AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology MAY 2022 ACerS celebrates the International Year of Glass INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF CLASS Al and ML for glass design | Glass for optical technologies | Kreidl award abstract Your kiln, Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and, for more than a century, Harrop has responded with applied engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that Our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. A thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\" kiln for your specific needs, results in a robust, industrial design, fabrication and construction, followed after-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff are exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing. the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614.231.3621 to discuss your special requirements. 1002 ANNIVERSARY 2019 HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com contents feature articles May 2022 • Vol. 101 No.4 Harnessing artificial intelligence and 18 machine learning to design new glasses An interview with Mathieu Bauchy and John C. Mauro on the current progress in harnessing artificial intelligence and machine learning to design new glasses and how these techniques may develop in the future. by Eileen De Guire departments News & Trends Spotlight Research Briefs Ceramics in the Environment Ceramics in Energy . cm Kreidl columns Business and Market View 5 Fiber optic instrumentation market 22 Synthesis, structure, and properties of pure TeO₂ glass and tellurite glasses 2 This research describes the synthesis of pure tellurium dioxide glass in gram quantities using a newly developed technique. Structure-property correlations are reported as well. by Nagia S. Tagiara and Efstratios I. Kamitsos By BCC Publishing Staff International Year of Glass. Glass for optical technologies By John Ballato Deciphering the Discipline Expanding materials for optical applications: Pure and nickel-doped transparent MgGa₂O ceramics 32 0 1 2 By Guangran Zhang meetings National Day of Glass recap 24 UNITECR recap 26 Upcoming dates: 27 Cover art: Group photo is a congregation at the opening ceremony for the United Nations International Year of Glass in February 2022 at the United Nations Palace of Nations, Geneva, Switzerland. Other featured photos from the National Day of Glass Conference in April 2022 in Washington, D.C. Editor\'s note: Attentive readers may notice that this Bulletin is more slender than usual. An acute, global shortage of the paper has led us to reduce the number of pages printed. For more information on the shortage, visit our website at www.ceramics.org or contact customer service at customerservice@ceramics.org. GOMD, Cements, PACC-FMAs, and MS&T annual meeting resources Calendar ..... 28 Classified Advertising 29 Display Ad Index.. 31 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 1 2 8 14 16 17 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor edeguire@ceramics.org Lisa McDonald, Associate Managing Editor Michelle Martin, Production Editor Tess Speakman, Senior Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Scott Cooper, Owens-Illinois Yakup Gönüllü, Schott AG Michael Hill, TevTech Inc. Eliana Muccillo, IPEN-SP, Brazil Oomman Varghese, University of Houston Kelley Wilkerson, Missouri S&T Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Kevin Thompson, Industry Relations Director kthompson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5894 Executive Staff Mark Mecklenborg, Executive Director and Publisher mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Technical Publications and Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Marcus Fish, Development Director Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation mfish@ceramics.org Michael Johnson, Director of Finance and Operations mjohnson@ceramics.org Mark Kibble, Director of Information Technology mkibble@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Executive Office Manager slabute@ceramics.org Andrea Ross, Director of Meetings, Membership and Marketing aross@ceramics.org Kevin Thompson, Industry Relations Director kthompson@ceramics.org Officers Elizabeth Dickey, President Sanjay Mathur, President-elect Dana Goski, Past President Stephen Houseman, Treasurer Daniel Tipsord, Treasurer-elect Mark Mecklenborg, Secretary Board of Directors Helen Chan, Director 2019-2022 Monica Ferraris, Director 2019-2022 William Headrick, Director 2019-2022 Darryl Butt, Director 2020-2023 Eva Hemmer, Director 2020-2023 Makio Naito, Director 2020-2023 Kristin Breder, Director 2021-2024 Olivia Graeve, Director 2021-2024 Shibin Jiang, Director 2021-2024 Stephen Freiman, Parliamentarian news Surging natural gas prices affect Europe\'s ceramics and glass industries Natural gas and gasoline prices are reaching near record highs, and many people are pointing to the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine as the reason for these prices. However, the current crisis is contributing to a trend that has been in place since last fall, driven by a confluence of factors. & trends \"Following a colder-than-average 2020-21 winter, gas storage facilities in Europe have not been able to replenish their stocks to sufficient levels ahead of the start of the new winter season. Gazprom, which remains the single largest supplier to the European market, has met contractual delivery obligations but has not been able to deliver additional volume to its customers. Compounding the issue, weak wind output and low hydro storage levels due to drought conditions during the summer means that demand for natural gas for power generation is unusually strong,\" a CME Group article explains. In addition, domestic production of natural gas in Europe is in long-term decline, making European markets more vulnerable to issues in other regions than countries like the U.S., which have a large domestic supply. Europe\'s ceramics industry is one sector hit hard by the surging prices. In 2021, this $35 billion industry had just started recovering from the pandemic, with sales jumping more than 10% in the first half of the year. However, \"surging gas prices have caught out Ceramic tiles produced by Spanish tile contractor Gayafores. European ceramic companies are employing various measures to handle the surge in natural gas prices. companies in an energy-intensive business, leaving them to choose between passing on higher costs to customers and scaling back or halting production. And all at a time when many feel energy transition costs are already hurting them,\" a Reuters article explains. Italy specifically is feeling the effects because the country, along with Spain, dominates Europe\'s ceramics trade. In the past six years, Italy invested more than 2 billion euros ($2.3 billion) in new materials and technologies to help it compete with cheaper production from China, India, and Turkey. Yet even as demand returns in the ceramic tile business, the rise in orders \"cannot keep pace with the impact of energy costs,\" the Reuters article says. Ceramic companies are employing various measures to handle the price surge, including introducing energy surcharges, temporarily cutting production, and even considering investment in factories outside of Europe. American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. The American Ceramic Society is not responsible for the accuracy of information in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. Readers should independently evaluate the accuracy of any statement in the editorial, articles, and advertising sections of this publication. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2022. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramics.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Subscription included with The American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $135; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, email delivery subscription for $100. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6 per issue; nonmember $15 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $40. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 550 Polaris Parkway, Suite 510, Westerville, OH 43082-7045. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 101, No. 4, pp 1- 32. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 Credit: Gayafores, YouTube While the European Union is investing strongly in renewable energy sources and plans to introduce measures targeting transport and industry-where use of emissions-free energy sources is lagging those efforts cannot help in the current situation. Ceramics is not the only industry in Italy threatened by soaring prices— Venice glassblowers are struggling to keep their centuries-old tradition alive. The origins of glassmaking in Venice o back to the Roman Empire, when molded glass was used for illumination go in bathhouses. By the late 1200s, production of glass objects was the city\'s major industry. The industry experienced a series of ups and downs in the following centuries, but initiatives in the 19th century helped revive the art, and today the Italian island of Murano is again viewed as the “glassblowing capital of the world.\" In January 2022, The Washington Post reported on the challenges that Murano glassblowers face due to the surge in natural gas prices. Unlike other industries that can simply turn off unused machines, glassblowers must maintain their furnaces at the required holding temperature 24 hours a day because shutting down and starting up again is a hugely expensive process. \"The cooling process cracks the crucibles the clay vats in which glass is cooked. Both those and the fire-resistant bricks have to be replaced. It then Z Deltech Furnaces An ISO 9001:2015 certified company ASME NQA-1 2008 Quality Assurance Control Systems are Intertek certified UL508A compliant Credit: Business Insider, YouTube Murano glassblowers Mariana Oliboni, left, and Chiara Taiariol create glass pieces in their workshop. They are two of the many Murano glassblowers struggling to keep their workshop alive. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org www.deltechfurnaces.com 3 news & trends Credit: National Science Foundation can take two weeks to get back up to the right temperature,\" The Washington Post explains. Though the Italian government set aside several billion euros to help curb energy bills, the current crisis in Ukraine has exacerbated the situation. \"If the situation keeps going like this, we cannot continue for sure,\" Murano glassblower Chiara Taiariol states in a Business Insider interview. National Science Foundation adds new directorate for the first time in more than 30 years On March 16, 2022, the National Science Foundation announced the establishment of a new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships. of NSF is an independent agency the United States government that was created by Congress in 1950 \"to develop and encourage the pursuit of a national policy for the promotion of basic research and education in the sciences.\" NSF has undergone several major reorganizations as lawmakers sought to emphasize different areas of research. However, since the Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences was established in 1991, NSF has maintained seven directorates, each subdivided into various divisions and offices that focus on a given area of science and engineering research and education. Over the last 30 years, lawmakers and experts floated the possibility of creating more directorates in NSF, such as for materials science research. These proposals rarely advance beyond the idea stage, though, due in part to worries about diluting or unnecessarily complicating NSF\'s structure and purpose. The genesis for the new directorate traces back to 2019, when Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) first spoke publicly about a proposal to have the federal government increase support for applied research. 4 NSE TIP Technology, Innovation and Partnerships The Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships is the first new National Science Foundation directorate in more than 30 years. This proposal came largely in response to concerns that the science and technology gap between the United States and the rest of the world—especially China is closing fast. In May 2020, Schumer and three bipartisan colleagues introduced the Endless Frontier Act, which proposed to establish a new Directorate for Technology within NSF. This act eventually became part of the Senate\'s U.S. Innovation and Competition Act (USICA), which was passed in June 2021. While the Senate-proposed directorate focuses heavily on strategic technologies, the U.S. House of Representatives propose an alternate vision for the directorate in the COMPETES Act, their response to USICA. Passed in February 2022, the COMPETES Act urges that the new directorate should also address a range of societal challenges, such as climate change and economic inequality. It also emphasizes that the directorate should not lead NSF to lose focus on basic science, which has been the agency\'s focus since its founding. In the final fiscal year 2022 funding package that Congress sent to Biden in March 2022, the Senate and House agreed to endorse the new Directorate for Technology, Innovation, and Partnerships (TIP), which NSF subsequently announced following passage of the funding package. However, the mission and scope of the directorate is still unclear as senators and representatives continue debating the different visions proposed in USICA and COMPETES. Nonetheless, there are a few activities of the new directorate that are settled matters. An FYI article outlines these knowns, which include • The TIP directorate will assume responsibility for several existing programs, including the SBIR/STTR small business R&D programs, the Innovation Corps (I-Corps) entrepreneurial education program, and the \"Convergence Accelerator\" established as part of NSF\'s 10 Big Ideas for advancing multidisciplinary research. • The TIP directorate will launch some completely new activities, including the recently announced Pathways to Enable Open-Source Ecosystems (POSE) program, which aims to expand the community of researchers who develop and use open-source tools and platforms, and a Regional Innovation Accelerators program, which will seed R&D hubs across the U.S. as part of the agency\'s efforts to expand its \"geography of innovation.\" As the Senate and House prepare for a conference committee to reconcile USICA and the COMPETES Act, a webpage for the TIP directorate is available at https://beta.nsf.gov/tip for readers to learn more and track the directorate\'s progress. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 business and market view A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the ceramic and glass industry. bcc Research Fiber optic instrumentation market By BCC Publishing Staff The global market for fiber optic instrumentation was valued at $8.1 billion in 2020 and is estimated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.8% to reach $13.7 billion in 2026. Fiber optics is an emerging technology that uses strands of fiber made of glass or plastic to transmit information as pulses of light (Figure 1). The fiber optic instrumentation market is segregated based on instrument (Table 1), with fiber optic connectors dominating the market, accounting for nearly half (48.9%) in 2020. Different types of connectors include • Subscriber connector, the most common type of connector. These connectors employ a ceramic ferrule to ensure precise alignment of the single-mode fiber. • Straight tip connector, which are widely used in networking applications. These connectors have round ceramic ferrules and bayonet locking features. • Lucent connector, a miniaturized version of the subscriber connector. This connector was designed for use in telecom environments by the now-defunct company Lucent Technologies, and it is frequently used when space is limited. There are two types of Lucent connectors on the market: behind-the-wall connectors and jumper connectors. There is a high degree of competition in the fiber optic instrumentation market due to the presence of many companies that are producing this equipment. However, there is no significant differentiation in products between the companies, and they are being used for common applications (e.g., testing, inspection, transmission). Asia-Pacific dominated the fiber optic instrumentation market in 2020, 1880: Alexander Graham Bell invented Photophone. 1970: First continuous wave room temperature semiconductor lasers made. 1996: Commercial Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) systems were introduced. 2009: Superchannel concept was introduced and demonstrated at 1.2 Tb/s by Bell Labs. 2012: Flexible grid WDM was standardized by ITU-T. 1948: Claude Shannon formulated Shannon limit. 1987: David Payne\'s group reported optical fiber amplifier. 2002: DPSK was first demonstrated for 40 Gb/s long haul transmission by Bell Labs. 2010: Bell Labs studied the Shannon Limit for nonlinear fiber-optical transmission. 2016: Low loss low nonlinearity optical fibers were specified by ITU-T. Figure 1. Fiber optics evolution. 1957: Charles Townes and Arthur Schawlow outlined principles of laser operation. 1988: Bell Labs demonstrated soliton transmission through 4,000 km of singlemodefiber. 2003: G-PON was standardized by International Telecommunication Union. 2010: 10-Gigabitcapable Passive Optical Networks (XG-PON) were standardized by ITU-T. 2018: Low loss M3N CDC wavelength selective switch (WSS) was developed by Lumentum. 1966: Charles Kao concluded that <20 decibels per kilometer would be practical for communications. 1993: Bell Labs transmitted 10 Gb/s on 8 wavelengths through 280 km of dispersionmanaged fiber. 2004: DSP-based coherent optical detection introduced University College London. 2011: Bell Labs researched spatial multiplexing for optical transport capacity scaling. 2019: Super C band transmission with 6 THz optical bandwidth was demonstrated by Huawei Technologies. Table 1. Global market for fiber optic instrumentation, by instrument, through 2026 ($ millions) Application Connectors Sensors 2026 2020 2021 2022 2024 CAGR % (2021-2026) 3,973.2 4,431.3 4,899.8 5,846.4 2,921.2 3,286.8 3,676.9 4,528.3 6,623.8 8.4 5,431.5 10.6 Spectrum analyzers 347.8 366.8 383.1 434.4 461.2 4.7 Visual cable tracers and fault locators 211.8 224.5 242.2 271.3 292.0 5.4 Optical loss test sets 185.9 198.2 215.3 244.6 266.9 6.1 Optical time domain reflectometer 170.0 180.6 195.4 220.0 238.0 5.7 Power meters and light sources 143.5 152.3 164.6 185.0 199.7 5.6 Others 165.4 173.3 184.2 200.2 209.0 3.8 Total 8,118.8 9,013.8 9,971.5 11,930.2 13,722.1 8.8 holding nearly 35% of the market share, followed by North America, with approximately 30% of the market share. In January 2021, China took measures to launch a cross-border fiber optic cable that stretches between China and Pakistan and will support an international telecommunication sector. About the author BCC Publishing Staff provides comprehensive analyses of global market sizing, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org forecasting, and industry intelligence, covering markets where advances in science and technology are improving the quality, standard, and sustainability of businesses, economies, and lives. Contact the staff at Helia.Jalili@bccresearch.com. Resource BCC Publishing Staff, \"Fiber optic instrumentation market” BCC Research Report PHO040A, March 2022. www.bccresearch.com. 5 international year of glass Each month, we will be highlighting articles from different areas of glass science in the online blog Ceramic Tech Today. Glass for optical technologies By John Ballato It cannot be overstatIt ates virtually all aspects of modern life in ways other materials or material families do not. This ubiquity is a result of the richness of glass compositions and forming methods that have enabled an equally diverse range of glasses and forms. From the earliest medieval windows to the first telescopes and microscopes to today\'s optical fibers that can carry light with intensities that exceed those on the surface of the sun, it is hard to separate the history of glass from the history of light-based technologies (see timeline: A brief history of glass and light). In honor of the International Year of Glass, this column celebrates this intertwined history by briefly discussing selected areas of the future impact of optical glasses. Glass as a propagator When it comes to optical technologies, amongst the greatest success stories are the billions of kilometers of (silica) optical fiber that circle the globe and connect nearly all her citizens. Indeed, glass as a carrier of light has enabled the Information Age, whose conveniences we now enjoy nearly all day, every day. But glass is not just in the fiber; glass is central A brief history of glass and light Stone Age (~4000-2000 BCE) First glass known to early humans (obsidian, volcanic glass). 3500 BCE Earliest known human-made glass (Egypt and Eastern Mesopotamia). 400 BCE Plato\'s \"emission theory\" of vision: we see because our eyes emit vision beams. 市 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF GLA GLASS 2022 to a great many forms of lasers and optical amplifiers, as well as in the planar waveguide devices that route the light around the optoelectronic chip. And these glasses are not just silica. Phosphate laser glasses, fluoride glass infrared lasers, and chalcogenide planar waveguides are all equally important for their specific purposes. One will see continued explorations and adoption of these glasses into future photonic and laser systems associated with laser fusion, on-chip optoelectronics, quantum computing and secured communications, as well as distributed optical sensors. Glass as a protector In addition to creating and propagating light, the transparency of glass is equally useful for windows, covers, bottles, and displays, applications where the glass * Denotes recipients of various ACers awards. 399-300 BCE Founding of Alexandria (331) accelerates development of glass production. 300 BCE Euclid writes Optica. In it, he proposes that light travels in straight lines and provides mathematical formulae for reflection and refraction. 1673 Lead oxide added to potash glass, resulting in clear, heavy glasses that are ideal for cutting and shaping. 1672 Newton uses a (glass) prism to demonstrate how white light is comprised of colors. 1668 Isaac Newton credited with building the first reflector. 1665-1676 Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia (1665). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek achieves 300 times 1615 Willebrord Snellius magnification with a single lens describes what today is microscope. Van Leeuwenhoek reports the existence of microorganisms (1676). known as Snell\'s Law (though first described in 984 CE by Ibn Sahl). 1610 Galileo improves telescope design and applies it to astronomy. Kepler described a more practical telescope using a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece. |||||||||||||| 1801 Thomas Young experimentally supports Huygens\'s wave theory of light. 1842 Colladon and Babinet invent the \"lighted laminar water fountain,\" which is based on total internal reflection. 1846 Carl Zeiss founds his microscope company. 1854 James Clerk Maxwell proposed the \"Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field\" and conjectures that light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. John Tyndall formulates the ray picture of optical waveguiding. 1866 Ernst Abbe is hired by Zeiss and creates new microscope designs that lead to new types of (engineered) glasses. doped fiber 1977 First live telephone 2009 Kao* awarded Nobel Prize in Physics for glass 2005 Experiments revived on what becomes Gorilla glass, which Corning had first begun devel1995 First 1986 Erbiumphotonic bandgap optical fiber for communications. oping chemically strengthened glasses in the 1960s. optical fiber. (EDFA) reported. ing optical fiber. amplifier traffic us1975 Discovery of fluoride glasses. 1970 Corning breaks the \"20 dB/km loss mark. 1966 Kao* and Hockham propose that glass fibers could exhibit transmission lower than 20 dB/km. 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics for the maser/laser principle. Snitzer demonstrates the first fiber laser/ amplifier. 6 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 transmits light or images and protects that which is inside from the outside. In the future, such uses of glass will become more prevalent based on continuing innovations, for example, chemical strengthening. Efforts to make thinner glass progressively stronger has broad applicability and will support a myriad of products, from covers for phones and tablets to automotive windshields to the glass vials employed for EpiPens and COVID-19 vaccines. Another area where glass acts as a form of protector is in numerous aspects of human health, such as in the growing area of optogenetics, which use glass fibers to optically control the behavior of cells. Glass as a projector Among the first glass-enabled optical technologies were telescopes and microscopes, where lenses permitted us to see objects both far away and small in size. Today, lenses and related glass-based optics remain critical to nearly all optical systems. Some of the most exciting aspects in modern physics rely critically on glass. For example, in the study of gravitational waves, glass beam splitters yield requisite interferometric beams used to detect gravitational waves-ironically, using light to see the dark. Another example of glass as projector are the glass fibers used in high energy/power laser systems. Whether for precision laser machining and manufacturing or directed energy defense applications, light-matter (glass) interactions at extreme intensities and the bounty of nonlinearities that result will be an area of important study and solution for many years to come. Lastly, but only for reasons of space, is that benefits afforded by the natural diversity of glass compositions and properties beget a paradox of choice: of all these permutations of composition and processing, what glass does one use for an application? To answer this question, the power of artificial intelligence and machine learning will inevitably help crystallize selection. Applying data science to glasses and photonics drives us toward a symbiotic future in much the same way as the 2022 International Year of Glass reflects on the 2015 International Year of Light. About the author John Ballato is professor of materials science and engineering and director of the Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies at Clemson University. Contact Ballato at jballat@clemson.edu. 100 BCE Discovery of glassblowing. 160 CE Ptolemy writes about refraction and further expands the emission theory of vision. 982 CE First recorded reference to Venetian glassmaking. 984 CE Ibn Sahl writes On burning mirrors and lenses, which describes how curved mirrors and lenses work. He also discovers a law of refraction equivalent to Snell\'s law. Ibn al-Haytham, (965-1040 CE) writes the Book of Optics, a seven-volume treatise on optics. Also develops the Intromissionist theory (1021 CE), which posits that vision occurs because light rays enter the eyes. He also proposes that magnification results from refraction and link magnification to glass curvature in lenses. 1604 Johannes Kepler describes how light is focused by the eye. 1590-1620 Earliest known examples of compound microscopes, combining an objective lens and an eyepiece. First telescope patent application (Hans Lippershey, 1608). Patent not awarded. 1450 Cristallo glass invented, a very clear soda glass. 1268 Earliest recorded comment on use of lenses for optical purposes. Roger Bacon uses glass spheres for magnification. Discovers light reflecting from objects and not being emitted by them. 1200-1299 Sodium oxide added instead of potash (variety of potassium compounds), which now makes glass easier to form. Venetian glassmaking moved to Murano (1291), due to risk of fire in Venice. Earliest known use of (simple) microscopes resulting from more widespread use of glass lenses for eyeglasses. 1888 Roth and Reuss use bent glass rods to illuminate inside the body. 1893 Adolph Winkelmann published on the \"law of mixtures\" for glass composition and properties, creating the foundation of modern glass science. Otto Schott works with Zeiss and Abbe and collaborates with Winkelmann to extend the understanding of glass composition and optical properties. 1899 Max Planck\'s model for black body radiation and the postulation of quanta. 1900s Soda-lime glass invented. 1905 Albert Einstein describes the photoelectric effect and establishes that light consists of quanta, later called photons. 1961 Elias Snitzer* reports on the waveguide modes of cylindrical glass waveguides, fabricates a single mode fiber, and demonstrates the first bulk glass laser. 1960 Theodore Maiman demonstrates the first laser. 1953 First maser built by Townes, Gordon, and Zeiger. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 1952 Alastair Pilkington invents the float glass process for large scale production of flat glass. 1933 First television signals optically transmitted using glass rods. 1932 Publication of Zachariasen\'s paper \"The atomic arrangement of glass\" and the first understanding of the amorphous structure of glass. 1930 Heinrich Lamm first demonstrates imaging using glass bundles. 7 8 Oacers spotlight SOCIETY Welcome new ACers Corporate Partners ACerS is pleased to welcome its newest Corporate Partners DIVISION Sapphire Corporate Partner SECTION CHAPTER NEWS BUS BLASCH PRECISION CERAMICS Blasch Precision Ceramics Corporate Partners 长玉特陶 CHANGU ADVANCED INGLLIS MEMBER OF SCHUG GROUP Jilin Changyou Advanced Lingl Installation & Materials Co., Ltd. Service Co., Inc. To learn about the benefits of ACerS Corporate Partnership, contact Kevin Thompson, industry relations director, at (614) 794-5894 or kthompson@ceramics.org. Volunteer spotlight ACerS Volunteer Spotlight profiles a member who demonstrates outstanding service to the Society. |David Poerschke is assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Minnesota. He received his Ph.D. in materials from the University of California, Santa Barbara, and B.S. and M.S. degrees in materials science and engineering from Case Western Reserve University. Poerschkei Poerschke is a member of the Engineering Ceramics Division and Basic Science Division. He is active in ACerS as chair of the Publications Committee, as a member of the Committee on Strategic Planning for Emerging Opportunities, and as a member of the Young Professionals Network steering committee. He regularly serves on symposium organizing committees for ACerS meetings and in organizing and facilitating ACerS networking and professional development events. He is presently the faculty advisor for the UMN Material Advantage student chapter. We extend our deep appreciation to Poerschke for his service to our Society! Dayton/Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Section: Dayton Dragons game When: Sunday, April 24, 1 p.m. Where: Dayton Dragons Stadium 220 North Patterson Blvd Dayton, OH 45402 Tickets: Members: Free Nonmembers: $10 RSVP at https://bit.ly/3tUZ18i by April 6, 2022. This is a joint event with the Dayton Section of the American Chemical Society. Central Ohio and Dayton/Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Sections co-host webinar: Funding opportunities with Department of Defense research grants When: Thursday, May 5, 12:30-1:30 p.m. The Department of Defense and 10 other federal agencies provide grants to support innovative research and technology development at small companies. The primary funding mechanism is the Small Business Innovation Research program. This webinar will introduce the SBIR program, with a special emphasis on current research grant opportunities with the DoD. It will also introduce other www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 tax-supported efforts to help Ohio manufacturers grow their defense-related business. Register for this free webinar at https://ceramics.zoom.us/ webinar/register/WN_AWfpc60OS3enOefvP7s73A. Carolinas Section: Tour, networking, and student poster session at University of North Carolina at Charlotte When: Tuesday, May 10, 3-7 p.m. Where: University of North Carolina at Charlotte Duke Centennial Hall, Room 324 9330 Robert D. Snyder Rd Charlotte, NC 28223 Agenda: 3 p.m. Welcome and tours of UNCC facilities 4 p.m. Carolinas Section business meeting 4:30 p.m. Student posters in Duke Hall lobby 5 p.m. Networking event in Duke Hall lobby RSVP at https://forms.gle/yh7FL1K4fJpZwKc67 by April 10, 2022. The first 20 graduate or Ph.D. students to RSVP will receive a complimentary membership in ACerS Global Graduate Researcher Network. ACerS president Beth Dickey to visit NoCal and SoCal Sections ACerS president Beth Dickey will visit California this May. Dickey will first stop in Southern California on May 2 to network and present \"Point defect migration in metal oxides\" at the California Institute of Technology. The Northern California Section welcomes Dickey on May 4. She will again present and network with undergraduate and graduate students. The Section will offer tours of the laboratories of University of California, Davis professors Scott McCormack and Ricardo Castro. Visit the Northern and Southern California Section webpages at https:// ceramics.org/members/membercommunities/sections for more details, including a complete agenda and registration details. St. Louis Section seeks input on future activities and leadership Section leadership is an opportunity to build your local network, sharpen your leadership skills, and grow within ACerS. The St. Louis Section encourages its members to share ideas regarding the future of the Section by completing a survey at https://www.surveymonkey. com/r/5F235VK. Your input is welcomed! Spain Chapter sponsors Additive Manufacturing Symposium at the SECV Conference The SECV Conference is scheduled for May 3-6, 2022. Visit the Spain Chapter webpage at https://ceramics.org/ spain-chapter for more details. Italy Chapter workshop: \"The thousand lives of glass\" The Italy Chapter is planning \"The thousand lives of glass\" workshop, which will take place in Venice, Italy, on May 20, 2022. This workshop (in Italian) is free and available to researchers, industries, and students interested in glass science and technology. The aim is to move innovative ideas on the use of glass out of the laboratories and toward commercialization. Visit the Italy Chapter webpage at https://ceramics.org/ members/member-communities/international-chapters/ italy-chapter-2 for more details. A world leader in bioactive and custom glass solutions Mo-Sci offers a wide variety of custom glass solutions and will work with you to create tailored glass materials to match your application. Contact us today to discuss your next project. mo-sci.com/contact mo.sci CORPORATION www.mo-sci.com 573.364.2338 ISO 9001:2008 • AS9100C @moscicorpf @MoSciCorp linkedin.com/company/moscicorp in American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 9 Oacers spotlight more SOCIETY DIVISION SECTION CHAPTER NEWS AWARDS AND DEADLINES Names in the news Members-Would you like to be included in the Bulletin\'s Names in the News? Please send a current head shot along with the link to the article to mmartin@ceramics.org. The deadline is the 30th of each month. Goski Dana Goski, FACerS, vice president of research & development at Allied Mineral Products, received the UNITECR Distinguished Life Member at UNITECR 2022 in Chicago, Ill. She is the first woman to receive UNITECR\'s highest honor. Yiquan Wu, professor of ceramic engineering in the Inamori School of Engineering at Alfred University, was named an Inamori Professor. He is the fourth faculty member to receive this designation. Wu Division Award Nomination Contacts Deadline GOMD Alfred R. Cooper Scholars May 15 Steve Martin swmartin@iastate.edu EDiv Edward C Henry May 30 Elizabeth Paisley eapaisl@sandia.gov 10 EDiv Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship May 30 Elizabeth Paisley eapaisl@sandia.gov ECD Jubilee Global Diversity July 1 Michael Halbig michael.c.halbig@nasa.gov ECD Global Young Investigator July 1 Young-Wook Kim ywkim@uos.ac.kr ECD James I. Mueller July 1 Hisayuki Suematsu suematsu@nagaokaut.ac.jp ECD Bridge Building July 1 Palani Balaya mpepb@nus.edu.sg Outstanding Student Researcher July 31 Yang Bai yang.bai@oulu.fi Graduate Excellence August 12 in Materials Science John Blendell Blendell@Purdue.edu FOR MORE EMSD INFORMATION: BSD ceramics.org/members/awards www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 ceramic Tech The American Ceramic Society chat www.ceramics.org Ceramic Tech Chat: The Glass of Wine Hosted by ACerS Bulletin editors, Ceramic Tech Chat talks with ACerS members to learn about their unique and personal stories of how they found their way to careers in ceramics. New episodes publish the second Wednesday of each month. In the March episode of Ceramic Tech Chat, Jim and Penelope Shackelford, authors of the ACerS-Wiley book \"The Glass of Wine,\" share how they developed a lifelong appreciation of wine, discuss the many interThe Glass of Wine: Jim and Penelope Shackelford sections between winemaking and wine enjoyment that involve glass, and touch on how ceramics play a role in winemaking as well. Listen to their whole interview-and all our other Ceramic Tech Chat episodes-at http://ceramictechchat.ceramics.org/974767. Description Recognizes undergraduate students who have demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/or study in glass science or technology. Recognizes an outstanding paper reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society or the Bulletin during the previous calendar year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. Recognizes academic interest and excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceramics/materials science and engineering. Recognizes exceptional early- to mid-career professionals who are women and/or underrepresented minorities (i.e., based on race, ethnicity, nationality, and/or geographic location) in the area of ceramic science and engineering. Recognizes the outstanding young ceramic engineer and scientist whose achievements have been significant to the profession and to the general welfare of the community around the globe. Nominations are open to candidates from industry, academia, or government-funded laboratories around the world. Recognizes individuals who, like James I. Mueller, have made contributions to the ECD and the field of engineering ceramics. Recognizes individuals outside of the United States who have made outstanding contributions to engineering ceramics. Recognizes exemplary student research related to the mission of the Energy Materials and Systems Division. Recognizes the outstanding achievements of graduate students in materials science and engineering. It is open to all graduate students who are making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at MS&T. TT TevTech Materials Processing Solutions CUSTOM DESIGNED VACUUM FURNACES FOR CVD AND CVI Unsurpassed thermal and deposition uniformity Exceptional Automated control systems providing consistent quality product Pilot Scale systems available for rapid product development Systems installed and operating in Asia, U.S. and Europe ASME SETTING THE STANDARG ASME SECTION VIII BPVC CERTIFIED OVER 251 YEARS EXPERIENCE www.tevtechllc.com 100 Billerica Ave Billerica, MA 01862 sales@tevtechllc.com Call (978) 667-4557 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 11 12 acers spotlight more GOMD 2022 awardees AWARDS Stookey Lecture of Discovery Herbert Gleiter, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology AND George W. Morey Award DEADLINES John Ballato, Clemson University Norbert J. Kreidl Award for Young Scholars Nagia S. Tagiara, National Hellenic Research Foundation MEMBERSHIP Haiku from a pandemic SPOTLIGHT STUDENTS AND OUTREACH FOR MORE INFORMATION: ceramics.org/students Be Like Glass Liquid or solid? Frozen excess entropy I still flow inside. Silica for Ever Formed after Big Bang First silica tickling feet Go infinity! Students: Are Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Science Lecture Kathleen Richardson, University of Central Florida Darshana and Arun Varshneya Frontiers of Glass Technology Lecture Qiang Fu, Corning Incorporated L. David Pye Lifetime Achievement Award William LaCourse, Alfred University Fiat Lux Swift arrow of time... Photons slow down to stop cold. Say - Let Newton be? -Dr. Shanmugavelayutham Kamakshi Sundaram—aka “S.K.” or \"Shan\" or \"Sundaram\"-is an Inamori Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Alfred University and a literary writer whose thoughts turned to haiku during the pandemic. you eligible for the GEMS award? The Basic Science Division organizes the annual Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) award to recognize the outstanding achievements of graduate students in materials science and engineering. The award is open to all graduate students making an oral presentation in any symposium or session at ACerS Annual Meeting at the Materials Science & Technology conference. In addition to abstract submission, students must also submit a nomination packet to the chair of the GEMS Award Selection Committee, John Blendell, by Aug. 12, 2022. For further details, visit www.ceramics.org/GEMS. An abundance of student opportunities available at MS&T22 There are many opportunities available at this year\'s ACerS Annual Meeting at MS&T. Make sure to sign up for the these student contests: • Undergraduate student poster contest Undergraduate student speaking contest • • Graduate student poster contest • Ceramic mug drop contest • • Ceramic disc golf contest Humanitarian pitch competition • ...and MORE! For more information on any of the contests or student activities at MS&T, visit www.matscitech.org/MST22, or contact Yolanda Natividad at ynatividad@ceramics.org. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 CERAMICANDGLASSINDUSTRY FOUNDATION The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation sponsors two special awards at the Future City National Competition Future City is a project-based engineering education program that challenges middle-school students in the United States to imagine, design, and build cities of the future. Participants learn about the wonders of engineering, use the engineering design process to address civic and social issues, and become change-makers in their own communities. This year\'s theme was \"A Waste-Free Future.\" The Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation sponsored two special awards for national-level competitors for innovative uses of ceramic and glass materials. CGIF board members Jim Marra, Tim Powers, Bryn Snow, and Todd Steyer served as technical judges to award the student designs that best demonstrated how ceramic and glass materials are being used to create novel technological solutions that help solve sustainability issues, such as combating pollution, improving clean energy, reducing material waste, and applying environmental engineering principles. We extend our congratulations to the team from Fulton Science Academy Private School in Alpharetta, Ga., for winning the Special Award for the Best Use of Ceramics in Technology and for Sustainability. Our judges thought the team did an excellent job of incorporating broad and innovative uses of ceramics throughout their city design and kept sustainability top of mind. Additionally, we send congratulations to the team from The Ellis School in Pittsburgh, Pa., for winning the Special Award for the Best Use of Glass in Technology and for Sustainability. The team used glass and tidal sails for energy creation. Our judges were Fulton Science Academy Private School in Alpharetta, Ga. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org Tru ELLIS SCHOOL The Ellis School in Pittsburgh, Pa. particularly impressed that they addressed the current societal problem of how to collect glass for recycling with their autonomous transportation pods. The CGIF continues to sponsor innovative programs such as the Future City Competition to help introduce more students to ceramic and glass science. If you would like to support the CGIF and their outreach efforts, visit ceramics.org/donate. Alumina YOUR VALUABLE PARTNER IN MATERIAL SCIENCE Sapphire .Alumina • Sapphire • Quartz ⚫Boron Nitride .High Purity Powders .Laser Marking Machine ⚫Laser Machining Http://www.advaluetech.com Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-320-747-4024 Email: sales@advaluetech.com 1158 Chrysler Ave, Turson, AZ 85713, USA A AdValue Technology Quartz Boron Nitride High Purity Powders Laser Machining Laser Marking Machine 13 research briefs Credit: Davey and Chen, International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science (CC BY 4.0) Toward the design of tunable ceramics: A review on vacancy ordering in substoichiometric zirconium carbide In a recent open-access paper, ACerS member Theresa (Tessa) Davey, assistant professor at Tohoku University in Japan, and fellow Tohoku professor Ying Chen review the effects of vacancy arrangement on the properties of zirconium carbide. Zirconium carbide is an ultrahigh-temperature ceramic that forms in a wide range of stable compositions with varying properties. The composition variation in zirconium carbide is facilitated by varying numbers of carbon vacancies in the material\'s structure. Much research has established that the number of carbon vacancies significantly affects the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of zirconium carbide. However, while one may naturally expect that the arrangement of vacancies affects the properties as well, less is known about these effects due to the challenging nature of relevant experimental studies. Fortunately, recent theoretical considerations have helped advance understanding of these effects. Mechanism of vacancy ordering In early studies on zirconium carbide, much attention was given to the structure of unit cells within the material. These cells consist of a fully occupied face-centered cubic lattice containing zirconium atoms and a sublattice formed by octahedral interstitial sites containing a mixture of carbon atoms and vacancies. The focus on short-range ordering led early studies to report zirconium carbide as a solid solution, or a material family that has a range of compositions and a single crystal structure. However, in 1967, Goretzki performed neutron powder diffraction on titanium-carbon and zirconium-carbon alloys of several compositions, and he observed the existence of a separate ordered zirconium carbide structural phase at low carbon concentrations. Davey and Chen write that long-range ordering can explain this observation. \"To form an ordered phase, the carbon atoms and the vacant sites of the octahedral interstitial lattice are arranged with long-range ordering, generating a superstructure where the repeating units may be larger than the parent rock salt unit cell or may have significantly different symmetry,\" they write. Research News Toward high-powered telecommunication systems Researchers from Harvard University and Freedom Photonics and HyperLight Corporation developed the first fully integrated high-power laser on a lithium niobate chip. The lasers sit in small wells or trenches etched into the lithium niobate and deliver up to 60 milliwatts of optical power in the waveguides fabricated in the same platform. This chip is a building block that can be integrated into larger optical systems for a range of applications. For more information, visit https://www.seas. harvard.edu/news. Zr NO C Va Unit cell of a ZrC lattice, where partial occu■pancy of the octahedral interstitial sublattice by carbon atoms and vacancies is indicated with mixed-color atoms. Following Goretzki\'s study, several groups tried to clarify zirconium carbide\'s structure and revealed further ordered phases in the process. In 1977, de Novion and Maurice reviewed the information related to short- and long-range ordering of vacancies in transition metal carbides. They determined that longrange ordering of vacancies was driven by short-range ordering, which in this case tended to avoid second nearest-neighbor vacancy pairs. Future theoretical works validated this early view. Following Novion and Maurice\'s review in 1977, only a few more experimental studies on the structure of zirconium carbide were published in that decade before interest dropped off. No new experimental studies appeared in the literature until the 2010s, when interest in this material revived due to increased global initiatives toward developing nuclear fuel coatings for use in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and hypersonic aviation. Theoretical studies began appearing in the literature as well, thanks to increasingly available, efficient, and accurate supercomputing resources. The challenge with experimental studies While theoretical studies have predicted several stable ordered phases, experimental observation of these phases remains limited. Davey and Chen state there are several possible explanations for this scarcity. Hypothesis one: Synthesis temperatures are too high Davey and Chen explain that during synthesis, zirconium carbide may be heated to about 2,000°C. However, at about 1,473–1,673°C, zirconium carbide experiences an order-disorder phase transition. Synthesizing the material above this transition temperature could lead to a disordered solid solution phase being frozen-in during quenching or cooling, rather than the ordered phases. Synthesizing zirconium carbide at lower temperatures could address this issue. In 2019, Zhou et al. successfully synthesized zirconium carbide at 1,300°C. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 GASBARRE GLOBAL SUPPORT TEAM ON-SITE SERVICE Hypothesis two: Significant amounts of impurities Significant amounts of impurities, such as nitrogen and oxygen, commonly occur in experimentally synthesized zirconium carbide and may affect vacancy ordering. \"However, precise characterization of impurity concentration in zirconium carbide is notoriously challenging, which can mean that impurity concentrations are not accurately reported,\" Davey and Chen write. Further modeling studies could help identify processing parameters that mitigate the chance of impurities. Hypothesis three: Composition too close to stoichiometric zirconium carbide Carbon (or vacancy) diffusion in zirconium carbide is influenced by the vacancy composition-carbon diffusivity increases with higher vacancy concentration, and vice versa. \"This offers a further possible explanation for the limited observances of other ordered phases closer to stoichiometric zirconium carbide [where vacancy concentration is lower],\" Davey and Chen write. Hypothesis four: Ordered phases affect each other Currently, knowledge of all possible ordered phases is extremely limited, but it is theoretically feasible that a nonstoichiometric ordered phase may destabilize other predicted phases and prevent them from forming. \"This, once again, offers a potential explanation for why Zr₂C is the only consistently observed superstructural phase,\" Davey and Chen write. Next steps Davey and Chen conclude the review by noting that experimental and theoretical studies to date confirm that vacancy arrangement as well as vacancy concentration significantly affect the thermophysical properties of zirconium carbide. However, the elastic and mechanical properties show conflicting results among different studies and thus require further work for clarification. They suggest a few directions future research could take, including • Experimentally confirm predicted stable structures: Recent theoretical work provides threshold values for temperature and impurity content that could assist in this area. • Clarify the cause of variations in thermophysical properties: Some researchers have suggested these variations may be understood by considering the arrangements of vacancies and their pair cluster, although further work is needed to validate this hypothesis across all properties. • Further explore short-range ordering behavior at high temperatures: The strong energetic preference for certain pair configurations in short-range ordering could explain why particular stoichiometries have such high melting points if the preference persists at high temperatures. The open-access paper, published in International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science, is “Vacancy ordering in substoichiometric zirconium carbide: A review\" (DOI: 10.1002/ ces2.10126). 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Electrodynamic fragmentation, which was first investigated and described by Russian scientists in the late 1940s, uses pulsed high-voltage discharges to separate bulky multiphase material selectively along grain boundaries. Compared to mechanical separation processes, electrodynamic fragmentation does not generate abrasion and thus no dust or other contamination. Since 2012, Volker Thome, head of the Department of Inorganic Materials and Recycling at Fraunhofer IBP, has led experiments using electrodynamic fragmentation to recycle waste concrete, carbon fiber-reinforced polymers, and municipal waste incineration ash. In the recent open-access paper, two of Thome\'s frequent collaborators-Severin Seifert and Sebastian Dittrich of Fraunhofer IBP-worked with independent researcher Jürgen Bach to explore the applicability of electrodynamic fragmentation to refractory waste. They chose refractory waste samples from three different fields of application for the experiment—highly sintered brick for sintering or rotary kilns (RefMat-1); corundum stone for melting tanks (RefMat-2); and functional refractory ceramic from the steel industry (RefMat-3). These samples were selected to determine the effectiveness of electrodynamic fragmentation at separating materials exposed to different temperatures, as \"higher temperatures lead to a stronger sintering of the individual components, which makes it considerably more difficult to process or cleanly separate,” they explain. They began by crushing the samples into small pieces, about 4-5 cm each, and processed them to determine the Composite material between two electrodes under water Electrical discharge Component A Component B Matrix Illustration showing electrodynamic fragmentation of a composite material. This process takes place underwater to enable pulsed high-voltage discharges to penetrate the composite, which then separates selectively along grain boundaries. optimal fragmentation parameters for each material. They then used these optimal parameters to fragment 20-32-kg batches of each of the three samples. The researchers found they could use optical sorting to categorize the various materials separated out during the fragmentation process. Only the white corundum from sample material RefMat-3 could not be sorted out because the color differences compared to the matrix material were too small. Analysis of the separated and sorted materials revealed a very clean surface that was almost completely free of binder residues and other adhesions. Additionally, comparison of the chemical composition with original raw materials showed almost no observable differences. After confirming the chemical similarity, the researchers fabricated new refractory ceramics using the recovered materials. The processing properties and mechanical tests of the recycled refractories did not show any adverse effects. \"However, no testing of the newly developed refractory material under working conditions (e.g., lining in an aluminum melting furnace) has been taken place so far. Thus, the material must be checked for further aspects such as corrosion resistance, thermal shock resistance and abrasion resistance,\" they write. RefMat-3 1-2 mm 2-3 mm <1mm 2 cm Filter residue >3mm Sample material RefMat-3 before (center) and after fragmentation and subsequent classification by grain size. The researchers conclude that electrodynamic fragmentation may be a promising alternative to existing recycling technologies. \"However, further research and development work is needed to make a recycling process for refractory materials economically realizable on an industrial scale,\" they write. Based on this study, the researchers applied for a patent titled \"Method for recycling ceramics, regenerated materials obtained thereby, and use of the regenerated materials for manufacturing ceramics.\" The open-access paper, published in Processes, is \"Recovery of raw materials from ceramic waste materials for the refractory industry\" (DOI: 10.3390/ pr9020228). Credit: Seifert et al., Processes (CC BY 4.0) Credit: Seifert et al., Processes (CC BY 4.0) 16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 ceramics in energy DOE funds projects to reduce waste from and sustain future deployment of advanced nuclear reactors On March 10, 2022, the U.S. Department of Energy announced $36 million for 11 projects seeking to increase deployment and use of nuclear power and limit the amount of waste produced from advanced nuclear reactors. \"Developing novel approaches to safely manage nuclear waste will enable us to power even more homes and businesses in America with carbon-free nuclear energy,\" U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer M. Granholm says in the press release. The Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) is funding the projects through the Optimizing Nuclear Waste and Advanced Reactor Disposal Systems (ONWARDS) program. This program, which was unveiled last year, is ARPAE\'s first focused program to identify and facilitate technologies for advanced research on used nuclear fuel recycling, waste forms, disposal pathways, and associated advanced safeguard technologies. Among the 11 projects, two stand out for their focus on ceramic-based solutions. Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ): Pioneering a cermet waste form for disposal of waste streams from advanced reactors The Rutgers-led project, which includes ACerS Fellow and Alfred University professor S.K. Sundaram, will deliver a simple, scalable route for turning used nuclear fuel into a highdensity, durable cermet waste form (a heat-resistant ceramic and metallic composite). Award amount: $4,000,007 Citrine Informatics (Redwood City, CA): Novel phosphate waste forms to enable efficient dehalogenation and immobilization of salt waste Materials informatics platform Citrine Informatics will use artificial intelligence and physics-based simulation methods to develop novel phosphate waste forms (including glasses, ceramics, and their composites) to enable dehalogenation (removal of halides) and more secure immobilization of salt waste from molten salt reactors. Award amount: $3,103,770 Further details on the 11 projects are available at https://bit.ly/3KB8JDW. Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. 58 years of service and reliability R I SQUARED RELEMENT I Squared R Element Co., Inc. 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Mauro on the current progress in harnessing artificial intelligence and machine learning to design new glasses and how these techniques may develop in the future. Mathieu Bauchy John C. Mauro Credit: Michael Dziedzic, Unsplash In the past 30 years, significant and sustained development has advanced artificial intelligence to a point that it is beginning to demonstrate its potential in research and industry. Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer to mimic human cognitive functions, such as problem solving or decision making. Machine learning, a subset of AI, is the application of artificial intelligence to address a specific problem without direct instructions from the programmer. AI and ML offer a completely different paradigm for designing new processes and materials compared to traditional programming. Before, a researcher needed to explicitly develop a series of fixed instructions to achieve a given task. Now, researchers \"train\" the computer program with a set of data, and it will evolve the algorithm to perform the task. Glass researchers are particularly interested in harnessing AI and ML for materials development. With nearly the entire periodic table to select from, vast possibilities exist for potential glass compositions. AI and ML can identify the most promising 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 compositions much more quickly than traditional lab-based trial-and-error experiments. John C. Mauro and Mathieu Bauchy are two researchers exploring the use of AI and ML in glass research. Mauro is professor of materials science & engineering and associate head for graduate education at The Pennsylvania State University. Bauchy is associate professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California, Los Angeles. In an interview with ACerS Bulletin editor Eileen De Guire, they discuss the current progress in harnessing AI and ML to design new glasses and how these techniques may develop in the future. Q. What methods are currently used for modeling new glasses, and what benefits do Al and ML offer over these traditional techniques? [JCM]: Physics-based models are the preferred option whenever possible, because they are more likely to give accurate extrapolations to new composition spaces and can also provide helpful new physical insights. However, for many properties or glass compositional families, physical models may be too dif ficult to derive. Hence, there is a need for data-driven modeling approaches. Many glasses exhibit nonlinear composition-property relationships, which can be difficult to capture with simple regression models. Machine learning gives the opportunity to capture these complicated nonlinear relationships to aid in the design of new glass compositions. [MB]: These are all good points. I would add that traditional models are often limited by our own experience, knowledge, and intuition. Because computers are not limited by any biases, the hope is that, by unveiling some previously hidden patterns in datasets, machine learning models could lead to discovery of new types of glasses that were previously thought to be impossible, for example, \"unbreakable\" glasses. Q. What types of AI and ML techniques are most useful for predicting glass compositions? [JCM]: It depends on the problem under study. So far, I would say that neural networks are the most commonly used approach for developing machine learning-based models for glass composition-property relationships. [MB]: Agreed; artificial neural networks tend to be the method of choice because they are flexible enough to offer a one-sizefits-all solution to many types of problems. However, neural networks can often be outperformed by gradient-boosted decision tree models-but these models are challenging to tune. One should also keep in mind that many problems do not require complex neural networks and can actually more effectively be solved with simple linear or polynomial regression methods. Q. Are there barriers or limitations to using these techniques? [JCM]: The biggest barrier is the availability of a sufficient quantity of high-quality data for use in training the machine learning models. Glass melting and characterization is a time-consuming and expensive process, which limits the amount of data that can be obtained to build the models. This limitation becomes even greater for many-component systems because each new component added to the glass increases the dimensionality of the problem by one. Hence, we almost always must deal with the problem of sparse data, especially for many-component glass systems. [MB]: I would also add that, in practice, developing a machine learning algorithm to accelerate the discovery of new glasses requires a combined expertise in glass and computer science. This requirement is a challenge because traditional siloed education programs rarely expose materials science students to artificial intelligence, or computer science students to materials research. There is a need to develop new programs that train multidimensional engineers who are well versed in materials and computer science. Q. Are these Al and ML techniques limited to designing new compositions, or can they be used, for example, to develop new manufacturing processes? Which area offers the greater gains from an industrial perspective? American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org [JCM]: Machine learning can also be used for process optimization, market forecasting, and even human resource management. Anytime there is a large amount of data available, machine learning can be used to find correlations between a set of input conditions and output results. The main limitation for machine learning is that it cannot be used to discover something totally new, i.e., something completely outside the domain of data used to construct the model. Within the realm of process engineering, machine learning can be used to help optimize current processes, but it cannot be used to develop a completely new process. The human mind is still vastly superior to artificial intelligence for anything that involves creative \"outside-the-box\" thinking. Machine learning is, by its very nature, a form of \"insidethe-box\" thinking. [MB]: Agreed. Machine learning is not limited to the discovery of new glasses. In fact, there is much promise in the emerging concept of \"digital twin” in manufacturing (or digital replica). The idea is that, with sufficient data, one can develop a surrogate model that virtually replicates real-world components in a manufacturing process. This model makes it possible to test the effect of certain process adjustments within the digital twin, which allows researchers to predict how the real-life manufacturing process would be affected by such changes, without the need to actually deploy these adjustments. This approach has the potential to dramatically accelerate the optimization of manufacturing processes, which typically relies on timeconsuming trial-and-error experiments. Q. Have glass scientists mainly adapted AI and ML techniques in other fields for their own purposes, or are there novel techniques developed specifically for glass science? [JCM]: Thus far, glass scientists have mainly applied already existing machine learning methods to our specific problems, rather than developing entirely new Al-based approaches. [MB]: Agreed, but I think that, going forward, new techniques that are tailored to materials will need to be 19 Harnessing artificial intelligence and machine learning to design new glasses Basic machine learning paradigm Machine Learning Supervised Unsupervised Regression Classification Clustering 1. linear 2. polynomial 3. support vector 4. random forest 5. neural network 6. Gaussian process 1. logistic 2. random forest 3. support vector 4. neural network 1. K-means 2. T-SNE 3. DBSCAN 4. K-NN Reinforcement Learning 1. Model-free (policy optimization, Q-learning) 2. Model-based Machine learning approaches are broadly classified into three types: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves an algorithm that \"learns\" a function that maps input information to an output using \"training\" data. Unsupervised learning seeks to uncover hidden, unlabeled patterns in data. Because the algorithm does not map onto an output, the approach is “unsupervised.\" Reinforced learning is more useful in systems applications, such as robotics or highthroughput laboratory techniques, and is not used much for glass or materials science applications.\' The four boxes across the bottom list the algorithms that execute the machine learning functions. developed. Most of the state-of-the-art deep learning methods are designed to handle very large datasets comprising millions of datapoints and do not necessarily perform well on sparse materials datasets comprising only a few hundreds of datapoints. Present machine learning approaches are often not tailored to materials, for example, in terms of structure representation, limited number of datapoints, importance of uncertainty quantification, focus on inverse design. There are also many opportunities to develop physics- or chemistry-informed machine learning models that simultaneously leverage data and knowledge. Q. Are there any commercial products that were developed using AI and ML techniques? [JCM]: Yes, absolutely. But machine learning is never used on its own. Machine learning is one tool in a larger toolbox that can help us with the design of new glass compositions. Machine learning can be used most effectively when it is combined with experimental insights and physics-based models. This combined approach provides a highly effective and efficient means for designing new glass compositions, including commercial products. Ultimately, the model-predicted glass compositions still need to be reduced to practice in experiments. [MB]: Although glass manufacturing companies rarely advertise the details of their internal research and development processes when launching new products, there are definitely some success stories where machine learning enabled the design of new commercial materials. For instance, the Concrete-AI platform (http://www.concrete-ai.com) led to the Credit: Venugopal et al., IJAGS development of new ready-mix concrete commercial formulations featuring a decrease in cost and carbon footprint of 10% and 50%, respectively, as compared to previously used formulations, while achieving similar performance. Q. What is the most pressing need to advance the use of AI and ML techniques to the next level for the R&D of commercially important glasses? [JCM]: We need greater community organization around data management, especially having a common database where everyone can contribute data and freely access the full archive of data for modeling purposes. [MB]: Agreed; the lack of curated datasets that are accessible, complete, self-consistent, and well populated is clearly the main bottleneck at this point. Q. Are there resources, such as databases, designed for glass that AI and ML researchers can use or contribute to? [JCM]: GlassPy is an open source Python database created by Daniel Cassar. GlassPy is available at https:// github.com/drcassar/glasspy. PyGGi is a commercial Python code by Anoop Krishnan for performing machine learning modeling of glass composition-property relationships. PyGGi is available at https://pyggi.iitd.ac.in/about. Q. As more materials scientists use Al and ML techniques to advance their respective fields, does that translate into the courses taught to materials science students? For example, are more computer science courses being required or are universities developing courses that specifically focus on computational methods for materials science? [JCM]: Computational materials science courses are now being taught as electives at the undergraduate and graduate levels. These courses cover a wide range of computational approaches but do not focus exclusively on machine learning. Students can also take elective courses specific to machine learning, e.g., from computer science or data science departments. There is also a trend of incorporating more computation into core materials science courses so that 20 20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 students can develop some elementary programming and modeling skills as a core part of the curriculum. [MB]: Such transversal courses are very needed and typically appreciated by students. For anybody who would be interested in learning more, I developed a course on artificial intelligence and machine learning for engineers at UCLA. All lecture videos are freely available online at https://bit.ly/3Lq4pre. I also offer a short course through ACerS (https://ceramics.org/ML-for-glassscience), which is a great introduction to the topic, especially for graduate students at the beginning of their programs. Q. What other fields or disciplines would be able to collaborate with glass researchers to advance the art of computational glass science? [JCM]: When it comes to computational glass science, we have a lot of common interests with several other disciplines, including physics, chemistry, chemical engineering, and nuclear engineering. There is also a lot of value in collaborating with computer scientists, who can offer advances to the computational techniques themselves. [MB]: Yes, I think there is a lot of value in collaborating with computer scientists, who may not be familiar with the unique challenges associated with the application of machine learning to material-related problems. Q. What excites you about the future of AI and ML applied to glass? [JCM]: As someone with a dual background in glass science and computer science, it excites me to see how effectively these two fields have come together to offer powerful solutions for problems of technological interest. An exciting next step will be the application of these approaches to the design of glass-ceramics, including use of convolu tional neural networks to analyze microstructural image data and link that data to mechanical and optical properties. [MB]: What excites me the most is the opportunity offered by the integration of theory, numerical simulations, and machine learning, wherein all the approaches learn, inform, and advance each other. There are also a lot of exciting developments in robotics and \"self-driving\" laboratories where new materials could be discovered in a highthroughput fashion without any human intervention. References 1 Venugopal V, Bishnoi S, Singh S, Zaki M, Grover HS, Bauchy M, Agarwal M, Krishnan NA, \"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in glass science and technology: 21 challenges for the 21st century.\" International Journal of Applied Glass Science, 2021 Jul;12(3):277-92. Further reading Cassar DR, Santos GG, Zanotto ED, \"Designing optical glasses by machine learning coupled with a genetic algorithm.\" Ceramics International, 2021 Apr 15;47(8):10555-64. De Guire E et al., “Data-driven glass/ceramic science research: Insights from the glass and ceramic and data science/informatics communities.\" Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2019 Nov;102(11):6385-406. Gubernatis JE, Lookman T, \"Machine learning in materials design and discovery: examples from the present and suggestions for the future.\" Phys Rev Mater., 2018;2(12):120301. Liu H, Fu Z, Yang K, Xu X, Bauchy M, \"Machine learning for glass science and engineering: A review.\" Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids: X, 2019 Dec 1;4:100036. \" Mauro JC, \"Decoding the glass genome.\" Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 2018 Apr 1;22(2):58-64. Mauro JC, Tandia A, Vargheese KD, Mauro YZ, Smedskjaer MM, \"Accelerating the design of functional glasses through modeling.\" Chemistry of Materials, 2016 Jun 28;28(12):4267-77. Montazerian M, Zanotto ED, Mauro JC, \"Model-driven design of bioactive glasses: from molecular dynamics through machine learning.\" Int Mater Rev., 2019;1-25. JULY 24-28, 2022 | HILTON PANAMA | PANAMA CITY, PANAMA PAN AMERICAN REGISTER CERAMICS CONGRESS NOW AND FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS (PACC-FMAS) The Amnercon CONCITIC Society www.cocmit.org 2022 PAN AMERICAN CERAMICS CONGRESS and FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS (PACC-FMAS) ceramics.org/PACCFMAS American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 21 Bulletin | Kreidl award abstract water cm 012 Credit: Tagiara Figure 1. Schematic presentation of the intermittent quenching technique for synthesis of pure TeO2 glass. Synthesis, structure, and properties of pure TeO₂ glass and tellurite glasses 2 By Nagia S. Tagiara and Efstratios I. Kamitsos Tell ellurium dioxide-based glasses attract special interest due to their exceptional properties like low melting temperatures, good infrared transmittance, high refractive index, and high third-order optical nonlinearity. Despite its high tendency for crystallization, 1,2 TeO, glass can be formed by quenching melts from alumina crucibles³-6 and by rapid quenching from platinum crucibles using the twin-roller technique. The first method easily produces glasses in large sizes, while the second method produces glass flakes used in neutron diffraction studies. Physical properties of tellurite glasses melted in alumina crucibles 3-6 differ drastically from those melted in platinum crucibles. 7,8 In this research, we report on the synthesis of pure TeO₂ glass in gram quantities using a newly developed technique. The goal is to synthesize pure tellurite glasses, to probe the evolution of structure and physical properties with composition, and to understand structure-property correlations. A new technique for synthesizing pure TeO₂ glass The new synthesis method is based on an intermittent quenching (IQ) technique. It involves melting polycrystalline TeO2 in a platinum crucible and then dipping the bottom of the crucible containing the viscous melt into room temperature water several times (Fig. 1). This procedure results in monolithic pieces of pure TeO2 glass with approximate dimensions of 2.5 cm × 1.5 cm × 2 mm, based on the size of the platinum crucible used (~20 cm³). g TeO2 glass synthesized by the IQ-technique has glass transition temperature (T=303°C) and density (p=5.62 g/cm³) values 9,10 that are well outside the ranges for glasses melted in alumina crucibles (T=320-385°C, p=4.8-5.10 g/cm³).³-6 These 22 22 g differences are due to the leaching of Al2O3 from the alumina crucible, as found by Raman spectroscopy.\" 9,10 cluster The structure of TeO2 glass was studied further by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations on (TeO2) and (TeO2) 12 clusters. Among many studied stable conformers, closed and nonsymmetric structures were optimized without Te=O double bonds.\" The (TeO2) 12\' in Fig. 2 (left) gives calculated IR and Raman spectra in very good agreement with the experimental spectra (Fig. 2, right). Also, the calculated total pair distribution function is in agreement with results of neutron? and high-energy X-ray¹² diffraction studies. The (TeO2) 12 cluster consists of TeO 4 trigonal bipyramid units connected by asymmetric and nearly symmetric Te-O-Te bridges, as in y-TeO2, and involves edge-sharing of TeO4 units by double-oxygen Te-O₂-Te bridges, as in the B-TeO2 polymorph. The optimized (TeO2) 12 cluster is slightly unstable compared to the calculated global minimum structure, suggesting a kinetically stable product similar to its corresponding lab-made TeO2 glass. Clusters with Te-O bonds were studied as well and found to give Raman and IR activity above 850 cm¹ due to the stretching of Te=O bonds; the absence of such vibrational activity from the measured spectra shows that no Te=O bonds are present in pure TeO2 glass. Binary and ternary tellurite glasses The work was extended to binary and ternary tellurite glasses xZnO-(1-x)TeO2 (0≤x≤0.50), yAl2/30-(1-y)TeO2 (0≤y≤0.43), and R2/30-(0.30-z)ZnO-0.70TeO₂ (R=Al, B and 0<<0.30). 10 Glasses were prepared by melting in platinum crucibles and investigated for correlations between structure and thermal as well as mechanical properties. The properties measured are glass transition temperature (T), density (p), ultrasonic velocities, atomic packing density, elastic moduli, and Poisson\'s ratio (σ). Representative Raman spectra are shown in Fig. 3 (left) for glasses xZnO-(1-x)TeO2 (0≤x≤0.50). The observed www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 cm Te TeO₂ glass IR spectral changes upon doping with ZnO are attributed to the progressive conversion of Teo trigonal bipyramid units to TeO3+ polyhedra with two terminal oxygens, and finally to Teo, trigonal pyramids with three terminal oxygens (x=0.50). This progressive depolymerization of the tellurite network is reflected in the composition dependence of properties like Poisson\'s ratio, which increases in the range 0.25<o≤0.27 for 0<x<0.35 (Fig. 3, top right). A Raman study of glasses yAl2/3C 30(1-y)TeO2 showed that part of the added Al2O3 does not modify TeO2; instead, n it builds AlO polyhedral, which crosslink the Teo and Teo, units through Te-O-Al bridges. 10 This structural crosslinking decreases Poisson\'s ratio from o=0.25 (y=0) to σ=0.23 (y=0.3) (Fig. 3, top right), and leads to the fast increase of T with Al2O3 (Fig. 3, bottom right). Compared to Al2O3, ZnO increases T at a smaller rate (Fig. 3, bottom right) because of the weaker crosslinking ability units. of ZnO4 Conclusion In summary, the structure and properties of the studied tellurite glasses are controlled by the effect of ZnO, Al2O3, and B₂O, on (a) the crosslinking of the tellurite structural units (Al2O3 > ZnO > B2O3), (b) the bonding strength of the glass network (B₂O₂ > A₁₂O₂ > ZnO), and (c) the atomic packing density of glass (B2O3 > Al2O3 ≈ ZnO). Factor (a) directly affects T, and factors (b) and (c) affect mainly the elastic properties of glass (e.g., Young\'s modulus). For example, glasses zB2/30-(0.30-z) ZnO-0.70TeO₂ have the largest atomic packing density and exhibit the steepest increase of Young\'s modulus with T among the studied tellurite glass systems. Acknowledgements g The authors gratefully acknowledge Anastasios G. Papadopoulos for his help with DFT calculations. About the authors Nagia S. Tagiara conducted her Ph.D. studies at the National Hellenic Research Foundation in Athens, Greece, under the supervision of Efstratios I. Kamitsos. Contact Tagiara at ntayara@eie.gr. 2.42 Å Exp, glass Calc, cluster Raman 200 400 600 Frequency (cm) 800 1000 Credit: Papadopoulos et al., J. Phys. Chem. B Figure 2. (left) A (TeO2) 12 cluster structure without Te=O double bonds. (right) Calculated infrared (in blue, top) and Raman (in blue, bottom) spectra of the (TeO2) 12 cluster, in comparison with the experimental infrared and Raman spectra (in red) of pure TeO2 glass developed by the IQ-technique. Reprinted with permission from Reference 11. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. red.iso (arb. units) 440 : 490 420 660 xZnO-(1-x)TeO₂ 740 xo Poisson\'s ratio, a 0.30 ■ xZnO-(1-x)TO, YALO-(1-y)TO, 0.28 * TeO.. Ref. [3] 0.26 0.24 0.05 0.22 0.10 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ZnO or Al₂O (mol) 0.15 390 0.20 ■ xZnO-(1-x)Teo, 0.25 380 ▲ YAO-(1-y)Teo, Linear fit 370 360 350 0.30 340 0.35 330 0.40 320 0.45 768 0.50 310 0.55 300 0.0 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Raman Shift (cm³) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 ZnO or Al₂O (mol) Credit: Tagiara et al., J. Phys. Chem. B Figure 3. (left) Reduced isotropic Raman spectra of glasses xZnO-(1-x)TeO₂ for x=0-0.55. Poisson\'s ratio (right, top) and glass transition temperature (right, bottom) for glasses xZnO-(1-x) TeO2 and yAl2/30-(1-y) TeO2. The point indicated with the green star in the top right figure gives the literature value of Poisson\'s ratio for TeO2 glass melted in alumina crucible,³ and reflects the doping of TeO2 with Al2O3 leached from the crucible. Reprinted with permission from Reference 10. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. Editor\'s note Tagiara will present the 2022 Kreidl Award Lecture at the Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting on May 24, 2022. Learn more about the conference at https://ceramics.org/gomd2022. References \'Stanworth, J. E. Nature 169, 591-582 (1952). 2El-Mallawany, R. Tellurite Glasses Handbook: Physical Properties and Data; CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2002. 3Lambson, E., Saunders, G., Bridge, B., El-Mallawany, R. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 69, 117-133 (1984). *El-Mallawany, R. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 379, 177-179 (2013). 5Sidek, H. A. A., Rosmawati, S., Azmi, B. Z., Shaari, A. H. Adv. Condens. Matter Phys. Vol. 2013, 783207 (2013). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org \'Abd El-Moneim, A. et at. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 575, 121229 (2022). Barney, E. R., Hannon, A. C., Holland, D., Umesaki, N., Tatsumisago, M., Orman, R. G., Feller, S. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4, 2312-2316 (2013). 8Gulenko, A., Masson, O., Berghout, A., Hamari, D., Thomas, P. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, 1415014160 (2014). Tagiara, N. S., Palles, D., Simandiras, E. D., Psycharis, V., Kyritsis, A., Kamitsos, E.I., J. NonCryst. Solids 457, 116-125 (2017). 10Tagiara, N.S., Moayedi, E., Kyritsis, A., Wondraczek, L., Kamitsos, E. I., J. Phys. Chem. B 123, 7905-7918 (2019). \"Papadopoulos, A. G., Tagiara, N. S., Simandiras, E. D., Kamitsos, E. I., J. Phys. Chem. B 124, 57465753 (2020). 12 Alderman, O. L. G., Benmore, C. J., Feller, S., Kamitsos, E. I., Simandiras, E. D., Liakos, D. G., Jesuit, M., Boyd, M., Packard, M., Weber, R., J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 427-431 (2020). 23 ACers meeting highlights NATIONAL DAY OF GLASS CONFERENCE CELEB The April 5-7, 2022 | Washington, DC The National Day of Glass Conference (NDGC) kicked off North Americanbased celebrations of the United Nations International Year of Glass. Planning for NDGC began almost immediately after the U.N. announced the 2022 International Year of Glass last May. The U.N. has declared International Years since 1959 to highlight industries, concepts, or ideals that promote its objectives, and IYOG marks the first time the U.N. has recognized a material with the International Year designation. Glass has been identified as having a role in addressing 11 of the UN\'s 17 sustainability goals. \"It was an incredible few days of celebrating all things glass. By welcoming a range of leaders from all sectors of our glass community, we were able to share diverse perspectives on the rich history and promising future that glass has in our world,\" says Kathleen Richardson, lead organizer. The program was designed to showcase the impact of glass-past, present, and future-and was envisioned as a celebration of glass science, technology, engineering, education, and art. Corning International CEO Wendell Weeks set the tone for the conference by focusing on four key attributes of glass: stability, strength, interaction with light, and impermeability. Weeks artfully wove human history and scientific advances to show the impact of glass on the arc of human progress. One striking example was the development of transparent, colorless glasses with improved stability, which led to the development of eyeglasses and more reading after the printing press was invented. Glass enabled the growth of an educated population and the spread of ideas. In another example, the British were at war in the early 17th century and conscripted all wood for shipbuilding. Glassmakers turned to coal as a fuel source and found that the hotter furnace temperatures allowed them to make bottles with higher silica content. These stronger bottles turned out to be perfect containers for the new bubbly wines developed by French winemakers in the Champagne region. \"Talk about glass being essential to human progress!\" says Weeks. Other examples familiar to this audience included Gorilla Glass, optical fibers, and pharmaceutical packaging—all of which point to the impact of glass on the Corning International CEO Wendell Weeks set the tone with his talk, \"Glass-Vital to our future.\" everyday as well as the extraordinary moments of life. Thought leaders from government-NSF, DOE, DARPA-talked about the innovation enterprise, which integrates government investment, open science policies, and workforce development. Kelvin Droegemeier, Regents\' Professor of Meteorology and Teigen Presidential Professor at Oklahoma University, with nearly two decades of experience working in government (former director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and former acting director of the National Kathleen Richardson opens the National Day of Glass Conference, April 5-7, 2022, in Washington, D.C. Corning\'s Chris Heckle leads a panel discussion of leaders from academia, art, and industry. Panelists from left: Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University; Judith Schaechter, Tyler School of Art, Temple University; Anuradha Agarwal, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Scott Cooper, Owens-Illinois; Jacquelyn Fetrow and Adele Schade, Albright College. 24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Credit all images: ACerS) RATES GLASS SCIENCE, ART, AND ENGINEERING ceramics.org/NDGC2022 Science Foundation), introduced the notion of finding the \"missing millions\" of talent hidden in areas of the United States often outside the mainstream flow of opportunity, but whom it would behoove the nation to engage with resources and opportunity. Top executives from Owens-Illinois, Schott Glass, AGC, Nippon Electric Glass Fiber America, and entrepreneurs raised the importance of sustainability in their supply chains and manufacturing processes. was frequently noted that glass is infinitely recyclable but often poorly recycled, especially in the U.S. It Three panel discussions were at least as stimulating as the talks. The panels comprised leaders from academia, industry, government, and art with widely diverse perspectives, which led to vigorous conversation on the panel and also with the audience. The glass art community bridges the aesthetic and scientific attributes of glass, and glass art provides a beautiful point of entry to glass appreciation to a wide audience. Artists, scientists, business leaders, and funding agency leaders connected over their mutual interest in glass, often finding that their interests overlap; it is the exploration of those interests that diverges. Richardson says, \"The richness of our global glass community was on display, including a further expansion of our relationship with the glass art community. Together we shared thoughts, concerns, and opportunities where we can make key inroads as a sector, toward some of our globe\'s most challenging sustainability issues.\" A gala banquet Wednesday night featured a recorded presented by Dale and Leslie Chihuly and a live presentation by Narcissus Quagliata. Quagliata describes himself as a painter and an artist interested in light. He eventually discovered glass as a fascinating medium for exploring the interaction of light in art. His glass paintings are fascinating visual essays, and Quagliata has won several commissions to install his work in prominent locations throughout the world. Pictures from the event are located on ACers Flickr page at https://bit.ly/ NDGC2022. All talks were recorded and will be available on the ACerS website by the end of April. Learn more about global activities planned for the International Year of Glass at https://iyog2022.org/ home/upcoming_events. David Pye, Alfred University dean emeritus, suggested a United Nations International Year of Glass. Alicia Durán, who was president of the International Commission on Glass at the time, organized the proposal to the United Nations, which included 2,200 endorsement letters from 90 countries. Kathleen Richardson and Mario Affatigato organized the two-day event. Richardson is Pegasus Professor of Optics and Materials Science and Engineering at CREOL/College of Optics and Photonics at the University of Central Florida, and Affatigato is Fran Allison and Francis Halpin Professor of Physics at Coe College. PROGRESS WAS NEITHER SWIET NOR EASY Celebrating women working with glass during the opening reception for the National Day of Glass Conference. The reception was held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 45 25 17TH BIENNIAL WORLDWIDE CONGRESS ON REFRACTORIES ACers meeting highlights Refractory professionals gather in Chicago to celebrate the return of UNITECR UNITECR 2022 fter pivoting to a virtual format for EMA and ICACC in January, the excitement A for a live meeting was palpable during the in-person Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR) that took place March 15-18, 2022, in Chicago, III. Originally scheduled to take place in 2021, UNITECR was moved to 2022 due to pandemic restrictions. As the first hybrid meeting organized by ACerS, UNITECR turned out to be a great success-470 people registered for the meeting, with more than 420 attending in person. Thanks to countries around the world lifting COVID-19 restrictions, people from 28 countries were able to attend the conference. \"I was so happy to see my colleagues face to face for the first time in years and thought the conference went better than ever could have been expected. Everyone seemed upbeat, the exchanges in the hallways and coffee breaks were invaluable, and the technical presentations were excellent,\" says James Hemrick, UNITECR 2022 technical program chair and North American UNITECR Committee member. Each morning of UNITECR 2022 started with talks by preeminent speakers from the refractory and raw materials industries, including • Carol Jackson, HarbisonWalker International chairman and CEO: Jackson shared her experience leading the World Refractories Association at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. She says the pandemic helped raise global awareness of the criticality of refractories, and the industry now needs to build on this momentum to inspire the next generation of students to pursue careers in this field. Allied Mineral Products vice president of research & development Dana Goski, right, accepts her certificate from UNITECR 2022 president Tom Vert announcing her as the first woman UNITECR Distinguished Life Member. • Mike O\'Driscoll, IMFORMED director: O\'Driscoll gave an overview of the global refractory raw material market and outlook in coming years. He showed how a recent succession of \"perfect storms\" have affected the refractory mineral market in China, and how these factors are leading refractory companies to explore ways to strengthen and diversify the supply chain. • Dana Goski, Allied Mineral Products vice president of research & development: Goski discussed various frontiers in refractories, including new forming and sintering technologies that could reduce the industry\'s carbon footprint to data driven discovery of new refractory materials. This year\'s Theodore J. Planje-St. Louis Refractories Award winner was Chris Parr, science & technology vice president for refractories at Imerys. He is also chairman of the Federation for International Refractory Research and Education (FIRE), and he highlighted some of the benefits that FIRE offers to students during his award talk. Imerys sustainability coordinator and past Planje Award winner Nancy Bunt, left, presents Chris Parr with the 2022 Planje Award. Credit: ACerS Several special events held throughout the week offered ample networking opportunities. On Tuesday, shuttle buses took attendees to a welcome reception sponsored by RHI Magnesita at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. On Wednesday, a poster session during the day and a young professional reception sponsored by Imerys at night offered further networking opportunities. On Thursday, a Women in Refractories reception sponsored by Allied Mineral Products and Imerys was followed by a conference dinner sponsored by TRI Corporation. At the dinner, Allied Mineral Products vice president of research & development Dana Goski was announced as the first woman UNITECR Distinguished Life Member. UNITECR will be held again next year in Germany to bring the conference back in alignment with pre-pandemic scheduling. Visit the ACers Flickr page at https://bit. ly/UNITECR2022 for more photos from the conference. 26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org MAY 22-26, 2022 Register Now! UPCOMING DATES 2022 GLASS AND OPTICAL MATERIALS DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING (GOMD 2022) https://ceramics.org/gomd2022 HYATT REGENCY BALTIMORE, BALTIMORE, MD. The 2022 GOMD meeting is unique because the United Nations declared 2022 as the International Year of Glass. We will have a number of special events to commemorate this occasion as we meet together in person for the first time since 2019. The 2022 technical program will feature four symposia: Fundamentals of the Glassy State; Glass and Interaction with its Environment-Fundamentals and Applications; Optical and Electronic Materials and Devices-Fundamentals and Applications; Glass Technology and Cross-cutting Topics. JULY 11-13, 2022 Register Now! JULY 24-28, 2022 Register Now! 12TH ADVANCES IN CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS https://ceramics.org/cements2022 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE, CALIF. Cement is the key ingredient in concrete-the most-used building material in the world—so every advance in understanding how it behaves presents an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gases, advance construction engineering, and improve quality of life around the globe. OCT. 9-13, 2022 ACERS 124TH ANNUAL MEETING with MS&T22 MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Organizers: American Ceramic Society The ASSOCIATION FOR IRON & STEEL www.ceramics.g TECHNOLOGY AIST TIMS The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society https://www.matscitech.org/MST22 PAN AMERICAN 2022 PAN AMERICAN CERAMICS CONGRESS and FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS (PACC-FMAS) CERAMICS CONGRESS AND FERROELECTRICS MEETING OF AMERICAS (PACC-FMAS 2022) ceramics.org/PACCFMAS Panama mas 2022 HILTON PANAMA, PANAMA CITY, PANAMA The Pan American Ceramics Congress brings together a wide variety of experts from academia, industries, research institutes, and laboratories to discuss current state-of-the-art and various technical challenges in research, development, engineering, manufacturing, and application of ceramic and glass materials. The Congress will provide a collegial forum for information exchange on current status and emerging trends in various technologies in the American continent (South and Central America, Canada, and the United States). DAVID L. LAWRENCE CONVENTION CENTER, PITTSBURGH, PA. NEW this year―The Materials Science and Technology Partnership has engaged the commercial exhibition firm Event Partners to sell and manage the full exhibition at MS&T22. In addition, Event Partners will co-locate two commercial exhibitions run by the company within MS&T22: The Advanced Materials Show and the first-ever Nanotechnology Show. The Materials Science & Technology technical meeting and exhibition series is a long-standing, recognized forum for fostering technical innovation at the intersection of materials science, engineering, and application. At MS&T, you can learn from those who are on the cutting edge of their disciplines, share your work with the leading minds in your field, and build the valuable cross-disciplinary collaborations unique to this conference series. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org 27 22 resources Calendar of events May 2022 9-12 ACers 2022 Structural Clay Products Division & Southwest Section Meeting in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting - Omni Charlotte Hotel, Charlotte, N.C.; https://ceramics.org/scpd2022 19-21 The 11th International Academy of Ceramic Implantology World Congress - Hotel Washington, Washington D.C.; https://www.iaoci. com/iaoci-2022/general-information CLASS North American Steering Committee 22-26 Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting (GOMD 2022) – Hyatt Regency Baltimore, Baltimore, Md.; https://ceramics.org/gomd2022 June 2022 13-15 12th Advances in CementBased Materials (Cements 2022) University of California, Irvine; https://ceramics.org/cements2022 21-22 ceramitec 2022 - Munich, Germany; https://www.ceramitec.com/ en/trade-fair/information/exhibitionsectors 28-30 2022 FIRE-ECerS Summer School: Eco-Design of Refractories RWTH Aachen University, Germany; https://ecers.org/fire-ecers-summerschool 28-Jul 2 ICG Workshop for new researchers in glass science and applications - Berlin, Germany; https://icglass.org July 2022 CLAS North American Steering Committee 3-8 ICG Annual Meeting _ 2022 Berlin, Germany; https://ceramics.org/event/ icg-annual-meeting-2022 10-14 International Congress on Ceramics (ICC9) - Krakow, Poland; https://ceramics.org/event/international -congress-on-ceramics-icc9 24-28 Pan American Ceramics Congress and Ferroelectrics Meeting of Americas (PACC-FMAS 2022) Hilton Panama, Panama City, Panama; https://ceramics.org/PACCFMAS August 2022 28-Sept 1 11th International Conference on High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites - Ramada Plaza Jeju Hotel, Jeju, Korea; https://www.ht-cmc11.org 29-31 7th Ceramics Expo colocated with Thermal Technologies Expo - Huntington Convention Center, Cleveland, Ohio; https://ceramics.org/ event/ceramics-expo September 2022 7-9 5th Energy Harvesting Society Meeting - Falls Church Marriott Fairview Park, Falls Church, Va.; https://ceramics.org/event/5th-energyharvesting-society-meeting October 2022 GLAN 4 9-13 ACerS 124th Annual North American Steering Committe Meeting with Materials Science & Technology 2022 David L. Lawrence Convention Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.; https://ceramics.org/MS&T22 12-13 AM Ceramics 2022 Fraunhofer IKTS, Winterbergstraße, Dresden, Germany; http://www.amceramics.dkg.de November 2022 30-Dec 2 ASEAN Ceramics IMPACT Forum Hall 4, Bangkok, Thailand; https://aseanceramics.com/ thailand/#thai-about January 2023 17-20 Electronic Materials and Applications 2023 (EMA 2023) DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla; https://ceramics.org/EMA23 22-27 47th International Conference and Expo on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC 2023) - Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort, Daytona, Fla; https://ceramics.org/ICACC23 27-31 The International Conference on Sintering 2023 (Sintering 2023) Nagaragawa Convention Center, Gifu, Japan; https://www.sintering2021.org September 2023 26-29 ➡ Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR) with 18th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories - Kap Europa, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; https://unitecr2023.org July 2024 14-19 International Congress on Ceramics - Hotel Bonaventure, Montreal, Canada; www.ceramics.org Dates in RED denote new event in this issue. Entries in BLUE denote ACerS events. denotes meetings that ACerS cosponsors, endorses, or otherwise cooperates in organizing. CLASS North American Stering Comente denotes International Year of Glass event denotes virtual meeting 28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 classified advertising Career Opportunities QUALITY EXECUTIVE SEARCH, INC. Recruiting and Search Consultants Specializing in Ceramics, Refractories and Metals JOE DRAPCHO (440) 773-5937 www.qualityexec.com E-mail: joedrapcho@yahoo.com Custom Machining Five Modern CNC Routers Two Shifts a Day, Five Days a Week! Low Mass, High Temp. Products Ours or Yours! Contract Machining Service Since 1980 Utmost Confidentiality Alumina to Zirconia including MMC •Exacting Tolerances •Complex shapes to slicing & dicing •Fast & reliable service Business Services custom finishing/machining Free Samples! Zırcar CERAMICS Contact Us Today! 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Wilson pwilson@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 | www.ceramics.org The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org NIST 31 O deciphering the discipline A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors. Guangran Zhang Guest columnist Expanding materials for optical applications: Pure and nickel-doped transparent MgGa₂O ceramics Magnesium gallate (MgGa₂O) has attracted much attention recently in both optical and electrical applications due to its unique and versatile properties. 4 Compared to many other transparent oxide semiconductors, which suffer from low stability at high temperatures, MgGa₂O has a melting point of about 1,930°C, which makes it easier to process. MgGa₂O4 also exhibits a large degree of inversion in its crystal structure, unlike other materials in the spinel family, which makes it a perfect host for transition metal cation dopant spectroscopy. One attribute of MgGa₂O4 that remains largely unexplored is its potential to form as a transparent ceramic. Like MgAl₂O (spinel), MgGa₂O4 is cubic and resistant to decomposition, which in principle makes it possible to fabricate transparently. So, we attempted to fabricate transparent MgGa₂O4 and Ni²-doped MgGa₂O4 ceramics by pulsed electric current sintering. To ensure the stoichiometry of cations and simultaneously obtain small enough ceramic particles, we synthesized MgGa₂O ceramic powder via a nitrate pyrolysis method. The resulting powder was further deagglomerate by 24-hour ball milling in anhydrous alcohol. To reduce carbon diffusion and contamination from the graphite tool, a metallic molybdenum foil isolated the MgGa₂O ceramic powder during this process. Boron nitride powder was also added as a special buffer layer before sintering, so it could absorb mechanical and thermal shock during the pressure releasing stage at the end of sintering. After sintering, nearly full densification was achieved for both MgGa₂O and Ni²+-doped MgGa₂O4 ceramics with submicron average grain size. A partially inverse spinel structure was confirmed by the doublets seen in the recorded Raman spectra (Fig. 1).² Testing revealed the highest in-line transmittance of pure and nickel-doped transparent MgGa₂O4 ceramics, after air annealing, was 73.3% (at 1.2 μm) and ~ 72.6% (at ~0.85 μm), respectively. With 1 at. % nickel dopant, (e) transparent MgGa₂O ceramics exhibited a wide range of near infrared emission Intensity (a.u.) Ma Ga (b) (c) 2.0μm MgGa,O, Inverse Spinel 200 430 600 000 1000 Raman Shift (cm) 2.0pm \'A 980 nm laser (1) TPP 1000 1100 1300 1300 1400 1500 1600 Wavelength (nm) \" D D-8823 centered at 1264 nm under 980 nm laser excitation, which matches the emission spectra of both Figure 1. (a) Inverse spinel structure MgGaО; (b) doublets seen Ni:MgGa₂O single from the Raman spectra; transparent (c) MgGαO̟ and (d) Ni²+crystals and the ener- doped MgGаO̟ ceramics; (e) near infrared emission spectra gy diagram estimated of Ni²+-doped MgGa₂O; (f) energy diagram of octahedral Ni²*from absorption spec- doped MgGa₂O transparent ceramics. tra using Tanabe4 4 Sugano diagram. These properties suggest that the nickel-doped transparent MgGa, ceramic has potential as a lasing ceramic operating at temperatures above 100 K.³ As the first report of transparent MgGa₂O ceramics, the optical quality is sufficient for spectral study. However, further improvement must be made for more demanding applications. The nitrate pyrolysis method used in this work does not only suit the stoichiometry and particle consideration, but it also greatly decreases the influence on the ceramic particles and transparency due to differences in the raw materials. Thus, we hope to see more attempts of its application in new transparent ceramics development. References ¹Z. Galazka, D. Klimm, K. Irmscher, R. Uecker, M. Pietsch, R. Bertram, M. Naumann, M. Albrecht, A. Kwasniewski, and R. Schewski, “MgGa₂O4 as a new wide bandgap transparent semiconducting oxide: growth and properties of bulk single crystals,\" physica status solidi (a), 212[7] 1455-60 (2015). 2G. Zhang, A. Goldstein, and Y. Wu, \"Novel transparent MgGa₂O and Ni²*-doped MgGa, ceramics,\" Journal of Advanced Ceramics 1-12 (2022). Guangran Zhang is a Ph.D. candidate in the Inamori School of Engineering NYS College of Ceramics at Alfred University. His research focuses on development of new functional transparent ceramics and additive manufacturing of transparent ceramics. In addition to research, he likes music and video games. Credit: G. Zhang et al., Journal of Advanced Ceramics ( 32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 101, No. 4 1836 Alfred University OUTSIDE of ORDINARY High-Speed, High-Temperature Characterization Analytical Services CAUTION With over $10 million in recent investment in state-of-the-art tools for characterization of ceramics and glass materials, Alfred University is here to help identify and solve complex materials science challenges facing industry today. Capabilities include: X-ray Diffraction Raman Spectroscopy Atomic Force Microscopy Our talented team of faculty, technicians, and graduate students are here to help. New York State companies may also be eligible for funding support. For details on these and other analytical services www.alfred.edu/CACT CENTER FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE CHARACTERIZATION SEM/Hot-Stage SEM with EDAX C Transmission Electron Microscopy Focused lon-Beam SEM CACT Center for Advanced Ceramic Technology palladium catalysts thin film nickel foam 田 AMERICAN ELEMENTS THE ADVANCED MATERIALS MANUFACTURER Ⓡ Duckyballs MOFs H 1.00794 Hydrogen perovskite crystals glassy carbon III-IV semiconduct europium phosphors diamond micropowder Nd:YAG alternative energy additive manufacturing 99.9999% aluminum oxide organometallics borophene metamaterials He 4.002602 Helium Li Be B 0 mogels 9.012182 10.811 Boron F 18.9984032 Fluorine Ne 20.1797 Neon osmiu h-BN Lithium Beryllium YBCO OCVD AuNPs 19 37 EuFOD 87 surface functionalized nanoparticles Na Mg nanodispersions 22.98976928 Sodium K 39.0983 Potassium 20 Magnesium Ca 40.078 Calcium Rb Sr 85.4678 Rubidium Strontium 21 57 Sc 44.955912 Scandium 88.90585 Yttrium 72 Ti 47.867 Titanium Zr 91.224 Zirconium Cs Ba La Hf 132.9054 Cesium 137.327 Barium 138.90547 Lanthanum Fr 88 Ra Ac 104 178.48 Hafnium 41 73 105 50.9415 Vanadium Nb 92.90638 Niobium Ta 180.9488 Tantalum 42 74 Cr Mn 51.9961 Chromium Mo 95.96 Molybdenum 106 W Tungsten Db Sg 43 75 107 54.938045 Manganese Tc (98.0) Technetium Re 186.207 Rhenium Bh 26 44 108 3D graphene foam 27 29 Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 55.845 Iron PU Ru 101.07 Ruthenium Os 190.23 Osmium Hs (270) NIKON NIKKO 45 77 58.933195 Cobalt Rh 102.9055 Rhodium Ir 192.217 Iridium 46 78 58.6934 Nickel 47 13 31 ΑΙ 26.9815386 Aluminum Ga 63.546 65.38 Zinc 69.723 Gallium Copper Pd Ag 106.42 Palladium Pt 195.084 Platinum 109 Mt 110 Ds 79 111 107.8682 Silver 80 Cd 112.411 Cadmium Au Hg 196.966569 Gold 200.59 Mercury In 114.818 Indium TI 204.3833 Thallium 14 32 82 12.0107 Carbon Si 28.0855 Silicon Ge 72.64 Germanium Sn 118.71 Tin Pb 207.2 Lead Nh 114 FI N 15 3:3 51 83 N 14.0067 Nitrogen P 30.973762 Phosphorus As 74.9216 Arsenic Sb 121.76 Antimony Bi 208.9804 Bismuth 34 84 Oxygen S 32.065 Sulfur Se 17 35 CI 35.453 Chlorine Br 78.96 Selenium 79.904 Bromine Te 127.6 Tellurium Po (209) Polonium 115 Mc 116 Lv 112 113 Rg Cn (276) Meitnerium (281) Darmstadtium (280) Roentgenium (285) Copernicium (284) Nihonium (289) (288) (293) Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Er Tm 168.93421 Thulium ་ ཚ ཨྠ སྨ སྨ ཨྠ ཕ 85 117 126.90447 lodine At (210) Astatine Ts (294) Tennessine 18 54 86 118 Ar Argon Kr 83.798 Krypton Xe 131.293 Xenon Rn (222) Radon Og (294) Oganesson Invar GDC NMC CIGS nAs wafers titanium aluminum carbide molybdenum TZM silver nanoparticles ITO Rf (223) Francium (226) Radium (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborglum Bohrium Hassium niobium C103 Ce Ce Pr 140.116 Cerium 103 98 90 quantum dots Th Np Cf Lr 232.03806 Thorium 231.03588 Protactinium 238.02891 Uranium (237) Neptunium (244) Plutonium (243) Americium (247) Curium (247) Berkelium (251) Californium (252) Einsteinium (257) Fermium (258) Mendelevium (259) Nobelium (262) 140.90765 Praseodymium 91 Pa 92 transparent ceramics Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb 144.242 Neodymium 93 (145) Promethium 150.36 Samarium Europium 96 157.25 Gadolinium 97 158.92535 Terbium 94 Pu Am Cm Bk UHP fluorides 162.5 Dysprosium 164.93032 Holmium 100 167.259 Erbium 101 102 173.054 Ytterbium 99 Es Fm Md No scandium powder radiation shielding rare earth optical fiber dopants biosynthetics sputtering targets endohedral fullerenes Lu 174.9668 Lutetium Lawrenclum zircaloy-4 mischmetal chalcogenides carbon nanotubes TM CVD precursors Now Invent. deposition slugs gold nanocubes OLED lighting laser crystals flexible electronics platinum ink tungsten carbide The Next Generation of Material Science Catalogs superconductors tantaloy 60 Over 35,000 certified high purity laboratory chemicals, metals, & advanced materials and a state-of-the-art Research Center. 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