain research. Visit: www.europe.eu/research/horizon2020. Roskill: Upturn in shipped, traded bauxite; market to be oversupplied short term In what is probably good news for refractory ceramics producers, a new report from a UK-based market research company, Roskill, says that alumina refining and bauxite production have caught up-at least temporarily-with the disrupting surge in demand from Asia, particularly China, for feedstock for the aluminum industry. China\'s enormous appetite for bauxite and alumina has been a gamechanger for at least the past five years, and with that demand, the market responded with higher prices in the 2007-09 period. Unfortunately for United States refractory makers, this was also the same timeframe in which they were just starting to benefit from more demand for their products from the steel industry. This effectively put a big squeeze on their profits. Times changed, however, and the economic turbulence of the last halfdecade eased some of the supplydemand issues. Demand particularly tapered in the West, though, according to Roskill, demand has remained fairly strong in China (in addition to big buying from businesses in India and Australa 20% Caribbean/South Amenca 18% Asia 40% Africa 7%6 Europe 4% North America .0% Global bauxite production. Asian supply has grown from 16 percent to 45 percent over the last decade. the Middle East). But, the lull in demand provided enough breathing space for bauxite producers to expand capacity. China, Indonesia, and India have joined Australia as major producers (and Asia now accounts for 45 percent of global supply, compared with 16 percent a decade ago, reports Roskill). Roskill says, \"Global alumina production increased from 80 million tons to 96 million tons between 2007 and 2011, with most of the supply increase from China, which is now the largest producer. More refinery capacity is planned over the next three years, with another 14 million tons in China alone.\" New production projects also are underway in Australia, Guinea, Ghana, Indonesia, and Fiji. If all of the planned production comes online in the next three years, Roskill predicts that the market effectively shifts to an oversupplied state-at least in the short term. Some of the above does not necessarily impact refractory makers, who generally fret over the prices and supply stabilities of calcined bauxites. There tends to be fewer producers for this market. But, according to Roskill, “[N]ew sources of supply and expansions in Guyana and Brazil may ease fears of future shortages.\" The report also notes, “European supply of non-metallurgical bauxites has increased over the last five years, mainly through growing production in Greece, Turkey, and Russia.\" Of course, the demand for refractory grade bauxite will continue to be conwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 nected mainly to the ups and downs of the iron and steel industry, but Roskill predicts that the shale gas/oil industry\'s demand for proppants will also have a larger influence over supplies and prices than in previous periods. Roskill\'s website currently offers a discount of 15 percent for the entire report, but inquire first about this as this may have only applied to advanced-sales orders. Also, despite some conflicting information on some of Roskill\'s web pages, the final version of the company\'s report now available. Visit: www.roskill.com/reports/ industrial-minerals/bauxite India creates online glass, ceramics core lecture series on YouTube \"Massive open online courses” initiatives will not be confined to the West. India, via YouTube, has launched an array of free, organized, undergraduatelevel lectures aimed at providing more public access to fundamental materials science and engineering topics, including a separate series of 50-60 minute lectures that focused on basic core glass and ceramics topics. These online courses are part of an impressive national effort to broaden exposure to science and engineering education opportunities that stems from a specific policy and the creation of the country\'s National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL). One of the key NPTEL strategies is to leverage the knowledge and communications infrastructure of the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), the Technical Teacher Training Institutes, and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). During what it describes as \"Phase 1,\" NPTEL developed an initial set of videos and over 260 web-based courses available only through its website. With \"Phase 2,\" the program expanded the offerings on YouTube and is attempting to expand the course offerings to over 1,000 topics. For example, the IIT and IISc have posted their \"Processing of Non Metals\" modules, which includes two lectures on \"Engineering Materials and Processing,\" plus specific modules on glass, ceramics, and ceramic matrix composites processing. Modules on plastics, polymers, and secondary processing of composite materiAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Your kiln. als are also offered. All of these can be found separately on YouTube, but NPTEL has aggregated links for the modules and lectures on a single page. Visit: www.nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/11210708 Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop\'s experienced staff will thoroughly analyze your process and objectives before recommending a final solution. This review often includes precise characterization of your ceramic materials and pilot testing at our in-house facility. After defining the most efficient thermal cycle for your product, Harrop then engineers an energy-efficient, properly sized kiln that is uniquely suited to your operation. Hundreds of customers will tell you that this expert application engineering is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP INDUSTRIES, INC. Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com 5 acers spotlight 6 ACers to foster \'Technical Interest Groups\' By Richard K. Brow, ACerS President One of the great strengths of The American Ceramic Society is the opportunity for members to organize around topics of professional or personal interest. This is best reflected in our divisions, where members organize meetings and publications related to specific materials (e.g., glass, refractories, engineered ceramics) and functions (electronic ceramics, nuclear and environmental technologies, basic sciences, etc.). The divisions attract most of our members to ACerS by their focus on activities specific to the divisions\' missions. However, the leaders of the Society recognize there are other areas of interest to the worldwide ceramics community that may cut across several divisions or that may not yet be covered well by any particular division. These areas could provide new opportunities for ACerS members. To that end, the ACerS Board of Directors has approved the creation of a new structure-a Technical Interest Group (TIG)-as a new way for members to organize around interdisciplinary or emerging topics. Welcome to our newest Corporate Member! ACerS recognizes organizations that have joined the Society as Corporate Members. For more information on becoming a Corporate Member, contact Tricia Freshour at tfreshour@ceramics. org, or visit ACerS special Corporate Member web page, www.ceramics.org/ corporate. CCTC 三环集团 Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co. Guangdong, China www.cctc.cc TIGs are intended to allow ACerS members, and those colleagues who are not yet members, to get together and coordinate around specific ceramicrelated topics. Some topics may be broader and interdisciplinary. For example, biomaterials, computational materials science, and nanomaterials are each of interest to members in many divisions. A TIG in one of these areas would promote cross-divisional collaborations and would be an entry point into ACerS for nonmembers interested in the topic. Other topics may, initially, be more specific to the interests of a particular division, such as lead-free piezoelectric materials or new methods for characterizing refractory materials. A TIG could develop programs for well-established meetings or, if the topic is \"hot\" enough, one could organize a new meeting for ACerS. TIGs also could produce publications, organize roundrobin tests of materials, develop new standards, etc. TIGs could bring together industrial members interested in emerging technologies, such as additive manufacturing, or in responding to specific regulatory pressures. In general, a TIG will reflect the interests of the members who organize it. Graduate student poster contest at MS&T\'13 Are you a graduate student? Did you submit a poster abstract for MS&T\'13? The Graduate Student Poster Competition is open to any graduate student who submits a poster abstract. The competition recognizes superior research performed during graduate study. Winners will be announced during the opening poster session. First-, second-, and third-place prizes are $250, $150, and $100, respectively. All accepted graduate student posters are eligible to enter the competition. Interested students should submit an abstract to the MS&T\'13 callfor-papers before the deadline, March 15, 2013. (MS&T is in Montreal, Canada, Oct. 27-31.) The Board\'s vision for the Technical Interest Groups is one of simple organization, wide publicity, and integration into Society-wide activities, with an eye to recruiting new members from around the world to ACerS. The Society\'s Strategic Planning and Emerging Opportunities (SPEO) committee, currently chaired by ACerS presidentelect, David Green, is responsible for coordinating the formation of the TIGs. To form a TIG, the topic, a chair and a cochair, plus six additional members should be identified in a message to Mark Mecklenborg (mmecklenborg@ ceramics.org), the ACerS staff member who will work with the SPEO to support the TIGs. The members of each TIG will determine its activities, and it will be the responsibility of the TIGs to provide the ACerS Board with short reports that summarize their annual activities. If you would like to know more about the Technical Interest Groups, or if you have an idea for a TIG and would like to find other members with similar interests, do not hesitate to contact me. I look forward to seeing what our members come up with! I can be reached at brow@mst.edu. ACerS\'s Student Activities Committee organizes this poster competition. Visit http://tinyurl.com/ad3oxvq for more information about the poster contest. Last chance: Student UNITECR 2013 scholarship opportunity The North American Members (NAM) of the UNITECR International Executive Board have established funding to support student attendance and participation in the Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR) to be held Sept. 10-13, 2013, in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. NAM will award 10-20 scholarships based on academic merit and/or the www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 applicant\'s demonstrated experience or interest in the field of refractories. Any undergraduate or graduate student studying at a North American institution, who will be enrolled full time in the 2013-2014 academic year in pursuit of a degree in ceramic engineering, materials engineering, metallurgical engineering, mechanical engineering, or similar discipline, is eligible to apply. Funding amounts will be based on whether the student is an attendee only versus a presenter of an accepted technical paper. Complete applications must be received by March 31, 2013. Learn about how to apply by visiting the UNITECR website at www.unitecr2013.org, and click on \"Students.\" PayPal now accepted for ACerS website orders ACerS is pleased to announce that PayPal is now a payment option for online orders. This includes membership renewals, meeting registrations, short courses, phase diagram products, and print journal subscriptions for members. Simply select PayPal when you are at the checkout screen and complete the information just as you would for any other PayPal transaction. Payment by credit card (Visa, MasterCard, and American Express) also will continue as a payment option for products ordered online. GEMS Award call for papers The annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science Awards recognize the outstanding achievements of up to 10 graduate students in materials science and engineering. The award is open to all graduate students who are making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at MS&T\'13. All papers must be submitted by March 15, 2013. The Basic Science Division of ACerS sponsors the awards. Visit www.ceramics.org/gems for more information about the GEMS Awards and instructions for submitting a paper. Marija Kosec Clarence L. Hoenig J. Lambert Bates A DELTECH, INC. In Memoriam Robert W. Richards Markus Blumenberg Harold G. Sowman WE BUILD Some detailed obituaries also can be found on the ACerS website, www. ceramics.org/in-memoriam. THE FURNACE TO FIT YOUR NEED® Sustained Operating Temperatures up to 2000°C www.deltechfurnaces.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 7 acers spotlight 49th refractory symposium March 26-28 \"Refractory Challenges in the Chemical and Petro-Chemical Industries\" is a timely topic, particularly given the boom in shale gas production, and it is the theme of the annual symposium organized by ACerS\' St. Louis Section and the Society\'s Refractory Ceramics Division. The meeting, to be held in St. Louis, Mo., at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel, will also honor the distinguished J.P. Willi with its 2013 Theodore J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award. Organizers for the event include Section chair Dilip Jain (Kyanite Mining), RCD chair Bill Headrick (Missouri Refractories Company), and program coordinators, Jens Decker (Stellar Materials) and Rick Volk (UniRef). Although the technical sessions get underway Wednesday, March 27, organizers are planning a special kickoff and mixer event Tuesday night. A discounted block of rooms has been reserved at the Hilton for this meeting. Please refer to Group Code CER when reserving a room for which the rate is $104.00 single/double per night. Reservations must be made before March 8, 2013. For more information about the symposium, contact Patty Smith, Univ. of Missouri S&T, 573-341-6265, psmith@ mst.edu. Exposition participants Participants include Almatis, AluChem, Alteo, The American Ceramic Society, BassTech International, Calucem, CE Minerals, Christy Minerals, Cilas Particle Size, DIFK GmbH, Fibercon Int\'l., Great Lakes Minerals, Kerneos, Kyanite Mining, LAEIS GmbH, Lancaster Products, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Orton Ceramic Foundation, Possehl Erzkontor N.A., Refractories Worldforum, Refractory Minerals, TAM Ceramics, and Washington Mills 8 Planje Award The annual T.J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award will presented to J.P. Willi. Willi has long been an outstanding fixture in the refractories field and is the principal of Sunset Refractories Services, a consulting firm specializing in manufacturing and quality control, ISO 9000, and environmental compliance Schedule-at-a-glance March 26, 2013 Kickoff Event March 27th, 2013 Registration and Coffee Welcome and Introductions Morning Technical Sessions The American eramic www.ceramics.org for the refractory industry. Willi, a native of Chicago, joined ACerS in 1961 and is a Fellow of the Society. 5:00 p.m. 7:30 a.m. 8:15 a.m. - 8:30 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 11:45 a.m. Willi • 60 Years of Petroleum & Petrochemicals Industry Refractories History & Opportunities for the Future • Refinery Catalytic Cracking Units-Refractory Uses and Challenges • ASTM C-704 Abrasion Standard • Evaluating the Resistance of Container-Glass Furnace Refractories to Alkali Attack • Elevated Temperature Abrasion Testing Luncheon Banquet Presentation of the T.J. Planje Award 11:45 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. 1:30 p.m. 1:30 p.m. 4:45 p.m. Metal Selection for Gunite Veneer Repairs Afternoon Technical Sessions • • Deterioration of Calcium Aluminate Bonded Insulated Monolithics in Field Conditions • Refractory Materials Based on Magnesia-Alumina Spinel for Improved Performance in Coal Gasification Environments • The Use of Low Biopersistence Fibers in Refineries and Chemical Plants • Developing Better Refractories for The Steel Industry: The Steel Manufacturing Research Center RCD Annual Members Meeting Closing Remarks Exposition and Cocktail Hour Buffet Dinner March 28th, 2013 RCD Exec. Committee Breakfast Meeting Welcome and Introductions Morning Technical Sessions 4:45 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. -7:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 6:30 a.m. 8:15 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 8:30 a.m. 11:45 a.m. Hydrogen Corrosion: General Principles and Experimental Approach • Raw Material Concepts for SiO2-Free High Strength Castables in the Temperature Range up to 1,200°C • Energy Efficient Lining Designs for Today\'s Fired Heaters Application of Cast-Off Materials as Proppants for Hydrofacturing • • Cement Bonded Alumina Systems for Chemical and Petro-Chemical Applications Closing remarks St. Louis Section Officer Business Meeting 11:45 a.m. - Noon Noon www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Credit: Morgan Ceramics.) Upcoming award nomination deadlines: Take note Names in the news Although Jan. 15 was the main deadline for Society award nominations that will be presented at MS&T 2013, there are some with later deadlines worth considering. The awards below are listed in order of deadline date. All, except the Sosman Award, will be presented at MS&T in October 2013: Feb. 28, 2013: Basic Science Division\'s Robert B. Sosman Award and Lecture (for 2014) The Sosman Award is the highest recognition of scientific accomplishment given in recognition of outstanding achievement in basic science in an area that results in a significant impact to the field of ceramics. April 1, 2013: Du-Co Ceramics Scholarship Award This $3,000 scholarship is awarded to an undergraduate student pursing a degree in ceramic science, ceramic engineering, materials science, materials engineering, or any combination of these degrees. Du-Co Ceramics Young Professional Award This $1,500 honorarium is awarded to a young professional member of ACerS who demonstrates exceptional leadership and service to ACerS. April 15, 2013: Ceramic Education Council\'s Outstanding Educator Award This award recognizes truly outstanding work and creativity in teaching, directing student research, or in the general educational process (lectures, publications, etc.) of ceramic educators. June 30, 2013: Glass and Optical Materials Division\'s Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award This award encourages and recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/or study in glass science or technology. July 31, 2013: Electronics Division\'s Edward C. Henry Award This award is given annually for an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Electronics Division\'s Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship The purpose of this $2,000 tuition award is to encourage academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics/materials science and engineering. The 2013 essay topic is, \"Coupled Properties for Multi-functional Electroceramics.\" Additional information and nomination forms for these awards can be found at ceramics.org/awards. Contact: Marcia Stout at mstout@ceramics.org. Cui awarded Morgan Ceramics academic research prize Bai Cui, a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign, won the 2012 Professor Sir Richard Brook Prize for the Best Ceramics PhD dissertation in the UK. The prize is sponsored by Morgan Ceramics and organized by the Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics at Imperial College London. Morgan Ceramics CEO, Andrew Hosty (left), congratulates Cui.. Andrew Hosty, chief executive officer of Morgan Ceramics, presented the prize to Cui at the Morgan Technical Ceramics site in Woodridge, N.J., for his study, \"Microstructural Evolution and Oxidation Behavior of Spark Plasma Sintered MAX Ceramics,\" undertaken while Cui was at Imperial College London. The prize included £1,000, a certificate, and an engraved glass award. Cui earned his PhD from Imperial College London. Yttrium Oxide & other Rare Earth materials Y Or Fe 9 N Mo Th La W Re c 0 A NOY TE R Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Leading Supplier of Rare Earth Materials 20 Years of Reliability CHEMICAL AND LANTHANIDE MATERIALS C&L C&L DEVELOPMENT CORP 12930 Saratoga Avenue, Suite D-6, Saratoga, CA 95070 Tel: 1.408.864.0680 Fax: 1.408.864.0930 Email: info@cand development.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org www.candidevelopment.com 9 acers spotlight (Credit: Jennifer A. Lewis.) Fahrenholtz named Curators\' Professor William G. Fahrenholtz, professor of ceramic engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology and a member of ACerS Board of Directors, has been named Curators\' Professor of ceramic engineering. Fahrenholtz The University of Missouri Board of Curators bestows the Curators\' Professor title upon outstanding scholars with established reputations in their field of study. Fahrenholtz tells the Bulletin he is especially honored because the Board of Curators is composed of other distinguished faculty across the University of Missouri system. Fahrenholtz\'s recent research has focused on ultra-high-temperature ceramics-materials with melting temperatures above 3,000°C. These ceramics could be employed on hypersonic aerospace vehicles to protect them from the heat generated as they fly through the atmosphere at speeds five times the speed of sound or higher. Fahrenholtz earned bachelor\'s and master\'s of science degrees in ceramic engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a PhD in chemical engineering from the University of New Mexico. He joined the Missouri S&T faculty in 1999. Fahrenholtz has authored or coauthored more than 95 journal articles and delivered or coauthored more than 200 presentations at international technical conferences. ORNL\'s Zinkle elected to National Academy of Engineering The National Academy of Engineering elected Steven J. Zinkle, a senior materials researcher at the Department of Energy\'s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, to its membership. Membership in the NAE is among engineering\'s top professional honors. The 10 academy cites Zinkle\'s work \"for advancing understanding of radiation damage in metallic and ceramic components.\" Zinkle, a UT-Battelle Corporate Fellow Zinkle and chief scientist for the laboratory\'s Nuclear Science and Engineering Directorate, researches deformation and fracture mechanisms in structural materials and the radiation effects on ceramic materials and metallic alloys for fusion and fission reactors. Zinkle is the author or coauthor of more than 240 peer-reviewed articles. He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, The American Ceramic Society, ASM International, the American Nuclear Society, and The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society. In 2006, the DOE awarded Zinkle its E.O. Lawrence Award for his contributions to the scientific understanding of the effects of radiation on the properties of materials and for identifying performance limits for materials in radiation environments. Zinkle joined ORNL in 1985 as a Eugene Wigner fellow. He led the laboratory\'s nuclear materials and science technology group beginning in 2001 and directed ORNL\'s Materials Science and Technology Division from 2006 to 2010. He earned BS, MS and PhD degrees in nuclear engineering, as well as a MS in materials science, from the University of Wisconsin. Lewis joins Harvard\'s SEAS, Wyss Institute Jennifer A. Lewis was appointed the first Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and a core faculty member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University. Lewis is the first senior faculty member to occupy a Wyssendowed professorial chair. (Credit: Oak Ridge National Laboratory.) Lewis studies 3D printing and biomimetic materials. Her understanding of the chemistry and physics of soft materials enables her to design and manipulate various gels, polymers, Lewis and colloidal suspensions and create architectures that mimic those found in nature, such as bone, spider webs, or vascular networks. She is interested in applying her 3D platform to printed electronics, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and advanced materials for energy harvesting and storage. Previously, Lewis was the Hans Thurnauer Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and director of the Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she started her career in 1990. She has received numerous honors, including the National Science Foundation Presidential Faculty Fellow Award, the Brunauer Award from the Cements Division of The American Ceramic Society, the Langmuir Lecture Award from the American Chemical Society, and the Materials Research Society Medal. She is a Fellow of ACerS, the American Physical Society, the MRS, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Wachsman wins fuel cell award The University of Maryland\'s Eric Wachsman recently won a 2012 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition award. The awards are given annually to those who have demonstrated significant leadership in promoting the overall advancement of fuel cell technology. Wachsman, director of UM\'s Energy Research Center, is the William L. Crentz Centennial Chair in Energy Research with appointments in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Department of Chemical Engineering at the school. He earned his PhD in materials science and engineering from Stanford University and his BS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 Wachsman in chemical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. Wachsman is a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society and The Electrochemical Society. He currently is editor-in-chief of Ionics and former associate editor of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. His research focuses on solid-ion-conducting materials and electrocatalysts and includes the development of solid oxide fuel cells, ion-transport membrane reactors, solid-state gas sensors, and the electrocatalytic conversion of CH 4, CO2, and NO, using advanced ion-conducting materials. Wachsman has more than 200 publications and eight patents on ionic and electronic transport in materials, their catalytic properties, and device performance. Engineers\' Council presents Lin with achievement award Hua-Tay Lin received the Distinguished Engineering Achievement Award of the Engineers\' Council at the 58th Annual Honors and Awards Banquet celebrating 2013 National Engineers Week in February. Lin, distinguished R&D staff member of the Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is a Fellow of The American Ceramic Society and past president of ACerS\'s Engineering Ceramics Division. its founders established the Engineers\' Council in 1955 as a not-for-profit professional society organized to advance education in engineering and the sciences, encourage engineering career selection by youth, and recognize engineers for their significant accomplishments. Its National Engineers Week Honors and Awards Banquet is the largest Engineers Week celebration nationwide, with attendance of more than 600 people representing major engineering, manufacturing, education, and technical society organizations. Lin The Engineers\' Council annually awards the \"Distinguished Engineering Achievement Award\" to honor individuals who are outstanding in professional qualities and have a top reputation for engineering accomplishments and leadership. Lin was recognized for his \"pioneering and seminal contributions and global leadership in the field of science, engineering, and applications of advanced ceramics and composite materials and technologies.” Lin\'s work focuses on mechanical reliability of ceramic components and electronic devices, high-temperature mechanical performance of ceramics and composites, high-temperature steam effects on mechanical reliability of ceramics and environmental barrier coating systems, and engineering of microstructure and properties of ceramics, composites, and coatings. Lin serves as the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. He earned his BS degree in physics from National Central University, Taiwan, and his MS and PhD degrees in materials engineering from Auburn University. ECerS presents Šajgalík with 2013 Stuijts Award The European Ceramic Society announced that it is giving its Stuijts Award for 2013 to Pavol Šajgalík, a member of the Institute American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CENTORR Vacuum Industries VI Batch Hot Press Continuous All types of High Temperature Ceramics Processing Vacuum Furnaces • • • • PRODUCTION AND LABORATORY All non-oxides: SIC, AIN, BN, TiB2, B4C & Si3N4 Hot Presses from 0.5 to 1500 tons CVI has built over 6,500 furnaces since 1954 Max Possible Temperature: 3,500°C (6,332°F) Hot Zones: 10 cc to 28 cu meters (0.6 cu in to 990 cu ft) Debind, Sinter, Anneal, Hot Press, Diffusion Bond, CVD, CVI, MIM CVI testing in our lab to 2,800°C (5,072°F) Worldwide Field Service, rebuilds and parts for all makes Centorr Vacuum Industries, Inc. 55 Northeastern Blvd., Nashua NH 03062 USA Toll free: 800-962-8631 Ph: 603-595-7233 • Fax: 603-595-9220 E-mail: sales@centorr.com Details at www.centorr.com/cb Ⓡ so Shandong Shengquan Chemical Co Ltd(SQH®) Leading Phenolic Resin Producer In China A joint venture between UK Hepworth and China SQ Group. Sales in 2012 over 148,000 tons and new capacity of 200,000 tons/year to be commissioned by Aug 2013. Serving most multinational and local refractory companies for both shaped and monolithic products. Contact: Mr. Chris Huang Tel: +86 531.8898.0618 Email: chris.huang@shengquan.com Website: www.shengquan.com Let\'s meet at UNITECR 2013. 11 acers spotlight ACerS launches new Arts, Archaeology, and Conservation Science Division What do cutting edge materials research and the investigation of ancient ceramic pots have in common? More than what you might think, and the connections are the basis of a \"new\" division of The American Ceramic Society. For example, Marc Walton, a new ACerS member and a conservation scientist at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles, recently collaborated with staff from the Aerospace Corporation and the DOE\'s SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University to investigate the ancient technology used to create a pottery vessel decorated with red and black figures produced in ancient Greece that dates from the 6th to the 4th centuries B.C. Walton and the other collaborators employed an arsenal of advanced X-ray spectrographic techniques to gain a deeper knowledge of iron-spinel chemistry in the vessel and insights into the how and when it was produced-and possibly who produced it. The of work in which Walton is type involved is the basis for the revitalization and renaming of ACerS\'s former Arts Division. The retitled group-now called the Arts, Archaeology, and Conservation Science Division (AACS)-was approved by the Society\'s Board of Directors in January, which also approved an acting set of officers. Katherine Faber, Walter P. Murphy professor in materials science and engineering at Northwestern University\'s McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science and AACS\'s new trustee, explains that the new division has to do with the numerous intersection points between art and materials science. \"First of all, artists\' materials are of interest to materials scientists and ceramic scientists,\" says Faber. \"These can range all the way from pottery to paints that, as they cure, become brittle and behave like ceramic materials. So, we have an opportunity to use tools that we use for highly technical materials to also study artists\' materials. Besides spectroscopy, we can use scanning and transmission electron microscopies, which are impor12 tant, because we have examples of artists who used nanomaterials back in the 18th century. Materials experts can now help to find out about the constituents of objects like those, given the nanoprobes we have today.\" Faber emphasizes that the division would be concerned with artists\' materials and would use the techniques materials researchers are familiar with to think about processing methods or the techniques used to fabricate objects of cultural heritage. She says, \"Someone with expertise in phase equilibria could look at an object thousands of years old and determine which phases are present, and then determine that it would take a specific temperature in order to produce those phases. This would help determine what kind of furnace or kiln would be needed to produce a temperature that high.\" Faber credits another ACerS member, Lynnette Madsen, for being an effective champion of the new division. Madsen directs the National Science Foundation\'s ceramics research program, and Faber recounts how Madsen noticed a few years ago that the thenArts Division had a very small following. \"She was perplexed by that, and also intrigued. Intrigued enough to join the division on the spot and think about how it could be reconfigured, because she-and she is not alone in her thinking-sees that the field of art is really a wonderful way to teach people about science,\" says Faber. Workshop seeds new division About the same time, NSF, in conjunction with the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, sponsored a workshop that focused on the intersection between art and science, especially in regard to materials science and chemistry. An outgrowth of that workshop was funding for the NSF Chemistry and Materials Research Cultural Heritage Science program. Mellon Foundation in recent years, along with the new NSF investments, Faber says the support of the Black gloss Coral red b) Fe species c) Fe\" species Ceramic body 100 μm X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) maps generated of Greek pottery vessel materials: (a) optical image showing black gloss (right) and coral red (left); (b) distribution of Fe2+ species (measuring iron present in an oxidation state); and (c) distribution of Fe3+ species (measuring specific minerals present). has helped fuel a growing interest in the United States toward issues of conservation science. \"Over the last three years, NSF has funded about $9 million in research, and one requirement for that funding is that the work be collaborative between universities and museums. We are now seeing a number of these partnerships develop across the country, and I think that it is significant that ACerS has the opportunity to bring many of the participants into the Society and provide a forum for them to describe their research,\" she says. Faber says that it is important to note that these art and archaeology projects are not new to ACerS or its members. \"In fact, one of our illustrious members, now deceased-David Kingery-was very involved in looking at the history of archaeological materials. Kingery is known as the \'father of modern ceramics.\' However, in the latter part of his career, Kingery turned his attention to archaeological materials and conducted symposia on \'Ceramics and Civilization\' at ACerS meetings, proceedings of which are still available.” The AACS Division will have a dedicated webpage and its own set of initial www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Credit: Marc Walton; NSF.) leaders. Several others have stepped forward to help with the planning and programming for the new division. Madsen is serving as chair and Glenn Gates, from the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Md., is the AACS Division\'s new secretary. The aforementioned Walton is the division\'s new vice chair. Faber notes that Gates and Walton are conservation scientists whose background brings an important perspective to the division. As the AACS trustee, Faber will serve as the link between AACS and the Society\'s Board of Directors. According to Faber, AACS looks to do programming at future meetings, and the annual MS&T meetings could be a likely venue for sessions or symposia because there is complimentary work going on within other materials societies, such as investigations into archaeological metals. New Chicago conservation science institute evidence of growing interest Conservation science is not something new to Faber. In 2004, she and Francesca Casadio, the Andrew W. Mellon Senior Conservation Scientist at the Chicago Art Institute, launched an Art Institute-Northwestern University partnership with Mellon support. Museum officials say that many of the partnership\'s remarkable discoveries over the years have been woven into major exhibitions at the Art Institute, including exhibitions of the works by Matisse and Winslow Homer. An upcoming show, \"Picasso and Chicago,\" will include findings from a study of modern bronze sculptures in which Northwestern and Art Institute researchers traced some of Picasso\'s unmarked sculptures to the Valsuani foundry in Paris, based on material evidence. Museum officials also showcased several of the partnership\'s efforts as part of a tour of the museum held during the 2012 International Congress on Ceramics. Most recently, Northwestern Art Institute of Chicago art conservation scientist, Francesca Casadio, explains a project, investigating the pigment materials used in a Picasso painting, to delegates at the 2012 ICC4 meeting. University and the Art Institute announced that they received a $2.5 million, six-year grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation that will allow Faber and Casadio to expand the partnership and establish the Center for Scientific Studies in the Arts. According to a museum news release, the new center will \"serve as a collaborative hub, facilitating interdisciplinary research partnerships in art studies and conservation on a national scale. Academic researchers and scholars in training will meet and engage in mutual learning with scientists, conservators, and curators.\" \"This landmark initiative represents a tectonic shift from the isolated museum scientist to a dynamic hub that will serve as an incubator of new ideas and significantly accelerate the rate of discoveries by providing the latest technological innovations brewing in the academic environment,\" says Casadio. I Vision and mission of the new Arts, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division • Advance the scientific understanding of the materials found in ceramic and glass art • Provide information that aids in the interpretation and preservation of ceramic and glass art and artifacts • Better appreciate the artistic side of ceramics, and work cooperatively with others in the field (historians, archaeologists, curators, conservation scientists) • Attract and train the future workforce in this area • Reconstruct older ceramic technologies and improve the press and public\'s understanding of ceramics, artistic and industrial • Meet at least annually to discuss members\' interests, skills, ideas, etc., and explore hosting occasional tutorials on relevant topics. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 13 acers spotlight Back to school: Revived EIC boosts Society\'s education efforts By Geoff Brennecka, Education Integration Committee chair, and Kevin Fox, EIC member-at-large 015 Brennecka Fox Frequent readers of the Bulletin, particularly the annual student-led June/ July issue, are probably familiar with the high value that The American Ceramic Society places on student activities. The student- and education-related activities of the Society are not limited to just those organized by the students themselves. There is a veritable army of volunteers who work hard behind the scenes on a number of other endeavors ranging from accreditation and curriculum improvement to student competitions and travel stipends. They collectively help to assure the vitality of our profession for generations to come. The ACerS Education Integration Committee (EIC) was conceived several years ago as a mechanism for improving coordination of the various educationrelated activities of the Society and has recently been reinvigorated. One of the goals of the EIC is to serve as a central hub for collecting and disseminating information about the wide variety of education-related activities across the Society. As one step in this direction, articles such as this one will become regular features in the Bulletin. These articles will focus on the education-related efforts of various Society-tied groups. For example, the April 2013 article will discuss the efforts of the Ceramic Education Council (CEC) to enhance student-industry and industry-curriculum ties. Future contributions will look at the accreditation and licensure responsibilities of the National Institute of Ceramic Engineers (NICE) and the coordination of ACerS activities with the rest of Material Advantage through the Student Activities Committee (SAC). There also will be contributions from Keramos, ACerS\'s Young Professionals Network (YPN), and ACerS\'s President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) as well as articles highlighting the studentfocused activities and opportunities of the Society\'s Divisions and Sections. This kickoff article introduces the Bulletin article series, and the new and improved EIC itself. At the behest of then-president George Wicks, during the 2011-2012 year, we served as cochairs of an advisory committee focused on issues related to education and youngprofessional activities. One of the tasks associated with this advisory committee was to review the current state of affairs of the Society\'s \"Classes\" (e.g., NICE and CEC) and their interactions with other entities having a vested interest in education issues. We were amazed at the number and diversity of student-focused activities within the Society, in terms of volunteered time, activities, leadership opportunities, and financial assistance. The only disappointing aspect of this endeavor was seeing how many of these opportunities are underutilized, presumably because of a lack of awareness of their existence. We concluded that an excellent mechanism for improving the visibility, impact, and efficiency of already-existing activities and opportunities was already in place, although it had been essentially dormant for a few years: the Education Integration Committee. The EIC consists of representatives from NICE, CEC, SAC, Keramos, YPN, and PCSA. The EIC also will have at-large representatives who will be members from industry and the international community. Although not explicitly represented on the EIC, we also acknowledge that each of ACerS\'s Divisions and Sections obviously has strong interests in students and education as well, and the EIC is working with all of them to help in any way possible. The role of the chair of the EIC is not to dictate in any way the activities of these or any other-groups, but instead its job is to help identify and implement ways of working more closely together, leveraging efforts, and increasing overall visibility and impact of the educationfocused activities. Such efforts are not limited to ACerS. Through the SAC and its interactions with the Material Advantage Committee, we collaborate with our colleagues in ASM, TMS, and AIST. The YPN and PCSA also are engaging their counterparts in other materials societies. It is critical for any professional society to provide a supportive and welcoming environment for its future members and to support educational programs, activities, and initiatives that help to ensure the continued and future success of the society. As we hope to show readers throughout this series of articles, our ACerS is doing just this. And, with a little luck and some hard work, the EIC will help to make the collective impact even greater than the sum of the individual activities. Education Integration Committee Subcommittees EIC Chair CEC reps Representatives Keramos (Pres.) PCSA (Chair) NICE reps Staff Liaison SAC reps YPN (Senior Cochair) At-Large (Optional) 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 ceramics in energy Flexible CIGS solar cells from Empa break efficiency record (From Materials Views) Scientists at Empa, the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, have developed thin-film solar cells on flexible foils with a new record efficiency of 20.4 percent for converting sunlight to electricity. The cells are based on CIGS semiconducting material (copper indium gallium (di)selenide) known for its potential to provide cost-effective solar electricity. The Swiss technology is currently awaiting scale-up for industrial applications. A team at Empa\'s Laboratory for Thin Film and Photovoltaics, led by Ayodhya N. Tiwari, achieved the record energy conversion efficiency for CIGS solar cells on flexible polymer substrates, a massive improvement over the previous record of 18.7 percent achieved by the same team in May 2011. Tiwari\'s team has been investigating and developing various thin-film solar cell technologies for some time. Over the years the laboratory has boosted the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of flexible CIGS solar cells time and again, from 12.8 percent in 1999-the group\'s first world recordto 14.1 percent in 2005, 17.6 percent in 2010, and 18.7 percent in 2011. Thanks to innovative ideas and excellent teamwork in the lab, especially by PhD students Adrian Chirila and Fabian Pianezzi, the team succeeded in modifying the properties of the CIGS layer grown at low temperatures. The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) in Freiburg, Germany, independently certified the cell efficiency. Empa\'s new record efficiency also exceeds the record value of 20.3 percent for CIGS solar cells on glass substrates. Perhaps more importantly, the researchers say the new record equals the highest efficiencies for polycrystalline siliconwafer-based solar cells. \"We have nowfinally-managed to close the \'efficiency gap\' to solar cells based on polycrystalline silicon wafers or CIGS thin-film cells on glass,\" says Tiwari. One of the main attractions to thinfilm CIGS technology is that it can be produced using continuous roll-toroll manufacturing processes that offer further cost reductions compared with standard silicon technologies. High-efficiency flexible CIGS solar cells developed at Empa. \"Now it is time for the next step, the scale-up of the technology to cover large areas in a cost-efficient roll-to-roll manufacturing process with an industrial partner,\" says Gian-Luca Bona, the director of Empa. Along these lines, the lab (Credit: © Ron Stern/Palais des congrès de Montreal) october 27-31, 2013 call for papers abstract deadline: march 31st is collaborating with Flisom, a start-up company involved in industrialization of flexible CIGS solar cells. Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada MS&T 13 Materials Science & Technology 2013 Conference & Exhibition MS&T brings together scientists, engineers, students and suppliers to discuss current research and applications, and to shape the future of materials science and technology. Don\'t miss this opportunity to network with this vibrant audience. Present your innovations in these technical themes: ⚫ Biomaterials . Ceramic and Glass Materials ⚫ Electronic and Magnetic Materials ⚫ Energy Issues . Fundamentals and Characterization ⚫ Iron and Steel · Materials-Environment Interactions . Materials Performance · Nanomaterials . Processing and Product Manufacturing Special Topics www.matscitech.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 15 (Credit: Empa.) ceramics in the environment (Credit: Missouri S&T.) Rare-earth compounds defeat not-so-rare corrosion on aluminum fighter jets Corrosion nibbling away on a $30 million F-15 fighter jet is a bad thing, and the paint covering one is more than camouflage-it is a sophisticated multilayer coating system that also provides corrosion protection. A typical coating system comprises an inorganic conversion coating, a primer, and a topcoat. A conversion coating is not applied directly. Rather, the surface of the metal is \"converted\" to a coating layer by means of a chemical or electrochemical reaction. Anodizing is an example of a conversion coating. (Presumably, the native oxides on metallic surfaces could be classified as a type of conversion coating, too.) Chromate conversion coatings are among the most effective corrosion-inhibiting coatings for aluminum. Most aircraft are constructed of aluminum-based alloys, and avoiding corrosion is a high priority. However, hexavalent is carcinogenic, and DOD is committed to eliminating chromate conversion coatings from its aircraft fleet. What to replace them with is the question that a group at the Missouri University of Science and Technology is addressing. ACerS Fellow and Society director, Bill Fahrenholtz, is working with Missouri S&T metallurgist Matt O\'Keefe on rare-earth based corrosion-inhibiting coatings. The project was named one of only six \"2012 Projects of the Year\" by DOD\'s Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program. Fahrenholtz and O\'Keefe have been studying coatings incorporating rareearth compounds of cerium and praseodymium and the mechanisms by which they inhibit corrosion. Their experiments show that rare-earth compounds are not inherently protective compounds, but, in the right circumstances, they are good alternatives to chromate coatings. Cerium-based compounds work well as corrosion-protection conver16 sion coatings. Praseodymiumbased inhibitors are dispersed in a primer coating, where they migrate to the surface to inhibit corrosion. The group is studying the coatings on substrates made of two aluminum-based alloys commonly used in aerospace applications, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6. Both are susceptible to localized galvanic corrosion. The quality of the ceriumbased conversion coating The DOD named a corrosion prevention project, led by Missouri S&T researchers Bill Fahrenholtz and Matt O\'Keefe, a \"2012 Project of the Year.\" depends strongly on processing parameters, especially surface preparation. Aluminum is an electrochemically active material, which narrows the window where good coatings are achievable. In a phone interview, Fahrenholtz says, \"We walk a fine line between getting a panel that is electrochemically active enough to make the coating, but not so active that it dissolves .\" Within that narrow window, he says, processing conditions that produce the best coatings also tend to favor formation of subsurface crevices. away. According to Fahrenholtz, the cerium coating covers 90 percent or more of the surface and prevents corrosion by forming a simple barrier layer. However, up to 10 percent of the surface may be exposed to crevices. Using element mapping tools, the team determined that oxides form within the crevices. During the salt spray exposure, corrosion products build up within the crevice, effectively closing it as it fills with oxide and providing a self-limit to the extent of corrosion. However, the team also found that the corrosion protection of the cerium conversion coatings is strongly dependent on the phase, structure, pH, and processing parameters. When processed properly, the conversion coating meets the military requirement to inhibit corrosion for two weeks in the ASTM B117 salt spray test. Praseodymium-based inhibitors are not used as coatings themselves. Rather, Pr₂O, or PrО powders are dissolved in the epoxy primer coating. The dissolved praseodymium ions inhibit corrosion of 11 the substrate by migrating through the primer to the intermetallic, electrochemically active areas of the substrate, where they form a compound over the intermetallic regions. Fahrenholtz the says compound that forms is a praseodymium hydroxycarbonate. However, the exact phase and composition are not known. \"It is a really difficult compound to isolate,\" he says. The praseodynium-epoxy primer approach won recognition in 2007 as a R&D 100 winner. Deft Inc. (Irvine, Calif.) is an industrial partner on the project and incorporates the praseodynium inhibitors in several of its primer products. Fahrenholtz says, \"Because this is now a commercial product, it\'s pretty much a finished project, and our work on it is done.\" The coatings are already in service on F-15 aircraft and Apache helicopters, and there are plans to apply them to other military aircraft systems. Work continues, however, on the cerium conversion coatings. Fahrenholtz says there are applications for this family of coatings in commercial aviation, military aviation, and automotives. He says automobile weight reduction, for example, drives the development of materials, such as aluminum and magnesium, which are more reactive and need to be protected from the environment. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 Oresearch briefs Extreme testing: Mechanical testing of UHTCs at ultra-high temperatures \"Failure is not an option\" applies to ultra-high-temperature ceramics and ceramic composites for extreme environments. UHTC materials are expected to see service temperatures upward of 1,500°C for applications that include hypersonic aircraft, scramjet engines, rocket propulsion systems, atmospheric reentry, and next-generation gas turbine engines. Although failure may not be an option, it is always a possibility, and engineers developing these materials are challenged with testing them at temperatures high enough to generate meaningful data, especially with regard to mechanical properties. Data are critical to validating and tweaking the models used to predict the materials\' performance and, ultimately, their safety. Designing experiments that can test UHTC materials under load and at very high temperatures is itself an engineering challenge. Issues include designing furnaces that can reach test temperatures, fixture materials, accurate temperature measurement, controlling atmospheres, and more. A group at Berkeley Lab published a new paper in Nature Materials on its use of in-situ X-ray computed microtomography (CT scanning) of UHTC silicon carbide-fiber-silicon carbide-matrix composites that are subject to tensile loads at temperatures up to 1,750°C. This technique produces 3D images of microcracks in solid objects with a resolution of about 1 micrometer. The technique itself is nondestructive, so the observed damage comes only from the effects of load and temperature. The group turned to in-situ CT scanning as a way to better understand the risk of failure in extreme service conditions. In a press release, corresponding author of the study and ACerS Fellow Rob Ritchie says, \"Complexity in composition brings complexity in safe use. For ceramic composites in ultra-hightemperature applications, especially where corrosive species in the environ117 10 N 500 μm 98 N° 127 N CT scans show the formation of microcracks in ceramic composites under applied tensile loads at 1,750°C. They were obtained at Berkeley Lab\'s Advanced Light Source using a unique mechanical testing rig. ment must be kept out of the material, relatively small cracks, on the order of a single micron, can be unacceptable.\" Key to evaluating failure risk is understanding the mechanisms of crack formation and growth. As the authors say in the paper, “Measurements made at high temperature are the only faithful source of the details of failure.” They explain in the paper, “Exactly how microcracks are restrained by such a tailored microstructure becomes the central question for the materials scientist, who seeks to find the optimal composition or architecture, and the design engineer, who must predict the failure envelope.\" The group tested two composite configurations: a single-tow SiC-fiber-SiCmatrix composite and a textile-type carbon-fiber-SiC matrix composite. Samples were tested at 1,750°C at tensile loads starting at 10 newtons and ranging until failure (in one case, 127 newtons). The paper reports that the 3D images \"reveal a wealth of information\" on the interior failure mechanisms of the two composite conAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org figurations they tested, including the locations of the failure of individual fibers, the load at failure, the extent to which fibers relaxed after breaking, the opening displacement of matrix cracks, and the 3D surface morphology of surface matrix cracks. Although nobody disputes that 1,750°C is a very high temperature, there are some materials that are expected to be used at even higher temperatures. For example, refractory metal borides, such as ZrB2 and HfB2, are candidates for the leading edges of hypersonic vehicles and service temperatures of more than 2,000°C are expected. Collecting realistic mechanical test property data at these temperatures is not an off-the-shelf capability. The Berkeley team\'s paper is \"Real-time quantitative imaging of failure events in materials under load at temperatures above 1,600°C,\" by H.A. Bale, A. Haboub, A.A. MacDowell, J.R. Nasiatka, D.Y. Parkinson, B.N. Cox, D.B. Marshall, and R.O. Ritchie, Nature Materials (doi:10.1038/ NMAT3497). 17 (Credit: Ritchie; LBNL.) Oresearch briefs Oxide ceramics handle heat, struggle with corrosion in reverse-flow pyrolysis petrochemical reactors Metal dusting is a dramatic and catastrophic high-temperature corrosion mechanism. As the term implies, the corrosion process converts a structural alloy into a pile of dust. Metal dusting occurs in carbon-rich atmospheres, so it is a serious risk at chemical and petrochemical plants that process hydrocarbons. A New Jersey-based team looked at the challenges of selecting hot-zone materials for a reverse-flow pyrolysis reactor in two newly published papers. The team is a collaboration between researchers at ExxonMobil Corporate Strategic Research and Princeton University. At present, steam cracker technology produces light olefin \"feed molecules\" for ethylene production at process temperatures in the 900-1,000°C range, but the efficiency is low. For example, a steam cracker using a naphtha feed is only 30-percent selective for ethylene at 900°C. However, reverse-flow reactors, which operate at very high temperatures in the 1,700-2,000°C range, are 70-percent selective for acetylene. Acetylene (CH2) easily converts to ethylene (CH) by standard hydrogenation processes, hence, the interest in replacing steam cracker technology with reverse-reactor pyrolysis technology, if the materials issues can be solved. The environment in a pyrolysis reverse-flow reactor is hellish with high temperatures, temperature fluctuations, and gaseous atmospheres that cycle between oxidizing and reducing. The reactor consists of two packed-bed heat exchangers placed back-to-back to sandwich a hot zone in the middle of a bed of solids. In operation, fuel and air first flow through the bed and combust in the middle to create a hot zone that is maintained at 1,500–2,000°C. Next, hydrocarbons flow in from the opposite direction, and they are pyrolyzed, or cracked, with steam that gathers heat 18 from the hot zone. The temperature fluctuates 100-500°C every several seconds with each cycle. In addition, the hot-zone environment goes from a mildly oxidizing atmosphere during the combustion phase to a strongly reducing atmosphere during the pyrolysis phase. A typical lab-scale reverse-reactor run lasts between four hours and five days, subjecting the test materials to thousands or tens of thousands of oxidizing-to-reducingatmosphere cycles. Because the melting point of most high-temperature structural alloys is less than 1,600°C, the authors looked at candidate oxide material that could withstand the extreme environment. Components in the hot zone that can be made of ceramic include honeycomb monoliths, mixer plates, and refractory brick. Fractured C/S SEM Fine Grains Detached Grains 250m Corrosion 8YSZ Polycrystalline Fine Grains, 100 μm FIB Detached Grains 10 m Cross-sectional SEM images of the corroded polycrystalline 8 mol%-YSZ coupon after testing in the reverse-flow pyrolysis reactor for In the team\'s first paper published in the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, they report on four oxides: alumina, magnesia-partially-stabilized zirconia, yttria-stabilized zirconia, and yttria. They found the alumina \"had insufficient temperature capability\" to handle the hot zone. Magnesia evaporated out of the zirconia at high temperatures, thus negating the stabilization. YSZ materials suffered from a dusting-like degradation. The authors concluded that yttria is the most promising candidate material. That outcome might be interesting enough by itself, but they followed up with a deeper investigation of the degradation of YSZ in a paper that was published in the December 2012 issue of the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. They call the phenomenon \"ceramic dusting,\" because the YSZ tended to crumble similar to the way metal dusting happens. about 70 hours showing the corrosion of polycrystalline bulk material to fine-grained dust. To isolate the mechanisms, they studied a porous YSZ (similar to service component morphologies), a fully dense YSZ (to eliminate porosity effects), and a single-crystal YSZ (to eliminate grain-boundary effects). All three YSZ morphologies were affected: The carbon found its way in through the surface, grain boundaries, or lattice. The abstract explains that the combustion and pyrolysis reactions set the stage for a harmful reaction to happen in the next cycle. In a diabolical synergy, the pyrolysis reaction carburizes the YSZ by carbon diffusion through porosity, grain boundaries, and the lattice, and creates a porous, nonprotective carbide layer. Carbon builds up in the pores during pyrolysis, and, during the oxidizing combustion step, graphite and (oxy)carbide are reoxidized. The corrosion progresses “by a repetition of oxide-carbide interconversion, carbon precipitation, and reoxidation steps.\" As the carbon and reaction products build up, they push the grains apart, eventually loosening them enough so that they shed as dust. For more information on ceramic dusting see these papers: • \"Materials Challenges in ReverseFlow Pyrolysis Reactors for Petrochemical Applications,\" by C.M. Chun, S. Desai, F. Hershkowitz, P.F. Keusenwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Credit: JACerS; Wiley.) kothen, G.D. Mohr, and T.A. Ramanarayanan, International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology, doi:10.1111/j.17447402.2012.02848.x. • “Ceramic Dusting Corrosion of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia in UltraHigh-Temperature Reverse-Flow Pyrolysis Reactors,\" by C.M. Chun, S. Desai, F. Hershkowitz, and T.A. Ramanarayanan, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, doi:10.1111/jace.12035. New Critical Materials Hub to take broad approach to rare earths, other strategic materials The launch of the DOE\'s $120 million Critical Materials Institute (nee \"Hub\"), the fifth energy innovationoriented \"integrated research center\" initiated by the Obama administration, appears to be a balanced approach to the complex issue of securing for the United States adequate supplies of unique raw materials that are crucial to clean energy applications, electronics, and other advanced applications. \"Balanced,\" here, means an approach that appreciates that there are many dynamic forces that affect the certainty-uncertainty of the supplies of, for example, rare-earth elements. Besides science and engineering issues, these forces include geology, environmental considerations, and mining technology; geopolitics, economics, and business considerations; and educational planning. In other words, it is an approach that understands that neither bashing China nor a rush to mine in the US are, by themselves, realistic long-term strategies. Although the official announcement of the creation of the five-year CMI project was made recently, the concept of such a hub goes back many months. In fact, the DOE has been actively engaging the science and business communities for some time to discuss missions for such a hub and who should best lead it. As it turned out, the DOE felt its Ames Laboratory is in the best position to lead what is meant to be a broad collaborative effort that encompasses federal and private labs, universities, and private industry. Rare-earth elements (clockwise from yellow powder): cerium oxide, lutetium, terbium oxide (brown powder), praseodymium fluoride (green crystal), neodymium oxide (blue powder), samarium (cylinder) scandium (button) and dysprosium (flat metal). In describing this hub, the DOE sketches out four \"focus areas\" or missions: develop substitutes, improve reuse and recycling, conduct crosscutting research, and diversify supply. As the administration\'s point man on the Materials Genome Initiative, Cyrus Wadia, puts it, the purpose of the CMI is \"to find solutions that can be applied at all stages of a material\'s \"life cycle\" from new ways to access it at the source, to better ways to recycle and reuse it after it has served its primary functions.\" Alex King, director of the Ames Lab and designated leader of the CMI effort, describes the one particular goal slightly differently. Besides diversifying supplies and developing substitute materials and tools for recycling, King says the fourth mission is “forecasting.\" He describes the latter as \"trying to figure out what materials might become critical in the future\" and acknowledges that such forecasting is “important, but a little bit different for a national lab.” The devil, of course, is in the details. For example, in their article that appeared in the April 2012 Bulletin (\"Issues of scarce materials in the United States\"), Stephen Freiman and Lynnette Madsen laid out a comprehensive critical materials agenda. It is not clear (yet) how well the 17 goals they delineated match up with the directions charted for the CMI. Some, such as Freiman\'s and Madsen\'s call to \"continue trade agreements with foreign sources to minimize supply disruption risk,\" are appropriately outside the scope of CMI. Others, such as their suggestions to \"support efforts to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org collect data on sources of critical elements” and “improve [acquisition] data exchange and analysis mechanisms\" will be addressed by CMI participants, one hopes. But, given that a national critical materials strategy also must encapsulate trade and policy issues, it is only fair that CMI be seen as one crucial part of such a strategy, and not a panacea for US interests. Unfortunately, the trade and policy issues seem to be on the back burner while other political battles are being fought. Another vital issue Freiman and Madsen raise is getting too little attention: workforce development and the lack of trained mining and mineral processing personnel, specialists in geology and other geosciences, and specialists in related sciences and engineering fields that are trained in sustainability, beneficiation, processing, and recycling. Even if not directly, the CMI likely will provide some new impetus for making progress on this topic. In summary, the new CMI seems to be a multidimensional step in the right direction, but the nation\'s large critical materials strategy cannot be solved by technocracy alone. It is likely that neither the White House nor Congress are oblivious to this, and interagency task forces have been meeting. The nation needs to have the CMI be an inspiring starting point and not an orphan in the US\' strategic material plans. 19 (Credit: Ames Laboratory.) Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend Mg+2 Al+3 0-2 (Credit: Surmet.) Left: Spinel crystal structure. Right: Transparent aluminum oxynitride window manufactured by Surmet Corp. (Burlington, Mass.). By Mohan Ramisetty, Suri Sastri, Uday Kashalikar, Lee M. Goldman, and Nagrendra Nag With their manufacturing problems solved, the many desirable properties of the polycrystalline transparent ceramics y-AION and magnesium-spinel have led to many military and commercial applications. The \'he first reported work on transparent polycrystalline ceramics goes back to the 1950s. For example, some of the literature on materials discussed in this article, magnesium aluminate spinel and aluminum oxynitride spinels, traces back to late 1950s and early 1960s. 1-3 The advantages of these materials over current state-of-theart materials include • Ease of manufacturing; • • Superior mechanical properties, such as modulus, hardness, and strength; • Performance at high-temperature environments; and • Chemical durability. Candidate polycrystalline transparent ceramic compositions include yttrium aluminum garnet and yttria, but aluminum oxynitride (y-AlON )and magnesium aluminate spinels seem to have established themselves as leading candidates in multiple market segments, such as the military, aerospace, and lasers, mainly because of their durability, availability in large sizes, and cost. Today, Y-ALON and magnesium-spinel are manufactured in large sizes and in large volumes. However, high cost remains a barrier to their deployment as replacements for glasses and some opaque ceramics. Growing demand in current and emerging markets position these materials at the cusp of new commercialization opportunities in terms of volumes and costs. This article reviews the unique properties of these materials that make solving the production challenges a worthwhile endeavor. Optical properties Properties drive applications, and, obviously, optical properties are among the most important for transparent polycrystalline ceramics. However, the combination of mechanical properties (and, for some applications, 4 other properties, too) makes these spinel materials uniquely suitable for a range of applications in defense and aerospace systems. Many defense and aerospace applications require materials that are transparent in the ultraviolet, visible, and through the mid-infrared wavelength ranges. High transparency means low scattering losses, low reflectance, and low absorption. For cubic spinel polycrystalline materials, several factors determine optical quality. Cubic materials are isotropic, so they have no inherent birefringence. However, secondary phases, such as pores, impurities, and inclusions, typically lead to low transmittance. Controlling material purity and processing conditions minimizes defects, and increases transparency up to theoretical limits. In the absence of absorption and scatter, reflection losses from the material\'s inherent refractive index determine transmittance. Consequently, transmittance can be increased significantly via antireflection coatings. Figure 1 shows transmittance of y-AlON and magnesiumspinel optical ceramics. Even though it is polycrystalline, Y-ALON is one of the best currently available materials in terms of optical quality. The transmittance of y-AlON approaches its theoretical values in the near-UV, visible through mid-IR wavelengths, but starts dropping around 4.5 micrometers and cuts off at mid-IR range wavelengths of about 6 micrometers because of intrinsic (phonon) absorption. Additionally, it drops to zero at about 0.22 micrometers in the short wavelength range. In comparison, magnesium-spinel transmits further in the mid-IR range-transmittance starts dropping around 5 micrometers and stops at 6.5 micrometers wavelength. The transmittance of magnesium-spinel also drops to zero at about 0.2 micrometers. This is an advantage for spinel applications that require high transmission in the 4.5-5 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 micrometer range. In addition to excellent transmittance, commercial y-AlON products have exceptional optical clarity (exceeding 98 percent) and very low haze (less than 2 percent) in the visible wavelengths. (Optical clarity relates to the amount of light scattered at small angles. In contrast, haze relates to the amount of light scattered at large angles.) Pores, secondary phases, inclusions, defects, and inhomogeneous grain boundaries greatly affect the clarity and haze properties of transparent polycrystalline ceramic materials. High clarity and low haze requires nearly 100 percent density and no secondary phases, which are very challenging from a processing perspective. In addition, impurities can impart a tint to the final component, whereas less than full density causes haze. Thus, the production of highquality transparent ceramics demands both careful powder synthesis and close control during densification. Another important optical property is the refractive index. In y-AlON, it varies between 1.81 and 1.67 over the 0.4-5.0 micrometer wavelength range, with normal dispersion as shown in Figure 2. (Dispersion is the change in refractive index with wavelength for a material and is denoted by the dimensionless \"Abbe number.\") A typical Abbe value for Y-ALON and magnesium-spinel is about 60, which means that the dispersion is much lower than some of the glasses with similar refractive indices, making the spinels strong candidate materials for lenses with low chromatic aberration. Also, the cubic spinel phase of aluminum oxynitride exists across a wide composition range. Therefore, properties, such as refractive index, can be tailored without losing transparency. Components like graded refractive index lenses (GRIN) are fabricated, for example, by controlling composition or by adding dopants. Unlike many glasses, which are transparent only in visible wavelengths, y-AION GRIN lenses are transparent in the visible through midIR range. Certain GRIN lenses can have flat surfaces, because the \"lens curve\" is built into the material via the refractive index gradient. Also, grading the compoTransmittance (percent) 100 828 Y-AJON Mg-spinel 0.5 1.0 15 2.0 25 10 1540 45 50 55 6.O 1.5 70 Wavelength (micrometers) Figure 1. Calculated transmittance of y-AION and magnesiumspinel (at 2 millimeter thickness). The calculation includes Fresnel reflective losses that can be eliminated through use of an antireflection coating. sition can eliminate the aberration associated with spherical lenses. Additionally, GRIN lenses can reduce significantly the size, weight, and complexity of the optical train for defense applications, such as image systems for laser range finders, night vision goggles, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Night vision technologies improve visibility (transmission) in low light conditions. Most night vision devices (NVD) are for military applications, but some are used in the civilian arena. NVDs require transmission in the 0.4-0.92 micrometer range. In this range, y-AlON and magnesiumspinel transmit better than glasses. As Figure 3 shows, y-AlON-based armor offers significantly more night vision capability (about 40-50 percent more transmission) over glass laminates in low-light conditions. More transmission means a higher signal-to-noise ratio and higher-resolution imaging, which improve awareness for the warfighter in low-light situations. Mechanical properties Transparency alone is not enough for warfare situations. These materials must endure stresses encountered in manufacturing, transport to theater, deployment in service, or ultimately, under ballistic conditions. Ballistic properties and environmental durability are critically important properties in the military context. Although Y-ALON and magnesium-spinel are cubic spinel lattices, their bonding and bond strength differences make Y-ALON mechaniAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org cally superior to magnesium-spinel, giving it a higher hardness and elastic modulus than magnesium-spinel. In fact, the hardness of y-AlON approaches that of single-crystal sapphire, making it the hardest polycrystalline transparent material currently available commercially. The combination of high hardness and elastic modulus makes y-AlON a leading candidate material for transparent armor applications, followed by magnesiumspinel and single-crystal sapphire. Table 2 compares the important mechanical properties of the two transparent polycrystalline materials as well as some of their thermal properties. Although lower elastic modulus and hardness values of magnesium-spinel compared with those of y-AlON are related to structure and bonding, the lower flexure strength is also strongly affected by processing influences. Lithium fluoride sintering aids are Table 1. Important optical properties of transparent polycrystalline spinels Property Refractive index (at wavelength 0.5 μm)6 Y-AION Mg-spinel Unit 1.80 1.723 dn/d7 (in 3-5 pm wavelength range) 3 3 10-6 K-1 Absorption coefficient (at 3.39 µm wavelength) 0.1 0.018 cm−¹ Total integrated optical scatter (at 0.64 µm; ~5 mm thick 2.1 7.2 % sample) Transmission wavelength range* 0.22-6 0.25-6.5 pm Optical homogeneity achieved in 15 in. × 25 in. part with ~5 3.4 in. aperture N/A ppm Typical transmittance without AR coatings (in the visible >84 75-80 range)* Typical haze (in the visible range)* <2 <10 Typical clarity (in the visible range)* >98 >95 *Varies depending on thickness and processing conditions. de % % % ১৩ ১৩ 21 (Credit: Surmet.) Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend 1.82 1.80Table 2: Key mechanical and thermal properties of AION and magnesium1.7821.761.741.721.70Index of refraction 1.681.661.64 spinel 5-7 Property ΑΙΟΝ Flexural strength 300 Mg-Spinel 70-100 Unit MPa Hardness (Knoop at 200 g load) 1850 1450-1650 kg/mm² Young\'s modulus 323 277 Fracture toughness 2.4 ± -0.11 1.72 ± -0.06 GPa MPα-m1/2 Weibull modulus 8.7 19.5 Thermal shock resistance* (figure of merit R\') 1.2 1.1 Thermal expansion coefficient (30-900°C) Thermal conductivity (at 25°C) 7.5 N/A 12.6 25 10-6 K-1 W/(m·K) *R\' = 2 5 Wavelength (micrometers) Figure 2. Measured dispersion of y-AION optical ceramic over a range of wavelengths. Transmittance (percent) 100 90 8 288 & 40 8-AION laminate Clear glass laminate Green glass laminate 20 10 0 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 Wavelength (micrometers) Figure 3. Comparison of night vision performance of y-AION laminate to glass laminates. added to magnesium-spinel during the hot press/HIP process (uniaxial hot pressing followed by hot isostatic pressing). However, the grain-boundary phase formed during liquid-phase sintering is weaker than the bulk and can lead to intergranular fracture, as shown in Figure 4. Use of a sinter/HIP process eliminates sintering aids and yields a stronger microstructure, however, inclusions are more likely. The sinter/HIP process can produce inclusion-free, optical quality Y-ALON parts, provided that the starting powders are high quality. The hot pressing/HIP process offers no advantage when highquality starting powders are used. Ballistics: Projectiles and explosives Any transparent armor system must defeat ballistic threats and be optically transparent. Glass-based transparent 22 22 σ (1-v) k αΕ armor systems can meet these requirements, but there are drawbacks. Glasses and polymers are usually less hard than armor piercing (AP) core materials, so laminates are made thick (heavy) to stop penetration. Spinels, however, are two- to three-times harder than glasses, and the laminates are less bulky. Lightweight, high-performance, transparent armor is a system of materials that includes ceramics, glass, and polymers. Usually, the design consists of multiple layers separated by thin polymeric sheets. Typically, the front layer is made of hard ceramic (known as the front face) and is capable of destroying the projectile on impact. Transparent ceramics, such as Y-ALON, magnesium-spinel, and sapphire, are much harder than AP core materials (typically steel, tungsten carbide, or tungsten). When the AP core of the projectile hits the strike-face of a hard ceramic material, it erodes and disintegrates during penetration. The fractured and eroded core debris is then stopped efficiently by a polymeric layer on the back face of the laminate. Moreover, ceramic armor achieves protection levels similar to glass laminates at smaller armor thicknesses, leading to lower areal densities and lighter weights, as shown in Figure 5. Ballistic tests conducted at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) in Aberdeen, Md., compared current glass-based transparent armor with three transparent ceramic armor materials: y-AlON, magnesium-spinel, and single-crystal sapphire. Details for this work are classified and unavailable for publication. However, ARL tests showed that Y-ALON ceramic armor resisted penetration 10 percent better than magnesium-spinel armor, 20 percent better than sapphire armor, and 150 percent better than conventional glass-based laminate armor. In separate tests conducted by Surmet, Y-ALON transparent armor successfully withstood single-hit and multihit projectile threats, including 30 caliber and 50 caliber AP threats. It outperformed glass armor with less than half the thickness and reduced weight by about 60 percent. Environment: Rocks and weather In addition to ballistic threats, materials for defense applications must resist environmental damage threats in the field. For example, tank windows must resist abrasion from airborne dust and sand. Similarly, electromagnetic windows must resist abrasion and wear resistance, as well as chemical stability erosion. Sand erosion and rock strikes In the field, glass-based armors suffer severe loss of transparency from erosion by wind-swept sand, dust storms, and scratches from rock strikes. In simulated environmental sand erosion tests, the optical transmission of glassbased armor fell by 23 percent, whereas the optical transmission of y-AlON transparent armor remained unchanged under the same test conditions. Similar performance also can be extrapolated to Y-ALON used in sensor and electromagnetic window applications. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 100um 10μm LiF-doped magnesium-spinel (hot pressing/HIP process) | Fine-grained magnesium-spinel (sinter/HIP process. (Credit: Surmet.) Tests show that Y-ALON-based transparent armor delaminates less during thermal cycling tests owing to thinner laminate sections and less thermal expansion mismatch with both the glass and polycarbonate sections. Thus, y-AlON transparent armor delaminates less than glass-based armor under thermal cycling in field conditions. Extreme environments Figure 4. Comparison of hot-pressed sintered microstructure with sinter/HIP process. Laboratory rock strike tests show similar differences between y-AlON and armor glass tiles. Figure 6 shows what happens when a granite projectile is fired at two monolithic window targetsY-ALON and N-BK7 optical glass-at a speed exceeding 270 miles per hour. (These are not laminates. The test simulates field conditions for sensor and electromagnetic windows, where laminates cannot be used.) The top series shows a rock impacting a y-AlON window, pulverizing, and leaving behind an intact window. The bottom series shows a rock impacting a glass window: The rock also pulverizes, but the damage to the glass window is severe. Delamination Delamination brought on by high interlaminar residual stresses and thermal cycling stresses is a significant source of nonballistic failure of transparent armor. Beyond ballistic properties, y-AlON transparent armor tolerates vibration, mechanical shock, g-loading, and sudden pressure release. Also, it endures extreme environmental stresses, such as solar radiation, humidity, temperature ranges from -67°F to +185°F, and thermal cycling. A recent study even considered the material for spacecraft windows.4 Table 3 lists other useful properties of transparent polycrystalline spinels that could add to their utility as armor or lead to new applications. Military applications for transparent ceramics Military and civilian security forces use transparent armor extensively for ground vehicle protection. Examples Figure 5. Dimension and weight comparison of armor laminates with similar ballistic protection. Left: y-AION laminate, 1.6 inches thick and density of 18.9 pounds per cubic foot. Right: Glass laminate, 3.6 inches thick and density of 43 pounds per cubic foot. (Credit: Surmet.) American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org of ground vehicles equipped with transparent armor include high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (\"Humvees\") and mineresistant ambush-protected (MRAP and M-ATV) vehicles and trucks. Although most systems currently use glass-based armor, y-AlON-based transparent armor is under evaluation for future vehicles because it weighs up to 65 percent less, can sustain multiple strikes, offers increased field-of-view to the driver (less weight means larger windows can be installed), and larger cabin volume (because of thinner panels). In addition, vehicle designers can incorporate y-AlON\'s other properties into systems, such as night vision capability and laser protection. Some military aircraft need armoring, and for these applications, weight, mechanical integrity, and transparency are of paramount importance. Typical aviation applications include windshields, blast shields, windows for sensor protection, and armored \"look-down\" windows for helicopters, combat aircraft, and other airborne systems. Most of the property requirements for these applications are similar to those of ground vehicles. However, the optical specifications require a minimum of 70-80 percent transmission and less than 4 percent haze. Transparent y-AlON-based armor windows that have successfully completed qualificatgion testing and obtained FAA certification are starting to be installed in production commercial armored aircraft and helicopters. More applications are under evaluation, and some applications of polycrystalline transparent ceramics are in the early stages of adoption, such as helicopter, aircraft, and ground vehicle windows. Several other military optical applications require windows, however, most or these applications are domes or lenses. An important advantage of polycrystalline ceramics over single crystals is that the shapes can be made standard powder-processing techniques, such as pressing, injection molding, slip casting, and cold isostatic pressing. Optics applications include • Domes IR-guided missile systems use IR-transparent domes. For example, one of the Joint Air-to-Ground Missile system designs uses tri-mode seeker domes (near IR, MWIR or LWIR, and millimeter wave). Optical-quality y-AlON and magnesium-spinel ceramics are being evaluated. Designs for an electro-optic defense system under development, the Common Infrared Counter-Measures, also may include mid-IR transparent ceramic hyper-hemispherical domes. • Reconnaissance and sensor windows Reconnaissance systems with imaging capabilities for surveying and sensing 23 LES Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend S/N 002A 6-4531 S/N 002A 4531 S/N 002A 64531 02A G-4533 SN 009B 64533 S/N 0098 64533 SIN 0098 64533 SUN 0098 (Credit: Surmet.) Figure 6. Performance of y-AION (upper) and glass (lower) in a simulated rock strike test. The glass tiles experience severe cracking, whereas the y-AION remains intact. field conditions, such as terrain or heat, have stringent optical requirements. A typical specification for transmitted wavefront uniformity allows less than one-tenth of a wavelength of error over the size of the sensor aperture. Some helicopter-based sensors and aircraftbased targeting pods now have y-ALON windows installed. • Night vision systems The current technology NV systems, Generation III, sense signals over wavelength range of 0.4-0.92 micrometers. Transparent Y-ALON-based armor has a high transmission over this wavelength range and has shown 40-50 percent improvement in NV transmittance performance compared with glass armor designed for the same ballistic threat (Figure 2). NV performance is expected to be increasingly important for next-generation systems. • GRIN optics This new and highly advanced application area for transparent ceramics is still in the development stage. This technology reduces the number, weight, and complexity of optical train components in military systems, 24 such as image systems for laser range finders, NV goggles, and unmanned aerial vehicles. also provides field durability for optical components. • Laser igniter windows At present, high-current electrical pulses ignite the propellant of small- and medium-caliber cannons, but the technology is fraught with problems, such as premature igniTable 3. Other useful properties of y-AION and magnesium-spinel Property Description and potential application areas rf transparency Y-AION is transparent to radio frequencies, which is useful for selective rf communications and microwave related applications. y-AION has a high dielectric constant (>9), low loss tangent, and high Dielectric constant and break-down strength. Its use as a bulk ceramic in the electronic and strength semiconductor industry has been very limited. However, amorphous Y-AION coatings are used as dielectrics because of their unique combination of mechanical and electrical properties.\' • Windows for laser communications Transparent windows or domes protect laser systems from the outside world for many airborne laser-based systems, such as laser data links, Counter Manpads (shoulder launched missiles), laser rangefinders, laser target designators, and laser radars. Military optics systems must meet the optical specification for transmitting laser light with high efficiency, low absorption and scatter, and minimal distortion. The extremely high hardness that makes Y-ALON good for ballistic protection Laser windows transmit laser beams efficiently while protecting the laser from the outside world. The thermal shock resistance, hardness, and Laser damage threshold strength, as well as high optical quality (low absorption, low scatter, and minimal distortion) of y-AION make it suitable for as laser windows. Ability to dope, optical transparency, and low phonon energy (low nonradiative transition) make y-AION an excellent host material for phosphors. Several studies reported upconversion luminescence behavior when doped with rare-earth ions. Broad emissions in the visible wavelengths were recorded under UV excitation. Similar behavior also was reported for Mg-spinel.10 Upconversion phosphorescence Mg-spinel is a potential scintillator host for y-ray detection for Radiation detection via medical imaging. When doped with cerium, Mg-spinel shows promising scintillation luminescence behavior and better optical transparency compared with materials such as LaBr.:Ce and LaCl₂:Ce.\" 11 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 (a) (c) URMED (Ь) (d) (Credit: Surmet.) Figure 7. Example transparent polycrystalline ceramics components: (a) y-AION panel for armor laminate; (b) magnesium-spinel lens for sensor pod systems; (c) y-AION reconnaissance window for aircraft; (d) y-AION hyper-hemispherical dome for IR countermeasure systems. and hazardous compositions. Laser ignition may solve some of these issues, and initial tests show that y-AlON maintains optical and mechanical stability during the high pressures and temperatures experienced with multiple firings. Beyond defense: Nonmilitary applications Just as defense applications exploit the optical and mechanical properties of y-AlON and magnesium-spinel, these materials also could solve many nondefense and industrial-materialsrelated problems. For example, there are energy-related applications for oil and gas drilling, phosphors, LED technology, solid-state lasers, and lamp envelopes. In the medical arena, they can be used for prostheses, scintillator hosts, and medical equipment sensors in the mid-IR transmission range. Acknowledgement Sreeram Balasubramanian contributed to this article. About the authors Mohan Ramisetty, Uday Kashalikar, Lee Goldman, and Nagendra Nag are in Surmet\'s advanced materials R&D group. Suri Sastri is founder, CEO, and chairman. Contact: Mohan Ramisetty, References \'K.A. Wickersheim and R.A. Lefever, \"Optical Properties of the Synthetic Spinel,\" J. Opt. Soc. Am., 50, 831-32 (1960). 2G.R. Rigby, G.H.B. Lovell, and A.T. Green, \"Some Properties of the Spinels Associated with Chrome Ores,\" Br. Ceram. Soc. Trans., 45, 137-48 (1946). 3G. Yamaguchi and H. Yanagida, \"Study on the Reductive Spinel-A New Spinel Formula AIN-A₁₂O, Instead of the Previous One Al,04,\" Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 32, 1264-65 (1959). 4J.A. Salem, \"Transparent Armor Ceramics as Spacecraft Windows,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 96 [1] 281-89 (2013). 5D.C. Harris, \"Durable 3-5 mm Transmitting Infrared Window Materials,\" Infrared Phys. Technol., 39, 185-201 (1998). 6P.J. Patel, G.A. Gilde, P.G. Dehmer, and J.W. McCauley, \"Transparent Armor,\" The AMPTIAC Newsletter, 4 [3, Fall] (2000). 7\"Army Materials Research: Transforming Land Combat though New Technologies,\" AMPTIAC Quarterly, 8 [Nov 4] (2004). 8E. Strassburger, \"Ballistic Testing of Transparent Armor Ceramics,\" J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 29, 267-73 (2009). \'K.R. Bray, R.L.C. Wu, S. Fries-Carr, and J. Weimer, \"Aluminum Oxynitride Dielectrics for Multilayer Capacitors with Higher Energy Density and Wide Temperature Properties,\" Thin Solid Films, 518, 366-71 (2009). 10F. Zhang, L. An, X. Liu, G. Zhou, X. Yuan, and S. Wang, \"Upconversion Luminescence in y-AlON:Yb3*, Tm3+ Ceramic Phosphors,\" J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 92 [8] 1888-90 (2009). \"C.-F. Chen, F.P. Doty, R.J.T. Houk, R.O. Loutfy, H.M. Volz, and Pin Yang, \"Characterizations of a Hot-Pressed Polycrystalline Spinel:Ce Scintillator,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93 [8] 2399-402 (2010). Manufacturing transparent ceramics and components at Surmet Surmet was founded in 1982 and entered the advanced ceramics business in 2002 when it licensed and subsequently bought the y-AION technology from Raytheon Co. Here are a few of the company\'s accomplishments since its founding: • Powder synthesis. Powder synthesis requires high-temperature furnaces capable of reaching close to 2,000°C, with atmosphere control and uniform temperature control. Careful blending, crushing, and milling processes all play a role in powder preparation. Over the past 10 years, Surmet has developed processes for manufacturing y-AION powders in tonnage quantities. • Fabrication. Parts larger than about 4 inches by 4 inches are susceptible to fracturing during forming and densification because of considerable shrinkage during sintering. Through careful control of processing protocols, Surmet fabricates parts with areas of several square feet. • Components. Highlight achievements for Surmet components for military applications include Qualified and FAA certified transparent y-AION-based armor windows installed in production commercial armored aircraft and helicopter systems; -y-AION windows measuring approximately 14 inches by 25 inches for reconnaissance pods; and -y-AION GRIN lenses with the required gradients (in development with DARPA support). Further work will increase magnitude and size of gradients using materials and processes compatible with large-volume manufacturing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Surmet.) Lee Goldman in front of AION heat treating furnaces. 25 Armor piercing projectile in BC 25μs Oμs 35us B₁C Backing 45us 7μs 17μs 55μs Time-release sequence of an armor piercing projectile impacting a boron carbide armor test tile. The dark strike face is boron carbide. The lighter layer is a backing material. \"Atoms to armor\" Army invests in basic research to design new materials By Eileen De Guire Ab s far back as 1997, the Department of Defense top brass challenged its researchers to adopt computational methods for advanced materi als design-an \"atoms to armor\" approach. Time has shown that the idea was sound. However, 15 years ago, considerable foundational work needed to be done (see sidebar, \"Evolution of materials by design”). Those gaps in the foundational work have since closed, and last spring the Army Research Laboratory (ARL; Adelphi, Md.) established a program that integrates all of the ARL multiscale basic science research on materials into one cohesive effort. Called the \"Enterprise for Multiscale Research of Materials (EMRM),\" the program integrates all of the multiscale basic science research on materials into one cohesive effort and adopts a materials by design approach to engineering material structure, properties, and performance for armor and electronic materials of strategic interest to the Army. In April 2012, ARL awarded an approximately $120 million, potential 10-year project, to two university-based “collaborative research alliances\" that engage the talents and resources of more than a dozen research universities. The Enterprise also includes an inhouse ARL research component. Assuming no unforeseen budget cuts, this is the first sustained Army basic research program in protection materials of this size and structure. Among the first to champion the materials by design concept was Jim McCauley (FACerS, Distinguished Life Member, and past president), ARL Fellow and chief scientist in materials at ARL. We asked McCauley to tell us more about the Enterprise, its goals, organization, and the materials science it will drive. Q. Why do we need an Enterprise for Multiscale Research of Materials program? A. Materials are ubiquitous in all Army materiel. The performance and function of every Army system is determined by the underlying properties of the materials that compose them. In turn, the properties of the materials themselves are a product of the hierarchy of structures found within. From atoms, to molecules, to crystals, to grains, to laminates, etc., the final performance of any system is a “sum of the parts\" of the underlying physics down to the smallest level. Today, when we design new systems and platforms, all of these scales come along for the ride (Figure 1). Unfortunately, most of these scales are not accounted for by designers, and, as a result, the potential to gain extraordinary improvements through effective design and control remains untapped. Enabling the design of these hierarchical materials structures in concert with the overall design and function of the system will allow for transformational gains in the performance of Army materiel. This forms the foundation of the Army\'s work and is consistent with the National Materials Genome 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 Multidisciplinary physics Material science Electrodymanics Chemistry Battlefield power & energy Vehicle & soldier protection Ultraefficient sensors& Continuum (Finite element methods) Grain scale 10 m Systems Material assemblies HI 10 m 10m Material macroscale Mesoscale mechanics Microscale devices Micro Disruptive Single crystal energetics Molecular Collections of -20.000 atoms dynamics molecules 10 m Quantum mechanics 10 m Atoms/molecules -55 atoms Ceramics industry 1.220 Polycrystals Corporate Aates Program Corporate Afates Program Southwest Rasch batute HBCLCI Washington Johns Hopkins University (LRO) Apphed Physics Lab Rutgers University MEDE Consortium California Institute of Technology University of Delaware Desal University Figure 1 The Enterprise for Multiscale Research of Materials is a multidisciplinary approach to developing models across length scales for designing new materials and predicting their performance. Initiative to \"Discover, develop, manufacture, and deploy advanced materials in a more expeditious and economical way...\" and with the recommendations in the National Materials and Manufacturing Board (NMMB)/ Board on Army Science and Technology (BAST) \"Committee on Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications.”¹ Regarding the MGI, we believe that our program may have a significant influence on the direction of the initiative. Q. What is the genesis of the program? A. The program is a complex convergence of various ideas and initiatives over a period of many years. Basically, one of the thrusts-Materials in Extreme Dynamic Environments (MEDE)-served as a catalyst for the total Enterprise. It had its origins in an Army Strategic Research Objective, “Armor Materials by Design,\" approved by the Army in 1998, but not institutionalized. Since that time, many workshops, conferences, and studies were organized to sharpen the goals and approach of a major, multiscale materials by design program. After a final workshop at Towson, Md., and the publication of NMMB/BAST NRC recommendations¹ (both funded and organized by ARL), then-ARL director John Miller initiated a major new ARLPurdue University Polymers & Compose Corporate Aftales Program Figure 2 Collaborative Research Alliance for Materials in Extreme Dynamic Environments (MEDE). wide transformational materials science and engineering program, the EMRM. Q. What is the Enterprise program and how does it relate to the ARL mission? A. The vision of the ARL Enterprise is to design materials using validated multiscale and multidisciplinary modeling capability to, apriori, predict material structure, properties, and performance for armor materials and electronic materials. Major internal activities include the development and validation of computational tools to design materials from the atomistic to the component scale and to predict their properties and formance, as well as experimentally validate the models by materials fabrication, characterization, and testing. The critical Army needs relate to the development of advanced materials for sensors, devices, power, and energy, as well as vehicle and soldier protection. perThe Enterprise program is organized into four major technology thrust areas, each of which will address five critical core cross-cutting themes. Research will be conducted at the atomic, microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale as shown in Figure 1. The four thrusts areas are lightweight and specialty materials for soldier protection; electronic materials for sensors, devices, and power and energy; disruptive energetic materials; and cross-cutting computational sciAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: ARL.) ence. Using results from the Towson Workshop and NMMB/BAST reports and other computation materials design concepts, Peter Plostins (ARL Weapons and Materials Research Directorate), myself, and several others, concluded that there are five technical core elements that are critical to the success of the program. 1. Modeling and simulation: Validated multiscale modeling of materials in extreme dynamic environments to design materials and predict performance by exploiting the hierarchy of scales in a multidisciplinary environment. 2. Bridging the scales: Analysis, theory, and algorithms of validated theoretical and analytical analyses to effectively define the interface physics across length scales. 3. Advanced experimental techniques: Comprehensive validated experimental capabilities bridging time and space for probing the physics and mechanisms of materials subjected to extreme dynamic environments and for verification and validation of multiscale physics modeling. 4. Multiscale material properties: A comprehensive set of multiscale and multidisciplinary material characteristics, mechanisms, and property metrics that characterize high-loading-rate tolerant material systems and enable their processing and manufacture. 27 \"Atoms to armor\" -Army invests in basic research to design new materials Area A: Electrochemical energy (Credit: ARL.) 5. Synthesis and processing: Validated modeling and techniques for the synthesis and processing of high loading rate tolerant materials. Q. What are the program components and how do they work together? A. We established two collaborative research alliances (CRA) with major university-led consortiums: Materials in Extreme Dynamic Environments (MEDE), and Multiscale Modeling of Electronic Materials (MSME). The CRAS create collaborative environments that enable participants from academia, government, and potentially industry and nonprofit organizations to advance the state of the art and assist with the transition of research to enhance the performance of materials of interest to the US Army. The ARL believes that these CRAS, in conjunction with a robust internal research program, provide the optimum path to success. Peter Plostins serves as the ARL director of EMRM. The goal of the MEDE CRA (Figure 2) is to provide the basic science to enable design, optimization, and fabrication of lightweight protection material systems exhibiting revolutionary performance. It is led by K.T. Ramesh of Johns Hopkins University. Rutgers University, University of Delaware, and California Institute of Technology are in the primary consortium group as well as other partnering institutions. The focus is to advance the fundamental understanding of materials in warfare-relevant high-strain-rate and high-stress regimes. We expect that the results of the MEDE CRA research will efficiently and rapidly transition to ARL inhouse research and development programs. The external CRA and internal collaborative programs are managed by John Beatty in the Weapons and Materials Directorate of ARL. The purpose of the MSME CRA (Figure 3) is to undertake fundamental research to enable a quantitative understanding of electronic materials from the smallest to the largest relevant scales. The work will generate the models needed to create improved electronic device applications, including sensors and electronics for enhanced battlespace 28 Area B: Hybrid photonics University of Utah University of California, Davis Brown University MSME Consortium University of Utah University of Boston University Pennsylvania Rensselaer Polytechnic Politecnico di Torino, Italy Institute Harvard University Area C: Heterogeneous metamorphic electronics Figure 3 Collaborative research alliance for Multiscale Multidisciplinary Modeling of Electronic Materials. effects, and efficient power and energy devices. Martin Berzins of the University of Utah leads this collaboration, which also includes Boston University and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, as well as other institutions. The MSME CRA is expected to advance the fundamental science, understanding, and state-of-the-art of electronic materials in three research areas: electrochemical energy devices; hybrid photonic, spintronic devices; and heterogeneous metamorphic electronics. The intent is for the multiscale models across length and time scales-to be developed by the MSME team, and the experiments to validate and verify these models will be performed by ARL scientists in each of the three electronic materials research areas. We expect it to be a continual process to improve and create new models through collaboration between ARL and the MSME Team. The overall plan is to perform materials by design by addressing the previously mentioned multiscale modeling research core elements for each of the electronic materials research areas: Modeling and Simulation; Bridging the Scales; Multiscale Modeling Metrics; Validation and Verification; and Processing and Synthesis. This CRA is managed by Meredith Reed in the Sensors and Electronic Devices Directorate at ARL. For the inhouse work, Betsy Rice (Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL) manages ARL\'s internal disruptive energetic materials multiscale modeling activity, and Peter Chung (Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, ARL) leads the cross-cutting computational science program. Q. This is a big program. How will it be managed? A. The external programs (MEDE, MESME) are divided into two five-year components, with a major decision after the first five years about whether to continue for another five. Internal funds are used for the collaborative internal ARL programs and the other Enterprise programs. year, The CRAS are funded with cooperative agreements (CA), which are different than typical Army Research Office grants. CAs allow collaboration, joint publications, changing plans, eliminating tasks, modifying tasks, etc. Every CRAS collaboratively prepare an annual program plan (APP) with the cooperative agreement manager. The APPS allow collaborators to react to what they are learning, that is, projects can be modified or terminated and new ones started. This mechanism allows for easy funding changes to enhance or start new work. Also, the CA approach allows for the rapid transition of new knowledge, techniques, or breakthroughs to ARL inhouse programs. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 Significant efforts within ARL and the JHU MEDE Consortium Boron Carbide 3 cm S-Glass/Epoxy -Figure 4 The MEDE CRA will develop and apply computational materials design concepts for boron carbide and S-glass/epoxy composites. Other materials included in the study are magnesium-based alloys and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. Q. One of ARL\'s stated goals is to \"change the way scientists look at designing advanced materials.\" How? A. The \"materials by design\" approach has been getting more and more traction over the past 10 years or so, and the publication of the National Academies report in integrated computational systems engineering² re-emphasized the multiscale aspects of designing materials, especially in an engineering context. As computational capability has increased and characterization of materials down to the atomic structure scaleboth postmortem and during actual tests-has evolved, the importance of the microstructure and the atomic structure has increased. Better understanding of the contributions to inelastic deformation, damage evolution and catastrophic failure across the scales will allow for materials design at the atomic structure and nanoscale microstructure of materials. Basically, the MEDE constorium wants to identify the critical mechanisms, understand them, and control them. Q. There has been an increased focus on advanced manufacturing in recent years. Does this program address advanced manufacturing issues and challenges? A. In the MEDE CRA there are three industrial components, and the basics of their involvement will evolve: ceramics at Rutgers; polymers and composites at the University of Delaware; and metals at Johns Hopkins. As new synthesis and processing methods are developed in MEDE, as well as compositional recommendations, this information will be passed on to the consortium members for the more manufacturing-intense work. Q. Regarding MEDE, what are extreme dynamic environments and how do they affect the soldier? A. Strain rates to 106 per second and stress to 50 GPa: These are generic dynamic environments for very severe impact events. Basic research in these environments will help us understand the underpinning physics that will be passed to our inhouse program for use in our more controlled, secure environment. This is called a \"Canonical Model Approach,\" which is defined as a simplified description of a system or process, accepted as being accurate and authoritative, developed to assist calculations and predictions, to connect to the ARL internal programs. Q. Four materials will be investigated: boron carbide, magnesium, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene, and glass/epoxy composite. Why these four materials? A. These are the materials that the Johns Hopkins CRA selected as the representative of the four required classes of materials in the program announcement. All four meet the criteria for enhancing the possibility of producing very lightweight protection material systems. Magnesium is the lightest structural metal; BC is the lightest armor ceramic; UHMWPE has the highest apparent probability of achieving significantly American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: ARL.) increased mechanical strength and the same for S-glass/epoxy composites (Figure 4). Q. There is already a lot of research behind these materials. How does computational materials design ideas apply to known materials, for example, boron carbide? What issues are driving the materials development? A. Basically, we are extending the approach beyond the simple property figures of merit to the underpinning or controlling mechanisms down to the lowest scale. These mechanisms control the properties, especially in extreme dynamic events. There is a significant shortfall in our understanding of boron carbide in all of the thrust areas (Table 1), especially in the modeling and simulation/scale bridging areas. In particular, we know very little about the atomic origins of amorphization, inelastic deformation, etc., at the atomic scale. The MEDE CRA selected boron carbide as the model ceramic because they believe the material has unrealized potential for dramatic improvements in ballistic performance for soldier and vehicular armor at very low weight. They seek to understand and control the dynamic failure processes in this armor ceramic material and improve its dynamic performance by eliminating weak links at the atomic and microstructural levels through multiscale modeling, advanced powder synthesis, control of polytypes, and microstructural improvements. Q. At the decision point in five years, what does success look like for MEDE? A. The big ones, obviously, for the first five years are the two- and five-year goals. What we hope to accomplish after the first two years is an improved physics-based algorithm that we can put into a continuum code that will help in the prediction of performance or properties. Two-year goals: Science: Advance the experimental and computational state-of-the-art for characterizing the in-situ materials response to extreme dynamic environments at critical length and time scales in metallic, polymeric, ceramic, and composite material systems. 29 \"Atoms to armor\" -Army invests in basic research to design new materials Benefit to the soldier: Improved protection systems through incorporation of enhanced discrete deformation and failure algorithms in current continuum simulations and design codes. Five-year goals: Science: Integration of novel experimental methodologies and multiscale computational approaches to enable unprecedented microstructural control and predictive capabilities. Benefit to the soldier: The CRA will transition to the Army and the industrial base the key materials characteristics and properties to achieve a 15-30 percent weight reduction for selected protection systems. Ten-year goals: Science: Demonstrate a comprehensive \"materials-by-design\" capability to include designing materials and predicting key properties for materials in extreme dynamic environments. Benefit to the soldier: The CRA (including ARL) and industrial partners will utilize the \"materials by design\" capability to design and produce protection materials with one-third the weight of the current systems. Q. The University of Utah MSME coalition focuses on lighter, more efficient electronic devices and batteries. What are some examples of field applications? A. The development of lightweight, field-adaptable power and energy is one of our highest priorities. The intent is for the multiscale models to be developed by the MSME university team that will advance the fundamental science, understanding, and state-of-the-art for multiscale, multidisciplinary models in the electronic materials research areas I mentioned before: electrochemical energy devices; hybrid photonic devices; and heterogeneous metamorphic electronics. The experimentation for validation and verification for these models will be performed by ARL scientists in each of the three electronic materials research areas, which is expected to be part of a continual process to improve and create new models through collaboration. 30 What are \"Materials by design?\" \"Materials by design,\' conceptually, describes a process of designing materials from the atomic to the macroscopic scale for a particular suite of mechanisms and properties that are required for defined performance/applications. Very simply, it is not how to design components (systems) with existing materials, but how to select and design materials for defined applications,\" says Jim McCauley of the Army Research Laboratory. SIZE SMALL STRIKE FACE HANDLE WITH CARE McCauley holding boron carbide personnel armor insert manufactured by Ceradyne (now owned by 3M Company) with two faintly visible projectile strikes. Joyce Conant, ARL.) (Credit: The idea was first formalized by Michael Ashby, a professor at Cambridge University (UK) with his classic 1992 work, \"Materials Selection in Mechanical Design.\" In it, he introduced the concept of a \"material index,\" or \"figure of merit,\" which characterizes the performance of a material in a given application. For example, plots of Young\'s modulus against density for many materials reveal groupings. Today, people talk about designing materials for the \"Ashby white space\"-regions of the plot where no known materials have the combined material index. Northwestern University professor Gregory Olson (who coined the \"materials by design\" phrase), added the use of computational methods in his 1997 seminal paper, “Computational Design of Hierarchically Structured Materials,\" which introduced the importance of multiple scales and the interrelationships between processing, structure, properties, and performance.4 In 1997, DOD\'s director of defense research and engineering, Anita Jones, issued a challenge to the department\'s scientists and engineers to adopt advanced materials design and the evolving computational tools to optimize armor materials. The Army responded to the \"atoms to armor\" call to action with a new strategic research objective (SRO) initiative in 1997/1998 called \"Armor Materials by Design,\" which was submitted by McCauley, G. Hagnauer, and T. Wright. However, at the time, the computational science was unable to support the vision of the SRO, especially with regard to the complexity required for highstress-high-strain-rate situations. A series of workshops, conferences, and papers in the early 2000s addressed the gaps and gained broad support for the SRO\'s vision, culminating in a seminal workshop held in Townson, Md., in 2008. 2 About the same time, several other reports published similar recommendations, including a 2008 National Academies study, that formalized the phrase \"integrated computational materials engineering.\" The National Research Council\'s National Materials and Manufacturing Board and the Board of Army Science and Technology recommended DOD establish a basic and applied research initiative for protection materials by design and that it include a combination of computational, experimental, and materials testing, characterization, and processing research conducted by government, industry, and academia.\' And, thus, was born the Enterprise for Multiscale Research of Materials. In the area of electrochemical energy devices, the CRA will look at lithium-ion batteries and alkaline-membrane fuel cells. The hybrid photonic devices thrust includes material modeling for multispectral detectors (III-nitride alloys); material modeling for light emitters; defects, interfaces, and dislocation studies (GaN and AlGaN); and plasmonics and metamaterials (III-nitrides). Finally, the groups studying heterogeneous metamorphic electronics will be looking at graphene-based electronics, heterogeneous systems for tetrahertz electronics, and thermal transport in heterogeneous systems. Q. What are the five-year goals for MSME? A. They are structured very similarly to the MEDE goals. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 Two-year goals: Science: Advance the fundamental understanding and implementation of physics-based modeling of electronic materials across time and space to develop a set of algorithms and theories for a broad range of electronic materials to create new or improved electronic devices, and advance the understanding of existing performance. Benefit to the soldier: Resulting models and algorithms will enable the advancement of sensors and power and energy devices on the battlefield. Five-year goals: Scale or technical core element Atomic Crystal Mesoscale Macroscale State-of-the-Art for Ceramics (Boron Carbide) Primary mechanism Electronic structure, thermal motion of nuclei, bond rupture Cleavage, amorphization, twinning, dislocation motion, stacking fault nucleation, twin-induced cracking Triple-junction crack nucleation, grainboundary failure, defect-activated cracks, intergranular vs. transgranular fracture, crack interactions, anisotropic elastic effects on residual stresses and cracking Fast crack growth, effective plasticity, anisotropic damage growth, short vs. long cracks, texture, fragmentation Generally identified, understood or implemented Advanced experimental technique Spectroscopy, shock Hugoniot HREM, TEM, dynamic TEM, Kolsky bar, microcompression, nanoindentation, DAC Modeling & simulation Synthesis & processing Bridging the scales Material Quantum mechanics, density functional theory, energy of states Coarse-grained DFT, potentials characterization & properties Moduli, bandgap Chemistry Molecular dynam- Coarse-grained ics, discrete dislo- DFT, hot QC, cation dynamics, hyperdynamics discrete twinning dynamics, crystal plasticity HREM, TEM, dynamic TEM, Kolsky bar, X-ray microdiffration, instrumented indentation, phase contrast, in-situ microcompression meshfree for GB strength, acoustic spectroscopy Crystal plasticity, gradient terms, microstructureresolved finiteelement method and optimal transportation Shock expts, Kolsky bar, spall experiments, in Defect dynamics, probablistic models Viscoplasticity, FEM OTM, uncertainty Enhanced continua, nonlocal models, defect dynamics situ visualization of quantification damage Sometimes identified, some understanding, some implementation Weak indentification understanding, or implementation Anisotropic moduli, cleavage and twinning planes, intrinsic toughness Grain size distribution, grain morphology, texture, damage characterization High-strain-rate and high-pressure response, nonproportional loading, damage characterization Poorly identified, poorly understood, or early implementation Powder production and control Grain size control, grain boundary control microstructural design, advanced processing tehniques Sintering, hot-pressing, advanced processing techniques Not identified, not understood or not implemented Table 1. The technical core elements necessary for designing materials are not well identified or understood for boron carbide, regardless of length scale. This table summarizes the MEDE consortium view of relevant mechanisms, techniques, models, or phenomena for each core area for each length scale. Science: Integrate new multidisciplinary/multiscale physics to enable multiscale modeling and simulation capability that is validated experimentally in time and space to a priori design new or improved electronic materials that are uniquely characterized, synthesized, and processed. Benefit to the soldier: Resulting models and algorithms will enable the development of new sensors and power and energy devices on the battlefield. The CRA will transition to ARL the key materials characteristics and properties to achieve power and energy devices with twice the energy density and 10-15 percent more lifetime, and sensors that are 10-15 percent more efficient. Ten-year goals: Science: Advance the state of the art in multiscale modeling and electronic materials to create a capability for \"Materials Optimization and Materials by Design.\" Benefit to the soldier: The CRA and ARL will exercise \"materials by design\" capability to design new sensors and power and energy devices for the battlefield that treble the energy density, 30 percent longer lifetimes, and are 20-30 percent more efficient at a lower cost. Q. Regarding boron carbide and S-glass/ epoxy composite, are there broader impacts beyond Army interests for this work? A. Success in this program will, I believe, catalyze work across the materials science and engineering communities for many other applications. Basically, it will provide a multiscale computational tool box that will be applicable to many other material systems. For more information about the Enterprise and its CRAS visit www.arl. army.mil/www/default.cfm?page=532. References \'National Research Council, \"Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications,\" The National Academies Press (2011). 2National Research Council, \"Integrated Computational Systems Engineering: A Transformational Discipline for Improved Competitiveness and National Security\", The National Academies Press, 2008. 3M.F. Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design. Pergamon, Tarrytown, N.Y., (1992). 4G.B. Olson, \"Computational Design of Hierarchically Structured Materials,” Science, 277, 1237-42 (1997). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 31 Credit: MEDE CRA.) New opportunities for transparent ceramics By Shi Chen and Yiquan Wu An overview of how cubic-phase oxide, sulfide, and mixed anionic systems, and non-cubic-phase oxide and apatite systems-subjected to various sintering process-are leading to new applications and new frontiers for transparent ceramics Human Re One Saxon Alfred, NY Images of transparent ceramics on the macro and nanoscales. T ransparent ceramics are emerging as a highly promising alternative to current glass and single-crystal technologies in a number of diverse application fields that include armor, optical fiber, lasers, infrared domes, and high-energy radiation detection. In this context, the term “transparent” refers to a ceramic material with at least 90 percent of the theoretical transmission over the wavelengths of interest. With this property, transparent polycrystalline ceramics can provide unique and versatile optical materials highly suitable for scintillators, optical components, solid-state lasers, and nonlinear optics. In general, polycrystalline ceramic materials, which normally contain a high content of optical scattering sources, can be engineered to be transparent by eliminating defects. Grain boundaries, residual pores, secondary phases, double refraction, inclusions, and surface roughness can, more or less, act as elastic scattering sites that prevent incoming light from passing straight through conventional ceramics, which are composed of randomly oriented microcrystallites. When the size of the governing scattering sites, known as residual pores, become larger than approximately 10 percent of the wavelength of the incident light, engineers can use a Mie scattering model to demonstrate the relationships between pore size, porosity, and scattering losses, and obtain a general idea about the transmission properties of a ceramic material.² For optical anisotropic materials (most of which are non-cubic-phase materials (Credit: Chen and Wu.) with different refractive indexes along different optical axes), birefringence is another important factor that prevents light from propagating without extinction. Thus, to obtain the perfect microstructure with a minimum level of pores and submicrometer (or smaller) grain size for optical anisotropic materials, the use of appropriate powder processing and consolidation technology is indispensable. Although researchers have studied the technology of transparent ceramic fabrication for several decades (Figure 1), the achievement of highly efficient ceramic laser oscillation within the past decade sparked a burning curiosity about these materials, and some consistent and proven processing methods steadily have been established. For example, powder processing, with either commercial- or labsynthesized nanosized powder, has become a standard procedure in avoiding large pores. Typical green body forming methods include dry pressing, slip casting, gel casting, and tape casting. However, approaches to sintering technology vary dramatically depending on the crystal, chemical structure, and consolidation mechanism of the particular material. High-vacuum sintering is the most common technique for the fabrication of transparent cubic-phase oxide ceramics. Other methods, such as hot pressing and spark plasma sintering (SPS), apply pressure along with ther100 kW CaF: Dy YO: Nd, Th (Y. Gd),O: Eu Gdos Pr YAG: Nd MgAl,o, YAG: Nd Year 1960 Year Year Year Year Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 HIP AION Lucalox IRTRAN CVD ZUS Laser Scintillation Protection Transient liquid sintering AION La 0:Eu (Gd, Y), (Ga, Al),0 Ce Figure 1. A timeline of some major accomplishments for the transparent ceramics. 32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No.2 Application Transparent ceramics YO YAO, Tb₂Al₂O12\' Laser host TmАl¸О₁₂, Lu̟₂O₂, Sc₁₂O³, A₂B₂O„ Protection (armor, IR window, et. al.) Scintillator host 12\' CaF2, ZnSe, Sr. (PO₁) 3 F Y₂O3, YAI¸012, MgA₁₂O₂, MgF₂, ZnS, ZnSe, Al2O27№51 A203 23 \'5\' Lu,O,, Y,Al,O, LuyAl,O 12\' (Gd, Y), (Ga, Al),O12 Highly transparent ceramics with designed applications. mal treatment as a driving force for densification. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) frequently is used after the pores in the ceramics break up and form closed spherical bubbles during the third stage of sintering. Another method commonly used to make transparent ceramics is doping with a sintering aid, because the aid does not affect the physical properties of the final product. The sintering aid can be either a higher-melting-point material-used for defect-induced diffusion from charge compensation-or a lower-melting-point material-used for liquid-phase-enhanced diffusion. For non-cubic-phase materials, some grain orientation technologies, such as magnetic field, pulsed electric current, and screen-printing, can align the optic axes for transparency. Based on their crystal structure, the transparent ceramics reviewed below focus on the fabrication technology and product application, which can be divided into two general categories: cubic-phase and non-cubic phase. Cubic-phase transparent ceramics Oxides: General Electric developed transparent yttrium oxide (Y2O3) ceramics in the 1970s, with a 10-percent thorium oxide doping. GE believed this material had a good potential for lighting and laser applications, but these ceramics required sintering temperatures of 2,000-2,200°C. Concurrently, GE prepared pure yttria ceramics through hot-pressing at much lower temperatures, usually between 1,300-1,500°C, which produced a material transparent in the IR range and translucent in the visible range. As the first oxide ceramic laser, this material had a slope efficiency of only around 0.1 percent. Decades later, Raytheon and GTE succeeded in developing highly transparent yttria ceramics by means of applying HIP after regular sintering (where a sintering additive aided the technologies). These two companies were able to manufacture dome- and flat-shaped, high-quality transparent ceramic yttria missile windows that exhibited flexural strengths at room temperature of 74 and 98 megapascals, and Weibull moduli of 7.6 and 4.3, respectively. The mechanical data revealed that the yttria-composed windows prevented high-tensile-stress failure generated by thermal shock when exposed to an air stream. Engineers predicted the survival altitude to be above sea level for Mach 4, above 23,000 feet for Mach 5, and above 36,000 feet for Mach 6.3 Today, transparent yttria ceramics can be fabricated readily by vacuum sintering at around 1,700°C. A measured slope efficiency of 2-percent Yb³+: Y₁₂O₁₂ Energy (d) Photon Absorption (a) Relaxation: Energy transparent ceramic lasing at 1076 nanometers can reach 44.6 percent using a 5-percent output coupler.* Engineers also employ polycrystalline ceramics for up-conversion (a nonlinear optical process to convert long-wavelength excitation radiation into shorterwavelength output radiation) and downconversion of transparent coatings that they use to develop full-spectrum solar cells by converting IR or an ultraviolet (UV) radiation into absorbable visible spectrum (Figure 2). Rare-earth-doped yttria transparent ceramics can be tailored to have up-conversion and downconversion functions. Yttria is not the only oxide to receive attention as a laser host material. Japanese researchers demonstrated that yttrium aluminum garnet (Y,Al₂O12, or YAG) transparent ceramics could be a successful laser oscillation host material. In the early 1990s, they fabricated YAG transparent ceramics by solid-state reactive sintering under vacuum at 1,750°C with silica as a sintering aid. Within a few years, several companies were providing commercial products with large, varying sizes and complex shapes. Engineers have measured a slope efficiency of 85 percent for 10-percentYb3:YAG transparent ceramics. In (b) 24 25 26 27 Photon Photon Photon 28 29 Up-conversion ceramics Down-conversion ceramics (c) ITO/glass Pt/glass Dye Electrolyte Visible light IR light UV light Figure 2. Principles of (a) up-conversion and (b) down-conversion process of rare-earthdoped Y₂O, transparent (c) ceramics and (d) an application for developing a full-spectrum solar cell. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 33 (Credit: Chen and Wu.) New opportunities for transparent ceramics (a) 100 YAG (b) 90 807050 4 mm thick 4030 201020 30 40 50 60 70 0+ 20 (degree) 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Wavelength (nm) (c) Alfred University Figure 3. An (a) XRD pattern and (b) transmittance spectrum of Nd-doped YAG transparent ceramics, and (c) an image of the formed material. recent years, they also have demonstrated rapid progress in output power for Nd:YAG, starting with an output power of 72 watts in 2001, 1.46 kilowatts in 2002, 67 kilowatts in 2006, and 100 kilowatts in 2010.5 Companies are already supplying low-power Er³*- or Nd³-doped YAG transparent ceramics, such as in medical applications, as lowcost laser grain media alternatives to single crystals (Figure 3). In regard to mechanical properties (from the Weibull parameters of the characterized transparent ceramics), YAG was found to have superior flexural strength compared to spinel and yttria. This strength makes it an attractive candidate for IR transparent missile domes and reconnaissance windows. or Using vacuum sintering, researchers subsequently developed similarly structured terbium aluminum garnet (TbAlO2, or TbAG) transparent ceramics for magneto-optical applications; lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu,AlO₁2 LuAG) doped with cerium for high-energy radiation scintillating; and transparent thulium aluminum garnet (Tm3Al5O12, or TmAG) for use in lasers. Researchers also have prepared highly transparent lutetium oxide (Lu₂O3, Figure 4) via the (a) same vacuum sintering process, beginning with nanosized powders synthesized by coprecipitation or combustion. Lu₂O is a potential candidate for high-power laser grain media because it has twice the amount of thermal conductivity as YAG with Yb3+ doping higher than 20 percent.5 They have applied similar procedures to fabricate transparent ceramics from scandium oxide (Sc₂O3) for laser applications. Vacuum sintering also can be a very useful tool for densifying other cubicphase oxide transparent ceramics, such as A,B,O,-structured materials, including LaHfO, LaGdHfO, YZгO, and Nd₂Zr,O,. Scientists that have characterized these materials have found that some have excellent optical properties as laser host materials. For example, europiumdoped lutetium transparent ceramicsthat require pressure-assisted sintering to achieve high densification-have excellent scintillating properties and may be of great interest for X-ray imaging because of their high density. Other oxides are of interest, too. For example, highly transparent armor material, magnesium aluminum spinel (MgALO) prepared by presintering plus a pressurized sintering stage with or without a lithium fluoride sintering aid. (b) Figure 4. Images of (a) transparent Pr-doped Lu₂O3 ceramic disk and (b) its illumination under a 245-nanometer UV irradiation. 34 Additionally, with the assistance of pressure, 8-percent-yttria-stabilized cubic-phase zirconium oxide (ZrO2) can be prepared as a transparent material for use as fuel cell and oxygen sensor applications. Furthermore, unlike the conventional technologies mentioned above, researchers recently have learned how to transform amorphous glass oxides into transparent ceramics through full crystallization. For example, Allix, et. al crystallized europium-ion-doped barium aluminate-based glass into a highly transparent polycrystalline BaAlO:Eu ceramic by simple annealing. This material has potential for phosphorescent optical applications.? Fluorides: These materials have a wider transparency window than most oxides. Their optical and thermomechanical properties also make them attractive for multispectral imaging as well as UV and midwave IR windows and laser grain applications. In the mid-1960s, Kodak developed the first fluoride ceramic laser (CaF, Dy3+). It had a visible range transmittance close to a single crystal, but demonstrated poor and limited laser performance. The same group of researchers developed magnesium fluoride (MgF₂) for potential application in IR missile domes. This material essentially has the transmittance of a single crystal in the wavelength range between 2 and 6 micrometers, but the transmittance drops dramatically as the wavelength moves from IR to visible ranges. Hot pressing played a role in the formation of both of these transparent polycrystalline materials. More recently, Sanghara, et. al, fabricated transparent ytterbium-ion-doped www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No.2 (Credit: Chen and Wu.) (b) 2μm Transmittance (%) 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 (c) 15 Wavelength (nm) 20 Figure 5. (a) ZnS ceramic disk, (b) its SEM image, and (c) IR transmittance spectrum. CaF2 ceramics using cold isostatic pressing and hot-pressing techniques. 5 The CaF, ceramics, designed for high-power laser applications, have a much higher transmittance in the visible region than Kodak\'s CaF2. The researchers explored fabrication by hot-pressing fluoride single crystals into deformed polycrystalline transparent ceramics with uniformly distributed submicrometer grain sizes. After hot-pressing CaF, single crystals in a molybdenum alloy mold at 1,300°C with 250-megapascal pressure, the single crystals transformed into a polycrystalline CaF, ceramic composed of irregularly shaped grains. Lithium fluoride (LiF) and CaF2-SrF2-YbF, highly transparent ceramics, also can be prepared via this method, and they exhibit a little higher efficiency than their single-crystal counterparts for laser performance. Sulfides: In the middle of the 20th century, scientists identified zinc sulfide (ZnS, Figure 5) as a good candidate for windows that could transmit farther into the IR region than MgF, and CaF2. The discovery occurred in a period when the military became interested in research on IR-transparent ceramics for airborne reconnaissance, target designation, highpower lasers, and other applications. Kodak, again, led the way, and prepared a cubic-phase ZnS ceramics, via hot-pressing in a metal alloy mold. The material was transparent in the IR region and translucent (40 percent at 600 nanometers) in the visible region. One difficulty with fabricating of ZnS transparent ceramics is that the highest temperature that can be used for sintering is limited to approximately half of the melting temperature, because the material undergoes a cubic to hexagonal phase transformation at about 1,000°C. Years later, researchers at other companies, including Raytheon, obtained similar IR optical-quality ZnS ceramics with 2-8 micrometer grain size through chemical vapor deposition. After post-HIP treatment, they converted the translucent, orange-yellow ZnS into a clear and colorless multispectral, highly transparent ceramic. A major issue that results from this treatment is that the grains grow to hundreds of micrometers in size. This results in a 30-percent decrease in mechanical strength and a 35-percent decrease in hardness. Nevertheless, transparent ZnS ceramics made by this method are sold as commercial IR window and optical products. 27 5\' Mixed anionic system: In the late 1950s, scientists discovered cubic-phase aluminum oxynitride (Al₁₂O22N5, or AION) and its spinel-type phase. This discovery catalyzed significant interest in new transparent armor materials and mechanically stable thermal electromagnetic windows and domes.⁹ Investigators prepared the first closeto-transparent AlON ceramics using pressureless reactive sintering. Beginning with a powder mixture, in appropriate ratios, of AIN and Al2O3, they fired the material at 2,025°C for one hour under flowing nitrogen. They also could form transparent AION from reactive hot-pressing with powder mixtures of Al2O3 and AIN at 1,900°C under 20 megapascals for one hour. Because both of these methods are successful, transparent AlON with improved optical quality is prepared using processes that include AION powder synthesis, consolidation, and green body firing to full density. AlON powders can be synthesized several ways, including simple reactions of Al2O3 and AIN, carbothermal reductions of Al2O3, plasma-arc synthesis, and self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The sintering technology relies on the addition of a sintering aid through American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org vapor-phase transport and pressureless sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere. This results in a consolidated ceramic with an inline transmission of at least 50 percent in the 0.3-5.0-micrometer range. PostHIP treatment could produce highly transparent AION ceramics in the visible region. In the beginning of this century, during an effort to refine the phase diagram of A₁₂O, and AIN, researchers found that transient liquid-phase reactive sintering is very effective in obtaining high-quality, visibly transparent AlON ceramics. This requires a two-step sintering process that is comprised of, first, sintering at a temperature to introduce a liquid, and, second, cooling to a lower temperature and allowing the liquid to resorb, producing the single-phase transparent AlON. Among commercial manufacturers of transparent AlON is the Surmet Corporation (see cover story, \"Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend\"), which uses the material for IR-transparent, high-temperature, ballistic, and blast-resistant windows, all of which are four-times harder than fused silica glass and 85 percent as hard as sapphire. Non-cubic-phase transparent ceramics Oxides: GE was the first to study transparent alumina in the 1950s, for use as a high-temperature lamp envelope because of the material\'s unique high strength and great chemical resistance. With the successful fabrication of the material, GE began manufacturing and selling alumina Lucalox bulbs in 1961. Almost entirely sintered, the densified alumina is in a phase that forms hexagonal close-packed structures in which aluminum ions can fill two-thirds of the octahedral sites because 35 (Credit: Chen and Wu.) New opportunities for transparent ceramics of their small ionic radii. GE\'s research produced its best transparent alumina by firing the green body with a 0.0625-0.10-weight-percent doping of magnesia at 1,900°C in a hydrogen atmosphere. 10 Although the diffused forward transmittance is high, the inline transmittance is relatively low, especially in the visible region (13 percent at 500 nanometers, 0.94 millimeters thick) because of the birefringence. Conventional sintering techniques already can make alumina ceramics with very low porosity. To minimize the birefringence, it would be better to either reduce the grain size to nanometers or align the grain orientation along the same optical axis. Along these lines, researchers employed pressure-assisted sintering to make submicrometer-sized grain transparent alumina ceramics. Using SPS, they fabricated alumina ceramics with a 270-nanometer average grain size that had a real inline transmittance (small angle aperture) of 47 percent at 640 nanometers (0.88 millimeters thick) that was close to the theoretical value of 68 percent. They also reported that a lower heating rate (8°C per minute) is much more advantageous than a higher heating rate (100°C per minute) for the optical and microstructure properties of the alumina ceramics. The researchers found that HIP could easily reduce porosity to less than 0.05 percent and the grain size could be suppressed to between 0.3-1.0 micrometers. Although the grain size was bigger (500 nanometers), the inline transmittance was higher (64 percent at 640 nanometers, 0.8 millimeters thick) than the SPS sample because of the lower porosity. Grain-orientation technologies, another strategy for anisotropic optical ceramics, include templated grain growth, screen printing, pulsed electric current, and magnetic field assistance. For example, with an applied magnetic field of 12 tesla, the c-axes of alumina particles align parallel to the direction of the magnetic field during slip casting. After three hours sintering at 1,850°C in a hydrogen atmosphere, the transparent alumina ceramic, has approximately a 58 percent inline transmittance (at 640 nanometers, 0.8 millimeters thick). The XRD pattern 36 (a) Srs(PO4), Yt Sr(PO Alfred Univers Alfred Univ Srs(PO4): Yb 0cm (PO Sr-FAP: Yb 1.6 mm thick 2 (b) 15 keV 10 Full scale 7878 cts cursor: 3.932 (49 cts) Figure 6. An (a) image of hexagonal Yb: Sr-FAP transparent disk and its (b) TEM-EDS characterization. shows that the only peak related to the crystal planes is perpendicular to the c-axis. Armed with the results of years of research, companies moved to use the high-temperature chemical resistance of alumina to produce transparent alumina ceramic bulbs for commercial lighting applications. These bulbs have been used for high-pressure sodium-vapor lamps, producing a yellow light, as well as for metal halide lamps, producing highintensity white light comparable to that of sunlight. These lamps possess a much higher luminous efficacy than mercuryvapor lamps and incandescent lamps. Thus, they have been used throughout the world, even in developing countries, in parking lots, sports arenas, factories, as well as residential security lighting and automotive lighting. Apatites: Fluorapatite materials, such as strontium phosphate fluoride (Sr (PO),F, or Sr-FAP), have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their promising application in high-power laser systems that can be operated continuously without cryogenic accessories (Figure 6). Sr., (PO4)3 F crystallizes in the hexagonal system with refractive indexes (at 589 nanometers) n of 1.62523 and no of 1.6314 (where nand no represent the extraordinary and ordinary indices, respectively). Sr-FAP doped with ytterbium or neodymium ions has a large cross section and long fluorescence lifetime, properties that make it an excellent candidate for laser applications. Sr-FAP material is typically doped with rare-earth ions, and the spin orbit interaction of the 4f electrons of the ion strongly enhances the net magnetic anisotropy, resulting in the ability to generate large magnetic torque. This (Credit: Chen and Wu.) synthesis of highly oriented anisotropic ceramics with a magnetic field as low as 1.4 tesla compared with that of 12 tesla for alumina. The Ca (PO4)3F green body formed with the assistance of a low magnetic field is sintered at 1,600°C for two hours in open air and then subjected to HIP under 190 megapascals at 1,600°C for one hour in an argon atmosphere. The sintered Ca (PO4)3 F laser ceramic exhibited inline transmittance of 82 percent at a wavelength of 1,064 nanometers with a thickness of 0.48 millimeters. However, a downfall of this technology is that for materials that have a magnetic anisotropy of the c-axis lower than that of the a-axis-such as ytterbium-doped Sr-FAP-fabrication requires a rotating magnetic field to achieve the crystal orientation. With wet-chemical-precipitated powder, highly transparent ytterbium-doped Sr-FAP can be prepared by SPS at only 1,050°C for eight minutes under a pressure of 100 megapascals. Researchers have measured the inline transmittance of the sparkplasma-sintered ytterbium-doped Sr-FAP ceramic to be 78 percent at a wavelength of 1,064 nanometers (2 millimeters thick). Microstructure characterization showed that this sample has an average grain size of around 150 nanometers (with a size range of 40-200 nanometers). When the sintering temperature increased to 1,400°C, the resulting ceramic had an average grain size of 9.86 micrometers and the inline transmittance decreased to around 50 percent at a wavelength of 1064 nanometers (1.6 millimeter thick), although there was no change in the relative density. The above is not consistent with the traditional belief that large grain sizes are beneficial in transparent ceramics www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No.2 Microstructure control Purity control Transparency Sintering Powder uniformity Figure 7. Key issues related to the development of highly transparent polycrystalline ceramics. (because the subsequent reduction in the number of grain boundaries could produce better transparency). However, the light transmission mechanism for the transparent nanoceramic is different from that of conventional transparent ceramics. According to the newly developed model for light transmission properties of fine-grained Al2O3 ceramics, based on the Rayleigh-Gans-Debye light-scattering theory, transmittance (T) can be calculated as a function of grain size (r), wavelength, and sample thickness. As a result, Tx exp(-r), indicating that transmittance may increase exponentially with the decreasing grain size in a ceramic. (Along these lines, our group has been measuring the performance and laser-excitation characteristics of the high-quality transparent Sr-FAP ceramics that we fabricated, and we hope to publish the results soon.) Such transparent ceramics, fabricated to meet the requirements for commercialization, will promote the development of technologies for wide use in applications that range from automobile ignition to inertial confinement nuclear fusion. New frontiers open for exploration Despite the many developments related to transparent ceramics discussed above, there remain many other material systems that have intrinsic physical properties and potential applications in diverse fields, yet these materials pose challenges to those who attempt to prepare them to be highly transparent. (Credit: Chen and Wu.) For example, in regard to high-energy radiation detection and medical imaging applications, only translucent samples of monoclinic-structured lutetium orthosilicate (Lu,SiO, or LSO), hexagonal-structured gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd2OS, or GOS) lanthanum bromide (LaBr₂), and orthorhombic-structured strontium iodide (SrI,) have been thus far made translucent. (Some applications do not require very thick ceramics and, for example, GOS already has found commercial use.) 2/3\' For electrical-property-related applications, researchers also have fabricated translucent samples of PbZrO2-PbTiO3Pb(Zn, Nb23)O3 (PZT-PZN), PbZrO3PbTiO3-Pb(N₁₁Nb2/3)O3 (PZT-PNN), (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O, (PLZT), (K, Na05)1LiNb BiO3, Ba SrTiO 3 (BST), Sr Ba, Nb2O (SBN) typically using hotpressing, HIP, or SPS. 1-x Investigators also are giving appreciable attention to SiAlON and tetragonal-structured zirconia. They have made samples of these materials with 70-percent and 25-percent transmittance (at a wavelength of 800 nanometers), respectively. Researchers expect significant improvements in the optical quality of these ceramic materials and expect near-future commercial applications. Furthermore, science and technology innovations (Figure 7) will accelerate the demands for new transparent ceramic materials equipped with high-quality and unprecedented physical properties in the near American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org future. New ceramic technology, which generally can be applied to the wide array of material systems, will help open a new frontier in the development of new technologies. About the authors Shi Chen is a postdoctoral researcher at the Kazuo Inamori School of Engineering, New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University, Alfred, N.Y. Yiquan Wu is an assistant professor of ceramics and materials sciences at Alfred University. Contact: wuy@alfred.edu Acknowledgment We gratefully appreciate the Air Force Office of Scientific Research support and funding for this research (contract FA9550-10-1-0067). References \'A. Ikesue and Y.L. Aung, \"Ceramic Laser Materials,\" Nature Photonics, 2, 721-27 (2008). 2A. Krell, J. Klimke, and T. Hutzler, \"Transparent Compact Ceramics: Inherent Physical Issues,” Opt. Mater., 31, 1144-50 (2009). 3P. Hogan, T. Stefanik, C. Willingham, and R. Gentilman, \"Transparent Yttria for IR Windows and Domes-Past and Present\"; presented at the 10th DoD Electromagnetic Windows Symposium, Norfolk, Va., May 19, 2004. 4J. Sanghera, S. Bayya, G. Villalobos, W. Kim, J. Frantz, B. Shaw, B. Sadowski, R. Miklos, C. Baker, M. Hunt, I. Aggarwal, F. Kung, D. Reicher, S. Peplinski, A. Ogloza, P. Langston, C. Lamar, P. Varmette, M. Dubinskiy, and L. DeSandre, \"Transparent Ceramics for High-Energy Laser Systems,\" Opt. Mater., 33, 511-18 (2011). 5J. Sanghera, W. Kim, G. Villalobos, B, Shaw, C. Baker, J. Frantz, B. Sadowski, and I. Aggarwal, \"Ceramic Laser Materials,\" Materials, 5, 258-77 (2012). \'J.C. Huie, C.B. Dudding, and J. McCloy, \"Polycrystalline Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) for IR Transparent Missile Domes and Windows,\" Proc. SPIE, 6545, 65450E (2007). \'M. Allix, S. Alahrache, F. Fayon, M. Suchomel, F. Porcher, T. Cardinal, and G. Matzen, \"Highly Transparent BaAlO, Polycrystalline Ceramic Obtained by Full Crystallization from Glass,\" Adv. Mater., 24, 5570-75 (2012). 8D.C. Harris, \"Development of Hot-Pressed and ChemicalVapor-Deposited Zinc Sulfide and Zinc Selenide in the United States for Optical Windows,\" Proc. SPIE, 6545, 654502 (2007). ⁹R.M. Sullivan, \"A Historical View of AlON,\" Proc. SPIE, 5786, 2332 (2005). 10R.L. Coble, \"Transparent Alumina and Method of Preparation\", US Patent 3,026,210, Mar. 20, 1962. 37 A World of and Science PACRIMO Technology June 2-7, 2013 Hotel Del Coronado | San Diego, Calif., USA The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology Including GOMD 2013 - Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Discover cutting-edge ceramic and glass technology from around the world at PACRIM 10. Over the years, PACRIM conferences have established a strong reputation for stateof-the-art presentations, information exchanges on the latest emerging technologies, and facilitated global dialogue and discussion with leading world experts. Sign up by April 24, 2013 to save. This year\'s plenary speakers include Jeffrey Wadsworth, President and CEO of Battelle Memorial Institute; Hong-Kyu Park, Fellow of LG Chem Battery R&D, Korea; Tomoyoshi Motohiro, Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Japan; and M.K. Badrinarayan, VP & Research Director, Inorganic and Broad-Based Technologies, Corning Inc. In addition, the inaugural ACerS Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture will be given at PACRIM 10 by Walter Kob, University of Montpellier, France, as the opening lecture of the Glass & Optical Materials Division program. PACRIM 10 Program Chair H.T. Lin, Chair Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tenn., USA H.T. Lin The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics org Sponsors Endorsed by: The Chinese Ceramic Society The Korean Ceramic Society The Ceramic Society of Japan The Australian Ceramic Society The Indian Ceramic Society World Academy of Ceramics The Brazilian Ceramic Society The Thai Ceramics Society The European Ceramic Society Mexican Society of Materials CCTC Since 1928 三环集团 CORNING SICCAS 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 of CO Aty of So UBE Battelle UBE INDUSTRIES.LTD. The Business of Innovation www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 www.ceramics.org/pacrim10 REGISTER BY APRIL 24TH TO SAVE PACRIM 10 Plenary & Award Speakers Jeffrey Wadsworth President and CEO of Battelle Memorial Institute The Evolving R&D Model: Driving Energy Transformation through Advances in Materials Science Wadsworth formerly led Battelle\'s Global Laboratory Operations business, where he oversaw the management or comanagement of six national labs, representing more than $3 billion in annual business, and the Department of Homeland Security\'s National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center. He earned his BS (1972) and PhD (1975) from Sheffield University, England. He was awarded a Doctor of Metallurgy (1991) for his published work and received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree (2004). He has worked at Stanford University, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. He has authored or coauthored nearly 300 scientific papers and one book, and he has been granted four US patents. He holds five honorary doctorates, two honorary professorships, and is a Fellow in three technical societies. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Hong-Kyu Park Fellow of LG Chem Battery R&D, Korea Technology Trend in Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicle and Energy Storage System Application Park is in charge of Battery Materials Development for LIB, LIB cathode materials research and development, and materials development of for automobile applications at LG Chem. He earned his PhD in materials science & engineering at KAIST (1996) and completed postdoctoral work at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute and lowa State University. He is a board member of the Korea Electrochemical Society. Tomoyoshi Motohiro Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Japan Research Activities for Future Challenges in Global Energy and Environment in TCRDL Motohiro graduated from the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1976. He earned his MS in 1978 and his PhD in 1986 from UT and joined Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Japan. After his commission as a manager, Motohiro acceded a post of senior fellow as a manager in 2007. Since 2006, he has served concurrently as an affiliate professor of the graduate school in Toyota Technological Institute. He is author or coauthor of 99 refereed papers and four books. He won a R&D 100 Award in 2000 for the development of DVD-CD compatible CD-R based on the exothermic redox reaction at metal-sulfide thin-film interface. Motohiro is an advisory board member in the funding program \"CREST\" in the Japan Science and Technological Agency; a selection committee member of Japan\'s \"SACLA\" XFEL facility, Japan; the Surface Science Society of Japan; Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Society for Science on Form, Japan; and MRS. M.K. Badrinarayan VP & Research Director, Inorganic and Broad-Based Technologies, Corning Incorporated Glass and Ceramics for Energy Applications Badrinarayan is Vice President of Inorganic and Broad-Based Technologies within the research group at Corning Inc. He has 15 years with the company in management positions in inorganic materials, optics, and modeling. Badrinarayan graduated from the University of Kentucky with a master\'s degree in physics and a doctorate in electrical engineering. Prior to working at Corning, he held several management positions in Thomson CSF and Philips Display Components. He is a member of Optical Society of America and The American Ceramic Society. Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Opening lecture for the Glass & Optical Materials Division program. Walter Kob Full Professor, Department of Physics, University of Montpellier, France The Properties of Glassforming Systems at the Kauzmann Temperature American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 39 World of Science June 2-7, 2013 | Hotel Del Coronado | San Diego, Calif., USA 8:30 a.m. - - 5:30 30 p.m. PACRIMO The 10th Pacific Rim Conference and Technology Tentative Schedule of Events Saturday, June 1 Sintering of Ceramics Short Course Sunday, June 2 Including GOMD 2013 - Glass & Optical Materials Hotel Information Hotel Del Coronado Ph: 800-468-3533 1500 Orange Avenue Ph: 619-435-6611 Coronado, CA 92118 (near San Diego) Fax: 619-522-8238 Sintering of Ceramics Short Course Registration Welcome Reception 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. 3:00 p.m.-7:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. Rates: 7:30 a.m. - 6:00 0 p.m. 9:00 a.m. Noon Noon–1:20 p.m. Monday, June 3 Registration PACRIM Opening Remarks & Plenary Lunch on Own Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions Tuesday, June 4 1:20 p.m.- 6:00 p.m. Single/Double/Triple/Quad: $229.00 Attention US Government Employees - Contact Pamela Taylor at ptaylor@hoteldel.com or 619-522-8223 to make a reservation. Cut Off Date: May 3, 2013 Registration 7:30 a.m.- - 6:00 p.m. George W. Morey Award Lecture 8:00 a.m. 8:50 a.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions Lunch on Own Poster Session Set Up Norbert J. Kreidl Award Lecture Concurrent Technical Sessions Poster Session Wednesday, June 5 Registration Concurrent Technical Sessions Free Afternoon Fundamentals of Glass Science Short Course Thursday, June 6 Registration Stookey Lecture of Discovery Concurrent Technical Sessions Fundamentals of Glass Science Short Course Lunch on Own Concurrent Technical Sessions Conference Dinner Friday, June 7 8:30 a.m. Noon Noon - 1:20 p.m. 1:00 p.m.- 4:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m. - 1:50 p.m. 1:20 p.m. - 6:00 p.m. 5:00 p.m. 8:00 p.m. 7:30 a.m.- – 12:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 1:00 p.m.-5:30 p.m. 8:00 a.m.- - 6:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. 8:50 a.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. Noon 1:20 p.m. 1:20 p.m.- 6:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 9:30 p.m. Registration 8:00 a.m. Noon Concurrent Technical Sessions 8:30 a.m. Noon Optional Short Courses Sintering of Ceramics* June 1-2, 2013 Saturday and Sunday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology Fundamentals of Glass Science & Technology* June 5-6, 2013 Wednesday 1:00 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. Thursday 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Instructor: Arun K. Varshneya, Alfred University Rates: ACerS Member - $795 Student $345 *Separate registration fee required. Nonmember - $885 Course plus Membership - $915 40 40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 www.ceramics.org/pacrim10 on Ceramic and Glass Technology Division Annual Meeting THEMES AND SYMPOSIA MULTISCALE MODELING AND SIMULATION S1: Advanced Characterization and Modeling of Ceramic Interfaces S2: Ceramics by Genome INNOVATIVE PROCESSING AND MANUFACTURING S3: Novel, Green, and Strategic Processing and Manufacturing Technologies S4: Polymer-Derived Ceramics and Composites S5: Advanced Powder Processing and Manufacturing Technologies S6: Synthesis and Processing of Materials Using Electric Fields/ Currents: A Symposium Honoring Prof. Zuhair Munir NANOTECHNOLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CERAMICS S7: Multifunctional Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Heteroarchitectures for Energy and Device Applications S8: Engineering Ceramics and Ceramic-Matrix Composites: Design, Development, and Applications S9: Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases) S10: Advanced Ceramic Coatings: Processing, Properties, and Applications S11: Geopolymers-Low-Energy, Environmentally Friendly, Inorganic Polymeric Ceramics MULTIFUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS S12: Advances in Electroceramics S13: Microwave Materials and Their Applications S14: Oxide Materials for Nonvolatile Memory Technology and Applications CERAMICS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT S15: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Technology S16: Direct Thermal to Electrical Energy Conversion Materials and Applications S17: Photovoltaic Materials and Technologies S18: Ceramics for Next-Generation Nuclear Energy S19: Advances in Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org S20: Ceramics Enabling Environmental Protection: Clean Air and Water S21: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems S22: Glasses and Ceramics for Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Treatment CERAMICS IN BIOLOGY, MEDICINE, AND HUMAN HEALTH S23: Advances in Biomineralized Ceramics, Bioceramics, and Bioinspired Designs S24: Nanostructured Bioceramics and Ceramics for Biomedical Applications 2013 GLASS AND OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING SYMPOSIUM A: Glass Science SYMPOSIUM B: Glass Technology and Cross-Cutting Topics SYMPOSIUM C: Glasses for Optoelectronic and Optical Applications SYMPOSIUM D: James C. Phillips Honorary Symposium 2ND INTERNATIONAL RICHARD M. FULRATH SYMPOSIUM ON \"FRONTIERS OF CERAMICS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT\" 202 REGISTER NOW! Save $150 through August 5th 42 42 13th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories Unitecr 2013 The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories The Hosted by: American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org www.unitecr2013.org September 10-13, 2013 | The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre | Victoria, BC, Canada The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories is a biennial international conference that contributes to the progress and exchange of industrial knowledge and technologies concerning refractories. UNITECR\'13 is designed for manufacturers, scientists, engineers, and industry professionals interested in the science, production, and application of refractory materials. Attendees are involved in materials development, formulation, production, and engineering of refractories for ferrous and non-ferrous metals industries as well as the minerals processing, glass, cement, and petrochemical industries. Sign up by August 5, 2013, to save. Keynote Speaker Remco De Jong Vice President & General Manager for Refractory Minerals Division, Imerys Title: To be announced Schedule at a Glance Tuesday, September 10, 2013 FIRE Corrosion Short Course FIRE Castable Short Course Welcome Reception at British Columbia Museum Wednesday, September 11, 2013 Opening Session and Keynote Speaker Exhibits 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 7:00 - 10:00 p.m. 8:00 10:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. 6:00 p.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions Poster Session Thursday, September 12, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Tom Vert Concurrent Technical Sessions Exhibits Concurrent Technical Sessions Conference Dinner Friday, September 13, 2013 Plenary Speaker, Charles Semler Concurrent Technical Sessions Lunch & Closing Ceremony 10:40 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. 5:30-7:00 p.m. 8:10 9:00 a.m. 9:10 a.m. Noon 9:30 a.m.-3:00 p.m. 1:40-6:10 p.m. 7:00-10:00 p.m. 8:00-9:00 a.m. 9:20 a.m. Noon Noon–1:40 p.m. Plenary Speakers Tom Vert General Manager Primary Manufacturing, ArcelorMittal Dofasco Title: How Do Steelmakers Pick Refractories Logic, Emotion, or Dartboard? Charles E. Semler President/Consultant, Semler Materials Services Title: To be announced Hotel Information The Fairmont Empress 721 Government Street, Victoria, BC, Canada Phone: +1 250-384-8111 Rates Single/Double: $259 Canadian dollars, plus tax Deluxe Single/Double: $279 Canadian dollars, plus tax Cut Off Date August 12, 2013 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 • The technical program covers: • Advanced Testing of Refractories Co-Chairs: Len Krietz, Plibrico Co., USA; Nigel Longshaw, Ceram Research Ltd., UK • Advanced Installation Techniques & Equipment Co-Chairs: Jim Stendera, Vesuvius, USA; Hirohide Okuno, Taiko Refractories Co., Japan Monolithic Refractories Co-Chairs: Dale Zacherl, Almatis, USA; Goutam Bhattacharya, Kerneos, India Iron & Steel Making Refractories Co-Chairs: Mike Alexander, Riverside Refractories, USA; Patrick Tassot, Calderys, Germany ⚫ Raw Materials Developments & Global Raw Material Issues Co-Chairs: Shane Bower, Christy Minerals LLC, USA; Phil Edwards, Imerys, France ⚫ Refractories for Glass Co-Chairs: M.D. Patil, Corning Inc., USA; Adam Wisley, Kopp Glass, USA Cement & Lime Refractories Co-Chairs: Fielding Cloer, Spar Inc., USA; Swapan Das, Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, India Modeling and Simulation of Refractories Co-Chairs: Bill Headrick, Morco, USA; Harald Harmuth, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria • Petrochemical Co-Chairs: Don McIntyre, ANH Refractories Co., USA; Ken Moody, Refractory System Solutions, USA • • • ⚫ Refractories for Waste to Energy Processing & Power Co-Chairs: Ben Markel, Resco Products, USA; Andy Wynn, Morgan Ceramics, China ⚫ Energy Savings through Refractory Design Co-Chairs: James Hemrick, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; Valeriy Martynenko, Ukrainian Research Institute of Refractories Non-oxide Refractory Systems Co-Chairs: Dave Derwin, Superior Graphite, USA; Marcus Vinicius Moraes Magliano, SaintGobain, Brazil Refractories for Chemical Processes Co-Chairs: James Bennett, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA; Matthias Rath, Austria • Developments in Basic Refractories Co-Chairs: Dominick Colavito, Minteq International Inc., USA; Andrie Garbers-Craig, Univ. of Pretoria, South Africa ⚫ Global Education in Refractories Co-Chairs: George Oprea, Univ. of British Columbia, Canada; Yawei Li, Wuhan Univ. of Science and Technology, China ⚫ Refractories for Non-ferrous Metallurgy Co-Chairs: Rick Volk, United Refractories Co., USA; Angela Rodrigues-Schroer, Minteq, USA ⚫ Safety, Environmental Issues, and Recycling Solutions for Refractories Co-Chairs: Jason Canon, The Christy Refractories Co., USA; Leonardo Curimbaba Ferreira, US Electrofused Minerals/Electro Abrasives, USA/Brazil Sponsors ALMATIS PREMIUM ALUMINA Kerneos ALUMINATE TECHNOLOGIES TRI THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE NARCO arbis ANH Refractories PGreen Walker IMERYS TRANSFORM TO PERFORM CALUCEM RefractoryCeramicsDivision The American Ceramic Society MALUCHEM inc. Refined Minerals and Chemicals C-E Minerals Short Courses Sponsored by ANH Tuesday, September 10, 2013 | 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Early-Bird Rate: $595 | Regular Rate: $745 fire Dispersion and Packing of Ceramics Particles for Advanced Refractory Castables Instructors: Ana Paula Luz, Mariana A. Braulio, and Victor C. Pandolfelli, Federal Univ. of São Carlos, Brazil Fundamentals on Corrosion Behavior of Refractories Instructors: Christos Aneziris, Technical Univ. Freiberg, Germany, and Jacques Poirier, Univ. of Orleans, France North American UNITECR Committee Jeff Smith, Missouri University of Science and Technology Nancy Bunt, Kerneos Inc. Dana Goski, Allied Mineral Products Inc. 2013 Officers Louis J. Trostel Jr., President Rob Crolius, Treasurer Michael L. Alexander, Riverside Refractories Inc. Dana Goski, Technical Program Chair Nancy Bunt, Social Program Chair American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CHRISTY MINERALS KROSAKI HARIMA KROSAKI HARIMA CORPORATION VIRGINIA K KYANITE VAR 33 43 resources Calendar of events March 2013 7-9 Aluminas-2013: 3rd Int\'l Conference on High-Tech Aluminas and Unfolding Their Business Prospects CSIR-Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India; www.incers.org 18-20 Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft (German Ceramic Society) Annual Meeting - Bauhaus University, Weimar, Germany; www.dkg-jahrestagung2013.de 19-21 Indian Ceramics 2013: 8th Annual Ceramic Materials, Machinery, Supplies, and Technology Show – University Exhibition Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India; www. indian-ceramics.com 20-22 GLASSPEX India 2013 Bombay Convention and Exhibition Center, Mumbai, India; www.mdna. com/shows/glasspex.html 27-28 St. Louis Section/RCD 49th Annual Symposium: \"Refractory Challenges in the Chemical and PetroChemical Industries\" - Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; www. ceramics.org/sections/st-louis-section April 2013 15-19 ICF11: 11th Int\'l Conference on Ferrites - Okinawa Convention Center, Okinawa Pref., Japan; www.idf11.jp 23-24 BIOMAT: European Symposium and Exhibition on Biomaterials and Related Areas - Radisson Weimar Hotel, Weimar, Germany; www.dgm.de/dgm/ biomat/ 23-25 CICMT 2013: 9th Int\'l Conference and Exhibition on Ceramic Interconnect and Ceramic Microsystems Technologies (coorganized with IMAPS) - Buena Vista Palace Hotel & Spa, Orlando, Fla.; www.imaps.org/ceramics 23-25 PARTEC 2013: Int\'l Congress on Particle Technology - Exhibition Centre Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany; www.partec.info 26-28 IACE 2013: China Int\'l Advanced Ceramics Exhibition & Conference - Everbright Convention & Exhibition Center, Shanghai, China May 2013 7-8 Glassman Europe 2013 - Expo XXI, Warsaw, Poland; www.glassmanevents.com/europe 23 Glass Focus Conference - Radisson Blu Hotel, Manchester Airport, Manchester, UK; www.britglass.org.uk/ Glass-Focus-2013 24-27 China Glass 2013 - China Int\'l Exhibition Center, Beijing, China; www. chinaexhibition.com/trade_events/2331China Glass_Expo_2013_-_The_24th_ China_Glass_Expo.html 28-June 1 Ceramics China 2013: China Int\'l Exhibition for Ceramics Technology, Equipment and Product Pazhou Complex, Guangzhou, China; www.ceramicschina.com.cn June 2013 1-7 Sintering Short Course (organized by ACerS and held in conjunction with PACRIM 10, see below); www.bit.ly/ VvyzMX 2-7 PACRIM 10: The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology - Hotel Del Coronado, San Diego, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/ pacrim10 5-6 Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology Short Course (organized by ACers and held in conjunction with PACRIM 10, see above); www.bit. ly/XimnBK 7-12 NCM12: 12th Int\'l Conference on the Structure of Non-Crytalline Materials - Riva del Garda, Trento, Italy; http:// events.unitn.it/en/ncm12 17-20 Mir Stekla/World of Glass Int\'l Exhibition - Expocentre Fairgrounds, Moscow, Russia; www.mirstekla-expo.ru 19-22 ECers Summer School: Ceramic Science and Technolgy for the 21st Century - Ester Technopole, Limoges, France; www.ecers2013.fr 23-27 ECerS XII: 13th Conference of the European Ceramic Society - Ester Technopole, Limoges, France; www. ecers2013.fr July 2013 1-5 Int\'l Commission on Glass XXIII Int\'l Congress - Prague, Czech Republic; www.icglass.org 8-10 ACers Cements Division Annual Meeting - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, III.; www.bit.ly/TwvbRd 8-11 MC11: 11th Int\'l Conference on Materials Chemistry - University of Warwick, Warwick, UK; www.rsc.org/ mc11 10-12 CERMODEL2013: Modeling and Simulation Meet Innovation in Ceramics Technology - Trento, Italy; http://events.unitn.it/en/cermodel2013 28-Aug. 1 MCARE 2013: Materials Challenges in Alternative and Renewable Energy 2013 - Silk Road Dunhuang Hotel, Dunhauang, Gansu, China; http:// mcare2013-dunhuang.dconference.cn August 2013 4-7 ICCPS-13: Int\'l Conference on Ceramic Processing Science - Hilton Portland & Executive Tower Portland, Portland, Ore.; www.bit.ly/Wn7mNJ 25-28 MMM2013: 15th IFAC Symposium on Control, Optimization, and Automation in Mining, Mineral, and Metal Processing - Hyatt Regency Mission Bay Spa & Marina, San Diego, Calif.; www.flogen.org/mmm2013 September 2013 10-13 UNITECR 2013 - The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; www. ceramics.org/meetings 22-26 HTCMC-8: 8th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Qujiang Int\'l Exhibition Center, Xi\'an, China; www.htcmc8.org Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses or otherwise cooperates in organizing. 44 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 2 CALL FOR PAPERS Submit by March 25th 4th Advances in Cement-based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling and Sensing July 8-10, 2013 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign | Urbana, Ill. www.ceramics.org/cements2013 Submit your abstract in: • Cement chemistry and nano/microstructure Advances in material characterization techniques •Alternative cementitious materials • Durability and lifecycle modeling • Advances in computational material science and chemo/ mechanical modeling of cement based materials • Smart materials and sensors Rheology and Advances in SCC The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org strontium doped lanthanum III-IV nitride materials org H metallics tantalum alloys cerium polishing powder dysprosium pellets atomic layer deposition es Li Be solid ite Na Mg misch aerospace ultra-light alloys scandium-aluminum green technology crystal growth cobalt metamateria thin film bid Henetics rod BC N O F Ne iridium crucibles erbi Al Si P S CI Ar ultra K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr catho solare Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Пасто van Xe Duck: cone! Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn palladium shot nan tantalu gallium lump CIGS superd battery lithium super alloys Surface functionalized nanoparticles anode Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu yttrium foil iTh Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr nano gels gallium arsenide carbon nanotubes titanium robotic parts spintronics laser crystals rare earth metals fuel cell materials argets silicon carbide dielectrics um gold nanoparticles hafnium tubing eun LED lighting iron TM Now Invent. NOW germanium windows AMERICAN ELEMENTS platinum ink 99.999% ruthenium spheres erbium doped fiber optic quantum dots anti-ballistic ceramics World\'s Leading Manufacturer of Engineered & Advanced Materials shape memory alloys rhodium sponge nickel foam ultra high purity m ionic osmium alternative energy Nd:YAG catalog: americanelements.com photovoltaics 2001-2011. American Elements is a U.S. Registered Trademark.
