Celebrating 100 years AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology Ceramic and glass materials for a sustainable energy future Process modeling of a tunnel kiln | Into the Bulletin Archives-1930s | 3D-printed ceramic energy device MARCH 2021 SUBMIT YOUR ABSTRACT BEFORE MARCH 15 ACERS 123RD ANNUAL MEETING AT Technical Meeting and Exhibition MS&T21 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY GREATER COLUMBUS CONVENTION CENTER I COLUMBUS, OH, USA OCTOBER 17-21, 2021 WHERE MATERIALS INNOVATION HAPPENS Organizers: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org AIST TMS ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL TECHNOLOGY The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society MATSCITECH.ORG/MST21 contents feature articles cover story 28 March 2021 • Vol. 100 No.2 Ceramic and glass materials for a sustainable energy future Durable ceramic and glass materials underpin advances in electricity generation, energy conversion and storage, and waste disposal. by Ram Devanathan, Daiwon Choi, Olga Marina, Josef Matyáš, and Suresh Baskaran department News & Trends Spotlight Research Briefs 3 10 18 Ceramics in the Environment . 20 Advances in Nanomaterials Ceramics in Manufacturing 22 26 columns Business and Market View Solid-state battery global markets 7 by BCC Publishing Staff Into the Bulletin Archives1930s.. 8 Cover image Process modeling of a sanitary ware 34 tunnel kiln Process modeling offers a way to understanding the physics and temperature profile in a tunnel kiln without the need for an expensive experimental setup or significant amounts of time. by Denny Mathew Alex, Tino Redemann, and Eckehard Specht The cover shows a false-colored scanning electron microscope image of a plutonium oxide aggregate (~100 mm across) formed from calcination of plutonium oxalate. Cracks are visible where gases escaped during calcination. Credit: Edgar Buck, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory by Lisa McDonald Deciphering the Discipline 48 Advanced manufacturing of protonic ceramic energy 3D printing by Minda Zou devices via laser meetings MCARE 2021 combined with the 4th Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS 2021) ..40 UNITECR 2021: 17th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories PACRIM 14) including Glass & Optical Materials Division 2021 41 Annual Meeting (GOMD 2021).. 42 Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA 2021) recap resources Calendar Classified Advertising Display Ad Index. . 43 44 777 45 47 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor edeguire@ceramics.org Lisa McDonald, Associate Managing Editor Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Darryl Butt, University of Utah Michael Cinibulk, Air Force Research Laboratory Michael Hill, Tev Tech Inc. Eliana Muccillo, IPEN-SP, Brazil Oomman Varghese, University of Houston Kelley Wilkerson, Missouri S&T Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff http://bit.ly/acerstwitter online www.ceramics.org March 2021 • Vol. 100 No.2 in g+ f http://bit.ly/acerslink http://bit.ly/acersgplus http://bit.ly/acersfb http://bit.ly/acersrss As seen on Ceramic Tech Today... Credit: Eike Köhnen, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Researchers detail how they created record-setting perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell In January 2020, researchers at Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin announced they created perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 29.15% power conversion efficiency. A recently published paper details how they fabricated and tested these record-setting cells. Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Mark Kibble, Director of Information Technology mkibble@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings and Marketing aross@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Director of Membership kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Dana Goski, President Elizabeth Dickey, President-Elect Tatsuki Ohji, Past President Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Board of Directors Mario Affatigato, Director 2018-2021 Darryl Butt, Director 2020-2023 Helen Chan, Director 2019-2022 Monica Ferraris, Director 2019-2022 William Headrick, Director 2019-2022 Eva Hemmer, Director 2020-2023 John Kieffer, Director 2018-2021 Makio Naito, Director 2020-2023 Jingyang Wang, Director 2018-2021 Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian Read more at www.ceramics.org/tandemrecord2020 Also see our ACers journals... Key features in the development of unimorph stainless steel cantilever with screen-printed PZT dedicated to energy harvesting applications By M. I. R. Taborda, C. Elissalde, U. Chung, et al. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology Revealing the synergy of Sn insertion in hematite for next-generation solar water splitting nanoceramics By K. C. Bedin, A. L. M. Freitas, A. Tofanello, et al. International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science Interface engineering of nanoceramic hematite photoelectrode for solar energy conversion By A. L. M. Freitas, D. N. F. Muche, E. R. Leite, and F. L. Souza Journal of the American Ceramic Society Hybrid Li-S pouch cell with a reinforced sulfide glass solid-state electrolyte film separator By T. Yersak, J. R. Salvador, R. D. Schmidt, and M. Cai International Journal of Applied Glass Science International Journal of val ka Applied Ceramic Applied Glass TECHNOLOGY \'SCIENCE ات R [ H70 Ceramic Engineering Journal & Science American Ceramic Society Read more at www.ceramics.org/journals American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2021. Printed in the United States of America. 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All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 news & trends Carbon capture strategy looks to olivine to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere Recent analyses by the Global Carbon Project indicate that all of the canceled plans and home confinement in 2020 compounded into a 7% worldwide drop in fossil carbon emissions from 2019. \"I think it\'s likely the biggest [drop in emissions] ever,\" Rob Jackson, Stanford University earth scientist and chair of the Global Carbon Project, says in a Popular Science article. \"That\'s the equivalent of taking about 500 million cars off the world\'s roads for a year.\" That is impressive. But when it comes to carbon emissions, it is still not enough. Simply cutting current and future carbon emissions, even drastically, will not be enough to reverse the damage that has already been done and prevent further climate change and environmental damage. Instead, additional strategies are needed to help humans reverse the trend that they helped to create, and one popular option currently is capture carbon and storage. These methods and techniques widely vary, from high-tech to entirely natural, but the principle is the same-to capture carbon dioxide formed from industrial processes and fossil fuel-based activities and store it, so that it does not further contribute to atmospheric levels. Some of the strategies even turn that carbon dioxide into a usable product such as fuel (those strategies are termed carbon capture, utilization, and storage). One industry that certainly has been under a harsh spotlight is the cement industry, due to its 7% contribution to global carbon dioxide emissions. Accordingly, the cement industry has increasingly looked at ways to reduce its negative environmental impact, includ ing not only \"greener\" cement formulations but also production facilities that capture carbon before it is released into the atmosphere. Another significant contributor to carbon emissions is the transportation industry, which is estimated to account for 28.2% of carbon emissions in the United States in 2018. In addition to discover the healing power of glass BIOACTIVE GLASSES have the ability to bond to soft and/or hard tissue and are biodegradable in the body. Our staff of glass engineers and technicians can research, develop, and produce glass which is custom-made to fit your particular application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C mo.sci CORPORATION American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 3 Onews & trends Olivine, a silicate mineral that is highly abundant on earth-and may be the next big thing in effective and scalable carbon capture and storage techniques. fossil fuel burning vehicles on the roads, air travel accounts for a large amount of those emissions, so many airlines are now similarly looking for ways to reduce their environmental impact. Again, carbon capture techniques offer a solution. For instance, United Airlines recently announced that it plans to reduce its carbon emissions 100% by 2050 by investing in carbon capture technologies. Its strategy involves a multimillion-dollar investment in a company called 1PointFive, which uses large facilities to literally suck carbon dioxide from the air, a process generally termed direct air capture. 4 But while such carbon capture solutions generally are seen as a necessary component of our sustainable future, the problem is that these technologies and strategies are often expensive to implement-the economics still are not favorable to encourage and expand their use enough to sufficiently address the problem. So what is really needed is a strategy that is not only effective at removing carbon dioxide from the air but also is scalable, affordable, and easy to implement across the globe. A simple green silicate mineral called olivine just might provide the solution, according to a recent initiative called Thermcraft celebrates its 50th anniversary Thermcraft was born in January 1971, in a small warehouse space in downtown Winston Salem, N.C. From that small startup operation, Thermcraft progressively grew into a leading international manufacturer of thermal processing equipment, offering industrial and laboratory furnaces, ovens, high-temperature heating elements, insulation, and replacement parts. Thermcraft now resides in a 70,000-squarefoot manufacturing and office space located just a few miles from downtown Winston Salem, where it all began. The 1971 years 50 2021 Thermcraft incorporated number one priority at Thermcraft has always been customer service. We look forward to serving the thermal processing industry for another 50 years! 100 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS Credit: James St. John, Flickr (CC BY 2.0) Project Vesta. The Project describes itself as \"a nature-based, permanent, scalable, and affordable solution to climate change,\" and that solution involves using olivine to enhance the earth\'s natural process of carbon sequestration. Project Vesta\'s idea is relatively simple yet clever-mimic the earth\'s natural process of carbon sequestration but enhance the process, speeding it up to keep pace with human activity. “Our mission is to help reverse climate change by turning a trillion tonnes of CO2 into rock,\" the Project\'s website states. To understand the project\'s strategy, it helps to understand the process by which the earth normally sequesters carbon dioxide, called the carbon-silicate cycle or the inorganic carbon cycle. This natural cycle incorporates weathering of rock and volcanic activity, which sequester and release carbon dioxide, respectively-converse processes that roughly balance one another to keep the earth\'s atmosphere at a relative carbon dioxide status quo. The basic gist is that weathering of rocks draws carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and incorporates it into the rocks, which are eventually drawn down into the earth\'s mantle via movement of the tectonic plates. There, heat and pressure catalyze chemical reactions that release the carbon dioxide, which is then burped back out into the atmosphere during volcanic eruptions, restarting the cycle. The cycle normally works to balance out the earth\'s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, but the problem is humanswe have altered the natural landscapes to such an extent and contributed so much additional carbon dioxide to the atmosphere through activities like burning fossil fuels that the earth cannot keep up. So Project Vesta\'s idea is to enhance this natural process, essentially jump starting the carbonate-silicate cycle to augment the earth\'s ability to sequester all that excess carbon dioxide created by human activity. The project\'s solutiontermed coastal enhanced weatheringinvolves mining, crushing, and spreading a mineral called olivine on beaches. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 \"Olivine is a widely abundant volcanic mineral. It makes up over 50% of the Earth\'s upper mantle, and is the most effective mineral for enabling CO₂ removal through rock weathering,\" the Project\'s website states. During weathering, olivine reacts with water, generating hydroxide ions that react with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The bicarbonate that forms from this reaction washes into oceans through the action of waves and precipitates as carbonate onto the ocean floor. There, the carbon dioxide is locked into rock that will eventually be drawn down into the earth via movement of tectonic plates, effectively sequestering carbon dioxide deep in the earth. Project Vesta is not looking to turn all beaches green with olivine. The project estimates just 2% of shelf seas (oceans on the continental shelf, where there is high mixing of waters) are needed to capture all carbon emissions spewed out by human activity. And at a cost of as little as $21/tonne-which the project says, at full scale, amounts to less than 10% the cost of other carbon capture strategies-enhanced coastal weathering is economically feasible as well. Because olivine is one of the most common minerals on earth by volume, supply should not be an issue either. And while mining, crushing, and transporting olivine to beaches will certainly contribute its own carbon emissions, the scaled process, if successful, will more than offset its damage. Project Vesta states that the process is 95% efficient-for every tonne of CO2 emitted during olivine extraction and transportation, enhanced coastal weathering with that olivine can remove 20 tonnes of CO₂ from the atmosphere. It all sounds quite promising-but the big question is, will it work? Project Vesta currently is testing pilotscale experiments, incrementally adding crushed olivine to a test beach to monitor how it affects the total environment. If they see positive results, the team plans to extend the testing to additional environments to ensure scalability and safety of the strategy, scaling up incrementally and continuing to monitor the effects before eventually rolling out a global strategy. The project reminds of the current situation with the global pandemic, where the promise of highly effective vaccines is offering a glimmer of hope to restore some sense of balance to the world. Now, we just have to wait and see if it all pans out. Find more of the science behind Project Vesta\'s strategy at https://www.projectvesta.org/science.100 A Deltech Furnaces An ISO 9001:2015 certified company KI Control Systems are Intertek certified UL508A compliant www.deltechfurnaces.com Please join us in supporting the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 5 Onews & trends Recycling robot aims to generate separate material waste streams right at home More than 90% of discarded plastic around the world is never recycled. And many other materials that are even more recyclable than plastic, such as glass and aluminum, do not achieve the high recycling rates such materials could and should achieve. Part of the problem is the economics of recycling. While China once imported a vast majority of the world\'s recyclables, the country enacted import bans in 2018 that wholesale disrupted global recycling supply chains. And in the U.S., the domestic infrastructure to make recycling economically feasible simply is nonexistent in many places. Another part of the challenge with recycling operations is generating and maintaining individual, high-quality, pure waste streams. The \"mixed-use\" bins that allow consumers to combine their plastic, glass, aluminum, paper, and more all into one place-called singlestream recycling—are really convenient for consumers, but they introduce major challenges in terms of separating recyclables into their individual constituents. Due to the current popularity of single-stream recycling, the task of materials separation now most often falls to recycling facilities. And while some use robots equipped with cameras and sensors to achieve this separation, in many areas separating recyclable waste is a manual, imperfect process. That increases the time and cost required to generate separate material waste streams, and it also results in lower quality and thus lower value material waste streams. Multi-stream recycling, in which different materials are separated and collected individually throughout the entire recycling process, offers a much better alternative in terms of generating valuable and pure material waste streams. Yet multi-stream recycling systems are more complicated and require more coordinated efforts on the parts of consumers, municipalities, and recycling companies. So new solutions are needed to make recycling more effective, solutions that both generate high-quality individual waste streams and make it simple for consumers to comply. One proposed solution to improving recycling is Lasso, a robotic appliance designed to bring the recycling bin and materials sorting facility right inside consumers\' kitchens. Lasso looks like a heavy and somewhat bulky appliance, but Lasso contains cameras, sensors, robotics, and mechanics that together can clean, sort, process, and store recyclable materials, generating high-quality LASSO Lasso is a robotic appliance designed to improve the recycling cycle by bringing multistream recycling into the home. Credit: Lasso Loop Recycling, YouTube and high-purity material waste streams right at their point of use. The concept is that a person can simply insert their recyclable into Lasso, and the appliance\'s cameras and sensors scan the item to determine what it is and if it is recyclable. If it is, Lasso steam cleans the item and then crushes it and stores it in separated individual material bins. If the item is not recyclable or not an accepted material, Lasso simply returns the item. Initial models of Lasso are set to prepare and store seven different materials— aluminum, steel, two plastics (PET and HDPE), and three colors of glass (clear, brown, and green). A connected smartphone app lets users know when the separate material storage bins within the unit are nearly full so they can schedule a curbside pickup. Lasso is still in development, but according to a Gizmodo article, the company already has the capital to build the devices and plans to start shipping in September 2022, with planned curbside pickup service starting in San Francisco and expanding to other parts of the U.S. Like many new technologies, the unit will not be cheap-expect prices of around $3,500 once Lasso is available. The price would be expected to decrease with more widespread adoption, and Lasso CEO Aldous Hicks also hints at other potential solutions as well as expanded capabilities in a Lasso blog post: \"Without giving away too much, I can say that the second Lasso model will be able to accept paper and cardboard, plastic film and food scraps. By the time the second model is delivered, Lassos will also be offered as a service model, with an affordable annual service fee rather than an upfront appliance purchase cost. In keeping with a fast-growing technology company, all free cash flow is plowed back into R&D to drive down the costs and bring the follow-on products to market.\" Learn more about Lasso at https://www.lassoloop.com. 100 6 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. bcc Research Solid-state battery global markets By BCC Publishing Staff Th he global solid-state battery market was valued at $65.8 million in 2019 and is estimated to reach $391.9 million by 2025, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 35.7% over the forecast period. Solid-state batteries are among the new generation of advanced battery systems that offer several advantages over the current battery technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries. Their use of solid rather than liquid electrolytes lets these batteries operate at high workable temperatures, charge faster, and store a massive amount of energy in a compact area. However, at this point they are very expensive as compared with other battery types. There are several notable end users for solid-state batteries, including Medical and healthcare devices: Initial usage of solid-state batteries in this market segment started with heart pacemakers in the early 1970s. Solid-state batteries now are used in a variety of medical devices, including heart rhythm devices, nerve simulators, implanted sensors for catheters, and pulse generators, among other devices. • Electric vehicles: Currently high cost and degree of complexity for production at commercial scale are acting as impediments to the growth of solidstate batteries in this market segment. Once these challenges are overcome, the solid-state battery industry is expected to grow at a very rapid pace in the long-term future. • Consumer electronics: This segment is among the key potential future markets for solid-state batteries. SolidTable 1. Types of large and advanced battery systems Battery systems First-generation large and advanced battery systems Lead-acid batteries Nickel-cadmium batteries Next-generation large and advanced battery systems Nickel metal hydride batteries Lithium-ion batteries Solid-state batteries or Lithium-polymer batteries Specialty large and advanced battery systems Silver-zinc secondary batteries Silver-cadmium secondary batteries Nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries Metal-air batteries Nickel-zinc batteries Emerging large and advanced battery systems Sodium-sulfur batteries High-temperature lithium batteries Redox and flow batteries Nickel-iron batteries Calcium-metal sulfide batteries Sodium-metal chloride batteries Lithium-sulfur batteries state batteries currently are used in several electronics devices, such as radio frequency identification, integrated circuits, and high-end electronics. However, they are seen as a potential replacement for lithium-ion batteries in portable electronics, such as smartphones and laptops, once production can be made cost effective. • Industrial: Scope of the industrial segment for solid-state batteries in this report includes telecom networks and battery backup devices/uninterruptible power supply. For battery backup devices, solid-state batteries are seen as replacements for the current lead acid and lithium-ion batteries used. For telecom and network, growing usage of the Internet of Things for connectivity is expected to create demand for solid-state batteries. However, commercialization in this segment is expected to take longer, possibly till the next decade. • Other: Other end uses for solidstate batteries include energy harvesting, military, and aerospace applications. Currently, solid-state batteries are being used at a limited scale for energy harvesting, but they are suitable for this application due to their high energy density. Military and aerospace segment are considered to be future applications for the solid-state batteries. Publications related to solid-state batteries have risen tenfold in the past two decades, along with a noteworthy upsurge in patent filing activities. Over 2,700 patents were filed between 2000 and 2019, out of which one half comprised from the U.S. and Japan. Toyota leads the number of solid-state battery patents filed by company, accounting for 43% of all patents filed since 2000. About the author BCC Publishing Staff comprises expert analysts who are skilled in conducting primary research, secondary research, and data analysis and have decades of combined experience covering a wide range of industries. Contact the staff at analysts@bccresearch.com. Resource BCC Publishing Staff, \"Solid State Battery: Global Markets\" BCC Research Report FCB053A, December 2020. www.bccresearch.com. 100 Table 2. Global market for solid-state battery, by end user, 2019-2025 ($ millions) End user 2019 2020 2025 CAGR% 2020-2025 Medical & Healthcare devices Electric Vehicles Consumer Electronics Industrial Others 17.8 23.0 105.4 35.6% 19.4 25.2 116.8 35.9% 15.1 19.6 90.5 35.8% 5.4 6.9 31.0 35.1% Total 8.1 10.5 48.2 35.6% 65.8 85.2 391.9 35.7% American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 7 O bulletin timeline By Lisa McDonald Into the Bulletin Archives-A look back at our 100 years in print Since May 1922, the ACerS Bulletin has served the ACerS community, providing them updates on member news, Division meetings, and the latest research in ceramics and glass. In celebration of Volume 100 this year, the Bulletin editorial team is running a special column in each issue of the 2021 Bulletin that looks at the history of the Bulletin by decade. This issue highlights the 1930s. We hope you enjoy following the journey of the Bulletin from its early years to today. As an ACerS member, you have access to all 100 years of the Bulletin on the Bulletin Archive Online at https://bulletin-archive.ceramics.org. 100 Into the Bulletin Archives-1930s The Bulletins of the 1930s followed the format of the 1920s Bulletins quite closely. One major difference, though, started in July 1933, when the first paid ads, and an accompanying advertiser\'s index, began appearing in the magazine. In addition, the July issue also saw the first instance of a buyers\' guide for equipment, materials, and services for the ceramics and glass industry. The buyers\' guide became a regular feature of each issue in the 1930s. Past ACerS president Edward Orton, Jr. (1930-31) died Feb. 10, 1932. Orton was instrumental in organizing the Society in 1898, and he served as the Society\'s first Secretary from 1899-1917. At the time of his death, Orton was Chairman of Fellows, an honorary ACerS group that was instituted only a little more than one year before his death. In 1896, Orton began the manufacture of pyrometric cones in the United States. This work is continued by the Edward Orton, Jr., Ceramic Research Foundation, which was established in 1932 by provision of Orton\'s will. A detailed obituary for Orton can be found in the March 1932 issue of the Bulletin. A look at his legacy is available at https://ceramics.org/Orton_legacy. Credit: ACers Bulletin (March 1936) Vol. 15 Iss. 3, pp. 74 EDWARD ORTON, Jr. October 8, 1863 to February 10, 1932 1884 Graduated from Ohio State University 1894 Organized the Department Ceramic Engineering, Ohio State University 1896 Began manufacturing pyrometric cones Organized the American Ceramic Society Appointed State Geologist 1898 1899 1902 1913 Dean of College of Engineering Organized the Engineering Experiment Station, Ohio State University 1916 Coöriginator of National Defense Act 1917 1919 1922 1930 1931 Commissioned Major in the U. S. Army Awarded Distinguished Service Medal Doctor of Science, Rutgers University President of the American Ceramic Society Doctor of Laws, Alfred University EDWARD ORTON, JR., 1863-1932 1930s ACerS Bulletin (March 1936) Vol. 11 Iss. 3, pp. 48 The establishment of the Fellow status in ACerS is one of the most notable stories tracked by the Bulletin in the 1930s. The process began in February 1930, when the Society approved Clause 6 of the \"Recommendations of the Committee on Classification of Membership,\" which outlined the terms of Fellow status.¹ In May 1930, the constitutional amendments for Fellow status were adopted by letter ballot, and in December 1930, the first one hundred Fellows met to organize and lay down the specifications and methods by which the Fellowship would grow.³ Induction of those Fellows, plus 52 nominated in the regular manner, took place during the 33rd Annual Meeting in February 1931.4 The Society also announced two major changes to its Divisions structure during the 33rd Annual Meeting. DIVISIONS OF THE SOCIETY During the 1930s, the Society had eight Divisions. • Refractories • Art • Enamel • Glass • Terra Cotta • White Wares • Materials and Equipment (new) •Structural Clay Products (previously Heavy Clay Products) 8 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Credit: ACers Bulletin (September 1937) Vol. 16 Iss. 9, pp. 376 In addition to more serious news, the \"Activities of the Society\" section included lighthearted banter as well. One, the Heavy Clay Products Division and the National Brick Manufacturers Association consolidated to become the Structural Clay Products Division, which still exists today. Two, an entirely new Division called the Materials and Equipment Division was formed. President Edward Orton, Jr. explained the impetus for such a Division during his Annual Meeting address. \"Some of you perhaps have not yet sensed fully the need of such a division, reasoning that all the divisions have in the past given place to papers and discussions on such topics, and that under that procedure new materials and new equipment have been brought forcefully to the attention of those most directly concerned with its use. On the biter in these matters is the man-in-the-street. What he finally accepts is the standard. PRONUNCIATION OF CERAMIC-\"SERAMIC\" OR \"KERAMIC\"?* Editor of the Sentinel: Mr. Fred Rhead, in his lecture to the Society of Industrial Artists last night, pronounced that word familiar to all of us in the Potteries as \"Seramic.\" As it is derived from the Greek word \"Keramos,\" is not the correct pronunciation \"Keramic,\" or are both correct, or both used universally? The French \"garahzh\" is fast becoming \"garrage\" (pronounced like \"passage\") and \"vitamin\" was originally \"vitamine,\" with various pronunciations. As regards \"ceramic,\" we have introduced into English I shall be glad of a ruling on this point.-Anglo-American a number of Greek words with the initial letter “k,” changNew Union\'s Reply to Trades Council The question of the pronunciation of \"ceramic\" is not one for the potter or language expert to decide. The ar* From the Evening Sentinel, Stoke-on-Trent, June 9 and 14, 1937. other hand, ceramic materials and processes in the nature of the case are of such general use, in so many branches of our art, that members of all divisions should profit from more general diffusion or knowledge concerning them. And no one can successfully deny that the classification and subdivision of knowledge is an inherent part of scientific progress. The same process which has split our one-time single body into seven divisions is still operating. Who would say that we have not gained by it? Each division now displays more papers, more studies, more discoveries, more pushing back of the froning this into \"c.\" Now \"c\" before \"e\" or \"i\" is sibilant, that is, since the time of the French William the Conqueror. Hence \"seramic.\" In Anglo-Saxon times, the word would have been pronounced \"keramic.\" Since the Conqueror, the hard sound of \"e\" before \"e\" and \"i\" is denoted by\" k\", e.g., \"cyn\" is now \"kin\" and \"cyng\" is now \"king.\" -T. Murphy tiers of the unknown, each year than the whole Society did when it was one body. By the lessons of our own experience, as well as the universal testimony of all other organizations, we shall gain by subdividing and specializing in the future as in the past.\" -ACerS Bulletin, Vol. 10., Iss. 4., April 1931 References \'Bulletin, April 1930, pp. 110-117. 2Bulletin, March 1930, pp. 71-74. 3Bulletin, February 1931, pp. 30-35. *Bulletin, April 1931, pp. 89-93. FREE Milling & Sizing Trial: Send your sample for evaluation today! Pro. Worldwide standard in industry and research. FRITSCH Precision Milling SystemsⓇ High-Performance Mills Sieve Shakers Particle Sizing Instruments Sample Dividers Quality made in Germany ▪ Since 1920▪ Phone 919-229-0599 ▪ www.fritsch-us.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 9 10 acers spotlight SOCIETY Welcome new ACerS DIVISION Corporate Partners SECTION CHAPTER NEWS ACerS is pleased to welcome its newest Corporate Partners: - GeoCorp - QuantumScape - Silicon Carbide Products - Special Shapes Refractory Company ACerS Corporate Partner program offers member companies all the benefits of individual membership plus marketing, recruiting, networking, and education. Employees of corporate partners enjoy cost savings on ACerS\' new and expanded online educational training programs about ceramic science, technology, and manufacturing. To learn how your company can utilize the benefits and gain exposure to a global audience through the Corporate Partnership program, contact Kevin Thompson, membership director, at (614) 794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. 100 Volunteer spotlight ACerS Volunteer Spotlight profiles a member who demonstrates outstanding service to the Society. Hubert Mathieu Hubert earned a M.Chem. from the University of Rennes, France, and a Ph.D. in materials science at the University of Rennes and the University of Arizona. His work focused on chalcogenide glasses and glass-ceramics. His professional background includes working at CelSian Glass & Solar as a glass scientist and technologist and teaching with the CelSian-NCNG International Glass Technology Course. He joined Corning USA in 2016 and is a development associate, working on new glass products. Additionally, he lectures on glass science and glass technology at Corning Community College. A member of ACerS since 2011, Hubert has served as a GOMD conference session chair and as lead organizer of the Symposium on Glass Technology and Manufacturing at the 2019 ICG/GOMD conference. Currently, he is program co-chair for the upcoming 2021 GOMD Conference in Vancouver. He also mentors students as part of ACerS PCSA mentoring program. We extend our deep appreciation to Hubert for his service to our Society! 100 St. Louis Section/RCD Virtual 56th annual symposium: March 24-25, 2021 The St. Louis Section and the Refractory Ceramics Division of The American Ceramic Society will host the Virtual 56th Annual Symposium on Refractories on the theme \"Properties and Performance of Refractory Ceramics-A Tribute to Richard C. Bradt\" on March 24-25. Co-program chairs are Kelley Wilkerson and Jeff Smith of Missouri University of Science and Technology. For more information and to register, visit http://bit.ly/2021StLouis RCD. 100 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics Free to ACerS members Frontiers of Ceramics & Glass Webinar Series Title: Raw material variability and manufacturing PRESENTER: WILLIAM M. CARTY- Alfred University ACers Manufacturing Division MARCH 16 11 A.M. - 12 P.M. The ACerS Frontiers of Ceramics and Glass Webinar Series offers free, live webinars for members each month providing valuable technical content in a convenient format. Expert speakers from ACerS Divisions, Sections, and Chapters deliver knowledge on a variety of cutting-edge topics while answering questions from live viewers. William M. Carty, FACerS, will discuss how raw material variability (e.g., particle size distribution) and powder processing can impact manufacturing control and product consistency from an engineering perspective, such as by offering a potentially new way to look at particle size distribution data. There is no cost for ACerS members, GGRN, or Material Advantage student members, and members can access previous webinar recordings. The registration fee for nonmembers is $30 and $15 for student nonmembers. For more information and registration, visit https://ceramics.org/ professional-resources/career-development/web-seminars. 100 IN MEMORIAM William Contardi Don Frith Conrad Naber Masaki Narisawa John \"Jack\" Persico Gerald Rieper Clarence Shaw Some detailed obituaries can also be found on the ACers website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam. THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Website Advertising TARGET YOUR MARKET ceramics.org Contact Mona Thiel For Details 614-794-5834 mthiel@ceramics.org Names in the news Members-Would you like to be included in the Bulletin\'s Names in the News? Please send a current head shot along with the link to the article to mmartin@ceramics.org. The deadline is the 30th of each month. Barsoum Michel Barsoum, FACerS, Distinguished Professor in the materials science and engineering department at Drexel University, ranked first in the materials science subfield in a citation study led by a Stanford University researcher and published in PLOS Biology. The study analyzed 2019 citation metrics from Scopus and excluded self-citations. 100 TT TevTech Materials Processing Solutions CUSTOM DESIGNED VACUUM FURNACES FOR CVD AND CVI Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Exceptional Automated control systems providing consistent quality product Pilot Scale systems available for rapid product development Systems installed and operating in Asia, U.S. and Europe ASME SETTING THE STANDARG OVER 251 ASME SECTION VIII YEARS BPVC CERTIFIED EXPERIENCE www.tevtechllc.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 100 Billerica Ave Billerica, MA 01862 sales@tevtechllc.com Call (978) 667-4557 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 11 acers spotlight more ceramic SOCIETY Tech chat ine American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org DIVISION SECTION CHAPTER NEWS www.ceramics.org/ceramic-tech-chat Ceramic Tech Chat: Greg and Ashley Hilmas Hosted by ACerS Bulletin editors, Ceramic Tech Chat talks with ACerS members to learn about their unique and personal stories of how they found their way to careers in ceramics. New episodes publish the second Wednesday of each month. In the January episode of Ceramic Tech Chat, dad and daughter duo Greg and Ashley Hilmas, university professor and government research materials engineer, respectively, describe their similar journeys to becoming ceramic engineers, how their career paths diverged after earning their Ph.D.\'s, and what it is like working in the same niche field. Check out a preview from their episode, which features how they each came to be in their current jobs. AWARDS AND DEADLINES Goog FOR MORE INFORMATION: ceramics.org/members/awards EDiv names best student posters, student oral presentations of EMA 2021 The Electronics Division presented awards for outstanding student work during their 2021 Virtual Electronic Materials and Applications Conference. Congratulations to these students! Poster Competition EMA 2021 First place High speed visualization of ferroelectric domains by friction asymmetry Seongwoo Cho, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Second place Aqueous chemical solution deposition of Sr Ba₁_ Nb₂O thin films Viviann Hole Pedersen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology Third place Correlating structural changes to the volume fraction of polar nanoregions in quenched Na₁B/TiO3 - BaTiO, ceramics 1/2\' Andreas Wohninsland, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany Oral Presentation Competition EMA 2021 First place Microstructure quantification and random forest regression models for Li̟Ti¸O12 – Ni property prediction William Huddleston, Case Western Reserve University 12 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Greg, FACerS and Curator\'s Professor of Ceramic Engineering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology: \"After my second postdoc in Michigan, I went to work for a small company called Advanced Ceramics Research in Tucson, Arizona. It was going well, I was really enjoying it, but at the same time things were changing at the company, starting to think about going elsewhere. and I was I got a call from my first postdoc advisor at the University of Michigan, John Holmes, and he said, \'Hey, do you know this university in Rolla, Missouri? They\'re looking for [a junior faculty member] with expertise in mechanical properties of ceramics, and I, them your name and contact information.\' gave So, I look back on it and I think, ‘Okay, maybe I can do this.\' But frankly, I didn\'t know. I didn\'t know if I did enjoy teaching. I didn\'t know if I\'d really be good at it or not. And 22 years later, I love teaching.” Ashley, research materials engineer at the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL): Ceramics in the family: Greg and Ashley Hilmas \"I don\'t think I would have the job I have today without ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA). So I was able to meet Dr. Lisa Rueschhoff, who is also AFRL, through PCSA. We became pretty close. She invited me out to do a seminar at AFRL about my work when I was in grad school. And it was while I was there giving the seminar, someone from the team I\'m on now was like \'Hey, we have a position open. You should apply. I think you could be a decent candidate.\' And so if I didn\'t go give that seminar, would I have known about the job? Who really knows, I guess. But ACerS definitely played an instrumental role.\" Listen to the Hilmas\'s whole interview-and all of our other Ceramic Tech Chat episodes—at http://ceramictechchat. ceramics.org/974767. 100 Second place Role of grain boundary refinement and nano-precipitates in enhancing the flux pinning of superconducting Nb,Sn Jacob Rochester, The Ohio State University Third place Design of new lead-free antiferroelectric (1-x)NaNbO3 - xSrSnO3 compositions guided by first-principles calculations Maohua Zhang, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany 100 YOUR Alumina VALUABLE PARTNER IN MATERIAL SCIENCE Sapphire .Alumina •Sapphire ⚫Quartz ⚫ Boron Nitride Quartz Boron Nitride find your vendors with ceramicSOURCE ceramicsource.org • High Purity Powders ⚫Laser Marking Machine ⚫Laser Machining Http://www.advaluetech.com Tel: 1-320-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024 Email: sales@advahetech.com 1156 Chrysler Ave, Tucson, AZ 85713, USA A AdValue Technology High Purity Powders Laser Machining Laser Marking Machine American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 13 acers spotlight more ECD best poster winners from ICACC 2020 AWARDS The Engineering Ceramics Division has announced the best posters from the ICACC 2020 meeting held last January in Daytona Beach, Fla. The awards were presented virtually during ICACC 2021 in February. Congratulations to the authors of AND these award-winning posters. DEADLINES First place awards Growth of high purity zone-refined boron carbide single crystals by laser diode floating zone method, Michael Straker, Morgan State University, Md.; Ankur Chauhan, Kevin J. Hemker, Mekhola Sinha, W. Adam Phelan, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; M. Chandrashekhar, University of South Carolina, S.C.; Michael Spencer, Morgan State University, Md. DFT study of the impact of impurities in SiC bulk and grain boundaries, Matt Guziewski, Shawn P. Coleman, US Army Research Laboratory, Md.; Cassidy Atkinson, Pamir Alpay, University of Connecticut Atomic layer deposition of ultra-high temperature ceramics as hydrogen environmental barrier coatings for nuclear thermal propulsion, Sarah Bull, Theodore Champ, Charles Musgrave, Alan W. Weimer, University of Colorado; Cynthia Adkins, Robert O\'Brien, Idaho National Lab; William W. McNeary, National Renewable Laboratory, Colo. Second place award Biomass derived carbons and PDC functionalized carbon composite for electrochemical energy storage, Shakir Bin Mujib, Kansas State University; Beatriz Vessalli, Centro de Tecnologia da Informação Renato Archer (CTI), Brazil; Waldir Bizzo, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Brazil; Talita Mazon, CTI, Brazil; Gurpreet Singh, Kansas State University Third place awards Processing and characterizing Al-doped boron carbide bulk ceramic, Qirong Yang, Eric Gronske, Chawon Hwang, Richard A. Haber, Rutgers University, N.J. Hydrothermal sintering: a low temperature densification process of ceramics, Lucas Villatte, Sylvie Bordere, Dominique Bernard, Marie-Anne Dourges, Alain Largeteau, Catherine Elissalde, Graziella Goglio, Institut de la Chimie et de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, France Trustee awards Processing and mechanical characterization of ice-templated alumina-epoxy composites, Justine Marin, Sashanka Akurati, Dipankar Ghosh, Old Dominion University, Va. Mechanical properties of spark plasma sintered BC, Ruslan Kuliiev, Nina Orlovskaya, University of Central Florida; Holden Hyer, Yongho Sohn, University of Central Florida Partial amorphization and phase control of cobalt nickel sulfide for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction, Sungwook Mhin, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology Electric potential change of glasses by polishing with thermally oxide silicon, Ryo Fukuzaki, Seiichi Suda, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, Japan 100 14 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Take note of fast-approaching award deadlines While January 15 was the deadline for most award nominations to be submitted, there are four prestigious Division awards that have later deadlines. Award eligibility for each can be found at www.ceramics.org/awards. Contact: Erica Zimmerman | Member engagement manager | ezimmerman@ceramics.org | 614.794.5821 Division Award Nomination Deadline GOMD Alfred R. Cooper Scholars Award May 15 Electronics Edward C. Henry Award May 15 Electronics Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship May 15 Basic Science Graduate Excellence March 15 (submit abstracts) in Materials Science Aug. 15 (Apply for GEMS award) (GEMS) Description This award recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/or study in glass science or technology. The recipient receives a plaque, $500, and a complimentary registration to ACers Annual Meeting at MS&T21. This award is given annually to an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the Bulletin during the previouscalendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. The author(s) will be presented with a plaque and $500 (split among authors). The purpose of this $2,000 tuition award is to encourage academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in ceramics/materials science and engineering. The 2021 essay topic is \"Artificial intelligence and data mining in electroceramics.\" The award is open to graduate students making oral presentations in any symposium at ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T21. To be eligible for these awards, submit your abstracts to MS&T2021 at https://www.matscitech.org/MST21. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. 56 years of service and reliability 1²R ISQUARED RELEMENT I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Phone: (716)542-5511 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org GASBARRE POWDER COMPACTION SOLUTIONS GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM ON-SITE SERVICE Engineered Solutions FOR POWDER COMPACTION CNC HYDRAULIC AND ELECTRIC PRESSES Easy to Setup and Flexible for Simple to Complex Parts HIGH SPEED PTX PRESSES Repeatable. Reliable. Precise. COLD ISOSTATIC PRESSES Featuring Dry Bag Pressing 814.371.3015 press-sales@gasbarre.com www.gasbarre.com GASBARRE CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 15 acers spotlight STUDENTS AND OUTREACH The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org President\'s Council of Student Advisors faces in the office! 1300C COFFEE COUNT:2 The 2019-2020 class of PCSA delegates\' \"Day in the Life (DITL)\" video project. Individual video stories may be viewed at www.instagram.com/acerspcsa. Apply today for 2021-22 ACerS PCSA class The President\'s Council of Student Advisors (PCSA) is the student-led committee of The American Ceramic Society composed of ceramic and glass focused students. The PCSA is looking for dedicated and motivated undergraduate and graduate students to get involved and to help advance ACerS into the future. Interested students should visit www.ceramics.org/applypcsa to learn more and how to apply. Application deadline is March 26, 2021. 100 ACers Associate Membership and Young Professionals Network The Society offers one year of Associate Membership at no charge for recent graduates who have completed their final degree. To receive the benefits of membership in the world\'s premier membership organization for ceramics and glass professionals, visit www.ceramics.org/associate. Also, consider joining ACerS Young Professionals Network once you have become an ACerS member. ACerS YPN is designed for members who have completed their degree and are 25 to 40 years of age. YPN gives young ceramic and glass scientists access to invaluable connections and opportunities. Visit www.ceramics. org/ypn for more information, or contact Yolanda Natividad, member engagement manager, at ynatividad@ceramics.org. 100 ACerS GGRN-Graduate student membership for ceramic and glass students Build an international network of peers and contacts within the ceramic and glass community with ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network. ACerS GGRN is a FOR MORE membership in ACers that addresses the professional and career development needs INFORMATION: of graduate-level research students who have a primary interest in ceramics and glass. GGRN members receive all ACerS individual member benefits plus special events at meetings, and free webinars on targeted topics relevant to the ceramic and glass ceramics.org/students graduate student community. ACerS GGRN is only $30 per year. If you are a current graduate student, focusing in ceramics or glass, visit www.ceramics.org/ggrn to learn what GGRN can do for you and to join directly. 100 16 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION CGIF introduces a new materials science teaching resource The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, building on lessons developed by Mary Reidmeyer, FACerS, of Missouri University of Science and Technology, recently launched a new educational resource. The Mini Materials Demo Kit is a collection of seven simple demonstrations for use practically anywhere by parents, teachers, and students who are using online and at-home teaching resources. The lessons are written for a wide age-range of learners and the whole family can have fun learning about such topics as: ⚫The science of Silly PuttyⓇ • What is fiber optics? • Magic color beads and UV light • How are glass fibers made? • What is fluorescence? • What is a shape memory alloy? • Does heating an aluminum nail make it harder? Our larger Materials Science Classroom Kit is intended for use in the classroom. Five of the nine lessons are for the teacher to demonstrate; the remaining four are for students to perform in small groups with assistance from the teacher. The new Mini Materials Demo Kit is intended for use virtually anywhere by students to gain hands-on experience and knowledge, and the lessons are written in such a way that they can be meaningful to elementary, middle, or high school students. The Mini Materials Demo Kit provides interesting activities to be done at home or in the classroom and can be purchased for only $49; quantity discounts are available for orders of five or more. Donations to supply kits to those with limited resources can be made at https://myacers.ceramics.org/donate. For more information on both the Materials Science Classroom Kit and the new Mini Materials Demo Kit, visit https://ceramics.org/ sciencekits or contact Belinda Raines at braines@ceramics.org. 100 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture VOLUME 1 PASCAL RICHET WILLY ACERS BOOKSHELF CHECK OUT THIS NEW TITLE FROM ACERS/WILEY Looking for a new book to read this year? This new title by Wiley-ACerS is available on www.wiley.com/ceramics. Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture, edited by Pascal Richet, is a two-volume encyclopedia set that provides a comprehensive and up-to-date look at the fabrication, nature, properties, uses, and history of glass. 100 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 17 research briefs Scientists probe secrets of ancient mummy painting Researchers from the University of Utah, Boise State University, and Idaho National Laboratory, in collaboration with the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, Maryland, investigated the pigment used to paint a mummy portrait from Roman Imperial Egypt. Mummification practices such as mummy masks and opulent tombs often are associated with famous Egyptian rulers like King Tut. But mummification practices continued in Egypt even after it became (A) (B) part of the Roman empire in 30 BCE. From the first to third century CE, those mummies were often accompanied by portraits of the deceased, called mummy portraits, that depicted the physical likeness of the person preserved inside. Many unanswered questions still remain about mummy portraits, the people they depicted, and the cultural context in which these works of art, life, and death were created. Today, more than 1,000 mummy portraits are known to Credit: University of Utah exist, preserved thousands of years after they were created, offering a potentially rich source of information about the culture and people at this time in history. For their open-access study, the researchers investigated a portrait called Portrait of a Bearded Man, which depicts a curly-haired bearded man dressed in a toga notable for its purple markings. \"Since the purple pigment occurred in the clavi-the purple mark on the toga that in Ancient Rome indicated senatorial or equestrian rank—it was thought that perhaps we were seeing an augmentation of the sitter\'s importance in the afterlife,\" Glenn Gates, co-author and conservation scientist at the Walters Art Museum, where the portrait resides, says in a University of Utah release. In addition to the potential cultural significance of the purple markings in the portrait, the pigment itself caught the team\'s eye because it contained \"unusually large, rough gem-like purple particles embedded in the purple paint,\" they write in the paper. Those particles spanned as much as 3 mm in diameter, whereas most ancient paint particles typi cally measured 20-50 μm. While the most valued type of ancient purple dye comes from snails, the pigment in the painting seemed to be different. So the team took an incredibly up close and detailed look at one 50-μm pigment particle carefully extracted Researchers used X-ray analysis to determine the chemical and structural composition of pigment used in the above mummy portrait from Roman Imperial Egypt. Research News World\'s largest 3D printer to cut wind turbine blade costs by half The University of Maine received a $2.8 million government grant to develop a 3D printing solution to create large, recyclable, segmented wind blade molds. In 2019, the university commissioned the largest polymer 3D printer in the world to compliment its wind blade testing facility, which is the second largest in the U.S. The university also will collaborate with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which received a $4 million award to better control mold surface temperatures. TPI Composites and Siemens Gamesa are partnering with the University of Maine on the project to transition the additive manufacturing solution into real-world applications. For more information, visit https://www. windpowermonthly.com. 100 18 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS Laser-writing method quickly converts a single starting material to circuit components By controlling the power and other properties of a narrow beam of laser light as it scanned the surface of a thin film of molybdenum disulfide, researchers at the Air Force Research Laboratory and University of Dayton selectively modified the composition, crystallinity, and electronic properties of the film, transforming microscopic regions of the film into the three basic types of materials needed to build circuitry—a conducting phase (MoO2), an insulator (MoO), and a semiconducting phase (2H-MoS2). They used the laser-writing method to make resistors, capacitors, and other circuit components and fabricated an ammonia sensor with a detection limit below the part-per-million level. For more information, visit https://cen.acs.org/index.html. 100 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 from the painting by using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques to identify its elemental composition. Results showed that the pigment particle contained lead, aluminum, titanium, silicon, potassium, iron, sulfur, and chromium. Yet analysis revealed no bromine, ruling out many of the commonly known sources of purple in ancient paintings, including snails and lichens. Further chemical analysis with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the XRF results and indicated the particle was mostly organic. Specifically, the results indicated that the pigment was likely an organic lake pigment, “an organic dye affixed to an amorphous hydrated alumina substrate through the use of a potash alum mordant, potassium aluminum sulfate, KAI(SO)212H2O, used for dying since 1000 BCE,\" the authors write in the paper. Elementally, the results suggested that the pigment was consistent with plant and insect sources, which were common sources of color in ancient works of art. However, the team was intrigued by the fact that sampling from different areas of the pigment particle revealed it had a heterogenous composition, surprising because organic lake pigments were previously thought to be amorphous. Accordingly, further analysis with atom probe tomographya technique that can determine the spatial distribution of elements in other materials but has not been previously applied to an organic pigment-revealed an interface between two phases of a tiny sample of the pigment particle. Using focused ion beam milling, the team carved out an even tinier portion of the already tiny particle, exposing a 100-μm² cross-section of the pigment particle. Closer inspection with transmission electron microscopy revealed geologylike stratigraphy in the sample cross-section, again surprising because ancient lake pigments were thought to be amorphous. The sample contained three distinct layers consisting of different elemental makeups and crystalline characteristics. Larger lead-based particles and crystallites were predominant in the Nanodiamonds measure thermal conductivity in living cells Osaka University researchers created a device from fluorescent nanodiamonds coated with a heat-releasing polymer called polydopamine. When irradiated with laser light, the nanodiamonds emit light while the polymer heats up. Since the fluorescence of the nanodiamonds depends on their temperature, the researchers were able to use this fluorescence to calculate the rate of heat flow from the device to its surroundings. They tested the hybrid device by placing it inside two types of biological cells, and they found that the polymer heated up more in cells with a low thermal conductivity than in those with a higher thermal conductivity. For more information, visit https://physicsworld.com. 100 outer layer, suggesting \"growth was favored over nucleation\" when the pigment formed, the authors write in the paper. The inner layer instead contained smaller crystallites, “suggesting nucleation was favored over crystal growth.\" The middle layer was heterogeneous, sort of like a gradient area between the two. So what does it mean? \"All of these reported findings point to a close association between the purple pigment particle and ancient dye practice and technology,\" the authors write. In other words, the findings suggest how an ancient artist may have formed such a pigment. In the press release, University of Utah materials scientist Darryl Butt explains the findings may indicate that when Egyptian dyers produced red dye in lead vats, a sludge may have developed inside the vat that was a purplish color. \"Or, they were very smart and they may have found a way to take their red dye, shift the color toward purple by adding a salt with transition metals and a mordant [a substance that fixes a dye] to intentionally synthesize a purple pigment. We don\'t know,\" he adds. The open-access paper, published in International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science, is \"Microstructural and chemical characterization of a purple pigment from a Faiyum mummy portrait\" (DOI: 10.1002/ces2.10075). 100 LUXFER MEL TECHNOLOGIES Introducing our new nano zirconia Let us talk to you about our solutions • Enhanced mechanical properties • Nano grain structure achieved High purity ceramics produced www.luxfermeltechnologies.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 19 ●ceramics in the environment Decommissioned wind turbine blades get a second wind through reuse and recycling Wind turbines last an average of 25 years. When it comes time to decommission a turbine, the blades pose a problem. \"About 85% of turbine component materials-such as steel, copper wire, electronics, and gearing-can be recycled or reused. But the blades are different as they are made up of fiberglass (a composite material),\" a blog post by the Union of Concerned Scientists explains. \"The mixed nature of the blade material makes separating the plastics from the glass fibers to recycle into a workable fiberglass material difficult-and the strength needed for the blades means they are also physically challenging to break apart.\" Currently, the vast majority of turbine blades that reach end-of-use are either stored in various places or taken to landfills because there are few options for recycling. However, such an approach is not sustainable, especially when you consider the amount of material that is expected to be discarded in the coming years. Turbine blades average around 50 meters (164 feet) in length, with size expected to increase, and the U.S. alone is expected to decommission about 8,000 blades each year for the next four years. Numerous companies have started investigating ways to decommission turbine blades sustainably. For example, Washington state-based startup Global Fiberglass Solutions developed a method to break down blades and press them into pellets and fiber boards for use in flooring and walls. In December 2020, GE Renewable Energy announced a multiyear agreement with Veolia North America to develop the first U.S. wind turbine blade recycling program of its kind. These initiatives are needed, but breaking down turbine blades and turning them into new products is not the only way to recycle the blades. Repurposing wind turbine blades in their current form is the goal of researchers at the Cork Institute of Technology in Cork, Ireland. 20 20 Wind turbines play an essential role in renewable energy. Companies and organizations are working to make the decommissioning of blades a sustainable process. Their Re-Wind project, which is supported by scientists from the Queen\'s University Belfast (Northern Ireland) and the Georgia Institute of Technology (U.S.), aims to repurpose wind turbine blades for a variety of civil engineering projects. The collaboration has investigated the feasibility of repurposing wind turbine blades since 2016, and this year they are set to debut their first two large-scale demonstrations to test the potential. The first demonstration involves building a footbridge in Ireland using two wind turbine blades as replacements for steel girders, which are the main horizontal supports. Onshore wind management company Everun donated two decommissioned blades to the project this past December, and the Re-Wind collaborators expect to finish the bridge by May and install it in June. The second demonstration, called \"Blade Pole,\" is a collaboration with an electric power company to repurpose wind blades as large, high-voltage CELEBRATING 100 YEARS electrical transmission towers. The idea will be tested by installing three decommissioned blades as power towers on a wind farm in Kansas this summer. While the blades will not be connected to the electric grid for the initial trial run, Re-Wind engineers plan to study the structure\'s durability to determine if the idea is sound. \"We\'ve got all the theory and calculations, but of course, as engineers, we also want to make sure that this works before putting live wires on it,\" says Larry Bank, Re-Wind team lead and research faculty member at Georgia Tech, in a Grist Magazine article. Beyond these two projects, the Re-Wind team has numerous other ideas for repurposing wind turbine blades, including laying blades horizontally along stretches of coastlines to act as wake brakes, using blades to build better noise barriers for highways, and cutting up blades for use in affordable housing. \"What I\'d love to do is turn it [Re-Wind] into a blade waste brokerage www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Credit: David Clarke, Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) business,\" Angela Nagle, civil engineering Ph.D. student at the University College Cork, says in the Grist Magazine article. Learn more about the Re-Wind team\'s projects and research by visiting the collaboration\'s website at https://www.re-wind.info. 100 Clay tiles restore coral reefs During the global-scale coral bleaching event in 20142017, more than 75% of global reefs experienced mass heat stress and nearly 30% reached mortality levels, according to the NOAA Office for Coastal Management. Early in 2020, scientists reported another mass bleaching event, this one larger in scale and second only to the year 2016 in intensity. The extreme bleaching extremely worries scientists because once corals die, reefs rarely come back. And without coral reefs, many marine animals will lose their homes, coastal communities will lose protection from flooding, and people who rely on reef fisheries for food and income will go hungry, among other adverse events. So restoring coral reefs damaged by bleaching as well as ocean acidification and pollution is an important task for marine researchers. Among the numerous approaches to restoration, one method called structural restoration involves introducing artificial structures into areas where the reef was lost due to disturbances such as blast fishing, boat grounding, dredging, and landslides. In such circumstances, the seafloor is reduced to rubble or sand, and coral cannot attach to these loose surfaces. The artificial structures provide a solid surface on which the coral can attach. To create these artificial structures, marine scientists and architects at the University of Hong Kong explored using 3D printing to fabricate structurally complex clay tiles. They initially considered using concrete or metal, but they decided on terracotta clay because it is more environmentally friendly. In July 2020, the researchers seeded the almost 2-foot-wide hexagonal tiles with three species of coral fragments (Acropora, Platygyra, and Pavona) and then planted 128 tiles at three different sites in Hong Kong\'s Hoi Ha Wan Marine Park. They chose this marine park because, in 2018, Typhoon Mangkhut destroyed nearly 80% of the coral reefs in the Hoi Ha Wan bay, which is home to 60 species of coral reefs as well as 120 fish species. After two months, the scientists observed that 100% of the coral on the tiles still thrived. They plan to continue monitoring the site for the next one and a half years. A video on this research is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7VR08z99iU. 100 A marine scientist tracks the progress of coral growing on a 3D-printed clay tile. Deltech Kiln and Furnace Design, LLC. SERVING THE ENERGY COMMUNITIES ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED NQA-1 COMPLIANT www.dkfdllc.com Please join us in supporting the Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 21 advances in nanomaterials Designing on the nanoscale: Strong and deformable organically linked supercrystals 500 nm Indent Plastic deformation Compaction SuperIndent lattice planes spacing +3% Credit: Giuntini et al., Science Advances (CC BY-NC 4.0) 100 nm 100 nm 100 nm Organically linked supercrystals are an emerging type of nanocomposite that could have uses in next-generation electronics and as biomimetic structural materials. The above images come from a recent paper exploring the deformation mechanisms of such materials. Researchers led by Gerold Schneider, professor of materials mechanics at the Hamburg University of Technology in Germany, explored creating organically linked supercrystals and investigated their properties. High alumina kiln furniture and pusher plates for technical ceramics and powder metallurgy • Large portfolio of tooling available for a wide assortment of pressed and cast shapes, such as: Kiln furniture (Plates, Saggers, Setters, etc) - Pusher plates for pusher furnaces - High performance refactory up to 99.7% alumina • High purity - reduce or eliminate contaminants • Fast turnaround - keep inventories to a minimum Contact us today to learn more (708) 344-7600 E-mail: info@ sunrockceramics.com SUNRO Sunrock Ceramics CER MICS Industrial High-Temperature Solutions 2625 S. 21st Ave Broadview, IL 60155 (708) 344-7600 www.SunrockCeramics.com Supercrystalline materials are one emerging approach to nanocomposite design. These materials consist of highly ordered, 3D assemblies of nanoparticles that are segmented into unit cells, i.e., the simplest repeating unit in a crystal, much larger than in ordinary inorganic crystals. Typically, the nanoparticles are assembled by interfacing with an ultrathin organic layer, which allows the composite to exhibit valuable inorganic and organic properties. Thanks to this combination of nanosized building blocks and their periodic arrangement, supercrystals can feature a variety of functional properties, which give them great potential as struc tural bioinspired materials. In addition, supercrystals feature a quasi-isotropic mechanical behavior, meaning their mechanical properties have the same value when measured in different directions, in contrast to high-aspect-ratio layered structures. Despite these advantages, researchers have struggled to fabricate organically linked supercrystals with good mechanical properties. That situation changed in 2016, when the researchers led by Schneider published a letter in Nature Materials detailing how they created organically linked supercrystals using oleic acid and iron oxide nanoparticles. Their organically linked supercrystals exhibited exceptional quasi-isotropic mechanical properties because of the size of the nanoparticles. “The main difference from the approaches used thus far is the adjusted size of the nanoparticles in a closepacked supercrystal, such that monolayers of oleic acid molecules on the surface of the nanoparticles can bridge the tetrahedral and octahedral sites,\" they write. \"This requirement is fulfilled for particle diameters smaller than 16 nm.” When this bridging occurs, the weak van der Waals interactions that typically hold the unit cells together become overridden by a network of covalent bonds, resulting in a shift from soft matter to strong inorganic-organic nanocomposites. 22 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 The organically linked supercrystal demonstrated exceptional elastic modulus of up to about 60 GPa, bending strength of up to about 630 MPa, and hardness of up to about 4 GPa. \"To our knowledge these are the highest combined values of elastic modulus, strength and nanohardness ever reported for a synthetic bioinspired organic/inorganic nanocomposite, and similar to microcantilever beam and micropillar strengths and moduli values of enamel,\" the researchers write. (Since that study, the researchers increased these properties even more through further process optimization.) In a new open-access study published in January 2021, the researchers explored the deformation behavior of their organically linked supercrystal. They chose this property because, if the supercrystal proved to be both mechanically strong and deformable, it would be ideal for electronic applications, especially next-generation stretchable or bendable devices. They performed nanoindentation experiments to measure elastic modulus and hardness of the organically linked supercrystals, and the measurements allowed them to subsequently assess the nanocomposite\'s deformation behavior. In addition, they used a combination of atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to visualize the supercrystalline structure, defects, and deformations. Based on the experimental measurements, microscopy observations, and some accompanying finite element simulations, the researchers concluded that supercrystals, much like ordinary crystals, accommodate plastic deformation in the form of pileups, dislocations, and slip bands. \"The classic shear theories of crystalline materials are found to describe well the behavior of supercrystalline nanocomposites, which result to feature an elastoplastic behavior, accompa nied by compaction,\" they write. Ultimately, the researchers believe the good mechanical properties and ability to deform plastically means organically linked supercrystals can find applications as robust components for batteries and sensors, as well as biomimetic structural materials and bioimplants. At this point, though, the supercrystals\' ductility and fracture toughness still need to be enhanced to reach the mechanical behavior desirable for flexible devices. But this study already unveils what can be achieved with crosslinked and noncrosslinked oligomers, and it defines the path toward further optimization. The 2016 paper, published in Nature Materials, is \"Organically linked iron oxide nanoparticle supercrystals with exceptional isotropic mechanical properties\" (DOI: 10.1038/ nmat4553). The 2021 open-access paper, published in Science Advances, is \"Defects and plasticity in ultrastrong supercrystalline nanocomposites\" (DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb6063). 100 Bendable single-crystalline diamonds hold potential for next-generation electronics An international team of researchers led by associate professor Yang Lu at the City University of Hong Kong are pushing the boundaries on creating nanodiamonds that can deform elastically. Diamond has numerous desirable characteristics that would make it useful in electronics. However, modulating the material\'s electronic properties to desired specification is extremely difficult because of diamond\'s rigid crystalline structure. One way to change a material\'s electronic properties is through strain engineering, or by deforming a material\'s lattice structure. In 2018, the researchers made headlines when they demonstrated that diamond nanoneedles could undergo fully reversible elastic deformation. They accomplished this feat by using a nanoindenter diamond tip to bend the diamond nanoneedles, which they observed with a scanning electron microscope. They then combined the real-time bending experiment videos with finite element method analysis to determine that single-crystalline nanodiamonds can achieve maximum local tensile strains up Elcon PRECISION LLC Since 1967, Elcon has been pushing the limits of precision manufacturing in the areas of brazed assemblies, ceramic metallization, and photochemical machining. Ceramic Finishing: Thick Film Metallization Resistive Coating Glazing Plating Brazed Assemblies: Ceramic to Metal Brazing Atmosphere Brazing Vacuum Brazing Partial Pressure Brazing Metal to Metal Brazing 1009 Timothy Drive, San Jose CA 95133 | 408-292-7800 Learn more at www.ElconPrecision.com American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 23 223 advances in nanomaterials A schematic diagram showing the \"push to bend\" nanomechanical test on a diamond nanoneedle. After an international team of researchers demonstrated this property in 2018, they continued studying the phenomenon and published a follow-up paper in January 2021. to 9%, which is well above the 0.1%-0.35% strain recorded for bulk diamonds in the past. In a CityU press release, Lu described the team\'s feelings as \"extremely exciting,\" but he noted that this study was only the beginning of the research that could take place. In the almost three years since then, Lu and his colleagues investigated the phenomenon further, and in January 2021 they published a follow-up study that more fully explores the possibility of using single-crystalline diamonds in functional electronic devices. They microfabricated bridge-shaped single-crystalline diamond samples and then uniaxially stretched them in a wellcontrolled manner. As in the 2018 paper, they combined real-time videos with density functional theory calculations to determine the tensile strain performance. They determined that the diamond bridges demonstrate a highly uniform, large elastic deformation of about 7.5% strain across the whole gauge section of the specimen, rather than deforming in a localized area. After optimizing the sample geometry and microfabrication process, they increased the maximum uniform tensile strain up to 9.7%, a value that surpassed the maximum local value in the 2018 study. Of course, the goal of deforming the diamond is to change its electrical properties. So the researchers followed up the tensile strain experiments by investigating how the elastic straining affected the diamond\'s bandgap. Using both calculations and experiments, they concluded that the bandgap generally decreases as the tensile strain increases, with the largest bandgap reduction being a drop from about 5 eV to 3 eV at around 9% strain along a specific crystalline orientation [101]. In addition, their calculations suggest with tensile strains larger than 9% along a specific crystalline orientation 24 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS Credit: City University of Hong Kong [111], the bandgap could transition from being indirect to direct, meaning it would serve more efficiently in optoelectronic applications. \"I believe a new era for diamond is ahead of us,\" Lu says in a CityU press release. The 2018 paper, published in Science, is \"Ultralarge elastic deformation of nanoscale diamond\" (DOI: 10.1126/science. aar4165). The 2021 paper, published in Science, is \"Achieving large uniform tensile elasticity in microfabricated diamond” (DOI: 10.1126/science.abc4174). 100 Researchers grow graphene nanoribbons for lower cost at higher yield Researchers led by the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) in Russia developed an alternative synthesis method for graphene nanoribbons. Out of all carbon allotropes, graphene nanoribbons are one family that does not receive as much attention. Graphene nanoribbons are finite strips of graphene with width less than 50 nm. The two most common edge geometries of graphene nanoribbons-zigzag and armchair-—impart the nanoribbon with noticeably different electronic properties. The zigzag geometry, in which atoms along the edge come from the same sublattice, give the nanoribbon conducting properties. The armchair geometry, in which atoms along the edge come from two different sublattices, give the nanoribbon semiconducting properties that are valuable for electronics. Graphene nanoribbons typically are created using a bottomup synthesis approach because it provides more control over the edge geometry, and it more easily allows production of nanoribbons with narrow widths on the order of a few nanometers. The synthesis commonly involves on-surface chemical reactions that occur in two stages. In the first stage, halogencontaining molecules are adsorbed on a gold substrate, at which point substrate-assisted dehalogenation and aryl—aryl coupling of monomers into polymeric structures occurs. In the second stage, the polymeric structures are thermally transformed into graphene nanoribbons via cyclodehydrogenation and planarization. There are several drawbacks to this synthesis process. For one, the process is quite costly due to the gold substrate and the ultrahigh vacuum conditions needed to facilitate effcient aryl-aryl coupling (<10-9 mbar). In addition, very few nanoribbons are produced at a time, so material output is comparatively low for the price. Fortunately, recent advances in chemical vapor deposition techniques have opened the door to address some of these drawbacks, and that is what the researchers of the recent study did. The MIPT researchers, as well as colleagues from Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology and the A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 developed the approach based on their previous work growing graphene nanoribbons inside single-walled carbon nanotubes, which served to constrain ribbon width. \"To form surface assisted bottom-up graphene nanoribbons, we used the same setup with modified synthesis parameters and a different substrate and precursor molecules,\" say Elena Obraztsova and Pavel Fedotov, head and senior researcher, respectively, at the MIPT Laboratory of Nanocarbon Materials, in an email. Instead of a gold substrate, they placed a common nickel foil in a glass tube together with a solid precursor (10,10\'-dibromo-9,9′-bianthracene molecules, or DBBA). They sealed the tube under moderate vacuum conditions (10-3 mbar) and then placed it in a quartz tube reactor, where it was subjected to the two-stage annealing process. Multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy testing revealed the graphene nanoribbons produced using the new method compared in quality to graphene nanoribbons fabricated using conventional methods that require ultrahigh vacuum conditions and a gold substrate. In addition, the nanoribbons grew as thick films that could be separated into multiple ribbons, in contrast to the thin films produced by conventional ultrahigh vacuum processes. Obraztsova and Fedotov say this difference in film thickness is because they optimized the setup to produce thick films rather than monolayers. For example, instead of a careful dose of DBBA molecules used in conventional setups, their requires DBBA molecules in excess. process The researchers now are working on optimizing the synthesis parameters to produce not only seven-atom armchair graphene nanoribbons but also graphene nanoribbons of different types, by using other molecules besides DBBA. \"In our future studies, we are planning to examine the optical properties of different types of semiconducting graphene nanoribbons,” Obraztsova and Fedotov say. “Our goal is to register characteristic Raman, UV-Vis-IR optical absorption, and photoluminescence that are fingerprints of particular type of graphene nanoribbons.\" The paper, published in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, is \"Excitonic photoluminescence of ultra-narrow 7-armchair graphene nanoribbons grown by a new \'bottom-up\' approach on a Ni substrate under low vacuum” (DOI: 10.1021/acs. jpcc.0c07369). 100 Ceramic Tech Today blog www.ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday Online research, papers, policy news, interviews and weekly video presentations 7-Z GNR 7-A GNR 7 Two nanoribbon edge configurations. The pink network of carbon atoms is a ribbon with zigzag (Z) edges, and the yellow one has so-called armchair (A) edges. Note that while nanoribbons come in many different widths, the ones in the image are by convention both considered to be seven atoms wide. CRAFTING THE ICONIC SUSTAINABILITY Join O-I Glass in our mission to be the most sustainable producer of the most sustainable packaging. VISIT O-I.COM/SUSTAINABILITY 01 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 25 25 Credit: Daria Sokol, MIPT Press Office ●ceramics in manufacturing. Potential of potassium carbonate as flux in continuous steel casting Two researchers from Shinagawa Refractories Co. in Okayama, Japan, investigated the potential of potassium carbonate as flux in continuous steel casting. In continuous steel casting, liquid steel is poured from a furnace ladle through a small, refractory-lined distributer called a tundish and into the mold, where the metal cools and solidifies into its final form. Ceramics are used to line the ladle, tundish, and mold to protect against corrosion and decomposition. However, ceramics also are used in the continuous casting process in the form of powders spread on top of the liquid metal. \"The liquid steel must be protected from exposure to air: if not, then oxygen will react to form detrimental oxide inclusions in the steel,\" explains an article by TA Instruments. Thus, special powders are continuously fed on the surface of the liquid metal during casting to prevent this oxidation from occurring. These powders mainly consist of calcium oxide (CaO) and silicon dioxide (SiO2). The powder\'s melting point and viscosity are adjusted using flux compositions such as sodium oxide, lithium oxide, and fluorine. Unfortunately, \"the choice of flux is narrow due to the soaring price of Li₂O raw material,\" the researchers write in their article. Their solution? To examine potassium oxide (K₂O), another alkali metal oxide, as an alternative flux composition. In their study, they chose to use potassium carbonate as a source of potassium oxide because it \"is easy to use without limits for composition design.\" However, potassium carbonate is known for deliquescence, which is the tendency of a solid to absorb moisture from the air and dissolve in it. Such a property is detrimental in steel casting because \"if the raw material absorbs moisture in the production process in the factory, it will solidify in the raw material hopper or adhere to production facilities such as mixers or belt convey26 In continuous steel casting, ceramic powders help keep the liquid metal from oxidizing. Potassium carbonate may serve as an alternative and less expensive material from which to make powders. ors, which impedes productivity.\" To prevent deliquescence, Okada and Ito investigated whether potassium carbonate could be converted to a stable mineral by mixing and heating it with other raw materials used in casting powder. Specifically, they investigated four commonly used casting powder materials-silica, calcium carbonate, Portland cement, and alumina-as possibilities. They mixed the potassium carbonate with each raw material at a weight ratio of 1:1 and then heated the mixture in an electric furnace at 800°C for 30 minutes. After the samples were removed from the furnace and left in the atmosphere, the researchers measured weight change with elapsed time. The samples mixed and heated with silica, Portland cement, and alumina all showed a large weight increase and were wet after nine days, indicating that deliquescence occurred. However, the sample mixed with calcium carbonate showed a small weight increase and stayed dry, so the researchers focused on this composition. The researchers believe that deliquescence was prevented because a new crystal structure formed when the potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate CELEBRATING 100 YEARS combined, namely K₂Ca(CO3)2-and they confirmed the existence of this crystal structure in the fired sample using XRD analysis. The rest of the article mainly details their attempts to identify the best way to manufacture K₂Ca(CO3)2, including by modifying melting temperature and weight ratio. They tested the resulting powder by throwing it on hot molten metal at 1,500°C, and the test showed \"no problem of moisture absorption and exhibited good melt behavior.\" In the conclusion, they close by stating, \"Since the only component other than K₂O in this material is CaO, which is the main component of mold powder and tundish powder, K₂Ca(CO3)2 is considered to be a solution for adding K₂O to the composition of mold powder and tundish powder.\" The paper, published in Journal of the Technical Association of Refractories, Japan, is \"Prevention of potassium carbonate deliquescence.\" (Original title: リウムの潮解抑制. Translated from Taikabutsu, January 2019, pg. 9.) 100 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Credit: Primetals Technologies, YouTube Laser-based process allows direct creation of 3D glass structures Researchers in France explored the use of two-photon polymerization to 3D print glass. Polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or 3D networks. Researchers have exploited photopolymerizationinduced phase separation of hybrid resins or hybrid ceramic precursors that can undergo both the photopolymerization reaction and a sol-gel process to create transparent silica parts. However, \"The common approach in these works ... is to create multiple two-dimensional (2D) slices and then stack these slices to form 3D objects. This layer-by-layer process has numerous limitations: manufacturing time, mechanical anisotropy properties, shrinkage, shear stress, robust implementation time of layers of constant thickness, need for the creation of supports for complex parts and their elimination in a postprocessing operation, etc.,\" the researchers write. They argue that most of these drawbacks are linked to the layer-by-layer procedure. Direct creation of 3D structures would therefore overcome these limitations, and that is exactly what two-photon polymerization offers. \"[In two-photon polymerization], polymerization is activated by the simultaneous absorption of two photons of an intense laser radiation, only taking place at high laser intensity within a spatially localized focal spot in the monomer with a photosensitive initiator,\" they write. “Then, with the [two-photon polymerization] technique, it is possible to polymerize volumes inside the polymer liquids contrary to the conventional one-photonbased process (such as stereolithography), in which polymerization takes place only on the liquid surface or close to it.\' To test the potential of 3D printing glass through twophoton polymerization, the researchers mixed a high-viscosity transparent resin and loaded it with silica nanoparticles until the dispersion reached 50 wt.% of nanoparticles of silica. A photoinitiator (1 wt.%) then was added to absorb the laser light and initiate two-photon polymerization. The researchers used a commercial femtosecond diode pumped ytterbium amplified laser to trigger two-photon polymerization of the dispersion. Then, the solidified structures were rinsed with isopropyl alcohol and underwent thermal post-treatments to transform the polymerized green parts into silica glass. The final silica glass parts did not show any cracks or breakages, and the measured density of the samples was 2.18 g/cm³, which is close to the theoretical value of amorphous silica. These results illustrate that the researchers \"optimized the thermal post-treatments and showed the importance of them on the success of the global process.\" A press release by The Optical Society notes that the researchers are working to make the technique more practical and reduce cost by experimenting with less expensive laser sources, for example. However, the results already show that \"Our approach could potentially be used to produce almost American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org A picture of the developed 3D printing laser system based on two-photon polymerization. The laser source is a commercial femtosecond diode pumped ytterbium amplified laser. any type of 3D glass object,\" Laurent Gallais, researcher and associate professor at the Fresnel Institute and École Centrale de Marseille, says. The paper, published in Optics Letters, is “3D printing of silica glass through a multiphoton polymerization process\" (DOI: 10.1364/OL.414848). 100 NEXCERIS where energy meets environment Creating a better world through energy innovations LEARN MORE AT www.Nexceris.com H₂ MATERIALS FUEL CELLS ELECTROLYZERS ADVANCED BATTERIES ENERGY STORAGE SAFETY CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 27 22 Credit: Laurent Gallais, The Fresnel Institute and École Centrale de Marseille 8 bulletin cover story 8 8 9 Ceramic and glass materials for a sustainable energy future By Ram Devanathan, Daiwon Choi, Olga Marina, Josef Matyáš, and Suresh Baskaran Durable ceramic and glass materials underpin advances in electricity generation, energy conversion and storage, and waste disposal. G lobal energy use is expected to rise 50% by 2050 due due to population growth and increase in per capita energy use.¹ Concerns about the influence of burgeoning energy consumption on climate change drive interest in sustainable energy technologies that produce minimal environmental impact, avoid resource depletion, and are economically viable and socially beneficial. Solar, wind, water, bioenergy, nuclear, geothermal, hydrogen, and fuel cell technologies have important roles to play in paving the path to sustainable development. Given the variability of wind and solar power, advances in energy storage are crucial to support increased adoption of renewable electricity generation and the reliability of the electric grid. Ceramic and glass materials are ubiquitous in energy technologies because of their unique properties, such as high temperature stability, wear and corrosion resistance, thermal and electrical insulating properties, superconductivity, and radiation tolerance. These materials find uses in thermal barrier coatings, photovoltaic cells, solar cell substrates, thermoelectrics, batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solid oxide electrolysis cells, refractories, electrical insulators, superconducting magnets, gas turbine components, fission reactor fuel, fusion reactor structures and blankets, and wasteforms for safe, longterm immobilization of nuclear waste. 28 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Given the sheer diversity of these applications, we focus this brief overview on recent developments in selected energy technologies in which ceramic and glass materials are proving indispensable. Electrochemical energy storage Ceramics play a vital role in energy storage and conversion devices widely used in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and stationary storage to support the rapid growth of renewable energy. This field is currently dominated by lithiumion batteries driven by the adoption of environmental norms and regulatory support.² The discovery of novel ceramic electrodes and ionic conductors with suitable crystal structure, chemical stability, electronic/ionic conductivity, particle size, and grain boundary enabled the commercialization of lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and sodium-sulfur batteries. Among various lithium-ion battery chemistries, the layered lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathode (NMC: LiMO₂, where M-Ni, Mn, or Co) is forecasted to grow at a higher rate than other chemistries due to higher energy/power density at lower cost with better thermal stability than commercial LiCoO2 (LCO), LiNi Co0.15 Al10.052 (NCA), LiMn2O4 (LMO), LiNi̟ Mn₁ 504 (LNMO), and LiFePO4 (LFP).³ 0.5 1.5 1/3 x y z As an original NMC cathode, LiNi Mn₁3 Co₁₂ (NMC111), also known as \"1-1-1,\" has been developed as one of the most successful lithium-ion cathodes. Subsequently, the NMC family grew in diversity through the composition of NMC cathodes (x:y:z = 4:3:3, 5:3:2, 6:2:2, 8:1:1, and x + y + z = 1). To meet the requirements for future automotive markets (electric, hybrid electric, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles), progress toward NMC with a high nickel content (> 70%), high capacities of more than 200 mAh/g, and voltage of about 3.8 V vs. Li/Li* is inevitable. However, the challenge is that higher nickel content in NMC aggravates surface-related degradations, including surface phase transformation, transition metal dissolution, lattice oxygen release, and electrolyte decomposition. Therefore, in recent years, battery manufacturers are actively transitioning from polycrystalline to single-crystal nickel-rich material to reduce internal surfaces (Figure 1). The tuning of microstructure and particle morphology to optimize high-Ni NMC is promising because intergranular fracture disrupts the electronic/ionic conduction pathway and dramatically increases particle surface area. In addition, higher electrode compact density (>3.8 g/cm³ for NMC electrodes) is possible with the single-crystal particles because they are less prone to cracking during pressing. Higher density can be realized through control of calcination conditions including temperature, duration, atmosphere, lithium/metal ratio, and post surface treatments. These research advances are pivotal to realizing enhanced cycling stability, energy density, and other desired electrochemical properties. Meet a PNNL STEM Ambassador: Charmayne Lonergan Charmayne Lonergan is a materials scientist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington, whose work focuses on the vitrification of nuclear waste. She also is part of the PNNL STEM Ambassador program, which trains PNNL staff members on how best to convey the impact and relevance of their work to various audiences. Lonergan talked about her experience becoming a STEM Ambassador on the seventh episode of ACerS podcast Ceramic Tech Chat, a preview of which is below. \"I think I was actually one of the first ambassadors that went through the program. But basically, we took our projects... and we basically [answered], \'What is a glass, why is it useful for trapping nuclear waste, what are the things that we kind of care about.\' And those were more designed to be able to go to a classroom or, what we often do, which was setup somewhere on campus and have a display. The biggest thing that I\'ve realized people didn\'t know that our outreach has done, which is when we talk about waste vitrification, or you know, trapping waste in glass, containing waste in glass, immobilizing, whatever you\'d like to call it, a lot of people think that it\'s like the waste is a soda and we\'re pouring it into a bottle and then capping it. And what actually is happening is the waste is the color of the bottle. You\'re mixing the waste with the chemicals of the frit and you\'re turning it into the glass. So, it\'s not something being poured into a vessel and trapped, it\'s becoming part of the vessel, and it\'s one solid piece. And hence why that\'s so robust, and we can feel confident that we won\'t have appreciable amounts of radioactive or harmful things released into the environment over hundreds of thousands of years.\" \" Learn more about PNNL\'s STEM Ambassador program at https://www.pnnl.gov/stem-outreach. And listen to Lonergan\'s whole interview-plus all of our other Ceramic Tech Chat episodes at https://ceramictechchat.ceramics.org/974767. 100 ceramic Tech chat Ancor COLITIC Sockery American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 29 29 Ceramic and glass materials for a sustainable energy future MOM=NI/Co/Mn (a) (b) FeO MO, Polycrystal Rate Co Single Crystal 70 H₂S (c) PO Li 00 00 ° 20 \" 43 60 60 78 0010 Mn Safety Ni Capacity Figure 1. Crystal structures of cathode materials. (a) Layered structure (LiMn Ni Co₂O₂), (b) Spinel structure (LiMn2O), and (c) olivine structure (LiFePO). The polycrystal and single crystal morphologies and a representation of compositions of interest are also shown. Solid oxide fuel cells, electrolyzers, and oxygen separation Ceramics are the main constituents of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), which are devices that directly convert chemical energy stored in fuels (e.g., H₂, CH, NH3, and CO) to electrical energy via electrochemical reactions, and hightemperature solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC), which are devices that convert water vapor and renewable electricity to green fuel (hydrogen).5 High-temperature electrolysis is a most promising technology for large scale energy storage and production of synthetic fuels in the zerocarbon economy via CO2 electrolysis or co-electrolysis with steam to chemicals, such as CO, synthesis gas, methanol, dimethyl ether, and formic acid. The all-solid state SOFC and SOEC devices are comprised of a ceramic oxygen ion- or proton-conducting electrolyte, a ceramic oxygen electrode, and a ceramic or ceramic-metal composite hydrogen electrode. This arrangement requires that the thermal expansion coefficients of a fully dense electrolyte and highly porous electrodes must match at the interfaces without forming any interfacial compounds on sintering or operation to produce the maximum electrochemical performance. The solid electrolyte must possess an adequate ion conductivity; be chemically stable in both oxidizing and reducing environments; and chemically, thermally, and mechanically stable during thermal cycling and operation. The 30 30 ionic transference number of the electrolyte must be close to unity. The most commonly used oxygen-ion conducting electrolytes are scandia- or yttria-doped zirconia (YSZ), gadolinia- or samaria-substituted CeO2, and (La,Sr) (Mg,Ga)O3. These electrolytes all exhibit high oxygen ion conductivity above 600°C, thus making SOFCs and SOECS suitable for operation at high temperatures, 600-1,000°C. Protonconducting electrolytes, barium cerates, BaCe0.90.13-8 Y and barium zirconates, BaZr YO exhibit high conductivity in a lower temperature range of 400-600°C, but they are highly refractory, with poor sinterability below 1,600°C. By using multiple dopants, such as cerium, yttrium, and ytterbium, the sintering properties of the zirconates were recently significantly improved, yielding a relative density of 95%. 0.9 0.1 3-8 Steam electrolysis in SOEC or fuel oxidation in SOFC takes place on a hydrogen electrode, typically a nickelYSZ or nickel-ceria cermet. However, highly electrically conductive ceramics also are being used as the electrodes and the interconnects. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory developed a new class of high performing electrically conductive and catalytically active ceramic electrodes, such as lanthanum-doped SrTiO3 - ceria and yttrium-doped chromite-ceria composites, that unlike metal electrodes also offer redox, carbon, and sulfur tolerance (Figure 2). The opposite CELEBRATING 100 YEARS Credit: Devanathan et al., PNNL Electrolyte Figure 2. Schematic representation of a new class of high performing, electrically conductive, and catalytically active ceramic electrodes that tolerate carbon and sulfur. electrode, where the oxygen reduction or oxygen evolution reaction takes place, is often made of the ceramics with the perovskite structure: (La,Sr)MnO3, (La,Sr)(Co,Fe), or doped nickelates. Because of limited metal stability at high temperatures in dual gas environments, ceramics are being investigated for use as an interconnect. Acceptordoped lanthanum chromites and calcium- and transition metal-doped yttrium chromites were identified as promising ceramic interconnects to potentially overcome technical limitations of metals. In addition, highly stable ceramic composite membranes based on mixed ionic-and electronic-conducting ceramics are receiving increasing attention due to their potential applications for high-purity oxygen production, oxyfuel combustion, hydrogen/syngas production, coal gasification, and waste recovery. Nuclear fission and fusion reactors Ceramic science and technology have a crucial role to play in advancing nuclear fission power, which provided 55% of the carbon-free clean electricity generated in the United States in 2019. Because nuclear reactors operate at full capacity most of the time and their output can be ramped up and down, they can be used to balance the intermittency of renewable energy. Credit: Devanathan et al., PNNL www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 The typical fuel used in light water reactors is UO,, a fluorite structured ceramic. Plutonium-uranium mixed oxide is an alternative fuel that powers about 10% of France\'s nuclear reactors. These oxides are ideal for the extreme environment of a nuclear reactor because of their high melting temperature (2,865°C for UO₂), radiation tolerance, ability to retain fission products, and chemical and dimensional stability. There is interest in increasing the fuel burnup to improve the economics and extend the operating cycle. It is essential to understand the effects of high fuel burnup on the fuel pellet microstructural stability, formation of noble metal phases from the aggregation of metallic fission products (palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, technetium, and molybdenum), gaseous fission product transport and release, and internal pressure on the cladding.? In addition to actinide oxides, silicon carbide (SiC), a strong, durable, and radiation resistant ceramic with good thermal conductivity, is of considerable interest to the nuclear energy community. SiC is being investigated as an accident-tolerant cladding material. SiC also serves as a pressure vessel and barrier to fission product release in the TRi-structural ISOtropic (TRISO) particle fuel proposed for advanced reactors that are safer by design, able to quickly ramp output to balance renewables, and produce less waste. Micro and small modular versions of advanced reactors are being considered for deep space missions, powering military bases, and providing electricity and heat to remote communities. 8 SiC-based composites also are promising candidates for fusion reactor structural applications because of their low induced radioactivity and ability to withstand thermal shock and neutron damage. Nuclear fusion powers the sun. Deuterium-tritium fusion has the potential to power human civilization for centuries without long-lived nuclear waste if it can be harnessed. However, recreating controlled fusion on earth is challenging due to the need for durable materials that can survive the harsh environment for years. In a fusion reac tor, materials at the plasma interface are Silica-based waste form for immobilization of iodine Tellurite, iron phosphate and lanthanum borosilicate glasses for immobilization of chloride salts FIRD AC RI Epsilon metal for immobilization of noble metals Glass bonded sodalite for immobilization of Cl and I Ir Pt Au Hg T Ni Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Borosilicte glass and glass-ceramic for immobilizing alkali, alkaline earths, lanthanides, and transition metals Od Tb Dy Ho Er Tm PO ND Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Mo Ru Rh Figure 3. Illustration of ceramics and glasses being considered for immobilization of nuclear waste. regularly exposed to extreme operating conditions, such as high temperatures, large heat loads, neutron bombardment, and surface erosion by ions. Ceramicceramic and ceramic-metal composites are well suited to this challenge. In addition to structural applications, ceramics and composites are needed for uses as plasma-facing materials, insulators, superconductors, and tritium breeding blankets in fusion reactors. Immobilization of nuclear waste in glasses and ceramics The increased use of nuclear power and the associated reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel would produce nuclear waste of varied composition and quantity. This new waste, together with radioactive waste from past activities, requires effective and safe nuclear waste management. Chemically and mechanically durable ceramics, such as pyrochlore, zircon, and Synroc, glass-ceramics, and glasses are needed to develop waste forms with high waste loading for safe and long-term storage (Figure 3). Borosilicate glass is accepted throughout the world as universal waste form for immobilization of radioactive waste. The advantage of its versatility comes from the fact that the glass structure can accommodate almost all the eleAmerican Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org ments of the periodic table. However, this benefit comes with the cost of low waste loadings for some components such as molybdenum, lanthanides, noble metals (e.g., palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium), and halogens (chlorine and iodine) because of their limited solubility in the glass. Glassceramics\' offer the option to incorporate these components at high loadings into specific durable crystalline phases by tailoring the chemistry and cooling rates. Lead tellurite, iron phosphate, lanthanum borosilicate glasses, and glass-bonded sodalite exhibit high chloride salt loadings. A high iodine-loaded and durable silica-based waste form can be produced by consolidation of silverfunctionalized silica aerogel sorbent by simultaneous application of fast heating rates to temperatures above 1,000°C and pressures up to 210 MPa. 10 There is considerable potential to tailor glasses and ceramics for specific waste streams. Outlook The growing focus on sustainable development worldwide will drive energy and materials technology developments. The need for lower emissions, higher efficiency, and improved materials performance will push the operating envelope for materials to more extreme CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 31 Ceramic and glass materials for a sustainable energy future Credit: PNNL conditions. Innovations in ceramics and glasses will drive advances in energy conversion and storage, hydrogen and fuel cell technology, next-generation fission and fusion nuclear reactors, and environmental remediation. About the authors Ram Devanathan is group leader in the Energy and Environment Directorate at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Daiwon Choi is senior scientist in the Battery Materials and Systems group at PNNL. Josef Matyáš is team leader in the Radiological Materials & Detection group at PNNL. Olga Marina is chief scientist in the Energy Processes & Materials Division at PNNL. Suresh Baskaran is director of Research Partnerships at PNNL. Contact Devanathan at ram.devanathan@pnnl.gov. References ¹International Energy Outlook 2019, U. S. Energy Information Administration, Washington DC (2019). 2Z. Yang et al., \"Electrochemical energy storage for green grid,\" Chem. Rev., 111[5], 3577-3613 (2011). 3W. Li et al., \"High-nickel layered oxide cathodes for lithium-based automotive batteries,\" Nature Energy, 5[1], 26-34 (2020). 4Y. Bi et al., \"Reversible planar gliding and microcracking in a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode,\" Science, 370[6522], 1313 (2020). 50. A. Marina et al., “Electrode performance in reversible solid oxide fuel cells,\" J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, B452-B459 (2007). 6B. Hu et al, \"Solid oxide electrolysis for hydrogen production: From oxygen ion to proton conducting cells,\" ECS Transactions, 85[10], 13-20 (2018). \'M. Tonks et al., “Unit mechanisms of fission gas release: Current understanding and future needs,\" J. Nucl. Mater., 504, 300-317 (2018). 8T. Koyanagi et al. “Recent progress in the development of SiC composites for nuclear fusion applications,\" J. Nucl. Mater., 511, 544-555 (2018). J. Crum et al., \"Cold crucible induction melter studies for making glass ceramic waste forms: A feasibility assessment,\" J. Nucl. Mater., 444[1-3], 481-492 (2014). 10J. Matyáš et al., “Silica-based waste form for immobilization of iodine from reprocessing plant off-gas streams.\", J. Nucl. Mater., 476[1], 255-261 (2016). 100 PNNL internships lead to research experiences and careers As a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) occupies a unique position in our innovation ecosystem, acting as a conduit between the fundamental discoveries that expand the boundaries of our scientific understanding and the transitioning of those ideas into tangible products and services. Approximately 5,000 scientists, engineers, and trained professionals across a range of disciplines, including materials science and engineering, enable PNNL research toward ground-breaking discoveries and technological innovations. PNNL addresses the challenges of today and also helps to build the diverse workforce pipeline of tomorrow. Notably, PNNL\'s capabilities in applied materials science are central to development of better catalysts, manufacturing processes, batteries, fuel cells, nuclear wasteforms, and more. Each year, PNNL hosts hundreds of interns, including those focused on ceramics and glass research. These internships provide students opportunities to work on realworld challenges while having access to cutting-edge scientific instruments and unique facilities. In partnership with colleges and universities across the nation, PNNL offers undergraduate and graduate student internships through a variety of programs. As PNNL interns, students can work in a laboratory under the guidance of one or more PNNL researchers. The internship experience offers experiential learning opportunities designed to help students expand their knowledge, develop their research skills, and establish working relationships with PNNL scientists and engineers. These immersive programs offer students the type of hands-on work experiences that aid them in refining their interests and leave them better prepared for entering the workforce upon graduation. More details can be found at https://www.pnnl.gov/stem-internships and https://www.pnnl.gov/careers. PNNL is also expanding its partnerships with graduate schools in the Pacific Northwest and beyond to strengthen and grow research collaborations and to develop a select cohort of doctoral students in science and engineering. The Distinguished Graduate Research Programs (https://www.pnnl.gov/distinguishedgraduate-research-programs) connect university faculty and students with PNNL researchers and facilities to provide training, education, and research experiences for outstanding graduate students. 100 32 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 ACERS - NIST PHASE EQUILIBRIA DIAGRAMS NIST STANDARd Reference DATABASE 31 4 16 CONTAINING 30,834 DIAGRAMS TRUSTED. COMPREHENSIVE. CONVENIENT. SMART. PORTABLE. UNIQUE. UP-TO-DATE. AFFORDABLE. No price increase in 2021 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org UNITED STATES NISTS DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONA, NSTITUTE OF STANDARDS PHASE Equilibria Diagrams www.ceramics.org/buyphase Process modeling of a sanitary ware tunnel kiln 13 By Denny Mathew Alex, Tino Redemann, and Eckehard Specht Process modeling offers a way to understand the physics and temperature profile in a tunnel kiln without the need for an expensive experimental setup or significant amounts of time. B ricks, roof tiles, vitrified clay pipes, and sanitary wares are all ceramic products that need to be fired at a high temperature to get their robust characteristics. Tunnel kilns are the apparatus in which such firing often takes place. Tunnel kilns can be described as a rectangular chamber with a height of more than 3 meters, width of almost 2 meters, and length of more than 100 meters. The temperatures in the tunnel kiln can reach more than 1,000°C, depending on the product being fired. Generally, a tunnel kiln has three different sections, namely the preheating zone, the firing zone, and the cooling zone. Unfired products are fed through the entrance and into the preheating zone on kiln cars. In the preheating zone, the unfired ceramic products are heated to more than 600°C by the hot gases coming from the firing zone. In the firing zone, the preheated ceramic products are heated to more than 1,000°C by combustion of fossil fuels, mainly natural gas. Finally, in the cooling zone, the fired ceramic products are cooled by air, which is supplied from the exit of the tunnel kiln. Throughout the process, the ceramic products move in a direction opposite to that of the gas all along the tunnel kiln, which makes the working of the tunnel kiln similar to that of a counter-current heat exchanger. As ceramic products move through a tunnel kiln, they undergo extreme temperature fluctuations. The temperature profile of the ceramic product is the most important parameter that determines the quality of the final fired ceramic product. So, the main aim of industry is to keep the temperature profile of the ceramic product as it is, irrespective of the production rate. Sections of this article were previously published at the European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers. See reference 6 for full citation. 34 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Air Injection Exhaust Burners Preheating Zone Burners Cooling Air Inlet Fast Cooling Air Experimental investigation of a ceramic product\'s temperature profile as it moves through a tunnel kiln is a very energy intensive and expensive process. First, construction of a scaled experimental tunnel kiln setup for understanding the process is very expensive. Second, even if a scaled experimental setup is constructed, the time needed to undertake experiments is quite long because Preheating Zone Firing Zone Sanitary¦ Ware Cooling Zone Indirect Cooling False Air Figure 1. Schematic of the tunnel kiln used in this study. the experimental measurements are recorded after achieving steady state working condition. Therefore, a process model helps in understanding the physics happening in the tunnel kiln without the need for an expensive experimental setup or significant amounts of time. Once a process model for the tunnel kiln is developed, it also can be used to predict the behavior when it has different operating conditions, like change in production rate or when a different material for the kiln car is used. Kiln description and measurements We developed a process model for an industrial tunnel kiln that produces sanitary wares such as wash basins and water closets (Figure 1). The unfired sanitary wares are kept on kiln cars with the help of furniture, and the kiln car moves along the tunnel kiln on rail tracks. In the preheating zone, there are a set of preheating burners that supply combustion gas and a set of nozzles that supply fresh air all along the preheating zone. In the firing zone, there are burners that use natural gas for the combustion to bring the temperature of the ceramic product above 1,000°C, and the produced combustion gas is mixed with the preheated air coming from the cooling zone. Cooling air from the exit of the tunnel is supplied to the entrance of the kiln, and fast cooling air also is supplied at different locations in order to get a high cooling rate at the required location. All along the cooling zone there are airways between the inner wall and outer wall of the tunnel kiln. The air that is forced through the airways takes out heat from the inner wall, which is heated due to solid-solid radiation from the fired sanitary wares. This method of cooling along the cooling zone is known as indirect cooling. The tunnel kiln that we modeled is almost four decades old and does not have measuring devices such as mass flowmeters installed to get information regarding combustion air or fast cooling air. Hence, measurements had to be done manually with the help of a Pitot tube, an anemometer, and a thermocouple. After the measurements, mass balance of the gas was obtained, which showed that the amount of gas coming out through the exhaust is more than what is supplied. This difference is called false air, and it is the air which gets sucked into the tunnel kiln, particularly at the unclosed entrance of the tunnel kiln because of the extraction of the exhaust gas by the blower. To measure the temperature profile of the sanitary ware along the tunnel kiln, a test kiln car with thermocouple enclosed in a ceramic tube was sent through the kiln. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Sanitary Ware The kiln outer wall temperature was measured with an infrared thermometer. Model description Figure 2 depicts the cross-section of the tunnel kiln. On the kiln car, a layer of mineral wool is used to reduce the heat that is taken up by the kiln car. Even though the amount of heat conducted to the kiln car is reduced by the mineral wool layer, the top part of the kiln car also undergoes a temperature fluctuation throughout its journey along the tunnel kiln. The part of the kiln car that undergoes this temperature fluctuation is called the thermal active layer of the kiln car. On the kiln car, support rods carry the furniture on which the sanitary wares are placed. Here onward the term \"solid\" represents both the sanitary ware and furniture because both of them have the same physical properties and temperature all along the tunnel kiln. At the exit of the kiln, cold air is blown into the kiln, which gets heated up as it travels through the cooling zone toward the firing zone. This preheated air mixes with the combustion gas produced after the combustion of natural gas. This gas mixture then moves through the preheating zone, where it is again mixed with the combustion gas and with air from the burners and air from the injection nozzles. The gas exits the tunnel kiln at the entrance, where a blower extracts it to the recuperator. The kiln car and the solid move in a direction opposite to the gas, making the tunnel kiln as a counter-current heat exchanger with three flows. From the gas, heat flows to the solid by convection and radiation. The gas also transfers heat to the kiln car by convection Qconv, Wall→ Air QRad,Wall→Air Qcond,Way Solid Sanitary Ware + Furniture Ware Gas Qconv,Gas→Solid QRad,Gas→Solid Ware Ware Furniture Gas Qconv,Gas→Kiln Car QRad,TOW→Solid QRad,Gas→Kiln Car Mineral Wool Kiln Car QCond, Mineral Wool Inner Wall Outer Wall Figure 2. Schematic of the cross-section of the tunnel kiln used in this study. CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 35 Credit: Alex, Redemann, and Specht. Credit: Alex, Redemann, and Specht. Process modeling of a sanitary ware tunnel kiln and radiation, which is then conducted through the mineral wool and finally to the kiln car. The kiln car exchanges Nomenclature Symbol Q Heat flow rate, W M Mass flow rate, kg/s H Enthalpy flow rate, W L с T dx α Length of the section where mass flow rate of gas is constant, m Specific heat capacity, J/(kg K) Temperature, K Small section length, m Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/(m²K) A Area, m² R ode Index Resistance, K/W Ordinary differential equation E Entity Conv Convection Cond Conduction Rad Radiation р Constant Pressure heat with the solid through radiation. The inner wall temperature is assumed to be that of the gas temperature, and heat is conducted through the inner and outer wall, which is then lost to the surrounding air by natural convection and radiation. Heat is extracted in the cooling zone from the solid, kiln car, and gas as a result of cooling air being supplied through the airways. Ordinary differential equations are developed with the idea that the change in enthalpy of the solid, gas, and kiln car is equal to the net heat flow for each segment of the tunnel kiln, giving rise to equation (1). dH₂-dQNet (1) Ordinary differential equations that incorporate all the dependencies of different heat flows, which in turn affect the temperature of the gas, solid, and kiln car, are given below. \"L\" is the length of the segment of the tunnel kiln where the mass flow rate of the gas is constant. The different overall heat transfer coefficients between solid, gas, kiln car, and outside air can be obtained by solving the resistance network (Figure 3).¹ Standard Nusselt functions for flow over spheres were used in order to find the convective heat transfer coefficients. Model validation and results The ordinary differential equation (2), (3), and (4) are solved using MATLAB \"ode\" solver² and the boundary conditions are the inlet temperatures of the solid and the kiln car. For the gas, the boundary condition is the inlet temperature of cooling air at the end of the tunnel kiln. Temperature profiles of the solid, gas, and kiln car, which are numerically obtained, are depicted in Figure 4, along with the measured temperature profile of the solid. The temperature profile of the solid, which is measured and numerically obtained, has almost the same profile, making the process model a good tool for representing the actual process. The thermal active layer of the kiln car is assumed to be 43% of the total kiln car, such that the outlet temperature of the kiln car, which is numerically simulated, is similar to what is measured. The temperature profiles for the measured outer wall temperature and numerically obtained outer wall temperature are almost the same, which suggests that the process model represents the tunnel kiln working, with all the physics happening inside it. Analysis of the convective, radiative, and overall heat transfer coefficients between the solid and the gas suggest that the dominatGas temperature dT Gas MGas Cp,Gas L dx a Gas→Solid Asolid (TGas - Tsolid) α Gas→Kiln Car A Kiln Car (TGas – Tkiln Car) (2) – QIndirect Cooling,Gas 2α Gas Air Awall (TGas - TAir) Solid temperature MSolid CSolid L dT Solid dx α Gas→Solid Asolid (TGas − Tsolid) + α Kiln Car→Solid A Kiln Car (TKiln Car – Tsolid) = Kiln car temperature - QIndirect Cooling,Solid QEndothermi othermic Reaction (3) MKiln Car CKiln CarL· dTk Kiln Car dx (4) α Gas→Kiln Car A Kiln Car (TGas – Tkiln Car) α Kiln Car→Solid Akiln Car (TKiln - Tsolid) Car = - Q Indirect Cooling,Kiln Car 36 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 ing mode of heat transfer between the solid and gas is by radiation, and the convective heat transfer is really low when compared with the radiative heat transfer coefficient. The reason for the high radiative and low convective heat transfer coefficients is the low velocity of gas in the tunnel kiln. Parameter variation In parameter variation, the deviation of the firing curve from the reference firing curve is depicted when the parameter is increased or decreased from the reference process. The reference process is the process that is validated, and the modeled firing curve is the reference firing curve. The process parameters can be divided into two categories: Specific and General (Table 1). General parameters mean the parameters that are present in a tunnel kiln irrespective of the ceramic it produces. Specific parameters mean the parameters in the tunnel kiln under study for developing the process model. Understanding how the process reacts to changes in the process parameter value is important for the development of an energy efficient tunnel kiln because it helps to choose the parameter with the maximum potential to reduce energy consumption. Mass flowrate of the kiln car and combustion air in firing zone were the parameters determined to have a favorable impact on the energy consump tion, and they are discussed below. Combustion air in firing zone Figure 5a depicts the variation of the firing curve when the combustion air, which is supplied in the firing zone, is changed with respect to the reference mass flowrate of the combustion air (100%). The reference case is the simulation that is validated with the measurement results (Figure 4). The mass flowrate of combustion air is reduced in such a way that it always ensures there is complete combustion. From the graph it is clearly visible the firing temperature increases with the decrease in combustion air, and vice versa. Figure 5b shows the possible reduction in the fuel when the amount of combustion air is reduced so as to achieve the reference firing curve. Maximum saving of fuel achieved by reduction of the combustion air is around 17%. Temperature (°C) Assumed Rconvection Rconduction Twall,In Twall,Out RRadiation Air TGas RRadiation Rconvection Rconvection T Solid RRadiation RRadiation Mineral Wool TKiln Car Rconduction Figure 3. The resistance network of the tunnel kiln. The different overall heat transfer coefficients between solid, gas, kiln car, and outside air can be obtained by solving this network. Mass flowrate of kiln car A reduction of kiln car mass has a positive effect on the firing curve. It means the temperature in the firing zone is increased and hence a reduction of the fuel is necessary to bring the temperature to the reference temperature. Figure 6 illustrates the decrease in fuel to maintain the reference temperature profile. Implications for process management In this article, we explained the process modeling of a sanitary ware tunnel Burners Preheating Air Injection Exhaust Zone 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 False Air kiln and discussed the amount of energy savings possible with the process model. The amount of energy savings mentioned in the article is applicable to the kiln under study; the savings will vary on a case-by-case basis. Process modeling can be considered as a tool with many purposes, whether for achieving shortterm or long-term targets. For example, pursuing a reduction in the amount of energy so as to reduce a company\'s operational costs during the fiscal year can be considered a short-term goal. On the other hand, the aim of achieving a Burners Fast Cooling Air Indirect Cooling Cooling Air Inlet штити Kiln Car Simulation Solid Simulation --- Solid Measured 0.4 Normalized Axial Position (-) 0.6 Gas Simulation 0.8 Figure 4. The temperature profiles of the solid, gas, and kiln car, along with the measured temperature profile of the solid. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org Credit: Alex, Redemann, and Specht. Credit: Alex, Redemann, and Specht. CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 37 Process modeling of a sanitary ware tunnel kiln 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 (a) (b) 1300 - 75% 1200 80% 1100 90% 1000 100% 900 110% 800 -120% 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 -100%, Fuel 100% 90%, Fuel 93% 80%, Fuel 88% 0.8 75%, Fuel 83% Credit: Alex, Redemann, and Specht. 0.2 0.4 0.6 Normalized Axial Position (-) 0.8 Normalized Axial Position (-) Figure 5. a) Variation of the firing curve when the combustion air is changed with respect to the reference mass flowrate of the combustion air. b) Possible reduction in the fuel when the amount of combustion air is reduced so as to achieve the reference firing curve. carbon neutral process by 2050 can be considered a long-term goal for the company. The explanation on how the company can use process modeling as a tool is explained in the three subsections below. Optimize tunnel kiln process From the simulation, it is observed that a reduction in the combustion air increases the temperature in the firing zone; thus, a reduction of fuel is necessary to keep the firing curve stable. A reduction of 17% in fuel was necessary to achieve the reference firing curve. The reduction of fuel also reduces CO₂, which amounts to a reduction of 375 tonnes of CO2 per year. Implementing the above change to the tunnel kiln does not involve any cost because it is only required to reduce the air supplied for combustion. There are many advantages to this implementation: a) Reduction in the cost of fuel in the present situation and in the future. Many countries are implementing a carbon tax, which will make the fuel more expensive. b) Reduction in the amount of CO2 produced, so as to achieve the forthcoming climate target (By 2030: At least 55% cuts in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels).³ Temperature (°C) 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Normalized Axial Position (-) -100%. Fuel 100% 93%, Fuel 98% -81%, Fuel 96% 70%, Fuel 94% 0.8 Credit: Alex, Redemann, and Specht. Optimize investment From the simulation result shown in Figure 6, a reduction in the kiln car mass reduces the amount of fuel by almost 6% and also the indirect cooling has to be decreased by 23%. The decrease in the indirect cooling means the amount of air supplied in the cooling zone and this decrease translates to the reduction of electricity consumption. To get the benefits stated above, an overhaul of the kiln cars is necessary and translates to investment by the company. A decision in this situation is made by keeping in mind the return of investment set by the company guidelines. Modeling of the tunnel kiln enables the company to better understand whether the investment will help in saving energy and reducing the operational cost. Carbon neutral tunnel kiln process Results showed the convective heat transfer coefficient is lower than that of the radiative heat transfer. A high heat transfer coefficient means better heat transfer between the gas and the solid, and hence a reduction in the usage of fuel. For increasing the convective heat transfer between the gas and the solid, circulation systems can be retrofitted to the tunnel kiln. The circulation systems are fitted on the ceiling of the tunnel kiln and help increase the velocity of the gas at a particular section of the tunnel kiln, which can be decided with the help of the results from the simulation. The retrofitting of a tunnel kiln helps the existing infrastructure to be used in the future. Table 1. List of tunnel kiln parameters (mass flowrate) General Kiln car Cooling air Fast cooling air Fuel in firing zone Combustion air in firing zone Specific Fuel in preheating zone Combustion air in preheating zone Air injection in preheating zone Amount of indirect cooling Figure 6. Graph illustrating the decrease in fuel to maintain the reference temperature profile 38 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 The kiln car is considered as a major contributor for energy loss. The future kiln can be envisaged as one without kiln cars. In the current situation, energy required for reaching temperatures of more than 1,000°C is achieved by combustion of fossil fuels, mainly natural gas. Choosing a fuel for combustion that has less of a carbon footprint, like biogas or hydrogen produced from power-to-gas systems or electricity from renewable energy, is a sensible move toward a carbon neutral process. Process modeling helps to study the viability of the above solutions and to adopt the solutions that are best suited for achieving the goal of being climate friendly by 2050. About the authors Denny Mathew Alex, Tino Redemann, and Eckehard Specht are Ph.D. student, research associate, and professor, respectively, in the Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics at Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany. Contact Alex at denny.alex@ovgu.de. References \'Specht, E., Heat and mass transfer in thermoprocessing, Vulkan Verlag, 2017 2MATLAB, Choose an ODE Solver. https:// www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/ choose-an-ode-solver.html (accessed 20 January 2021) 32030 Climate Target Plan https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/euclimate-action/2030_ctp_en (accessed 20 January 2021) Redemann, T., Specht, E., \"Mathematical model to investigate the influence of circulation system on the firing of ceramics,\" Infub 11-11th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers, Porto, Portugal. Energy Procedia 120, 620-627 (2017). \"Redemann, T., Specht, E., “Development of new concepts for an energy efficient firing of ceramics by 2050,\" Infub 12 - 12th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers, Porto, Portugal, 2020 (Online). \" \'Alex, D.M., Redemann, T., Specht, E., \"Development of process model for the manufacturing of sanitary ware in tunnel kiln,\' Infub 12 - 12th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Boilers, Porto, Portugal, 2020 (Online). 100 An ACers Online Collection Progress in Ceramics: Sintering of Ceramics Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics Refractory Ceramics This Progress in Ceramics Series contains 118 articles on the topic of sintering selected from three ACerS publications: American Ceramic Society Bulletin (39 articles); The Journal of the American Ceramic Society (23 articles); and Ceramic Transactions (57 articles). Many of the articles in this collection are based on presentations from the 2009 and 2011 International Conference on Sintering. Learn more at www. ceramics.org/sintering. The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org This Progress in Ceramics Series contains 94 articles on the topic of additive manufacturing selected from five ACerS publications: American Ceramic Society Bulletin (5 articles); The Journal of the American Ceramic Society (44 articles); International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology (17 articles); Ceramic Transactions (10 articles); and Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (18 articles). Learn more at www.ceramics.org/ additivemanufacturing. ACerS Member = $155 | List = $195 This Progress in Ceramics Series contains 123 articles on the topic of refractory ceramics selected from seven ACerS publications: American Ceramic Society Bulletin (11 articles); The Journal of the American Ceramic Society (28 articles); International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology (45 articles); International Journal of Applied Glass Science (3 articles); International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science (1 article); Ceramic Transactions (10 articles); and Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (25 articles). Learn more at www.ceramics.org/refractoryceramics. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 39 SAVE THE DATE July 18-23, 2021 MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY 2021 (MCARE 2021) 4TH ANNUAL ENERGY HARVESTING SOCIETY MEETING (EHS 2021) Hosted and organized by: Energy Materials and Systems Division The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org e ENERGY HARVESTING SOCIETY Also organized by: O KICHE The Korean Institute of Chemical Engineers Hyatt Regency Bellevue | Bellevue, Wash. USA | ceramics.org/mcare2021 MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MCARE 2021), organized by The American Ceramic Society and its new Energy Materials and Systems Division, is a premier forum to address opportunities of emerging materials technologies that support sustainability of a global society. MCARE 2021 brings together leading global experts from universities, industry, research and development laboratories, and government agencies to collaboratively interact and communicate materials technologies that address development of affordable, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and renewable energy conversion technologies. If your research seeks sustainable energy solutions on a global scale, you should attend this conference. This cutting-edge international conference features plenary and invited talks, thematically focused technical sessions, and poster presentations, enabling participants to network and exchange ideas with professional peers and acclaimed experts. The conference atmosphere engages and promotes the participation of scientists and engineers of all ages to include students and early-stage researchers. MCARE 2021 ORGANIZING CO-CHAIRS Eva Hemmer (lead organizer) University of Ottawa, Canada ehemmer@uottawa.ca Gabrielle Gaustad Alfred University, U.S.A. gaustad@alfred.edu Steven C. Tidrow Alfred University, U.S.A. tidrow@alfred.edu 4TH ANNUAL ENERGY HARVESTING SOCIETY MEETING (EHS 2021) Since its inception, the EHS workshop has been highly successful in bringing the academic community from around the world together to openly discuss and exchange ideas about energy harvesting. Those researching energy harvesting know it has become the key to the future of wireless sensor and actuator networks for a variety of applications, including monitoring of temperature, humidity, light, and location of individuals in a building, chemical/gas sensor, structural health monitoring, and more. Join us to share your research in this area and to freely discuss and network with colleagues from around the globe interested in energy harvesting solutions. This 4th annual meeting will feature plenary lectures, invited talks, and contributed talks within the following topical areas: • Energy harvesting (e.g., piezoelectric, inductive, photovoltaic, thermoelectric, electrostatic, dielectric, radioactive, electrets) •Energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, microbial cells) • Applications (e.g., structural and industrial health monitoring, human body network, wireless sensor nodes, telemetry, personal power) ⚫ Emerging energy harvesting technologies (e.g., perovskite solar cells, shape memory engines, CNT textiles, thermomagnetics, bio-based processes) • Energy management, transmission, and distribution; energy-efficient electronics for energy harvesters and distribution •Fluid-flow energy harvesting •Solar-thermal converters • Multi-junction energy harvesting systems • Wireless power transfer EHS 2021 CO-CHAIRS 40 40 Sanjay Mathur University of Cologne, Germany sanjay.mathur@uni-koeln.de Yoon-Bong Hahn Jeonbuk National University, Korea ybhahn@jbnu.ac.kr CELEBRATING 100 YEARS Shashank Priya The Pennsylvania State University, U.S.A. sup103@psu.edu Jungho Ryu Yeungnam University, Korea jhryu@ynu.ac.kr Yang Bai University of Oulu, Finland yang.bai@oulu.fi www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 Final call for abstracts, deadline March 15 THE UNIFIED INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONFERENCE ON REFRACTORIES 17th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories Sept. 14-17, 2021 Hilton Chicago Chicago, III., USA UNITECR 2021 Sept. 14–17, 2021 | Chicago, Ill. USA The HOSTED BY: American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org SALE DODOODL 88 88 33 33 88 89 893 33 33 33 mmmmmmm UNITECR2021.ORG The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR) is a biennial international conference that contributes to the progress and exchange of industrial knowledge and technologies concerning refractories. SYMPOSIA TITLES • Advances in Installation Techniques, Manufacturing, and Equipment • Advances in Monolithic Technology • Iron and Steelmaking Refractories Modeling and Simulation of Refractories 2021 SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Tuesday, Sept. 14, 2021 . New Developments in Refractory Formulation . Nonoxide Refractory Systems • Raw Materials • Refractories for Aluminum • Refractories for Cement and Lime • Refractories for Glass Welcome event 6:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m Wednesday, Sept. 15, 2021 Opening ceremony Exhibits 8:30 a.m. 9:30 a.m. 9:30 a.m.-7:00 p.m. Technical sessions 9:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Exhibit reception and posters 5:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. Thursday, Sept. 16, 2021 9:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. • Refractories for Other Applications • Refractories for Petrochemical Applications Refractory Education Refractory Characterization and Testing • Refractory Technology and Techniques for Energy Savings · Safety, Environmental Issues, and Recycling Refractory Technology • Use of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Big Data in Exhibits Technical sessions Banquet Friday, Sept. 17, 2021 Technical sessions Lunch/Panel discussions/Closing 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. 10:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m.- -12:30 p.m. 12:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m. F77 EXHIBITS AND SPONSORSHIPS Companies who want to network and do business with refractory related manufacturers, users, technologists, and scientists should contact us today for premium exhibit space and special sponsorship opportunities. For more information, contact: Mona Thiel | (614)-794-5834 | mthiel@ceramics.org American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 41 World and The of Science call for abstracts extended to JULY 31, 2021 PACRIM TH PACIFIC RIM CONFERENCE ON RINY Z Technology American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org CERAMIC AND GLASS TECHNOLOGY including Glass & Optical Materials Division Meeting (GOMD 2021) ceramics.org/pacrim14 | Hyatt Regency Vancouver | Vancouver, BC, Canada 姊 PACRIM14 will provide a unique forum for knowledge exchange and sharing, and facilitate the establishment of new contacts from all over the world. The technical program will cover a wide range of exciting and emerging topics organized into a seven-track system, which includes 42 symposia planned that will identify global challenges and opportunities for various ceramic technologies. TRACKS Multiscale Modeling, Simulation, and Characterization S1: Characterization and modeling of ceramic interfaces: Structure, bonding, and grain growth S2: Frontier of modeling and design of ceramics and composites S3: Advanced structure analysis and characterization of ceramics Innovative Processing and Manufacturing S4: Novel, green, and strategic processing and manufacturing technologies S5: Polymer derived ceramics (PDCs) and composites S6: Advanced powder processing and manufacturing technologies S7: Synthesis, processing, and microstructural control of materials using electric currents, magnetic fields, and/or pressures S8: Porous ceramics: Innovative processing and advanced applications S9: Additive manufacturing and 3D printing technologies S10: Sol-gel processing and related liquid-phase synthesis of ceramics S11: Layered double hydroxides: Science and design of binding field with charged layers S12: Specific reaction field and material fabrication design Nanotechnology and Structural Ceramics S13: Novel nanocrystal technologies for advanced ceramic materials & devices S14: Functional nanomaterials for energy harvesting and solar fuels S15: Engineering ceramics and ceramic matrix composites: Design, development, and applications S16: Advanced structural ceramics for extreme environments S17: Multifunctional coatings for structural, energy, and environmental applications S18: Advanced wear resistant materials: Tribology and reliability S19: Geopolymers: Low energy and environmentally friendly ceramics Multifunctional Materials and Systems S20: Multiferroic materials, devices, and applications S21: Crystalline materials for electrical, optical, and medical applications S22: Microwave dielectric materials and their applications S23: Transparent ceramic materials and devices 42 42 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS Ceramics for Energy Systems S24: Solid oxide fuel cells and hydrogen technologies S25: Direct thermal to electrical energy conversion materials, applications, and thermal energy harnessing challenges S26: Materials for solar thermal energy conversion and storage S27: Advanced materials and technologies for electrochemical energy storage systems S28: Atomic structure and electrochemical property diagnosis toward full crystal rechargeable batteries S29: Ceramics and ceramic matrix composites for next generation nuclear energy S30: High temperature superconductors: Materials, technologies, and systems Ceramics for Environmental Systems S31: Advanced functional materials, devices, and systems for environmental conservation, pollution control, and critical materials S32: Ceramics for enabling environmental protection: Clean air and water S33: Photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications S34: Glass and ceramics for nuclear waste treatment and sequestration Biomaterials, Biotechnologies, and Bioinspired Materials S35: Advanced additive manufacturing technologies for bio-applications; materials, processes, and systems S36: Advanced multifunctional bioceramics and clinical applications S37: Material and technology needs for medical devices, sensors, and tissue regeneration S38: Nanotechnology in medicine S39: Biomimetics and bioinspired processing of advanced materials Special Topics S40: 6th International Richard M. Fulrath Symposium, \"Frontiers of ceramics for a sustainable society\" S41: Advancing the global ceramics community: fostering diversity in an ever-changing world S42: Young Investigator Forum: Next-generation materials for multifunctional applications and sustainable development, and concurrent societal challenges in the new millennium www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 ACerS meeting highlights ACERS VIRTUAL MEETINGS START THE YEAR STRONG WITH ELECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS (EMA 2021) Credit: ACerS W ith the nascent rollout of vaccines now taking place, hopes are high that some in-person meetings could take place near the end of the year. Until then, ACers will continue to hold meetings virtually for the safety of attendees-just as ACers did for the 12th annual Electronic Materials and Applications Conference on Jan. 19-22, 2021. ACerS Electronics Division and Basic Science Division usually host the EMA conference each year in Orlando, Fla. However, attendance at the virtual conference remained strong with a record 441 registrations, including 167 students, from 29 countries and close to 400 presentations. \"We are very happy that the virtual EMA2021 last week was well received. We are delighted to see the record participation and active engagements of the attendees at the live Q&A, special events, and networking events during the virtual meeting, and we look forward to meeting everyone again in person next year at Orlando,\" says Claire Xiong, Electronics Division co-chair and associate professor of materials science and engineering at Boise State University. The conference included two plenary lectures presented on Tuesday and Wednesday morning. Despina Louca from the University of Virginia opened the conference with a plenary talk on emergent properties in oxides and semimetals, with a special emphasis on magnetoresistive systems. Haiyan Wang from Purdue University discussed a different material phenomenon during her plenary talk on Wednesday-field-induced mass transport in flash-sintered, high-temperature ceramics. Numerous student events took place during EMA 2021, starting with a poster session on Tuesday evening. Because of the virtual format, students uploaded recordings of themselves presenting their posters. On Thursday evening, winners of the poster and Plenary II Pionery RECORDING ELICONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS CM2003 Powered by Bravura Techles Time Left Chat Q&A Polls Handouts Al Answered Thank you for the very insight ration You reporta stess exponent for the this had for low stresses as well beg. 100 Ask a question If you are having technical ficutles with audio/video, please close this window for alternate option Wednesday plenary speaker Haiyan Wang from Purdue University (right) answers questions from the audience following her presentation. Organizing co-chair Wolfgang Rheinheimer from Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany, (left) moderated the session. oral competitions were announced during a special award session. First place in poster and oral competitions went to Seongwoo Cho (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Engineering) and William Huddleston (Case Western Reserve University), respectively, for their presentations on high-speed visualization of ferroelectric domains (Cho) and assessment of multifunctional performance of Li̟ Ti₂O₁₂-Ni anode composites (Huddleston). 12 On Wednesday, ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors sponsored a career panel for students to ask questions of electroceramic career professionals. Questions covered a wide variety of topics, including work/life balance, dealing with funding uncertainty, and finding your own research topic following graduation. Panelists pointed attendees to ACers Young Professionals Network as a way to connect with other students and young professionals in the ceramic and glass community, and to find professional development training opportunities. The last event of the conference was the ever-popular Failure Symposium on Friday night, where scientists share their experiences with failure on their road to success. However, instead of the usual presentations, this year the Failure Symposium was conducted in the format of a pub quiz, where attendees were split into teams and quizzed on famous historical material failures and previous Failure Symposiums. The recordings from EMA 2021 will be available through March 31, 2021. If you did not attend the live event, you can still register at https://ceramics.org/eventsubpage/ema-2021-registration to view the nearly 400 presentations. Plan to join us next year for EMA 2022 in Orlando, Fla., Jan. 18-21, 2022. We look forward to seeing everyone in person again! 100 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 43 Oresources Calendar of events March 2021 9 IMFORMED: Mineral Recycling Forum 2021 VIRTUAL EVENT ONLY; http://imformed.com/get-imformed/ forums/mineral-recycling-forum-2021 15-17 China Refractory Minerals Forum 2021 VIRTUAL EVENT ONLY; http://imformed.com/get-imformed/ forums/china-refractory-mineralsforum-2020 24-25 56th Annual St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics Division Symposium on Refractories - VIRTUAL EVENT ONLY; https://ceramics.org/event/56th-annualst-louis-section 24-29 2nd Global Forum on Smart Additive Manufacturing, Design and Evaluation (SmartMADE) – Osaka University, Nakanoshima Center, Japan; http://www.jwri.osaka-u.ac.jp/~conf/ Smart-MADE2021 27-31 The Int\'l Conference on Sintering 2022 - Nagaragwa Convention Center, Gifu, Japan; https://www.sintering2021.org April 2021 25-30 International Congress on Ceramics (ICC8) - Bexco, Busan, Korea; www.iccs.org May 2021 3-7 6th International Conference on Competitive Materials and Technology Processes (ic-cmtp6) – Hunguest Hotel Palota, Miskolc-Lillafüred, Hungary; www.ic-cmtp6.eu 16-19 Ultra-high Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications V - The Lodge at Snowbird, Snowbird, Utah; http://bit.ly/5thUHTC June 2021 7-9 ACerS 2021 Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting - Omni Austin Hotel Downtown, Austin, Texas; https://ceramics.org/event/acers2021-structural-clay-products-division-southwest-section-meeting-inconjunction-with-the-national-brickresearch-center-meeting 22-23 ceramitec conference 2021 Messe München; Munich, Germany; https://www.ceramitec.com/en/ trade-fair/ceramitec-conference 28-30 MagForum 2021: Magnesium Minerals and Markets Conference Grand Hotel Huis ter Duin, Noordwijk, Amsterdam; http://imformed.com/getimformed/forums/magforum-2020 July 2021 18-23 Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy 2021 (MCARE 2021) combined with the 4th Annual Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS 2021) - Hyatt Regency Bellevue Bellevue, Wash.; https://ceramics.org/mcare2021 August 2021 31-Sept 1 6th Ceramics Expo Cleveland, Ohio; https://ceramics.org/ event/6th-ceramics-expo September 2021 14-17 17th Biennial Worldwide Congress Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories Hilton Chicago, Chicago, III.; https://ceramics.org/unitecr2021 October 2021 12-15 International Research Conference on Structure and thermodynamics of Oxides/carbides/nitrides/ borides at High Temperature (STOHT) - Arizona State University, Ariz.; https:// mccormacklab.engineering.ucdavis.edu/ events/structure-and-thermodynamicsoxidescarbidesnitridesborides-hightemperatures-stoht2020 17-21 ACerS 123rd Annual Meeting with Materials Science & Technology 2021 - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; https://ceramics.org/mst21 December 2021 12-17 14th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology (PACRIM 14) – Hyatt Regency Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; www.ceramics.org/PACRIM14 January 2022 18-21 Electronic Materials and Applications 2022 (EMA 2022) DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla; https://ceramics.org/ema2022 23-28 46th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC2022) - Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort, Daytona Beach, Fla.; https://ceramics.org/icacc2022 July 2022 24-28 Pan American Ceramics Congress and Ferroelectrics Meeting of Americas (PACC-FMAS 2022) Hilton Panama, Panama City, Panama; https://ceramics.org/PACCFMAS Dates in RED denote new event in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. denotes virtual meeting 44 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics, Refractories and Metals JOE DRAPCHO (440) 899-5070 Cell (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail:qesinfo@qualityexec.com Business Services custom finishing/machining BOMAS Years 1959-2021 Precision Machining of Advanced Ceramics and Composite Materials Joe Annese • Mark Annese BMS ITAR Registered bomas.com LAB FURNACE RE-LINE AND INSULATION DISPOSAL SERVICES (845) 651-3040 sales@zircarzirconia.com www.zircarzirconia.com Zircar Custom Machining Five Modern CNC Routers Two Shifts a Day, Five Days a Week! Low Mass, High Temp. Products Ours or Yours! 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Call Mona Thiel at 614-794-5834 or email mthiel@ceramics.org www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 ADINDEX *Find us in ceramicSOURCE 2021 Buyer\'s Guide DISPLAY ADVERTISER AdValue Technology* American Elements* Deltech Furnaces* Deltech Kiln & Furnace Elcon Precision* Fritsch Milling & Sizing Gasbarre Products* I-Squared R Element* Luxfer MEL Technologies Mo-Sci Corporation* Nexceris www.advaluetech.com www.americanelements.com www.deltechfurnaces.com www.dkfdllc.com www.ElconPrecision.com www.fritsch-us.com MARCH 2021 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin 13 Outside back cover 5 21 23 9 www.gasbarre.com 15 www.isquaredrelement.com 15 www.luxfermeltechnologies.com 19 www.mo-sci.com 3 wwww.nexceris.com 27 www.O-l.com/sustainability 25 22 11 Inside front cover, www.SunrockCeramics.com Owens-Illinois Sunrock Ceramics TevTech www.tevtechllc.com The American Ceramic Society* www.ceramics.org CLASSIFIED & BUSINESS SERVICES ADVERTISER Advanced Ceramic Technology Bomas* Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic Fdn. Harrop Industries Inc.* Mohr Corp.* Inside back cover, 33, 39, 47 2222 Call for contributing editors for ACerS-NIST Phase Equilibria Diagrams Program Professors, researchers, retirees, post-docs, and graduate students ... The general editors of the reference series Phase Equilibria Diagrams are in need of individuals from the ceramics community to critically evaluate published articles containing phase equilibria diagrams. Additional contributing editors are needed to edit new phase diagrams and write short commentaries to accompany each phase diagram being added to the reference series. Especially needed are persons knowledgeable in foreign languages including German, French, Russian, |Azerbaijani, Chinese, and Japanese. RECOGNITION: The Contributing Editor\'s name will be given at the end of each PED Figure that is published. 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Rauschert Technical Ceramics Inc.* www.rauschert.com 45 www.sgiglass.com 46 $50 for each additional commentary, plus $10 for each diagram. www.spectrochemicalme.com 46 www.zircarceramics.com 45 FOR DETAILS PLEASE CONTACT: Zircar Zirconia Inc. www.zircarzirconia.com 45 Kimberly Hill Advertising Sales Mona Thiel, National Sales Director mthiel@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5834 fx: 614-899-6109 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Advertising Assistant Pamela J. Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-942-5607 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org NIST MS 8520 Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA 301-975-6009 | phase2@nist.gov The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST CELEBRATING 100 YEARS 47 O deciphering the discipline A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors. Minda Zou Guest columnist Advanced manufacturing of protonic ceramic energy devices via laser 3D printing Protonic ceramic energy devices (PCEDs), including protonic ceramics-based membrane reactors, hydrogen-permeable membranes, fuel cells, and electrolysis cells, are energy conversion and/or storage devices working under intermediate temperature (400-700°C). These devices, along with the discovery of ceramics exhibiting high proton conductivity, have attracted substantial interest.¹ However, conventional manufacturing techniques for PCEDs commonly suffer from the challenges of the small active area, simple geometry, and low surface area/volume ratio, hindering the practical applications of PCEDs. Furthermore, conventional manufacturing techniques usually involve complicated steps. For example, the fabrication of planar protonic ceramic fuel cells requires multiple steps (e.g., tape casting, screen-printing, punching, cofiring, post-firing, sealing, and stacking), which are poorly reproducible and timeconsuming as well as potential high cost. Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, is a group of emerging advanced manufacturing technologies that are capable of fabricating highly precise and complex geometries. The AM techniques provide new possibilities for tackling the aforementioned challenges and issues for the manufacturing of PCEDs. Additive manufacturing begins with a 3D model designed by computer-aided design software. The models are digitally sliced into sequential cross-sectional layers. Afterward, the computer-controlled deposition for the slices is performed by printing in a layer upon layer manner to build up 3D objects. Since its origination in the 1980s, various additive manufacturing technologies, including 3D inkjet printing, stereolithography, selective laser sintering/melting, laminated object manufacturing, direct energy deposition, and fused deposition modeling, have been developed.² In recent years, researchers devoted considerable attention to 3D printing of ceramics for biotechnology, optical and energy devices, and medical applications due to the merits of reduced material waste, accurate fabrication, reproducible and straightforward process, controllable microstructure, and personalized design. However, 3D printing of ceramics also encounters the challenges existing in conventional ceramic processing. For instance, it is difficult to achieve crack-free parts via rapid sintering and to fulfill high precision because of the heavy use of additives (e.g., solvents, organic dispersants, and binders) and significant shrinkage after firing. Our group recently developed a novel laser 3D printing (L3DP) system, which is an integration of microextrusion-based additive manufacturing and laser processing (e.g., rapid sintering, rapid drying, precise cutting, and precise polishing). The L3DP technique exhibits the capability to fabricate protonic ceramic parts with various controllable microstructures and complex geometries, such as cylinders, tubes with sealed endings, pellets, cones, single unit of fuel cells, and microchannel membranes. 48 CELEBRATING 100 YEARS My current research takes advantage of our L3DP technique and focuses on the fabrication of protonic ceramic-based microchannel membrane reactors and fuel cells for renewable energy applications, including direct methane conversion to generate value-added chemicals (e.g., benzene) and electricity, and electrochemical hydrogen production and separation. The manufacturing challenges for microchannel devices by conventional techniques, such as undesired pressure tightness, delamination, and poor shape retainability, can be readily addressed with our L3DP method. The custom-designed microchannel membrane reactors can offer the advantages of significantly reduced device size and greatly enhance catalytic performance compared to their conventional counterparts due to the large surface-area-tovolume ratio. Therefore, it is feasible to develop cost-effective, portable, and high-efficient PCEDs via the L3DP technique. I feel excited to perform research in this field as it is promising for addressing the global energy crisis and environmental issues caused by heavy use of fossil fuels. References \'Meng, Y. et al. \"Review: recent progress in low-temperature proton-conducting ceramics.\" Journal of Materials Science 54.13 (2019): 9291-9312. 2Chen, Z. et al. “3D printing of ceramics: A review.\" Journal of the European Ceramic Society 39.4 (2019): 661-687. 3Mu, S. et al. \"A novel laser 3D printing method for the advanced manufacturing of protonic ceramics.\" Membranes 10.5 (2020): 98. Hong, Y. et al. “Fabricating ceramics with embedded microchannels using an integrated additive manufacturing and laser machining method.\" Journal of the American Ceramic Society 102.3 (2019): 1071–1082. Minda Zou is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Clemson University. His research focuses on additive manufacturing of protonic ceramic energy devices and their applications for the production of electricity and value-added chemicals. Outside of research, he enjoys hiking, photography, and playing tennis. 100 Z stage CO, laser Ps laser Scanner Lens for Ps Laser Extrude X-Y stage Sample Holder Figure 1. The home-made L3DP system for the advanced manufacturing of protonic ceramic energy devices. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 2 ACerSONLINE LEARNINGCenter VIS УПОЛ НО ПОЛ НО Марос pe ирнеш BIO SOLID MMM ex LEARN WITH ACERS THIS SPRING •Introduction to Ceramics Science, Technology, and Manufacturing •Introduction to Properties of Refractories • Statistical Process Control in Ceramic Processing •Tools for Visualizing and Understanding the Structure of Crystalline Ceramics •Chemical Compositions of Refractories •Advanced Mechanical Properties of Refractories • Using Phase Diagrams for Industry • Ceramic Manufacturing Technology Learn more and register at www.ceramics.org/onlinecourses 田 AMERICAN ELEMENTS yttrium iron garnet glassy carbon THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER ® fused quartz beamsplitters photonics piezoceramics europium phosphors additive manufacturing III-IV semiconductors H 1.00794 Hydrogen transparent conductive oxides sol-gel process B barium fluoride 10.811 Boron zeolite anod oxides TiCN ZnS 19 Li 6.941 Lithium Na 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium Rb 85.4678 Rubidium Cs 132.9054 Cesium 4 12 20 56 Be 9.012182 Beryllium Mg 24.305 Magnesium raman substrates 21 Ca Sc 40.078 Calcium Sr 87.62 Strontium 57 44.965912 Scandium 88.90585 Yttrium 40 72 sapphire windows Ti 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium Ba La Hf 137.327 Barium 89 138.90547 Lanthanum (226) Radium (227) Actinium 178.48 Hafnium N 27 anti-ballistic Cu Zn \"V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 41 73 50.9415 Vanadium 42 51.9961 54.938045 55.845 Chromium Manganese Iron 58.933195 Cobalt Nickel 63.546 Copper Nb Mo Tc 92.90638 Niobium Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 74 Molybdenum 75 (98.0) Technetium 76 Ru Rh 101.07 Ruthenium 77 102.9055 Rhodium 78 65.38 Zinc Pd Ag Cd 106.42 Palladium \"W Re Os Ir Pt 106 183.84 Tungsten 107 186.207 Rhenium 190.23 Osmium 109 192.217 Iridium 79 107.8682 Silver 80 112.411 Cadmium Pt Au Hg 195.084 Platinum 111 196.966569 Gold 112 200.59 Mercury 13 31 49 81 113 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum 14 32 12.0107 Carbon Si 28.0855 Silicon Ga Ge 69.723 Gallium In 114.818 Indium TI 204.3833 Thallium 82 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead 15 33 51 bioimplants 83 N 14.0067 Nitrogen P 30.973762 Phosphorus As 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 52 15.9994 Oxygen S 32.065 Sulfur Se 78.96 Selenium Te 127.6 Tellurium 285 F 18.9984032 Fluorine CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 79.904 Bromine 126.90447 lodine 10 18 86 He 4.002602 Helium Ne 20.1797 Neon Ar 39.948 Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon Po At Rn (209) Polonium 110 Ds Rg Cn Nh 114 FI 115 Mc 116 Lv 108 Hs Mt (268) Dubnium (271) Seaborglum (272) Bohrium (270) Hassium (276) Meitnerium (281) Darmstadtium (280) Roentgenium (285) Copernicium (284) Nihonium (289) Flerovium (288) Moscovium (293) Livermorium 117 87 Fr (223) Francium 88 Ra Ac 104 Rf (267) Rutherfordium 105 Db Sg Bh epitaxial crystal growth Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd cerium oxide polishing powder Ho Er Tm Si3N4 quantum dots 140.116 Cerium Ce Pr 144.242 (145) Neodymium Promethium 150.36 Samarium 151.964 Europium 9:3 96 Th 140.90765 Praseodymium 91 Pa 231.03588 Protactinium 92 U 238.02891 Uranium 232.03806 Thorium ལྱཱ།གས Tb Dy Ho 157.25 158.92535 162.5 Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 167.259 Erbium Thulium 101 97 100 102 Yb Lu 174.9668 Lutetium 173,054 Ytterbium 103 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr (237) (244) (243) (247) Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) Lawrencium transparent ceramics SiALON GDC scintillation Ce:YAG sputtering targets deposition slugs MBE grade materials chalcogenides superconductors nanodispersions fuel cell materials TM Now Invent. beta-barium borate alumina substrates The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs (210) Astatine Ts (294) Tennessine 118 (222) Radon Og (294) Oganesson ITO YSZ ribbons silicates termet h-BN InGaAs rutile spintronics YBCO perovskites laser crystals CVD precursors silicon carbide solar energy photovoltaics lithium niobate Over 15,000 certified high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a state-of-the-art Research Center. 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