AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY bulletin emerging ceramics & glass technology SEPTEMBER 2013 Advanced refractory technology How nanotechnology, research, and innovation save energy, preserve the environment, and earn profit Unifrax: A mid-sized company\'s approach to innovation • Nanotech meets refractory tech⚫ Better refractories, greener future ACers leaders build international ties • Meeting previews: UNITECR, MS&T\'13, ICACC\'14, EMA\'14 Your kiln. Like no other. Your kiln needs are unique, and Harrop responds with engineered solutions to meet your exact firing requirements. For more than 90 years, we have been supplying custom kilns across a wide range of both traditional and advanced ceramic markets. Hundreds of our clients will tell you that our three-phase application engineering process is what separates Harrop from \"cookie cutter\" kiln suppliers. • • Thorough technical and economic analysis to create the \"right\" kiln for your specific needs Robust, industrial design and construction After-sale service for commissioning and operator training. Harrop\'s experienced staff is exceptionally qualified to become your partners in providing the kiln most appropriate to your application. Learn more at www.harropusa.com, or call us at 614-231-3621 to discuss your special requirements. HARROP Fire our imagination www.harropusa.com contents September 2013 •Vol. 92 No. 7 feature articles Innovation at Unifrax: A win-win proposition. 18 Bruce Zoitos Unifrax uses a stage-gate system to manage product development projects and meet its goal of maintaining a new products portfolio valued at 20 percent or more of revenues. Advances in nanotechnology for refractories: When very small meets hot, heavy, and large 22 Rafael Salomão, Adriane D.M. Souza, Leandro Fernandes, and Cezar C. Arruda Nanomaterials lead to interesting advances in refractory technology—an overview of recent developments. cover story Toward a \"greener\" future with advanced refractories 28 William L. Headrick Innovation at Unifrax: A win-win proposition Refractory ceramics offer energy savings, but they are not as \"green\" as grass. (Credit: Unifrax.) Improved refractories = energy savings 32 - page 18 James G. Hemrick Chronicling some of the Department of Energy\'s long history of support for refractories research and a look at the future. FIRE: A hot idea for international refractory education and research Michel Rigaud 36 An innovative international approach to refractory engineering education and research. meetings UNITECR 2013 38 Welcome reception, keynote and plenary speakers 38 Conference dinner, poster session, sponsors, short courses, closing ceremony Technical sessions 39 40 Expo preview 42 ACers spotlight Euro tour yields new collaborations for ACerS Materials Science & Technology 2013 45 (Credit: ACerS.) Lectures and special events 45 - page 8 Plenary session, short courses 46 Calendar of events 47 ACers committee meetings, hotel information, Young Professional programming Program-at-a-glance. 48 49 Exhibitors 51 38th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC 2014). .. 52 Electronic Materials and Applications (EMA 2014) 54 Meeting highlights 56 PACRIM-GOMD 56 Structural Clay Products Division, Cements Division. 58 Cover image: Refractories in a container glass melting furnace. Fused cast alumina-zirconia-silica (AZS) refractories line the glass melt contact regions and superstructure walls, and high-silica brick lines the crown. This image shows the beginning campaign operational condition in a furnace expected to run for more than 10 years. Credit: Owens-Illinois Inc. ceramics in energy Oxide nanolayers make colorful solar panels (Credit: Fraunhofer IOF.) - page 14 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 1 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY Obulletin Editorial and Production Eileen De Guire, Editor ph: 614-794-5828 fx: 614-794-5815 edeguire@ceramics.org Jim Destefani, Associate Editor ph: 614-794-5853 fx: 614-794-5813 jdestefani@ceramics.org Peter Wray, Contributing Editor Russell Jordan, Contributing Editor Tess M. Speakman, Graphic Designer Editorial Advisory Board Olivia Graeve, Chair, UCSD Allen Apblett, Oklahoma State University Andrew Gyekenyesi, Ohio Aerospace Institute Joe Ryan, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Rafael Salomão, University of São Paulo Finn Giuliani, Imperial College London Eileen De Guire, Staff Liaison, The American Ceramic Society Customer Service/Circulation ph: 866-721-3322 fx: 240-396-5637 customerservice@ceramics.org Advertising Sales National Sales Patricia A. Janeway, Associate Publisher pjaneway@ceramics.org ph: 614-794-5826 fx: 614-794-5822 Europe Richard Rozelaar media@alaincharles.com ph: 44-(0)-20-7834-7676 fx: 44-(0)-20-7973-0076 Executive Staff Charles G. Spahr, Executive Director and Publisher cspahr@ceramics.org Teresa Black, Director of Finance and Operations tblack@ceramics.org Megan Bricker, Dir. Marketing & Membership Services mbricker@ceramics.org Eileen De Guire, Director of Communications edeguire@ceramics.org Sue LaBute, Human Resources Manager & Exec. Assistant slabute@ceramics.org Mark Mecklenborg, Dir. Technical Publications & Meetings mmecklenborg@ceramics.org Officers Richard Brow, President David Green, President-elect George Wicks, Past President Ted Day, Treasurer Charles Spahr, Executive Director Board of Directors Keith Bowman, Director 2012-2015 Elizabeth Dickey, Director 2012-2015 William Fahrenholtz, Director 2009-2013 Vijay Jain, Director 2011-2014 William Lee, Director 2010-2013 Ivar Reimanis, Director 2011-2014 Lora Cooper Rothen, Director 2011-2014 Robert Schwartz, Director 2010-2013 Mrityunjay (Jay) Singh, Director 2012-2015 David Johnson Jr., Parliamentarian Address 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210 Westerville, OH 43082-6920 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org contents September 2013 • Vol. 92 No. 7 departments News & Trends • Reform of DOE National Lab management proposed • New Brazilian glass research center • USGS, DOE ramp up search for domestic RE sources • R&D 100 winners announced • Business news ACers Spotlight • Euro tour yields new collaborations for ACerS • NETD student travel stipends available for MS&T\'13 • AACS Division offers free membership for students • Deadlines: Fellows nominations and Ceramographic Competition • Calling all potential Emeritus Members • Student symposium at EMA 2014 • MS&T\'13: Multiple opportunities for student engagement and fun • MS&T\'13 registration for Distinguished Life, Senior/Emeritus members • PCSA, Ohio State team up for award-winning fair exhibit • In Memoriam • Name in the news • Education Integration Committee Ceramics in Biomedicine . . • Oxide nanolayers make colorful solar panels 3 8 14 13 • Multilab study to establish uniform nanotoxicity testing protocols Ceramics in Energy. Optimizing coevaporation processes for CIGS PV cells Research Briefs 16 • Nanostructure in BC-era Athenian pottery reveals decorating, firing innovations Boron nitride nanotubes enable room-temperature quantum tunneling • • columns Deciphering the Discipline.. Morgan O\'Neil Finding real education outside the classroom resources New Products Calendar Classified Advertising Display Advertising Index 64 59 60 61 63 &988 American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic technology, including R&D, manufacturing, engineering, and marketing. American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN No. 0002-7812). ©2013. Printed in the United States of America. ACerS Bulletin is published monthly, except for February, July, and November, as a \"dual-media\" magazine in print and electronic formats (www.ceramicbulletin.org). Editorial and Subscription Offices: 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Subscription included with American Ceramic Society membership. Nonmember print subscription rates, including online access: United States and Canada, 1 year $95; international, 1 year $150.* Rates include shipping charges. International Remail Service is standard outside of the United States and Canada. *International nonmembers also may elect to receive an electronic-only, e-mail delivery subscription for $75. Single issues, January-October/November: member $6.00 per issue; nonmember $7.50 per issue. December issue (ceramicSOURCE): member $20, nonmember $25. Postage/handling for single issues: United States and Canada, $3 per item; United States and Canada Expedited (UPS 2nd day air), $8 per item; International Standard, $6 per item. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to American Ceramic Society Bulletin, 600 North Cleveland Avenue, Suite 210, Westerville, OH 43082-6920. Periodical postage paid at Westerville, Ohio, and additional mailing offices. Allow six weeks for address changes. ACSBA7, Vol. 92, No. 7, pp 1-64. All feature articles are covered in Current Contents. 2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 news & trends Reform of DOE National Lab management proposed The Department of Energy\'s network of 17 national laboratories and five related facilities has been responsible for a multitude of innovations in materiMoniz als science and other fields since World War II. Now Washington think tanks, Congressional leaders, and the new Secretary of Energy are looking at how possible reforms to the structure and management of the labs could bring them into the 21st century and facilitate transfer of lab-developed technologies to industry to boost the US economy. A joint report from three ideologically disparate think tanksthe Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, the Heritage Foundation, and the Center for American Progress-got the reform ball rolling in June. Ernest Moniz, a nuclear physicist who became energy secretary in May, drafted a letter in response to a query from the US House of Representatives\' Energy Subcommittee expressing his willingness to consider reforms, and the subcommittee recently held a hearing on the possible reform. The report, entitled Turning the Page: Reimagining the National Labs in the 21st Century Innovation Economy, makes several recommendations on how the lab network could be improved to address changing scientific and technological challenges and promote closer ties to industry to move technologies from the basic research to the industrial implementation phase. The national laboratories manage more than $10 billion of scientific and national security activities, according to \" the report, which says, As the nature of technology and the needs of the nation have evolved, the lab management and stewardship model has failed to keep pace. This report proposes a series of pragmatic nonpartisan policy reforms needed to ensure the labs remain effective and continue to deliver national benefits to the taxpayers. \"The working group\'s policy reforms described herein have three main goals: Increasing the effectiveness of each dollar spent on research to get the greatest benefit to taxpayers; ensuring that labs are well positioned to leverage privatesector investment in serving the national interest; and making lab research more nimble, relevant, and accessible to public and private interests.\" More timely and efficient transfer of lab-developed technologies to the market is one of the key drivers of the reform movement. The also report suggests allowing labs to charge the market rate, rather than cost recovfor services; merging the existing ery, Offices of Science, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Fossil Energy, and Nuclear into a new Office of Science and Technology, which would coordinate all research functions; eliminating top-down overhead accounting rules; expanding DOE\'s Agreements for Commercializing Technology program; creating a highlevel task force that would be aimed at giving the labs greater authority to manage themselves; and developing better technology-transfer metrics. New Brazilian glass research center New funding from the São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP) recently established the Center for Glass Research, Technology, and Education in Vitreous Materials American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Zanotto (CERTEV) an 11-year, approximate|ly $22 million (USD) collaborative effort involving 14 faculty at two universities located in São Carlos plus two more faculty who are education and outreach specialists. CeRTEV will be led by Edgar Zanotto, professor at the Federal University of São Carlos and the ACerS GOMD 2012 Morey Award lecturer. The funding agency, FAPESP, awarded 17 new research centers for support for 11 years each after conducting a two-year competition that began with a field of 90 proposals. Funding for CeRTEV will be about $2 million per year for five years, after which the FAPESP will evaluate the program before authorizing funding for the next six years. \"We had this strategy of getting 14 researchers from two universities which were based in the same town. The whole strategy was to facilitate interaction throughout the 11 years,\" Zanotto says. Seven professors each from the Federal University of São Carlos and the University of São Paulo-São Carlos campus are collaborating. The two campuses are only four kilometers apart, and the center will bring together an interdisciplinary team that includes experts in vitreous materials like Zanotto, but also physicists and chemists who specialize in characterization techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Like the other 16 new centers, CERTEV focuses on research to support Brazilian industries and education and outreach. The research component will 3 4 news & trends involve a systematic search for new glass and glass-ceramic compositions with specified properties, such as bioactivity, biocompatibility, high mechanical strength, or desired electrical properties. \"The main idea of the research part is to develop the genome of different glasses, from the recognized structure to special thermal treatments, which may or may not crystallize these materials, and then to develop microstructures to achieve certain properties for applications,\" Zanotto says. The group targeted five application areas for initial development: bioactive materials, dental materials, armor, optical materials, and catalysts for certain processes. However, Zanotto says, \"We are not really attached to these five areas. We are going to start with these five areas, but we may add some more during the next few years.\" The education and outreach component of the project lends itself naturally to international exchanges. Zanotto envisions international exchanges similar to the IMI-NFG program at Lehigh University and Pennsylvania State University as a critical outreach activity. However, he also expects CERTEV to expand beyond traditional approaches to education to build more outreach channels. \"We have to go further than the traditional education we do at the university,\" he says, \"for example, through websites, online courses, special short courses for undergrads, post grads, and also high schools.\" Considering the size of the award in terms of funding as well as time, CERTEV is likely one of the largest and longest timeframe research efforts dedicated to glass science. Its impact will unfold over time, but it is likely to have a dominant influence on glass research globally for more than a decade. USGS, DOE ramp up search for domestic RE sources When it comes to mining rare-earth minerals, there is no “low-hanging\" fruit. Their name, “rare earths,\" belies the truth they are not so much rare as they are difficult to get at. According to a United States Geological Survey fact sheet from 2002, “abundant” REs, such as lanthanum and cerium, are as plentiful in the Earth\'s crust as industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and lead. The fact sheet notes that the two least abundant of the RE elements—thulium and lutetium are almost 200 times more common than gold. (Strictly speaking, REs comprise the 15 elements in the lanthanide series of the periodic table. However, scandium and yttrium are generally included in the RE category because they tend to be found in the same deposits and have some similar chemical properties.) The problem is that REs tend not to concentrate in easy-to-mine deposits. The vast majority of RE ores come from China, but political and economic factors, combined with escalating demand, have led to supply and cost instability. Non-Chinese sources include a large deposit of neodymium discovered in Brazil in 2012, and, in the United States, Molycorp reactivated its Mountain Pass mining and ore processing operation. In an effort to expand sources of RES, USGS and the US Department of Energy have made RE recovery and recycling research priorities. They are devoting increasing research resources to the search for alternatives to RE components based on non-RE compositions. And, in a new twist, USGS is investigating the possibility of recovering RES from the mine tailings from abandoned gold, silver, and copper mines. The USGS Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center (Denver, Colo.) is working with scientists at the University of NevadaReno and the Colorado School of Mines to evaluate abandoned mine tailings. The USGS team uses laser ablation combined with plasma mass spectrometry to analyze rock chemistries. The laser ablation approach determines rock chemistry directly and avoids time-consuming or acid-based extraction methods. However, even if mine tailings prove to have significant RE content, that still leaves the problem of extracting the metals and extraction and refining are key to the economic viability of any process, whether from ore, like Molycorp\'s Mountain Pass, or recycling. Meanwhile, RE deposits have been discovered in the Bokan Mountain region of Alaska where uranium used to be mined. The discovery is significant because of the unusual abundance of heavier REs, which are not only harder to find but more useful for technology. USGS geologists hope their studies of the geology of Bokan Mountain will teach them what to look for when hunting for other potential RE deposits. Besides finding more naturally occurring RE sources, DOE\'s newly established Critical Materials Institute in The economic viability of Molycorp\'s recently reopened Mountain Pass facility will depend on finding new and more efficient ways to extract and refine REs. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 (Credit: Wikimedia Commons.) Κρατική πίστη Refractory Ceramic Abrasive Tile It all points to Alteo for high performance aluminas Our unique and expanding product range ensures that we can supply all the high-quality aluminas needed by refractory producers: Calcined alumina, with an unmatched capacity Reactive aluminas, the most economical and high-performing Tabular, fused and zirconia aluminas. To discover our latest product innovations for refractory flowability, meet Alteo\'s team at UNITECR Congress on Booth 21 FEUERFEST-KOLLOQUIUM in Aachen - Germany alteo A NEW WORLD OF ALUMINA www.alteo-alumina.com See us at UNITECR/Booth 21 Conception: sharkydesign.com 6 news & trends Credit: LBNL.) Ames, Iowa, coordinates research into alternatives to REs, as well as recycling technologies. CMI just released its first report, which outlines its four strategic thrusts: diversifying supply, developing substitutes, improving reuse and recycling, and crosscutting research. R&D 100 winners announced R&D Magazine recently announced the winners of its 51st annual R&D 100 Awards, which recognize the 100 most technologically significant products to enter the marketplace over the past year as selected by its panel of experts. Following is a quick look at just a few of the many materials-related innovations honored. Developed by Argonne National Laboratory and AKHAN Technologies Corp., Hoffman Estates, Ill., the Miraj diamond platform is a low-temperature, nanocrystalline diamond deposition technology with potential applications in telecommunications, defense, and aerospace electronics. Another winner, Argonne\'s nanonocrystalline diamond technologies coating, stems from the same research but uses ultrananocrystalline diamonds to produce hard, thin, low-friction coatings for microscopic drills used for micromachining. From Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, Calif., come both Business news GE cuts costs, boosts jet efficiency with ceramic parts (www.wallstcheatsheet. com)... EU antidumping duties put heat on China\'s ceramics industry (www.globaltimes.cn)... TAM Ceramics signs zirconia deal (www.buffalonews.com)... British ceramics makers cash in on royal baby (www.ap.com)... 2013 zircon sales to top production, Iluka says (www.bloomberg. com)... EU looks to tighten refractory ceramic fiber regulations (www.morganthermalceramics.com)… Ceramic nanofiber materials available (www.mempro .com)... PPG Argentina consolidates operations (www.ppg.com)... NHBB acquires a conducting polymer binder for batteries and a universal smart window coating that provides dynamic control over heat and -Bright Mode Cool Mode Է light. The battery innovation-a conducting polymer binder anode material is said to boost power storage capacity by 30 percent, stretch during battery charging, and contract during discharge to give silicon anodes the ability to \"breathe.\" UNIVERSAL SMART WINDOW Dark Mode Universal smart window coating is an inexpensive nanocomposite electrochromic coating that allows dynamic control of the amounts of heat and light entering a building\'s windows. The universal smart window coating developed with Heliotrope Technologies Inc., Oakland, Calif., is an inexpensive nanocomposite electrochromic coating said to allow dynamic control of the amounts of heat and light entering a building\'s windows. It blocks near-infrared solar radiation without blocking visible light, giving building occupants natural indoor lighting while minimizing temperature increases. Windows with the coating can be switched to block both heat and European ceramic bearing specialist (www.nhbb.com)... CoorsTek acquires Dynamic-Ceramic (www.online.wsj. com)... Schott offers ultrastrong cover glass for military display and touch screen devices (www.us.schott.com)… Cinven acquires Rockwood\'s CeramTec unit (www. cinven.com)... Global medical ceramics report available (www.reportlinker.com)... Startup uses novel materials based on plasmonic effects (www.technologyreview .com)... Report: Global rare-earth metals market $8.19 billion by 2018 (www. prnewswire.com) light or to a fully transparent mode. Porous Power Technologies, Lafayette, Colo., worked with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., to develop and commercialize Symmetrix ceramic/PVDF lithium-ion battery separators. The company says high ceramic loadings help prevent hard shorts from forming or spreading and reduce the likelihood of thermal runaway. TuffTek-coated metal cutting inserts from NanoMech, Fayetteville, Ark., are said to have life three to 10 times longer than inserts with conventional coatings when machining hardened steels and other difficult-to-machine materials. The company says its patented cubic boron nitride and other combinatorial coating technologies can be applied to tungsten carbide and ceramic cutting tools. For gas turbine engine hot section components, BlackGold nanostructured metallic-ceramic protective coatings, developed at DOE\'s National Energy Technology Laboratory; MDS Coating Technologies Corp., St. Laurent, Quebec; and Delta Airlines, provide erosion and corrosion protection for compressor parts. The technology builds on a previous MDS coating that has operated successfully for 20 years sand saved users more than $100 million per year in maintenance, repair/replacement, and fuel costs over that time. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 CMP CMP CMP CMP China Mineral Processing Ltd Tel: +86 22 2321 0158 • Fax: +86 22 2313 3085 . Website: www.cmptj.com • E-mail: cmpchina@cmptj.com CMP Sales Europe: Tel: +44 208 994 9191 Fax: +44 208 995 8128 E-mail: Sales@CMPSales.eu Mining Calcining Processing Mixing Logistics CMP China \"The vertically integrated bauxite producer\" 中华人民共和 采矿许可证 CMP Xiuwen Bauxite Mine See us at UNITECR/Booth 3 8 acers spotlight Euro tour yields new collaborations for ACerS A recent European trip made by ACerS president Richard Brow and executive director Charlie Spahr proved fruitful in terms of strengthening ties to other ceramics organizations around the world. First stop for the pair was the 13th International Conference of the European Ceramic Society in Limoges, France. They report that the four-day biennial event was a major success, with more than 1,000 people in attendance and an excellent technical program. A meeting held during the conference aimed to develop ways for ACerS and ECers to cooperate with each other to benefit the broader ceramics community, and this, too, proved successful. The group discussed many ideas, includ ing more active cooperation in developing symposia for each other\'s meetings and promotion of the respective societies\' activities on each other\'s web sites. \"One of the more promising concepts agreed upon was to provide support for a graduate student exchange, in which students would travel for a semester of study and research to universities in Europe or the USA,\" says Spahr. Both societies committed to seeking funding to support this important initiative. Several ECerS members, including current president Ann Leriche, will be traveling to Daytona Beach, Fla., for the ACerS 38th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites for a follow-up meeting and to further strengthen ties between ACerS and ECerS. Also on the itinerary was a stop at the 23rd ACerS International Conference on Glass meeting in Prague, Czech Republic. Sponsored by the International Commission on Glass, the ICG event occurs every three years, with annual meetings in between. In addition to a successful technical program, the event provided a venue for meetings between the leaders of ACerS and the Chinese Ceramic Society. The two societies have worked out a plan for yearly visits and increased collaboration. While in Prague, the Society learned that the International Commission on Glass accepted ACerS\'s bid to host the 2019 Congress. \"Good news-ACerS was designated as the 2019 ICG conference host by a unanimous vote in the ICG Council meeting!\" Spahr wrote in an email. That meeting will be held in Boston, Mass., just across the Charles River from the extraordinary glass flowers collection at Harvard University. The 2016 ICG will be held in Beijing, China. Acers officials and ECerS officials agreed on several intersociety collaborations when they met recently in Limoges, France, during the ECerS biennial conference. Standing: ACerS president Richard Brow, Agnes Smith, Stuart Hampshire, and Francis Cambier. Sitting: Carmen Baudin and ECerS president Ann Leriche. (Credit: ACerS.) NETD student travel stipends available for MS&T\'13 Need financial help to attend MS&T\'13? You may qualify for a travel stipend sponsored by the ACerS Nuclear & Environmental Technology Division. Stipends of $250 are targeted at deserving students with current or future interests in the nuclear and/or environmental fields of ceramic and materials engineering. Student participation in NETDsponsored symposia through an oral or poster presentation is encouraged but not required. For the nomination form and more information, go to www. ceramics.org/divisions/nuclear-environmental-technology-division. But hurry— deadline to apply is Sept. 1, 2013. AACS Division offers free membership for students ACerS\'s newest division, the Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division, is offering free memberships to students. The AACS Division\'s mission is to advance the scientific understanding of the materials found in ceramic art and to provide information that aids in the interpretation and preservation of traditional ceramic art and artifacts as well as the techniques and technologies used in their creation. Learn more about joining and getting involved in the Division by visiting www.ceramics.org/divisions/art-division. The Division is sponsoring an upcoming workshop entitled \"Using X-rays to Analyze Cultural Heritage.” The event will be held Oct. 1-2, 2013 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource and the Cantor Center for the Visual Arts at Stanford University. Materials science students will learn about the use of synchrotrons to analyze cultural heritage, obtain hands-on experience examining and treating synchrotron-derived data, and have a tour of the facility with a particular emphasis on the imaging microscopes at beamlines 2-3, 10-2, and 14-3.■■■ www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 Deadlines: Fellows nominations and Ceramographic Competition Two important deadlines for ACerS awards and competitions are coming up soon. Nominations for the 2014 Class of Fellows are due Sept. 1, 2013. Criteria and forms can be found at www.ceramics.org/acers-community/ award-winners-resources/page/1#sf. Also upcoming on Oct. 4, 2013, is the entry deadline for the annual Ceramographic Competition at MS&T\'13. Sponsored by ACerS Basic Science Division, the contest is always a popular feature of MS&T. Complete rules are available at www.ceramics.org/ acers-community/award-winners-resources/page/2#snow. Calling all potential Emeritus Members Fall is the time of year when ACerS reaches out to long-time members to see if they qualify for Emeritus membership. Members qualify for Emeritus rank if they will be age 65 or older and will have completed at least 35 years of continuous Society membership by Dec. 31, 2013. Emeritus members\' dues are waived, and they are eligible for reduced meeting registration rates. Members who believe they are eligible or who would like more information about Emeritus membership can contact Marcia Stout (mstout@ceramics.org; phone 614-794-5821). Student symposium at EMA 2014 \"Highlights of Undergraduate Student Research in Basic Science and Electronic Ceramics\" is a special student symposium at the Electronic Materials and Applications 2014, scheduled for Jan. 22-24, 2014, in Orlando, Fla. The symposium will showcase undergraduate student research to encourage innovation and involvement and to highlight the scientific contributions of undergraduate students to ceramics research. Interested students must submit abstracts by Sept. 12, 2013. Porous Glass Engineering for a better life EMA 2014 focuses on the basic science, engineering, and applications of electroceramic materials for electronic, magnetic, dielectric, and optical components, devices, and systems. For more information on the event, visit www. ceramics.org/ema2014. mo.sci CORPORATION Porous glasses and ceramics are available in frit, spheres, and porous hollow shells. Mo-Sci can provide materials that are compatible in acid, neutral and base environments. Mo-Sci specializes in final form manufacturing which includes frit, fiber, ribbon, spheres, cast objects, and porous materials. The innovative staff at Mo-Sci will work with you to design and develop your project. Mo-Sci is ISO 9001:2008 and AS9100C certified. AN mo.sci. HEALTH CARE American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org mo.sci SPECIALTY PRODUCTS www.mo-sci.com • 573.364.2338 mo.sci PRECISION MATERIALS 9 acers spotlight MS&T\'13: Multiple opportunities for student engagement and fun The American Ceramic Society encourages its Material Advantage student members to join fellow Material Advantage members from around the world at MS&T\'13, Oct. 27-31, in Montréal, Québec, Canada. Students are invited to participate in many special activities and contests ranging from plant tours to poster sessions to flying disc competitions, so make your MS&T plans today. There are two poster contests, one for graduate students and one for undergraduates. The Material Advantage Graduate Student Poster Contest is open to any graduate student who has an accepted poster in the general poster session at MS&T\'13. Three winners will receive cash prizes of $250, $150, and $100 for the first, second, and third place posters, respectively. Graduate students interested in having their poster judged should contact Tricia Freshour by Sept. 27, 2013. Responses should include full name, title of poster, and school name. For undergraduate students, Material Advantage is again hosting Undergraduate Student Speaking and Poster Contests, both of which have proved very popular in the past. Deadline for the undergraduate contests is Oct. 11, 2013. For rules, visit www. materialadvantage.org/financial-opportunities/contests/. The Ceramic Mug Drop has been a popular student contest at MS&T for many years. Organized by Keramos, the contest offers prizes of $100 for the strongest mug and $50 for the best looking mug. Deadline for entry is Oct. The annual Ceramic Mug Drop is just one of many events aimed at making MS&T memorable for Material Advantage student members each year. 10 (Credit: ACerS.) 20, 2013; complete rules are available at www.materialadvantage.org/wpcontent/ uploads/2009/06/ mug_drop_rules_ revised-2013.pdf. New for 2013 is the Ceramic Disc Golf Contest. Students will create flying discs meeting required specifications from ceramic or glass materials, then throw them into a regulation disc golf basket. Each disc will be judged in the categories of farthest distance made and aesthetics. The disc that is successfully thrown into the basket from the farthest distance in the fewest number of shots will win the distance contest. For contest rules, visit www.materialadvantage.org/financialopportunities/contests/. Last but certainly not least, students will have the opportunity to attend a plant tour on Oct. 28, 2013. The tour is organized by ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors. Watch for complete details in ACerS Student News and the Society\'s InFocus member newsletter. Registration for MS&T\'13 is now open, and Material Advantage recommends the Travelodge Montréal Centre ($109 per night) for students. Visit the MA MS&T\'13 website at www.materialadvantage.org/mst-student-activities/ for complete details. For more information on any of these student activities, contact Tricia Freshour (tfreshour@ceramics.org; phone 614-794-5827). MS&T\'13 registration for Distinguished Life, Senior/Emeritus members ACerS Distinguished Life Members are eligible for complimentary MS&T\'13 registration, and Senior/Emeritus members qualify for reduced registration fees. These offers are available only through ACerS and are not found on the MS&T registration site. Contact Marcia Stout (mstout@ceramics.org) for a special registration form. CERAMIC TECH TODAY UNSODYNE ON Why did the executive director of the Glass Manufacturing Industry Council bring home 23 tubes of toothpaste from a trip to Europe? Find out, and get daily news updates and twice-weekly email newsletters, at www.ceramics.org/ publications-and-resources/ceramic-techtoday-2. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 PCSA, Ohio State team up for award-winning fair exhibit Graduate students and recent alums from the Materials Science and Engineering Department at Ohio State University (Columbus) teamed up with the ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors to demonstrate materials science concepts at the recent Ohio State Fair in Columbus. The group, including MSE graduate student and PCSA president Derek Miller, graduate students David Riegner and Ryan Brune, and recent alumnae Tiffiny Trykowski and Jessica West, won an award for Best Tech Exhibit at the fair. Demonstrations at the ACerS booth at the Technology Expo in the fair\'s Youth Center showcased ceramic science and general materials science and engineering to engage young fairgoers. Demonstrations included • Levitating a superconductor; • Deforming Nitinol shape-memory alloy wire; • Heating a space shuttle tile with a blowtorch to simulate the shuttle\'s thermal protection system during reentry; • Bouncing polymer balls versus nobounce balls; and • Using movement and a piezoelectric ceramic disk to light a LED. The team demonstrated and explained materials engineering topics for more than 100 students and 200 adults. \"The kids were really blown away by everything,\" Miller says in an OSU news release. \"We actually had trouble finishing on time because people kept coming over to see the demos.\" Some of the demonstrations performed at the fair are also part of a In Memoriam Roger Woodward Some detailed obituaries can be found on the ACerS website: www.ceramics. org/acers-blog/in-memoriam materials science lab and demonstration kit for teachers being developed by PCSA. Kits are aimed at giving students an introduction to the basic types of materials (metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites) through fun and interactive lessons. Targeted towards 7th-12th grade students, the kits also can be simplified for younger students. More information on the kits, including a brief description of each lesson, is available at www.ceramics. Supplying the (Credit: ACerS.) Students from Ohio State\'s Materials Science and Engineering program and ACerS PCSA during a demonstration using a space shuttle thermal tile at the Ohio State Fair. The students\' award-winning booth highlighted materials science for students. young org/coming-soon-materials-sciencedemonstration-and-lab-kits. Kits should be available this fall. Refractory Industry for over 20 Years! Global Sourcing - Technical Expertise - Local Warehousing GREEN CHROME OXIDE DEFLOCCULANTS! SPECIALTY PHOSPHATES SODIUM SILICATESS STRENGTH ENHANCERS осв visit us at unitecr 2013 BassTech INTERNATIONAL booth 17 basstechintl.com 201-569-8686 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org See us at UNITECR/Booth 17 11 acers spotlight Name in the news Risbud elected to World Academy of Ceramics The World Academy of Ceramics has elected Subhash H. Risbud, a distinguished professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of California, Davis, as a Professional Member (Academician) in the Class of \"Science.\" Risbud is a Fellow and Emeritus Member of The American Ceramic Society. A member since 1971, he received the Ceramic Education Council Outstanding Educator Award in 1998 and is affiliated with the Glass & Optical Materials Division. Risbud will receive a WAC Diploma during the inaugural session of the 13th Conferences Internationales Materiaux et Technologies (CIMTEC), to be held Education Integration Committee Keramos Hilmas By Gregory Hilmas Sometimes mistaken as an honor society, Keramos is the Ceramic Engineering Professional Fraternity. Members are typically initiated established as students with an interest in ceramics, although honorary memberships also are bestowed professionals in the field by the student chapters. upon Keramos serves as a professional development resource for ceramic engineers as students and throughout their careers. The most visible aspect of Keramos is its student chapters, which are currently active at Alfred University, University of Arizona, Clemson University, University of Florida, University of Illinois, Iowa State University, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rutgers, Ohio State University, Pennsylvania State University, and University of Washington. Student chapters engage in a broad range of activities, including educational outreach, career preparation and mentoring, community service, fundraising, and professional society participation. Annual student chapter reports, which are excellent examples of the vitality of Keramos, can be viewed at www.ceramics.org/ classes/keramos. Each year, the organization holds an Annual Convocation and Business Meeting in conjunction with the MS&T conference. Representatives from each student chapter, their advisors, and the Keramos Board of Directors gather to discuss best practices, exchange ideas, and conduct the year\'s business. The Board uses fraternity funds to support student travel to participate in the convocation and conference. This year\'s convocation also will feature Wayne Huebner, department chair and professor Huebner of ceramic engineering at Missouri University of Science and Technology, who will receive the Greaves-Walker Role of Honor award. Keramos, with ACerS and Material Advantage, also organizes the annual Ceramic Mug Drop competition at MS&T. June 9-13, 2014, in Montecatini Terme, Italy. Risbud\'s research interests include synthesis and processing of glasses, ceramics, and gels applicable in nanotechnology and biotechnology. Risbud Rules have been modified this year so that each mug must have been heated to at least 1000°C during production. While the University of Illinois chapter has been very successful with their geopolymer mugs in past yearstypically surviving drops of more than 10 meters!—they supported this rule change and are looking forward to the challenge. A new contest sponsored by Keramos and developed entirely by student members is the Ceramic Disc Golf competition scheduled for the morning of Oct. 29, 2013 in the Exhibit Hall. More information on both events is available on page 10 in this issue. Keramos would like to thank all those members who continue to support the fraternity through their annual dues payments and donations, and would like to encourage all members to attend this year\'s convocation at MS&T\'13. Education Integration Committee Subcommittees CEC reps EIC chair Representatives Keramos (pres) PCSA (chair) NICE reps Staff liaison YPN SAC reps At-large (optional) 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 ceramics in biomedicine Multilab study to establish uniform nanotoxicity testing protocols The nanotech industry is expanding like bread dough on a hot summer day. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies (Washington, D.C) maintains an inventory (database) of products incorporating nanomaterials. At the most recent update in March 2011, the inventory listed 1,317 consumer products, which represents more than 500 percent growth in the five-year period 2006-2011. Last fall, the Centers for Disease Control and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (which is part 50 50m 50am ad 1b ade tb ad tb ad ad Polarized light microscopy shows inflammation of stained tissue at an alveolar duct bifurcation caused by TiO2 nanobelt exposure after one day. Arrows indicate nanoparticles found within macrophages at alveolar duct bifurcations. Labels show alveolar ducts (ad), terminal bronchioles (tb), blood vessel (bv), alveolus (a), and airway epithelium (e). Images C, F, I, and L represent results from four independent labs. of CDC) announced an epidemiological study to assess health risk of workers exposed to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. In work like this, the question arises how are results evaluated and compared? For the results to have meaning, tests must be reproducible across labs, and labs must be making apples-to-apples comparisons. A recent paper out of North Carolina State University reports on round-robin testing of toxicology tests to evaluate pulmonary health effects of exposure to engineered nanomaterials. Led by James Bonner, NCSU associate professor of environmental and molecular toxicology, the study spanned eight institutions that used rat and mouse models to evaluate lung exposure to titania and carbon nanotubes. The paper notes that, to this point, toxicity studies were difficult to compare because of a lack of standard protocols and reagents. NCSU identified five obstacles to standardizing protocols: Inconsistency between batches of engineered nanomaterials; • Inherent challenges with comparing results from various labs; • Particle aggolomeration, which can alter toxicity; • Method and duration of American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org dosing, as well as dose levels; and • Handling of engineered nanomaterials prior to testing. Besides dosage, other material factors, including surfacecharacteristics, charge, shape, and size affect toxicity. The labs studied three polymorphs of titania: anatase-rutile nanospheres, pure anatase spheres, and anatase nanobelts. Three variants of multiwalled carbon nanotubes were studied, as well: \"original\" MWCNTs, purified MWCNTs (where some of the metal catalyst was removed), and MWCNTs functionalized with carboxylic acid to aid their dispersion in bodily fluids. Both families of nanomaterials caused inflammation and inflammatory lesions in the lower portions of the rodent lungs. However, removing the metal catalyst from MWCNT made them less toxic, and so did functionalizing the surfaces with carboxylic acid. In the case of titania nanoparticles, beltshaped particles caused more lung damage than either of the spherical compositions. \"The findings are significant, but the real take-away message here is that the multicenter consortium concept works -and that means this is a starting point for assessing nanomaterials using this approach,\" Bonner says in the press release. The open access article is \"Interlaboratory evaluation of rodent pulmonary responses to engineered nanomaterials: The NIEHS Nano GO Consortium,” Environmental Health Perspectives (DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1205693). I Starbar and Moly-D elements are made in the U.S.A. with a focus on providing the highest quality heating elements and service to the global market. Over 40 years of service and reliability I Squared R Element Co., Inc. Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511 Fax: (716)542-2100 Email: sales@isquaredrelement.com www.isquaredrelement.com 13 ceramics in energy Oxide nanolayers make colorful solar panels Until now, covering the roof or façade of a building with standard solar photovoltaic cells would change the structure\'s appearance—and not always for the better. The need to maximize solar collection efficiency governs the black or gray color of today\'s cell arrays. Researchers at Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF; Jena, Germany) want to change that. \"Not enough work has been done so far on combining photovoltaics and design elements to really do the term \'customized photovoltaics\' justice,\" says project manager Kevin Füchsel in a news release. Füchsel and his team have been working for four years to develop costeffective manufacturing processes to increase solar panel efficiency design flexibility for architects and designers. The work includes developing production processes for colored solar cells from thin-film silicon wafers. To maximize light incidence on the silicon substrate, an optically neutral protective barrier that includes a 100-nm-thick conductive oxide layer covers the semiconductor layer. The TCO acts as a waveguide to transmit light to the semiconductor layer and serves as an antireflective coating. The researchers are working now on using aluminum-doped zinc oxide for the oxide layer. The zinc oxide-based material would be much cheaper than current indium tin oxide materials, the release says. The IOF-developed manufacturing processes produce PV cells that capture more light and can be made in various colors and shapes, according to Füchsel. \"The color comes from changing the physical thickness of the transparent conductive oxide layer, or modifying its refractive index,” he says. \"Giving solar cells color doesn\'t really affect their efficiency. The additional transparent TCO layer has barely any impact on the current yield.” However, there are differences in the amounts of electricity various colored panels can generate— according to the news release, red, blue, and green panels may suffer a slight decrease in efficiency compared with other colors. IOF researchers also are developing an inkjet printing process to deposit the conductive TCO layer to further speed manufacturing and increase design flexibility. Patents already cover the production of colored cells and the ability to integrate design elements into solar panels and whole modules. “This opens up numerous possibilities to use a building to communicate information, displaying the name of a company or even artistic pictures,\" Füchsel says. Optimizing coevaporation processes for CIGS PV cells Photovoltaic cells based on thin films of copper indium gallium selenide are among the most promising and efficient PV technologies, and coevaporation is a common technique used for CIGS cell fabrication. The process involves simultaneous evaporation of indium or gallium, copper, and selenium to produce a thin crystalline film with minimal defects. \"Until recently, we did not fully understand what exactly happens during this coevaporation process,\" says Roland Mainz of Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin Institute of Technology Artist\'s rendering shows how the Fraunhofer IAO building in Stuttgart, Germany could be fitted with a colorful solar façade. 14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 (Credit: Fraunhofer IOF.) Cy(In, Ga)Se Mainz, C. Kaufmann/HZB.) can be accelerated at some stages and that it is sufficient to slow it down only at points where defects are efficiently eliminated,\" Mainz concludes. Results of the work were reported in the paper “Formation of CuInSe, and CuGaSe, Thin-Films Deposited by ThreeStage Thermal Co-Evaporation: A Real-Time X-ray Diffraction and Fluorescence Study,\" Advanced Energy Materials (DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201300339). time Polycrystalline film growth during coevaporation in real time using in-situ X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis. (Germany) in a news release. Mainz and his research team worked for three years to solve this riddle before hitting on a technique that allows real-time observation of chalcopyrite formation in CIGS thin films. Scientists knew that the thin films at the heart of CIGS PV cells have the chalcopyrite crystal structure. Copper deficiency in the material allows electrons to flow to the copper vacancies, resulting in conversion efficiencies that may exceed 20 percent. But it took a novel experimental chamber and exposure to synchrotron light at HZB\'s BESSY II electron storage ring to give researchers a roadmap to coevaporation process optimization. HZB\'s chamber contained evaporation sources for the CIGS elements, plus heating and cooling elements that allowed the researchers to control coevaporation. \"One of the main challenges was adjusting the chamber, which weighs around 250 kg, with an accuracy of 10 μm,” Mainz says in the release, explaining that thermal expansion of the film during evaporation requires automatic height adjustment every few seconds. The setup allows Mainz and his team to observe real-time polycrystalline film growth during coevaporation using insitu X-ray diffraction and fluorescence analysis. \"We are now able to see how crystalline phases form and transform, and when defects form during the different stages of evaporation,\" Mainz explains. \"But we\'re also able to tell when these defects disappear again.\" Defects start to diminish in the second stage of coevaporation, during deposition of copper and selenium. Mainz says excess copper deposits at the film surface in the form of copper selenide to help reduce defects. \"This was already known before from previous experiments. But now, using fluorescence signals and numeric model calculations, we are able to show how copper selenide penetrates the copper indium selenide layer,\" he explains. \"We now know that for further optimization of the process it is important to concentrate on the transition point into the copper-rich phase. Our findings suggest that the process find your vendors with ceramicSOURCE ceramicsource.org Delivering a perfect refractory is more than our passion. It\'s an Emhart Glass tradition. Tyke Partnering for Perfect Packaging Solutions EMHARTGLASS BUCHER www.emhartglass.com USA, Owensville, MO +1 (573) 437 2132 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 15 research briefs Nanostructure in BC-era Athenian pottery reveals decorating, firing innovations The first ceramic engineers were potters whose innovations helped transform ancient cultures from hunter-gatherers to agrarian societies. By the 6th to 4th centuries BC, the agrarian lifestyle was firmly established and so was pottery making as an industry. The archaeological record emerging from that time period in Athens, Greece, suggests a robust industry that produced about two million fine ceramic pots per year and employed 1-3 percent of the urban Athenian population, according to a recent article in Archaeology, the magazine of the Archaeological Institute of America. Even then, the pots were considered works of art created by gifted craftsmen. About 400,000–800,000 artifacts from the era survive-only 0.25–1 percent of the estimated total production. It is enough, though, to pique the interest of today\'s culture sleuths, such as Marc Walton, associate scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles, Calif., and lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of the American Ceramic Society on the science behind firing the pots. The imagery on the pottery from the era tells us much about what mattered to the ancient Athenians, their mythologies, and how they lived. The early fineware pottery has distinctive black figures on a red background. The black-on-red style emerged around 700 BC. Later, around 530 BC, a new red-on-black decoration style emerged. Although the figures, whether red or black, look painted on, they are not glazes but clay-based slips. Key to both styles is how the socalled black gloss forms, and that involves some sophisticated materials science. The black gloss develops in response to alternating oxidizing and reducing atmospheres in the kiln during firing. The decoration figures are painted onto dried pots with clay slip, which has much finer-sized clay platelets than the clay used to make the body of the pot. During the reducing 16 (A) (B) (C) 8.7mm relief line background gloss contour line contour line relief-line 100 um Optical images of a red-figure pottery fragment from Athens circa 700-500 BC. The black gloss results from a clay slip reaction to alternating oxidizing and reducing atmospheres during firing. Black gloss is shown in three regions: the relief line, the contour line, and the background. Credit: Walton, GCI; JACerS-Wiley.) atmosphere segment of the firing, red hematite (Fe2O3) in the clay reduces to black magnetite (Fe3O4) and hercynite (FeAl2O4), which is also black. The slip-painted areas densify more thoroughly than the coarse-grained bulk areas, which makes the slip-painted areas impervious to reoxidation. When the kiln atmosphere is made oxidizing, the less dense regions reoxidize to form Fe2O3 and its characteristic red color, but the slip-painted regions remain black. One unsolved mystery is whether the pottery was fired in a single, multistep firing or subjected to multiple firings. Walton and his team studied red-figure pottery sherds with sophisticated materials characterization tools, analyzing the materials and compositions to gain insights into the ancient firing processes. The team worked with Aerospace Corp., located in nearby El Segundo, Calif., for scanning transmission electron microscopy characterization. \"Aerospace was an ideal partner because they have considerable expertise in reverse engineering of materials. This is essentially what we are attempting to do in this project— reverse engineer ancient Athenian pottery,\" says Walton. GCI researchers also worked with scientists at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (Menlo Park, Calif.) to characterize the three types of black gloss regions using X-ray microscopy. The microscopy showed that the relief line is iron-spinel nanoscale crystallites suspended in a silica-rich glassy matrix, whereas the contour and background regions have a much higher degree of crystallinity. According to the paper, the microstructure of the relief line \"suggests that this portion of the decoration underwent a very different degree of vitrification than the adjacent contour line and background slip regions, which exhibit only partial vitrification of the clay matrix.\" However, the chemical compositions of the relief, contour, and background regions are very similar, leading the researchers to conclude that the morphological differences trace back to different thermal histories: \"... the different degree of melting in the relief line seems to indicate it was subjected to a hotter temperature, thus necessitating more than one firing of the sherd.\" Had the Athenian artisans been contemporary, we probably would refer to them as nanotechnologists. Indeed, the GCI researchers had access to a unique tool to unlock the materials\' nanomysteries Stanford\'s synchrotron. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 The Art, Archaeology and Conservation Science Division of ACerS is hosting a workshop Oct. 1-2 at the facility called \"Using X-rays to Analyze Cultural Heritage.\" (Walton is vice chair of AACS.) There will be talks on using X-ray microscopy to study pigments, hidden layers in paintings, glazes, and ancient Roman pottery (terra sigillata), as well as information that will be useful to anyone who uses this tool. Also, ACerS is offering a free year of membership in the AACS with new and renewing ACerS memberships. Join ACerS and the AACS Division to continue the tradition of ceramic science innovation through art. Full details of the GCI work are in \"Material evidence for multiple firings of ancient Athenian red-figure pottery,\" by Walton, et al., JACerS (DOI 10.111/jace.12395). Boron nitride nanotubes enable roomtemperature quantum tunneling Transistors have come a long way since their development at Bell Labs and first commercial success at the core of inexpensive portable radios. Transistors, of course, also constitute the heart of the integrated circuits used in any type of computerized device, and current chipmaking technologies and materials are starting to bump into their lower size limits. This has prompted many researchers to ask what is next in transistor technology. One answer comes from a group at Michigan Technological University (Houghton) that has been collaborating with workers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory to develop nanoscale transistor technology. \"The idea was to make a transistor using a nanoscale insulator with nanoscale metals on top,\" says MTU researcher Yoke Khin Yap in a news release. The insulator in this case was boron nitride nanotubes, akin to carbon nanotubes but more difficult to synthesize and use. Eventually the MTU lab developed a device that consists of a \"carpet\" of BNNTs topped with laser-deposited gold quantum dots only 3 nm across. When a voltage was applied to the device, electrons flowed from dot to dot in a phenomenon known as quantum tunneling. According to Michigan Tech physicist John Jaszczak, the big news is quantum tunneling behavior in the device at room temperature. Other tunneling devices \"only operate at liquid-helium temperatures,\" he says. Yap has filed for international patents on the technology. \"Theoretically, these tunneling channels can be miniaturized into virtually zero dimension when the distance between electrodes is reduced to a small fraction of a micron,\" he says. The work is reported in the article \"Room-temperature tunneling behavior of boron nitride nanotubes functionalized with gold quantum dots,\" recently published online in Advanced Materials (DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301339). SQ Shandong Shengquan Chemical Co Ltd(SQH®) Leading Phenolic Resin Producer In China Electrons \"tunnel\" one at a time across a series of gold quantum dots deposited on BNNTs. The room-temperature tunneling device behaves like a transistor but contains no semiconductors. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org (Credit: Yoke Khin Yap/MTU.) A joint venture between UK Hepworth and China SQ Group. Sales in 2012 over 148,000 tons and new capacity of 200,000 tons/year to be commissioned by Aug 2013. Serving most multinational and local refractory companies for both shaped and monolithic products. Contact: Mr. Chris Huang Tel: +86 531.8898.0618 Email: chris.huang@shengquan.com Website: www.shengquan.com Let\'s meet at UNITECR 2013. See us at UNITECR/Booth 19 17 A technician conducts a compression test on a catalytic converter mat in the new product development lab at Unifrax. Innovation at Unifrax: at Unifrax: A win-win proposition By Bruce Zoitos With roots dating back to the 1940\'s Carborundum Company, Unifrax\'s core products are based on high-temperature insulation wools and related products. Recent acquisitions have expanded the company\'s scope into strategically adjacent markets including microfine fibers and polycrystalline wool. As the company has grown, the new product development process has evolved and been refined. Today all functions in the company understand and participate in a time-tested stage-gate development process that captures all aspects of innovation and development. (Credit: Unifrax.) In the 1960s the comic In the 1960s the popular comic strip detective who maintained communication with his headquarters via a wristwatch that also served as a two-way radio. It was highly futuristic and far-fetched for the time and made compelling reading for at least one particular eight-year-old boy. Today, seemingly without our noticing or taking time to marvel, similar devices have proliferated and can be purchased for a few dollars at any convenience store. And they can reach not only local police headquarters, but any police headquarters around the world! Also, consider this only a dozen generations ago the chief occupation of our ancestors was meeting daily needs of food and shelter. This began to change in the late 1800s with the industrial revolution. Today, a day\'s nutrition costs only a few dollars to purchase at a conveniently located grocery store. These advancements share a common characteristic: Innovation in farming and communications has advanced the state of the art with respect to cost, productivity, and performance. Indeed, human innovation has been at work since before the first lithic tools were chipped out of flint. In this article I review some of the factors that drive innovation in a mediumsized company and how innovation provides a steady stream of more effective and useful products to the marketplace. I will illustrate this with a few brief case studies from the Unifrax product development files. Creating value through innovation Companies engage in product development for new growth opportunities in a strong economy and to sustain the business during economic downturns. The effect on company value is twofold: Sales and bottom-line profits of the company increase; and the future expectations of earnings are enhanced. A company with a consistent history of growth through new product development and a pipeline of new products typically garners a higher value, increases its staff, and creates a better work environment overall. For new products to add ongoing value to a company, the commercialization process must be sustained over time. New products have a finite life cycle and a predictable value and profitability trajectory over that cycle. When first introduced, a new 18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 product offers tangible benefits to the end user, such as higher performance, efficiency, cost savings, or regulatory compliance. Initially, this value is relatively large and represents a potential shared profitability between the product developer and the customer or end user. This is commonly considered in product pricing: The developer can charge a premium for the new product, and a customer typically is willing to pay the premium, provided the customer receives a satisfactory benefit in return. (My business school colleagues will recognize this as \"value pricing.\") The dynamics of the marketplace dictate that this advantage is transient. Inevitably, competitors enter the market with similar products, claiming their share of the value pool. As time passes, competition between suppliers exerts downward pressure on product prices, driving them lower and encouraging more cost-effective production to maintain profitability. Over time margins erode and the once-new product becomes less profitable and may ultimately become a commodity, competing for customers in a broad field of equivalent products, with customers selecting vendors based solely on lowest price or convenience. Although the main driver for product innovation is profit, corporate investment in product innovation provides a significant benefit to society as a whole (along the lines of the communications and farm examples). Companies seeking higher profitability invest in product innovation. Society benefits from better, more effective products, and the innovator benefits from increased revenues. Innovation can consume large amounts of cash and human resources. Companies must manage product development activities to ensure maximum return on investment, similar to any investment portfolio. Unifrax strives to maintain a portfolio of new products totaling or exceeding 20 percent of revenues. We manage our development portfolio through “design control,\" a stage-gate process encompassing all aspects of activity and decision making from project identification and product conception to product launch and market support. This process brings clarity and visibility to all stages of the new product development process, ensuring that resources are leveraged effectively. Project identification and justification Identification of potential new products can occur through a variety of channels. Most new product needs become apparent when a customer\'s application evolves and current products cease to meet performance requirements. This was the case in the late 1990s when new auto designs called for the catalytic converter to be moved closer to the exhaust manifold to allow more rapid heat-up and catalyst activation to reduce startup emissions. At that time, Unifrax refractory fiber mat wrapped catalytic converter substrates in automotive emission control system piping to cushion and hold it in place. When existing products failed in new designs because of higher temperatures, Unifrax worked with OEMs to develop CC-Max, a product with higher temperature performance specifically designed for the so-called close-coupled application. Government codes and regulations provide another source of new product needs. This has been a major driver in Unifrax\'s passive fire protection business, for example. Unifrax fiber has the twin properties of being a superior thermal insulator and being fully stable under fire conditions, allowing it to be used as a barrier to prevent the American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org A felt-like fibrous refractory mat holds automotive catalytic converter substrates in place during use. (Credit: Unifrax.) spread of fire in building, maritime, and aerospace applications. When regulations were instituted for improved fire protection in passenger compartments of ships, new products were developed that stretched the performance envelope to allow the maximum insulation in the smallest space at the lightest weight. In 2003 a new regulation required the installation of a fire-barrier on the underside of the fuselage in new commercial passenger aircraft produced after 2006. Unifrax worked with the end user to define the requirements for the product and ultimately developed and introduced a novel, lightweight barrier capable of holding off an external fire for up to four minutes, adding additional life-saving minutes for passengers to escape in the event of a fire. Occasionally, products may be developed in anticipation of a market need without an identified customer. In such cases, \"market pull” is traded for \"market push.\" Other development drivers might include a response to a competitor\'s product introduction, product cost-reduction initiatives, or a quality improvement effort on an exist ing product. Unifrax collects new product ideas from employees at all levels in a central database for periodic review and evaluation. The marketing department estimates sales from a prospective new product. Before committing resources, it is imperative to verify that the return on the project justifies the investment and that there are no higher-potential projects to which the resources would be better applied. Candidates pro19 Innovation at Unifrax: A win-win proposition Derfor Fberfra Aluminosilicate fibers are useable up to 1400°C and provide the basis for Unifrax\'s \'Fiberfrax\' line of products. jecting an acceptable potential return are assessed for technical risk and overall \"likelihood of success.\" At this time, other \"fuzzy\" evaluations are made, such as likely competitor response, barriers to entry, and ability to protect the technology. After a candidate passes all screening criteria, senior management formally accepts the project, and it enters the \"pilot development” phase. Pilot development Once approved, a project team begins development work on the new product. In our experience, crossfunctional teams have proved particularly useful. Teams typically include a development engineer, who assumes the function of team leader during the pilot development phase, and staff from quality, marketing, and manufacturing. Other departments, such as purchasing, health and safety, or project and process engineering, participate as-needed. In this way, all functions with a stake in the new product exert influence throughout the development process, ensuring that all interests (including the customer\'s, via marketing) are represented throughout the development effort. During pilot design, the team defines the physical and performance requirements for the product and develops the process and formulation needed to meet those requirements. Product performance requirements are researched and formally documented via a “failure mode and effects analysis,\" or FMEA. 20 20 (Credit: Unifrax.) In this analysis, the product is viewed through the eyes of the customer and the end user, and all its necessary functionality is described. Properties considered may include density, strength, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, color, tactile characteristics, potential for smoke generation, or other user-specified characteristics. Tests are defined to objectively measure these characteristics, and the team (likely in conjunction with the customer) sets numerical targets for each property. These values are assembled into a \"design specification\" that encompasses the full performance requirements of the product under development. The development team reviews the specification for completeness and accuracy. Throughout the development process, testing against this specification comprises the pass/fail criterion for all prototype product designs. After the team has established the specification, the fun part of product development can begin! With its homework complete, the development team begins formulating the product. In most cases, product design evolves, that is, minor adjustments stretch existing technology in a given direction-rarely does the team start from scratch. But this is not to understate the challenge-the performance envelope of existing products often represents the real physical limitations of melting points, viscosity values, tensile strengths, or chemical reactions. Pushing behavior beyond existing values requires controlling and manipulating the parameters driving the behavior. Resource constraints (that is, staff, time, money) force strategy decisions regarding approaches. For example, it is a luxury to be able to evaluate properties at a mechanistic level, but this also can be highly effective. Where expertise exists within the company, it is certainly brought to bear on development challenges. (Unifrax is fortunate to have good employee retention a pool of seasoned engineers is available to speak to such problems.) If the challenge can be adequately defined, it also is possible to look for help outside the company. Unifrax has had good results using outside consultants as problem-solving resources as well as university relationships that have given us access to specialized measurement equipment to develop product understanding. Where understanding ends, hard work begins. A prototype product must be fabricated and tested. Even when performance mechanisms are known (or at least estimated), experimentation is necessary. Designing simple, effective experiments that give rapid, definitive information on prototype performance controls costs and development time. The Unifrax development laboratory is equipped with a full range of pilot and test equipment to fabricate quickly any product form needed and measure all key physical and performance parameters. In this way, an idea can be tested quickly. Experiment protocols range from simple ladders that vary a single parameter to complex, statistically driven experiment designs that test multiple variables simultaneously and delineate their individual and interactive impact on the product. Failed prototypes are common—and frequent― until a formulation succeeds. Developing a workable product is the goal of the “pilot design\" phase. At this point, the team, exercising caution, pessimism, and suspicion, repeats the successful formulation to ensure the results are reproducible. Also, the team wants to understand the robustness of the solution: • Can it tolerate the normal variations of a manufacturing environment? • Is it capable of surviving conditions beyond those expected? Once a suitable formulation is established, senior management reviews all aspects of product development-perwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 Product Development Outlook formance targets, raw materials, safety, formulation, specifications, manufacturability, cost, and product performance. At this time, the original market assumptions are reviewed to ensure they continue to be relevant. If all assumptions are valid and the work has been thorough and produced a robust outcome, the new product is approved and advances to the next stage of the commercialization process, “manufacturing design.\" Manufacturing design Costs for a project escalate significantly in the manufacturing design phase, where the formulation must be scaled-up and proved. Whereas the pilot phase used a few grams to a pound of raw materials, manufacturing development requires quantities of hundreds or thousands of pounds. Scale-up involves demonstrating manufacture on production equipment and requires time at the manufacturing plant. Often, production schedules prevent time from being immediately available or, worse yet, sometimes trial runs interrupt production. The production environment can reveal a number of complex and potentially unexpected influences, and successful execution requires dedicated attention from someone familiar with the product under development and the manufacturing system. Typically, the manufacturing engineer assumes leadership of this critical phase. Immense detail goes into planning, and every available operating parameter must be tracked frequently to document all potential influences on the product. The product is measured and tested at frequent intervals even during stable production runs to ensure there are no unexpected deviations. Plant trials benefit from an attitude of \"constructive paranoia.\" Product developers need to think \"three steps ahead and four layers down\" to ensure success. The specific development path of a new product in the manufacturing design phase is impossible to chart—it may be direct and efficient or laden with unexpected problems. In case of the latter, standard problem-solving methods apply. Sometimes, the best option is to return to the pilot design phase and rework a product to address problems identified in the manufacturing design phase. Eventually, diliTechnical risk 5 5 10 15 • Project Thor • Project Blue Jay ⚫ Project Washington • Project July ⚫ Project XL 20 25 30 Months to commercialization \"Bubble chart\" for managing product development priorities based on development time, technical risk, and market size. to track and manage. Periodic portfolio \"bubble chart\" reviews are very helpful in this regard. gent effort prevails and achieves a successful and stable production run. The products made during plant trials also undergo full characterization and qualification against the established performance targets, and, if all is well, samples are provided to the customer for qualification and acceptance testing. Along the way, other team members will have developed a product introduction plan, written descriptive product data sheets and safety data sheets, selected and qualified raw materials and vendors, ordered packaging, and developed production operating procedures. Senior management meets for a final review, which may include examining all supporting documentation of the project including product design, performance characteristics, and customer feedback. Once again, the marketing and performance assumptions that were made at the outset are given a reality check, cost and price are checked, and the marketing plan is reviewed. Provided all items are in order, the managers of each corporate function grant approval, and the new product is born. Benefits of design control Unifrax has codified “design control” procedures into a collection of documents called the \"Product Introduction Checklist.\" Standard forms, which are collected, stored, and readily accessible through a shared database, document each step. Standardizing procedures and actions into a formalized workflow gives all team members a clear view of the project\'s history, status, and next steps. This helps align priorities and minimizes lost productivity. Design control has the added benefit of making project status immediately visible to management, which, in turn, makes the development portfolio easier American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org As Unifrax has grown from a hundred-million dollar enterprise in 1996 to a half-billion dollar worldwide manufacturer, the philosophy of aggressive growth through new products has remained a constant tenet of its strategic mission. Since 1996, the stakes have become higher and the need to “get it right the first time” has grown. Aggressive and well-executed product development benefits not only the developer but society as a whole. New products developed by Unifrax are deployed worldwide in diverse applications, such as automotive emission control, industrial thermal management, and critical life-safety applications involving passive fire protection. As a direct result of Unifrax product development and introduction, thermal processes are more efficient, reduce fuel consumption, and prevent tons of greenhouse gas from entering the atmosphere. Automobile-related pollution is reduced by hundreds of tons per year and buildings, airplanes, and ships have improved fire protection systems, with added safety for life and property. About the author Bruce Zoitos is manager of new fiber technology, Unifrax I LLC, Tonawanda, N.Y. Contact Bruce Zoitos at bzoitos@unifrax.com. Unifrax produces of refractory fiber products at 28 manufacturing locations in 13 countries. 21 (Credit: Unifrax.)) Surface: atoms arranged in different structures and chemical bonds with smaller energy (Surface or colloidal effects) <-V Bulk Microparticles Nanoparticles different properties and characteristics Considering equal volume of 1 cm³ 1 cm³ 1 cm³ material Divided in spheres with different average radii -0.6 cm 100 nm 10 nm Number of spheres attained - 2 x 1015 -3 x 1017 Specific surface area - 104 m²/cm³ -100 m²/cm³ 300 m²/cm³ V SurfaceVaulk 0.00006% 15% -50% Advances in nanotechnology for refractories: When very small meets hot, heavy, and large Rafael Salomão, Adriane D.M. Souza, Leandro Fernandes, and Cezar C. Arruda D (Credit: Salomão; USP.) Figure 1. The first atomic layers below the surface of a material present characteristics different from its bulk, such as smaller bonding energy and lower melting temperature. These surface effects (also known as colloidal or quantum effects) occur for every material and geometry but become more relevant at the nanoscale. For 10 nm nanoparticles, ~50% of their volume is considered surface. uring the past 11 years, governments and companies worldwide have invested an estimated $60-$70 billion in nanotechnology research. 1-3 Markets for nanotechnology-based products are expected to grow from $147 billion in 2007 to $3.1 trillion by 2015. Close to 2,000 companies—mostly in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan—work exclusively on nanotechnologybased products and produced 2,000-5,000 new patents each year since 2007.4-7 The results of these efforts are reflected in electronics (thinner flat screens, faster and smaller computers, more reliable satellite communications), medicine and cosmetics (more effective drugdelivery, fewer side effects, lower costs), food and agriculture (lower toxicity agrochemicals, additives, colorants, preservatives), and instrumentation techniques (atomic force and highresolution scanning and transmission electron f recent developments. microscopy). These products significantly improve the quality of life of the millions of people who use them. Nanomaterials lead to interesting advances in refractory technology-an overview of recent developments. Despite their significant impact, the benefits of nanotechnology in other industrial fields, such as refractories, are less obvious because of three factors. First, relatively few people have direct involvement with refractory processes, which means that most people are unaware of what refractory brick or castables are or do. Second, numerous variables make measuring the benefit produced by a single modification in a castable or brick formulawww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 22 224 tion difficult. Third, confidentiality issues regarding some developments and projects preclude information about them from reaching the media. Notwithstanding the almost complete absence of statistics on these factors, the number of publications and patents, and the research funding related to nanotechnology in refractory materials grows each year, evidence of promising results and a constant search for innovation and excellence. 4,8,9 This paper reviews recent developments in nanotechnology-based projects for refractory materials. Because of the large volume of information available about nanotechnology in general, we limited our literature review to • Studies using nanotechnology to modify the properties, processing, or application of a class of refractory material with changes driven or caused mainly by the use of nanoscale material; • Studies that tested actual refractory materials as opposed to experiments in controlled laboratory conditions; and • Selected proceeding papers from the most established conferences on refractories (UNITECR, Aachen Refractories Colloquium, ACerS\'s St. Louis Section/Refractory Ceramics Division meeting, and ALAFAR Congress). Why are nanomaterials special? The physicochemical properties (melting point, density, thermoelectric conductivity, diffusion coefficient, and oxidation-reduction behavior) of the surface volume (the 10-20 atomic layers below the outer surface of a given portion of material) differ from the bulk. 10-12 In this outer region, surface or colloidal effects result from the coordination of fewer atoms at the surface and the consequently lower chemical bond energy levels and shorter length (Figure 1). These effects occur in every piece of material, but become more relevant when the dimensions are reduced to ~100 nm (an arbitrary limit), and the surface volume represents up to 20% of the material\'s total volume. (For reference, the surface volume of a 1 cm³ particle is ~0.00005% of its total volume). 3,10 Particles with an average diameter of 5-200 nm have a large specific surface area because of their high-surface-area-to-volume ratio. Typical values range from 10-30 m²/g for the thickest grades of microsilica to >600-800 m²/g for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and exfoliated graphite. Compare these with the average particle size and surface area of the finest calcined aluminas used in refractory castables 500 nm and 3-7 m²/g, respectively. 5,13 Thus, nanoparticles are a special class of materials with novel and unique properties spread over a large specific surface area. The surface effects of nanomaterials dictate their behavior in refractories. • Matrix particles (D100 μm) Higher packing after casting and drying: lower porosity Coarse aggregates (Dean≥100 μm) Part Microsilica (Dran ~0.1 μm) During mixing and pumping, friction forces between particles are reduced due to the ball bearing effect, leading to higher flowability 10-20 μm Figure 2: Microsilica particles (D 50 ~80-100 nm) increase castables\' flowability and allow a significant reduction in water content and improved particle packing efficiency and apparent density after drying. Nanoparticles fill even the smallest packing voids of conventional raw materials used in refractories. 14-16 Particle packing models (Alfred, Andreasen, or Furnas models) can be helpful in dealing with wide particle-size distributions. However, to achieve a calculated microstructure, each particle must be individualized (or dispersed in water or resin binder), and the composition must be homogeneous. 17,18 • Decreased surface energy 10 causes nanoparticles naturally to agglomerate, which can be used to strengthen ceramic structures (colloidal binders). 19• 19-23 Nanoparticles have low chemical bond energy and high atomic mobility. Therefore, reactions involving solidstate diffusion (sintering, spinelization, mullitization, whisker growth) tend to occur more rapidly and at lower temperatures than with microparticles and macroparticles. 11,16 • Because they can be grown bottom-up, interesting microstructures with outstanding properties can be produced in-situ.8,9,12,24-26 Nanoparticle additives and binders The addition of microsilica (or silica fume or fly ash) to castables was one of the first and probably most extensively studied applications of nanoparticles American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org in refractories. Microsilica is an amorphous byproduct from the production of elemental silicon and ferrosilicon alloys in electric furnaces. 14,16,27 At the high process temperatures, metallic silicon vaporizes and oxidizes rapidly, generating thin spherical SiO2 nanoparticles with diameters of 50 nm to 1 and specific surface areas of 15-30 m²/g. The particles are collected by electrostatic sedimentation. um Adding up to 5 wt% microsilica to castable formulations during mixing enhances flowability for the same solid load. 16,27,28 Two effects explain this behavior (Figure 2). The “ball-bearing\" effect occurs when the spherical shape and narrow particle-size distribution of microsilica act as a lubricant and reduce the frictional forces between the larger particles, facilitating their movement. Because of their low density (~2.1–2.4 g/cm) and small average size, these nanoparticles behave similar to a liquid (almost free of mass effects), generating an apparent reduction of the solid load in the formulation. 10,14,18 Also, microsilica greatly improves particle packing efficiency, 16 because it can fill the most diminutive packing flaws and pores in refractory raw materials. Therefore, controlled addition of microsilica means significantly denser structures can be obtained. 23 (Credit: Salomão; USP.) Advances in nanotechnology for refractories . . . a) Matrix: 100μm > DPart ≥0.1 μm Colloidal particles: Dpart > 0.1 um b) Clelling agent (soluble salt or oxidel MA M-2AMO OMO OM O 0 Na\'A\' A large volume of permeable pores forms, easing the drying Dried gel binds the matrix particles The sol is stabilized wat monovalent counterNa (Na (NH)\") HO Si-OH Inorganic gel Matrix particles become restrained: consolidation of the structure compounds, which are highly insoluble and strongly linked by hydrogen bonds, form on the surface of MgO particles, preventing further hydration and strengthens the structure. Microsilica nanoparticles are among the largest used in refractories. However they incorporate even finer colloidal particles. 14,22,23,31,32 Colloidal binders, which are generated stable suspenSintering at lower temperatures: colloidal particles are highly reactive Same porosity during gelation remains Figure 3: Colloidal silica and alumina are the most used colloidal binders in refractory castables and ceramic fiber board insulators. a) Stable aqueous suspensions of colloidal binders are synthesized in the initial mixing-casting step for refractory castables. b) A gelling agent (MgO, MgCl2) destabilizes the system to form a strong 3D-network of nanoparticles that strengthens the structure. c) Permeable paths form during drying. During the first heat-up the pathways promote more intense sintering at lower temperatures than conventional hydraulic binders. Reports about self-flowing high-alumina castables and MgO-C brick suggest porosity (in the green state) reduces from 20% to 8% in the former and from 7% to 2-3% in the latter, depending on the amount of microsilica added and the compacting pressure during forming. 14,16,29 In MgO-containing castables, microsilica also behaves as a binder and as an antihydration agent. 29,30 In these materials, the reaction between MgO and water (hydration or hydroxylation) causes the pH of castables to increase rapidly-up to 9-11. In these conditions, amorphous silica begins to dissolve and react with partially hydrated MgO to form other hydrated magnesium silicates. These 24 sions of ceramic nanoparticles (average particle size (D50) of 5-100 nm) containing 20-60 wt% of solids, help consolidate structures, such as cellulose fibers in paper, yarns in nonwoven fabrics, and concrete. 5,6,33 Colloidal binders were first used in castable refractories to replace conventional hydraulic binders, such as calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and hydratable alumina (HA) to improve particle packing and drying efficiency. 22,31 In fiber-based insulation boards, these binders increase the sinterability of the fibers at their joints. In ceramic mold castings, they replace thermosetting resins as alternative environmentally friendly binders.33 Colloidal silica (CS) and colloidal alumina (CA) binders are used most widely in refractories (Figure 3). Both binders are synthesized in aqueous media through controlled precipitation reactions from Na₂SiO, and NaAlO₂ solutions, respectively. 14,23,34 Refractory castables and mortars use CS and CA in their wet form, i.e., they partially or totally replace the water added for mixing and pumping. As with the addition of microsilica, these binders provide excellent flowability, particularly in high-alumina, silica-alumina, preformed mullite and spinel, and SiCbased systems. 22,23,31 On the other hand, binding ceramic fibers requires mixing with CS or CA followed by vacuum molding. 33 Destabilizing the colloidal suspension consolidates and hardens these structures. This can be achieved simply by drying the material, although it is more common to add a gelling agent (usually MgO sinter or magnesium and calcium soluble salts) at the end of the mixing step.31 Divalent metal cations (Mg2+ or Ca2+) displace and replace the monovalent cations (usually Na*) from the (SiO3)2 or (AlO2)- groups at the surface of the particles. 14 This reaction triggers a fast, irreversible gelling mechanism that hinders particle movement and strengthens the entire structure. As it dries, the gel, composed of >90 wt% water, collapses and leaves a large fraction of interconnected, highly permeable pores. These pores allow fast and safe dry-out of gel-bonded castables but contribute to their lower mechanical strength in the green state compared with CAC- and HA-bonded castables.31 Reports indicate that this minor drawback can be overcome by adjusting particle packing and adding small amounts of hydraulic binder. 22,31 Nanoparticles become very reactive at temperatures >400°C, because of increasing surface energy and distorted chemical bonds. 10,11,35,36 Because of the reactivity of nanoparticles, combined with the accentuated viscous flow afforded by their amorphous structure, adding microsilica, CS, or CA greatly improves the driving force for sintering. The most common drying mechanism involves the formation of a small portion of transient liquid at the surface of the matrix particles, which rapidly dissolves and reprecipitates at the necking points, sometimes as a different phase (mullite, for instance, in CS + www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 high-alumina castables). 14 Other possible mechanisms involve vaporization, particle sliding, and capillary forces after viscous creep. These binding—sintering mechanisms have two important and useful consequences. First, gel-bonded castables and fiberboards possess higher thermomechanical properties at intermediate temperatures (300°C-800°C, after drying but before sintering) than their hydraulically or organically bound equivalents, because there are no hydroxylated compounds (hydrated compounds CAH ₁, CAH, AH, ALOOH, and Al(OH), found in CAC- or HA-bonded castables) or volatile organics (phenolic resin) to decompose. 20,22,32,33 This is the mechanism behind reports of outstanding hot wear resistance of CA-bonded castables in petrochemical applications (up to 1,000°C). 34 Second, these materials usually sinter to denser structures at lower temperatures, thus consuming less energy and time. 36 \'10\' Modifying microstructures with nanoparticles Conventional refractory materials tend to have a wide particle-size distribution, from millimeter-sized coarse aggregates to fine matrix particles, and a single refractory formulation comprises several types of raw materials. Introducing minute amounts of nanoparticles in a preexisting refractory formulation can cause significant changes in the product\'s microstructure and properties. These effects are particularly intense in refractories where spinel (MgA₁₂O4) forms in-situ, as a solid-state reaction that occurs between ALO, and MgO: MgO + Al₂O3 → MgA₁₂O4 (1) This reaction occurs in several steps and is influenced by many factors, such as codiffusion of Mg²+, Al³+, and O² ions, temperature, particle size and surface area, degree of mixing, and the presence of mineralizers and contaminants. 37,38 When Al2O3 and MgO particles come in contact at high temperature (~1200°C), Mg2+- and Al³+-ion counterdiffusion reactions occur at the Al2O3-MgAl2O4 and MgO-MgAl₂O surfaces in a process known as Wagner\'s mechanism. Differences in the ion-diffusion rate in the spinel layer and the need to maintain electrical neutrality cause diffusion to occur more intensely in the Al₂O, direction. The reaction consumes MgO particles more rapidly, generating small pores (Kirkendall effect), while the A₁₂O, particles undergo an ~10% linear expansion as their density declines from 4 to 3.2-3.4 g/cm. Depending on the spinel content that forms, this expansion can compress the particles slightly, favoring their thermomechanical behavior and reducing sintering shrinkage or, if excessive, severely damaging the structure (Figure 4). Because spinel is one of the leading raw materials in the refractory industry, numerous recent investigations have focused on controlling this expansion. 37 The first attempts to minimize spinel expansion in-situ added 1-3 wt% of microsilica to formulations, 21,27,29,39 reasoning that forming a small amount of low-melting compounds, such as cordierite (2MgO.2A₁₂O₂.5SiO2, melting T ≈1365°C), would accommodate the extra volume generated during spinelization. However, this proved to be a limited solution, because it also affects the thermomechanical behavior of the entire material during service, particularly formulations of castables bonded with CAC.39 Better results were attained using MgO and MgO-Al2O3 nanoparticles (obtained by high-energy milling of MgO sinter and calcined alumina) combined with CA. 24,32,39-41 Reducing these particles to the nanoscale led to several benefits, including Spinelization at lower temperatures and achieving controllable expansion by varying particle sizes; • Lower porosity from consumption of MgO particles; and • Outstanding thermomechanical properties, such as higher hot modulus of rupture, refractoriness under load, thermal shock, and corrosion and hot wear resistance. Similar benefits occur for castables containing nanoparticles of preformed spinel. 4242-45 In these cases, the spinel particles were prepared mechanically by American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org alloying aluminum and magnesium or their salts and hydroxides or by coprecipitating magnesium and aluminum soluble salts. Calcination at 900°C led to the formation of 30-50-nm nanoparticles. Adding 10 wt% of these nanoparticles to castables containing MgO or to mullite-based castables resulted in lower porosity after firing, longer service life at higher temperatures, and greater thermal shock resistance. nm Additionally, nanoparticles have a strong potential to modify the sintering behavior of macro- and microparticles. The use of a few ppm of MgO to prevent grain growth in high-purity α-Al₂O, through grain-boundary impediment is a classic example. Similarly, recent research demonstrated that adding nano-Cr2O3 particles improves the densification of MgO brick.46 The authors of this paper synthesized 10-20Cr₂O3 nanoparticles and dispersed them in water to form a sol containing 2 wt% of solids that was mixed with MgO sinter particles (D < < 45 μm) and calcined at 650°C. An equivalent system containing coarser particles of Cr₂O (D : 2 μm) was prepared under similar conditions to serve as reference. Nano-Cr₂O, was much more effective than the reference sample in forming a solid solution (MgCr2O4) at the surface of MgO grains, favoring densification at lower temperatures (~800°C). part = part part Carbon-containing refractories also benefit from nanotechnology. In MgO-C bricks, for instance, adding 10-20 wt% of crystalline graphite (D < 200 mesh) reduces their wettability by slags and molten metal and improves thermal shock resistance through increased work of fracture and thermal conductivity. However, many studies have successfully substituted regular carbon for other nano-carbon sources. 8,9 The main alternative is carbon black, an amorphous nanosized (10-100 nm) carbon byproduct from incomplete acetylene pyrolysis. Compared with conventional MgO-C brick (with 20 wt% of <200 mesh graphite flake), brick containing 3 wt% of carbon black with an average particle size of 50 nm exhibit 25 Advances in nanotechnology for refractories . . . ALO, (-4gcm\") Exceive expansion and mechanical damage Porosity (Kirkendall effect Compressive MAIO M-M45p MAO, (p-32g) b) Using MgO particles: spil expansion occurred and sun be contilid New-MO Figure 4. The volumetric expansion that follows spinel (MgAl₂O) formation can be modified by varying the average particle diameter of MgO and Al2O3. a) The use of micrometric MgO particles (D, < 45 µm) in high-alumina castables usually leads to excessive expansion and formation of cracks and pores. b) When nano-MgO (10-20 nm) particles are added, the spinel expansion is more uniform and controlled and, in some cases, occurs at lower temperatures. similar cyclic thermal shock resistance but much lower thermal conductivity, wear, and oxidation rates. 8,48 These results are attributed to three effects: carbon black reacts rapidly with antioxidant additives (silicon, aluminum, and BC) to produce whiskers of Al C, SiC, carbon fiberlike whiskers, and others, that fill the pores and increase the structure\'s toughness; the small size prevents particles from forming a percolating network (as large graphite particles would do), so the brick\'s thermal conductivity does not increase excessively; and in the case of complete oxidation of the carbon black particle, the remaining pores are so small that sintering quickly closes them and preserves the product\'s permeability and wear resistance. In-situ nanotechnology to achieve refractoriness Reaping the full benefits of nanotechnology in refractories requires that the nanostructures survive the aggressive manufacturing processes to which they are subjected. Unfortunately, submicron materials and nanomaterials are by nature thermodynamically unstable and prone to agglomerate and merge or fuse into aggregate particles.4,10,11,36,40,48,49-55 Dispersing and homogenizing nanoparticles in a 26 (Credit: Salomão; USP.) refractory formulation consumes time and energy. Most researchers agree that forming nanostructures in-situ is more effective for refractory materials. Compared with the addition of ready-made nanoparticles to the refractory composition, the bottom-up, in-situ approach is thermodynamically favorable,5,10,11 probably cheaper, and, in most cases, represents the last alternative to improve these materials. Using chemical vapor deposition, gas phases react with the solid substrate. 11,56,57 Gaseous atoms penetrate interior surfaces (pores, cracks, and grain boundaries) to form nanostructured features(whiskers and nanotubes). (Figure 5). Researchers first reported observing in-situ CNTs and whiskers in carboncontaining brick bonded with phenolic resin and pitch. 8,25,26,55,58,59 The environment inside the pores of these brick is similar to that reported in other studies that produced CNTs in the laboratory: • A reducing atmosphere (generated by large quantities of carbon in the form of graphite and coke flakes); • A source of elemental carbon (decomposing unsaturated phenolic polymers); and Catalytic metal particles (silicon from the antioxidant additives and iron from the steel melt).\" Under these conditions, elemental carbon dissolves in the metallic particles and rapidly reaches saturation. The excess carbon is expelled from the particle and forms a crystallized nucleus of pure carbon (CNT), intermetallic compounds (Fe, C and Al C3), or SiC crystal nuclei. 11,56,57 As the process continues, more carbon penetrates into the metallic particles and joins the nuclei, resulting in elongated structures (nanotubes or whiskers). years. Researchers have investigated routes for controlled formation of whiskers inside the pores of refractory brick intensively during the past five 19,20,25,26,55,58,59 The authors of these studies highlighted two main aspects. First, the refractory composition must favor the formation of whiskers and be such that a small portion of low-melting-point compounds form, particularly in systems where SiC and mullite whiskers are desired. Second, whiskers or nanotubes usually originate from metallic particles, and, the smaller these particles, the finer and more abundant will be the nanostructures. Nanoparticle additions that induce whisker formation include silicon, aluminum, TiO2, ZrO2, WO, and AlF3. One of the most interesting aspects of in-situ whisker formation is their dumbbell shape, which favors their anchoring and enhances their toughness and improves thermal shock and corrosion resistance. 55 However, based on three-point bending tests, the work of fracture does not increase significantly. This suggests that the interactions between cracks and the nanotoughened matrix may be complex and is not yet fully understood.60 Environmental, health and safety 1,61,62 Ceramic nanoparticles (CNPs) are extremely stable and can persist and accumulate in certain environments 1,2,4,61 Some types or organisms for years. of nanoparticles such as CNTs, can accumulate in specific organs and cellular structures, where they may cause genetic damage as well as allergies and tumors. According to reports, high zeta-potential (concentration of surface charges), solubility, and photocatalytic behavior under ultraviolet or visible light makes CNPs, such as Al2O3, SnO2, ZnO, TiO2, and CuO, highly toxic to aquatic life. 4,63-65 Therefore, besides the technological aspects of these materials, it is just as important to study their environmental,66,67 human health, and safety (EHS) impacts. The refractories community has specific concerns regarding EHS issues, most of which relate to breathable www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 (Credit: Salomão; USP.) nanoparticles. Unlike other classes of products that benefit from nanotechnology (electronic devices, cosmetics, and medicines), refractory materials are produced in controlled and confined environments, usually far removed from most of the population. However, most of the raw materials for manufacturing brick and linings are powdered. As these materials are transported and processed, the equipment generates dust and scatters particles that may affect many people. A common misconception is that insitu production of nanostructures avoids particulates. Also, all refractory materials are sintered during use. Therefore, some believe that nanoparticles and other nanostructures remain imprisoned in the main product. However, refractory end-of-life issues must be kept in mind from time to time, spent linings and parts must be discarded and replaced with new ones. This knockout process and milling to recycle wastes can generate considerable quantities of dust, including nanoparticles. Another concern involves the water used to wash mixers and molds containing residual colloidal particles. Unlike microparticles or macroparticles, these particles require special treatment prior to disposal, because they cannot be filtered or precipitated easily. There are no easy answers, and solutions must be adapted to each particular case. We recommend several resources: • The 27th Report of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, \"Novel materials in the environment: The case of nanotechnology,\" 2008 (http://www.official-documents. gov.uk/document/cm74/7468/7468.pdf, accessed on 15 June 2013) discusses potential environmental pollution and human health risks posed by new nanobased technologies as well as other social and economic aspects, including the excessive appeal of the prefix \"nano,\" which automatically connotes better technology;¹ \"The National Nanotechnology Initiative: Over-view, reauthorization, and appropriations issues,\" published by the Congressional Research Service as an EHS strategy, which offers suggestions and protocols for health risk research associated with exposure to nanoparticles in general; • The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety has a nanotechnology task force that provides resources for working with nanomaterials. On Refractory particles Porosity (open and closed) Phenolic resin or pitch-based binder Vapor of elemental carbon (decomposed from pitch or res Different types of whiskers and munotubes formed in-site filling the pity Reducing atmosphere Dumbbell shopert whisters and Formalin-in by CVD Figure 5. Whiskers, nanotubes, and other nanoparticles can greatly improve refractories\' rigidity, toughness, and thermal shock and corrosion resistance. They can be added to the formulations or formed in-situ. In the first case, highly intensive mixers are required. In the latter, chemical vapor deposition uses the refractory raw materials and the vapors and high temperatures that naturally occur in that environment. a voluntary basis, a NIOSH team will work with manufacturers to identify risks and develop mitigation procedures. Visit www.niosh.gov for more information. See also \"NIOSH research and resources for safe handling of nanomaterials,\" ACerS Bulletin, August 2013, p. 29. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the Brazilian research foundations CAPES, CNPq, and FAPESP (2010/19274-5) for supporting this research. About the author Rafael Salomão is lecturer and researcher in the Materials Engineering Department of São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Contact Rafael Salomão at rsalomao@sc.usp.br. References (partial list)* \'Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, \"Twenty-seventh report—Novel materials in the environment: The case of nanotechnology,” pp. 1–54, Crown Copyright, 2008. 2National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) Environmental, Health, and Safety Research Strategy, 2011. Available at http:// www.nanotechia.org/global-news/us-national-nanotechnology-initiative-eha-strategyfor-nanomaterials-published (accessed June 15, 2013). ³National Research Council, \"A research strategy for environmental, health, and safety aspects of engineered nanomaterials,\" The National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2012. 4M.H. 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Dubourguier, and A. Kahru, \"Toxicity of nanosized and bulk ZnO, CuO, and TiO2 to bacteria Vibrio fischeri and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus,\" Chemosphere, 71 [7] 1308–16 (2008). 65X.K. Hu, S. Cook, P. Wang, and H.M. Hwang, \"In-vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of engineered metal oxide nanoparticles,\" Sci. Total Environ., 407 [8] 3070-72 (2009). 66K. Sanderson, \"Questions fly over ashcloud models,\" Nature, 464, 1253 (2010). 67S. Mascarenhas and L.H.C. Mattoso, \"Volcanic ash should not be presumed harmless in long term,” Nature, 465, 157 (2010). American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 27b 28 Toward a \"greener\" future with advanced refractories By William L. Headrick Refractory ceramics offer energy savings, but they are not as \"green\" as grass. very day, we are inundated Eve with new announcements about energy savings, reduced greenhouse emissions, global climate change, and so on. Radio and television advertisements bombard the country touting the Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Volt, and other electric and hybrid cars. These cars get 50+ miles per gallon of gasoline, and in some cases, such as the Leaf, leave the US government struggling to determine an mpg rating. The hype about “green” materials also continues to grow. But, are the new “green” materials really “green,\" or are good old refractories the kings of \"green\"? What is \"green\"? Before proceeding, it might help to come up with a definition of \"green.\" Green is a color. Green means covered with foliage. Green means immature or not fully developed. Green is used in slang to denote money. Green is used in the refractories and concrete industries to denote cement-bonded materials that have not reached full design strength. Green also refers to a dry, unfired ceramic object. Green can be used as an adjective to describe the uninformed or not ready for use. But a definition of “green” having anything to do with fuel efficiency, cost of manufacture, or overall energy use is not readily available. Maybe it is just a politically and environmentally correct term that some in industry have grabbed onto for marketing reasons to sell something that is green (immature), to make some green (money), at the expense of green (uninformed) consumers. For purposes of this article, it will be assumed to be a political term, and, when used in that context, will be surrounded by quotation marks. Refractories as enablers of civilization Refractories have been around since the transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. If clay pots are considwww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 ered to be refractories, refractories were available in the Stone Age and led to the Bronze Age. It is difficult, if not impossible, to smelt copper without refractories to contain the heat and smelted metal. Schoolchildren learn that the important technological innovations were stone, bronze, and iron, and these three materials define historic periods in the development of mankind. Perhaps history-and schoolchildren-would be better served by a Embodied energy, primary production (BTU/lb) 107 Composites 100000 Metals and alloys 100001000 Composites Metals and alloys Plastics Composites Non-technical ceramics 01 10 Foams Elastomers Glasses Technical ceramics 100 1000 10000 100000 Price (USD/lb) Figure 1. Embodied energy of production versus price for a variety of materials.\' two-stage system of historic periods: Green Age and Fire Age. Before fire, people were hunter gathers. Ancient peoples used stone and wood tools to cut items such as leather and plant fiber. From a political and environmental perspective, society truly was \"green.\" After fire, people began to industrialize. Tools made from fired clay in turn led to bronze, iron, steel, and, eventually, composite tools. During the production of these tools, wood and coal provided the heat needed for pyro processing. Burning wood and coal led to waste heat, carbon dioxide, and other emissions. Refractories were needed to contain the heat and increase productivity. The discovery of electricity met the demand for increased energy to make more efficient tools. Demand for electricity led to coal and nuclear power plants. Power production needed more refractories and better tools. Thus the industrial age was born, along with pollution. Naturally occurring rocks and clays served as refractories for thousands of years. Refractories were first used for ovens in China in about 30,000 BC. The earliest fired clay refractories appeared much later, around 4,000 BC. These materials met man\'s needs until the 19th century, when the advent of the industrial revolution occurred. This technological transition created a need for improved refractories to meet the demands of growing industries, especially the steel industry. As a response to this need, high-purity silica brick and magnesite brick were introduced in the mid-1800s, and carbon and carbon-bonded brick were introduced in the late-1800s. In 1898, The American Ceramic Society was founded in part to meet the demands of industry for improved refractories. Further developments included the introduction of synthetic raw materials in the late-1800s and dolomite brick in the early-1900s, although their use was limited until the mid-1900s. Synthetic raw materials have since enabled the production of improved refractories, but at a higher cost than refractories produced from mineral raw materials. Today, refractories are produced from mineral, synthetic, and combinations of mineral and synthetic raw materials, but, as shown in Figure 1, none approach technical refractories in embodied energy or price. Simply put, embodied energy is the sum of all the energy required to produce any good, considered as if that energy was incorporated or embodied in the product itself. Concerns for the environment have led society to want more efficient cars, power, and manufacturing. This desire has led to advanced ceramics, advanced steels, more use of plastics, and better batteries, all of which have a very high American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org energy cost in manufacturing. A look at Figure 1 provides insight into the dilemma of higher-efficiency, green materials. The lower left side of the chart shows materials that require the least amount of energy to produce and have the lowest final cost. The lowest-energy-cost materials on the chart are nontechnical ceramics. Refractories are a subsection of nontechnical ceramics. The only cheaper and less-energy-intensive material to produce is clay, the primary feedstock for most refractory production. Clay is perhaps the least-expensive material to produce, because it needs only to be mined to have a usable product. However, most clays are mined, beneficiated, blended, and sized before being transformed into a useful product. Hybrid and electric cars operate more efficiently than conventional gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles. But, these more efficient vehicles require advanced materials to meet the light weight and power required for high efficiency. The advanced materials used in \"green\" manufacturing are located from the center to upper right side of Figure 1. Currently, the embodied energy to produce a high-efficiency vehicle is greater than the energy savings over the life of the vehicle. Thus, these vehicles are green in the sense of not being mature technology, although they and other \"green\" technologies are a good start 29 Toward a \"greener\" future with advanced refractories Figure 2. General Mining, beneficiation, calcining, and sieving Process to form synthetic materials Add water and wet additives Castables and gunning mixes Blend dry ingredients and additives Slop cast, extrude, or press Machining Burn or fire production processes for refractory ceramics Ramming mixes, mortars Shapes Plastics Unburned shapes (brick) toward a more efficient, less polluting long-term solution. How refractories are \"green\"? Refractories line furnaces, kilns, smelters, chemical reactor vessels, and gasifiers. By definition they are resistant to heat, chemical, and mechanical attack. Refractories meet the needs of many industries with various classes and grades of materials produced to meet each industry\'s demand. Important properties of refractories include • Heat resistance; • Chemical inertness; • Resistance to mechanical and thermal stress and strain (especially thermal shock); • Resistance to corrosion and erosion by solids, entrained particulates, liquids, and gases; • Resistance to impact; • Permeability; and • Many other properties whose importance varies according to the use of the refractory. Refractory materials, and the processes used to produce them, are classified according to forming technique and chemistry. General production follows the steps shown in Figure 2. Those materials that do not pass quality checks at any point in the process are crushed and sieved to form synthetic raw materials. Each step in the process requires additional embodied energy and, in turn, adds to the price. 30 Bond type also impacts embodied energy and price. Cement and other chemically bonded materials have a higher embodied energy and cost than clay-bonded materials, because cement, a synthetic material, costs more and requires more energy to produce than clay, a mined and beneficiated material. More synthetic materials lead to higher embodied energy and cost. Price and embodied energy of refractories depend on the price and embodied energy of their ingredients combined with the forming technique used to produce them. Substantial changes in refractories technology during the past 25 years have impacted a number of industries. For example, using fibrous and high-strength porous insulation in heat-treating furnaces leads directly to reduced heat loss and, thus, energy savings. Slag splashing and resin-bonded MgO-C-metal linings in basic oxygen furnaces in the steel industry greatly extend the number of heats between relinings, resulting in energy savings through reduced downtime and fewer refractories used. The same is true for silicon carbide-based refractories in steel blast furnaces. In the glass industry, the advent of oxy-fuel melting led to renewed interest in alternative refractory materials, which, in turn, allowed processing at higher temperatures. The higher corrosion resistance in high-alkali and water-rich environments of these alternative refractories has resulted in energy savings through increased production for the same energy input. The development of many refractory ceramic compositions, which have received limited evaluation and have not reached maturity or production status, such as microporous refractory aggregate, can lead to energy savings through decreased heat loss and decreased material use. All of these improvements can be accomplished through advances in refractory materials, yet additional improvements remain possible that could lead to substantial energy savings in various industries, making them more “green.\" An even \"greener\" future Many industries use refractory materials as insulation or containment vessel linings in high-temperature and corrosive environments. They must perform these tasks at elevated temperatures and may need to bear mechanical and thermal loads. It would be difficult to identify an industrial process that does not use refractory materials in one aspect or another. Figure 3 shows the ranges of use temperatures for numerous industrial applications of refractories. Insulating refractories increase efficiency through reduced heat loss. Insulating refractories include fiber, fiber mat, paper, insulating fire brick, castables, and gunning mixes-wet (shotcrete) and dry. Insulating refractories range in density from 0.1 g/cm³ to just less than 2 g/cm³. Thermal conductivity trends with density—i.e., lower densities in general lead to lower thermal conductivity, ranging from 0.5 W/(m K) to 0.8 W/(m·K), respectively. Using lower-density refractories with improved insulating properties leads to energy savings by reducing the amount of heat lost through a vessel\'s walls and roof. Insulating refractories are generally more thermal-shock resistant and easier to dry out than dense refractories. This allows much faster initial heating, saving energy that would be wasted by slowly heating an installation. There are drawbacks to insulating refractories. They often have lower www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 resistance to corrosion, erosion, and penetration than dense refractories. As density decreases, porosity must increase. As porosity increases, metal can penetrate more easily into the open porosity in metal containment furnaces. Metal generally conducts heat much better than oxide refractories. Metal penetrating the insulating refractories dramatically increases thermal conductivity. If molten metal penetrates to the point that it reaches the furnace shell, a leak is sure to occur. This problem makes it critical that an experienced engineer check furnace design and heat flux before adding more insulating refractories in metal containment applications. The engineer will design the lining such that molten metal always freezes in dense refractories rather than insulating refractories, thus providing a safety factor even at the end of the lining\'s service life. Microporous refractories such as SLA-92 and Bonite LD from Almatis can be used to produce insulating refractories with the corrosion, erosion, and penetration resistance of dense refractories. Manufacturers in Europe and Japan, where energy cost is much higher than in the US, use these materials widely. Working with industrial partners, the US Department of Energy has developed refractories based on microporous aggregates that can serve as the hot face material for molten iron or aluminum and last longer than current dense refractories. These microporous refractories have a density of less than 1.6 g/cm³, as opposed to densities greater than 2 g/cm³ for conventional metal contact refractories. The drop in thermal conductivity is greater than expected based only on the decrease in density. A 1.6 g/cm³ microporous refractory has a thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/(m·K). A conventional insulating refractory at that density would have thermal conductivity of 1.0 W/(m·K) and would not be able to withstand metal contact. The lightest available conventional medium-weight 2.1 g/cm³ metal contact castable has a thermal conductivity of approximately 1.5 W/(m·K), all at 600°C. Baking of carbon Phospates decompose Portland cement Sintering of carbides Sintering of oxides Smelting of oxides Sulfates decompose Carbonate calcining Al and Mg Heat-treating and annealing Salt glazing of ceramics Sulfide ore roasting Metal carbide and nitride Glass melting and forming Carbon combustion Steam boilers Hydroxide calcining Petrochemical operations Industrial drying Fusion process Refractory metal Graphite and SiC 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Temperature (°C) 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Figure 3. Temperature ranges of industrial processes. Just looking at the change in thermal conductivity, microporous refractory technology achieves a decrease in heat loss (energy) of approximately three times. Only two-thirds as much material needs to be installed on a mass basis to fill the same volume. Engineers can design a thinner lining with the same distance from the metal freeze plane to the cold face if they take into account increased insulating capacity. The thinner metal contact lining leads to increased capacity, and it can reduce the amount of microporous refractory to one-half the mass of a conventional metal contact refractory. This would mean that a microporous refractory that costs twice as much as a conventional material is actually a money-saving solution, without considering energy savings. The cost of microporous refractories is two to four times that of traditional insulating and dense refractories, limiting their present use in the Americas, but can achieve a positive cost benefit analysis. As the cost of energy increases, expect more widespread use of microporous materials, a \"green\" material. To summarize, refractory materials are required to produce almost everything required by modern society, thus making them an enabling technology for most other industrial processes. Happily, refractories also are among the \"greenest\" of industrial materials—they American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org can improve energy efficiency and, thus, decrease emissions in many industrial applications. Author\'s Note This article is based with permission on a presentation by Kent Peaslee, F. Kenneth Iverson Steelmaking Chair at the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Rolla) and former president of the Association for Iron & Steel Technology. Unfortunately, Kent will not be able to read this article. Kent Peaslee died May 17, 2013. I dedicate this paper to him. In my opinion, he was one of the most knowledgeable and respected experts on steel refractory interactions in the world. I also would like to thank James Hemrick of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and William Davis of Alsey Refractories for help with the figures. Much of the information in this paper comes from regular communication with these knowledgeable friends. And finally, thank you to Missouri Refractories for supporting my efforts. Contact William Headrick at bill@ refractories.net. Reference ¹K. Peaslee, \"Steel: A key to a greener and sustainable future,\" AIST Midwest Chapter Meeting, March 12, 2013. 31 (Credit: MS&T.) Figure 1. Cathodoluminescence image of mullite refractory. The material is used in borosilicate-glass furnace crowns, superstructures, and sidewalls, as well as for replacing traditional silica refractories in oxy-fuel furnace environments. 200 μm F or many years, the United States Department of Energy supported refractory-related research to enable greater efficiency in energy-intensive industries, such Improved as iron and steel, glass, aluminum and other refractories = energy savings 32 By James G. Hemrick Chronicling some of DOE\'s long history of support for refractories research and a look at the future nonferrous metal production, petrochemical, and pulp and paper. Much of this support came through research projects funded by the former DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Office of Industrial Technologies under programs such as Advanced Industrial Materials, Industrial Materials of the Future, and the Industrial Technologies Program. Under such initiatives, work took place at national laboratories (such as Oak Ridge National Laboratory), at universities (such as West Virginia University and the Missouri University of Science and Technology), and at private companies engaged in manufacturing areas once labeled \"industries of the future\" by DOE because of their strategic and economic importance to American industry. This article summarizes examples of such projects. This is a sampling of efforts funded only by the DOE in which ORNL has been involved since 1996. The department also funded efforts during this time at various other national laboratories, universities, and private companies. I chose the projects here because I was an active participant in them, and this article is meant to give a sampling of the magnitude of DOE investments in refractory-related research over this time. The search for dimensional stability \"Compressive creep performance and high-temperature dimensional stability of conventional silica refractories\"¹ was funded in 1996 under the DOE AIM Program to investigate the long-term mechanical performance and corrosion resistance of commercially available conventional silica refractories like those found in traditional float-glass furnace superstructures. Work at ORNL and MS&T examined compressive creep resistance at temperatures ranging from 1550°C to 1650°C and stresses between 0.2 and 0.6 MPa, and studied dimensional stability, phase content, microstructure, and composition as a function of temperature. www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 -0.5 Credit: ORNL.) The result was a methodology for characterizing the mechanical and corrosion performance of refractory materials for use in high-temperature industrial processes and installation of infrastructure to conduct such analysis. The work also identified the complex nature of the mechanical deformation of these materials: Concurrently active mechanisms other than those responsible for compressive creep deformation resulted in larger or completely different dimensional changes than those expected (i.e., sample expansion as opposed to contraction). Another outcome of this project was formation of a Glass Industry Advisory Committee composed of representatives from academia and industrial glass and refractory companies. This group guided subsequent refractory-related projects undertaken at ORNL and facilitated distribution of information generated under these projects to industry. \"Compressive creep and thermophysical performance of mullite refractories\" followed the study of conventional silica refractories starting in 1998 at ORNL and MS&T. As with the previous project, this research examined dimensional stability, phase content, microstructure (Figure 1), and composition as a function of temperature. This project showed the differences in compressive creep behavior of the various refractory materials tested, classifying behavior in three categories (low, mild, and significant) with identification of associated creep rates, rate-controlling mechanisms, and activation energies for each material. The contribution of matrix porosity and composition to creep behavior also was identified, with the key finding that glassy phases in these materials have a significant effect on their overall creep behavior. \"Compressive creep and thermophysical performance of fusion-cast alumina and spinel refractories\"¹ was funded at ORNL and MS&T in 1999 by the DOE IMF and ITP Programs. The work examined the compressive creep and corrosion behavior of commercially available fusion-cast alumina and spinel refractories used in oxy-fuel-fired furnace crowns, superstructures, and sidewall applications at temperatures ranging from 1450°C to 1650°C and stresses from 0.6 to 1.0 MPa. Other properties tested included Accumulated strain (%) -1.5 -Bulk (3.0 MPa) -Longitudinal columnar (3.0 MPa) Transverse columnar (3.0 MPa) Bulk (8.5 MPa) -2.5 50 100 150 Time (h) 200 250 300 dimensional stabil- Figure 2. Characteristic creep curves for fusion-cast spinel refractoity, phase content, ries. Even at stress of 8.5 MPa, the materials had negligible creep microstructure, and rates at temperatures to 1650°C. composition as a function of temperature. Results from this project showed differences in behavior of the microstructures of fusion-cast refractories because of their processing (i.e., columnar structure at the block surface caused by rapid cooling and equiaxed structure found in the more slowly cooled block center). The work also identified unrecoverable expansion effects because of thermal expansion hysteresis associated with microstresses and microcracking, which resulted in growth as opposed to contraction of samples under creep testing and the definition of nontraditional creep behavior in fusion-cast alumina materials. Other outcomes were development of optimized procedures for creep testing and characterization (e.g., thermal conductivity) and comparison of various test and sensor strategies.²,³ As shown in Figure 2, we found that, even at elevated stresses of 8.5 MPa, fusion-cast spinel materials had negligible creep rates at temperatures to 1650°C performance far superior to conventional silica brick under normal furnace conditions. Corrosion resistance also was superior to conventional silica refractories under simulated oxyfuel combustion environments. Industry-specific research \"Improved materials for black liquor gasification\" started in 2001 with work at ORNL, MS&T, and industrial paper companies Weyerhaeuser and Georgia Pacific that aimed to identify and develop improved materials for use in black liquor gasification systems. The research supported new technology being developed and implemented American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org in the pulp and paper industry for high-temperature and low-temperature gasification processes using a byproduct of paper production, and investigated primary and secondary lining systems for these processes. We evaluated numerous refractory compositions for high-temperature gasification lining materials and selected optimized materials. This resulted in development of a new immersion test system and protocol, which was found to be highly accurate for predicting behavior of refractory lining materials in actual service. We also identified and developed in collaboration with industrial partners new materials with improved lifetimes in this environment. As a result, the service life of primary and secondary lining systems used in commercial high-temperature gasifiers was extended from several months to several years. The work produced a patented primary lining system, and a second patent is pending for the secondary lining system. For low-temperature gasification applications, work concentrated on evaluation of current refractory materials and recommendation of alternative materials. Candidate alternatives were identified based on chemical composition, temperature rating, and microstructure. After initial laboratory testing, we installed the most promising materials in commercial units for evaluation during subsequent process shut downs. Through this process, we identified alternative materials with improved service life. DOE funded a report in 2004 entitled \"Report on refractory opportunities 33 Improved refractories = energy savings 11-9: Prefired 2012°F Lime mud: 2550°F developed and applied to industrial galvanizing rolls, and new alloys and dross-cleaning procedures for Galvalume coating processes resulted in 1.5 times better dross removal than then-current practices. Several patents resulted from this project, and a new software model developed at WVU used energy cost, equipment energy consumption, materials life, and production/rejection information to predict potential energy and cost savings resulting from use of new materials. A new method for measuring corrosion behavior of metal bath hardware also was developed. 20 mm Figure 3. Example of cup test for sample from Novel Refractory Project in contact with lime mud. The work aimed to develop new spinel-structured or alumina-based castable, gunnable, and shotcrete materials. in industrial processing\" highlighting the extensive use of refractory materials in high-temperature industrial processes. The report identified two aspects of refractory materials that qualified them as strategic materials in support of American industry: their ability to contain heat, chemicals, and melts; and the crosscutting nature of their applications. The report estimated that refractory improvements could lead to potential energy savings of more than 400 trillion Btu/year and identified possible crosscutting research pathways leading to improved energy efficiency. Also in 2004, DOE IMF and ITP awarded another project, \"Multifunctional metallic and refractory materials for efficient energy handling of molten metals,\" to a team composed of WVU, ORNL, MS&T, Energy Industries of Ohio, and Secat Inc., with support from more than 25 industrial partners from the refractory, galvanizing, steel, aluminum, and metal support technologies industries. This project resulted in many advances in metallic and refractory technology for molten-metal-handling applications and several new protocols for corrosion testing. On the metal side, new families of materials with more than five times the resistance to degradation in hot-dip galvanizing bath conditions were developed and validated in industrial settings, a new weld overlay material and process were 34 The team developed two new refractory compositions for use in molten aluminum processing. A bonite material developed with industrial partner Morco (Pevely, Mo.) led to improved corrosion resistance in the molten aluminum environment and also was applicable in other high-alkali environments. The other material was an alumina/silicon carbide composite material developed with one of the project industrial partners. This material showed superior wear resistance and good corrosion resistance, and was used in subsequent projects. Project scientists successfully tested both materials in industrial environments and developed a new thermal conductivity measurement technique for full-sized refractory brick. The search for new materials \"Novel refractory project,\" funded by DOE ITP in 2006, involved research by a team composed of ORNL, MS&T, and industrial refractory producer Minteq International (Easton, Pa.) to develop novel MgO–Al2O3, MgA₁₂O4, or similar spinel-structured or aluminabased refractory castable, gunnable, and shotcrete materials that used new aggregates, bond systems, coatings, and phase formation techniques. This family of refractory compositions would then be tailored for use in hightemperature, high-alkaline industrial environments like those found in the aluminum, chemical, forest products, glass, and steel industries (Figure 3). The project led to development of seven new shotcrete materials based on aluminosilicate-, magnesia-, and spinelforming systems for primary and repair applications in molten aluminum, black liquor, coal gasification, and lime kiln environments. One of the materials was an insulating shotcrete for use behind the high-conductivity spinel linings developed under this project. Fundamental research work at MS&T provided support for the materials developed. Industrial trials of the insulating shotcrete and the material for aluminum rotary furnaces validated their commercial potential, and Minteq commercially released the magnesiarich spinel formulation for use in black liquor and lime kiln/cement applications. More than 160 tons of refractory for use in aluminum furnaces and 60 tons of the lightweight backup refractory material were installed in commercial furnaces. In all cases the materials exceeded customer expectations. \"Nanoscale interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) for industrial and vehicle applications\" was funded at ORNL under the DOE ITP program in 2008 to explore the technical and economic feasibility of producing components for testing and use as high-wear, corrosion-resistant refractory shapes for industrial applications, lightweight vehicle braking system components, or lower-cost, higher-performance military body and vehicle armor. Such materials had been demonstrated at the lab scale but had been limited in size. The aim was to scale up the laboratory production processes by scaling traditional processes and using an alternative hightemperature process. The project focused on traditional low-temperature processes for producing IPC materials and identified ways to improve infiltration and wetting of metal into nanoporous ceramic substrates to decrease porosity and increase performance. This work pursued prowww.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 cessing of room-temperature electroless infiltration, preparing nanofoams for low-temperature electrochemical infiltration, and producing low-temperature routes for cocontinuous interpenetrating ceramic-metal nanocomposites. In collaboration with industrial partner Fireline (Youngstown, Ohio), the second part of the project focused on a high-temperature process for IPC production and investigated reduction of materials produced by this process from the microscale to the nanoscale. Metallic additions (Al-Si, Al-Fe, Al-Ti, and Al-Mg) were investigated with changes in preform choice (fused quartz, Vycor glass, and clay) and alteration of processing conditions. The work showed that improved nanoscale IPC materials can be produced using optimized low-temperature metal infiltration methods and wetting techniques as well as the alternative hightemperature process with select metallic additions to produce intermetallic compound (IMC) or solid-solution phases. It also demonstrated the feasibility of size scaling of materials produced by the improved low-temperature methods and the use of alternative preform materials for the high-temperature process. The future of DOE manufacturing-related research From 1996 to 2011, DOE invested roughly $10 million in the projects already described. But a transition has occurred in the DOE oversight, and funding of research related to heavy manufacturing in the US has resulted in a change in the funding opportunities offered and limited the availability of federal funds for research, specifically on refractory materials. The last DOE solicitation that addressed refractories was 2011\'s Innovative Manufacturing Initiative, which sought \"Thermal and degradation resistant materials” that would last longer and operate in higher temperatures than traditional materials with a goal of a 10-fold increase in lifetime. Under this funding opportunity, 13 projects were awarded in 2012, and five additional projects were selected for award negotiation in 2013. Unfortunately, none of the projects funded was directly related to the topic of refractories. Currently active and recently closed DOE solicitations as found on www. grants.gov show a shift away from supporting the development of traditional manufacturing technologies to more emphasis on renewable or alternative energy research and nontraditional manufacturing methods. Of the 72 opportunities listed, there are two requests for information (RFI) related to wind technologies, 11 funding solicitations related to solar technologies, three opportunities each related to energy storage and carbon dioxide mitigation, seven solicitations related to nuclear technologies, and 10 solicitations related to advanced or alternative fuels. Two funding opportunities deal with metal production for lightweighting of automobiles, and none have specific ceramic- or refractory-related topics. One solicitation that appears to be of interest to more traditional industries aims to establish a Clean Energy Manufacturing Innovation Institute to support US prosperity and security and contribute to the creation of the National Network for Manufacturing Innovation. The primary goals of the Institute are to revitalize American manufacturing and support domestic manufacturing competitiveness by driving innovation, and to develop and accelerate adoption of next-generation manufacturing technologies with increased energy productivity; improved product quality; and reduced cost, waste, or pollution. Yet, in the final description of the institute established through this FOA, it is stated that it will be focused on wide-bandgap semiconductors for power electronic devices. There also are solicitations (such as DE-FOA0-0000784) related to advanced gasification technologies and the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA-E) open funding call (DE-FOA-0000670) that have issues that may be addressed through the use of improved refractory or ceramic materials but that do not specifically have topics aimed at these areas of research. Under the advanced gasification call, advanced technologies are sought that will require American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org materials advances, although the process is of more interest in this call as opposed to materials enabling the improvement of the process. For many years DOE provided much support for refractory-related research in support of energy-intensive manufacturing industries, but there remains a great need for research on innovative ways to improve thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance, and strength, and to incorporate new approaches, such as integrated computational materials engineering, into refractory design. But, at least for the time being, it appears that projects focused on improving the energy efficiency and cost competiveness of traditional heavy manufacturing are of lower priority for current federal funding opportunities. About the author James G. Hemrick is a research staff member in the Mechanical Properties and Mechanics Group, Material Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. Contact James Hemrick at hemrickjg@ornl.gov. References \'M.K. Ferber, A.A. Wereszczak, and J.G. Hemrick, \"Compressive creep and thermophysical performance of refractory materials,\" ORNL Rept. No. TM-2005/134, 2006. J.G Hemrick and A.A Weresczcak, \"Creep measurement and analysis of refractories\"; in Fundamentals of refractory technology, Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 125. Edited by J.P. Bennett and J.D. Smith. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2001. J.G Hemrick, C.W. Kistler, A.A Wereszczak, and M.K. Ferber, \"Thermal conductivity of alumina measured with three techniques,\" J. Test. Eval., 31 [4] 438–42 (2003). 4J.R. Keiser, J.G. Hemrick, J.P. Gorog, and R. Leary, \"Improved materials for high-temperature black liquor gasification,\" ORNL Rept. No. TM-2006/71, 2006. 5J.G. Hemrick, H.W. Hayden, P. Angelini, R. E. Moore, and W.L. Headrick, \"Refractories for industrial processing: Opportunities for improved energy efficiency,\" Prepared for the DOE-EERE Industrial Technologies Program, 2005. ‘X. Liu, B. Kang, B. Gopalakrishnan, J. Hemrick, V. Sikka, and C. Irwin, \"Multifunctional metallic and refractory materials for energy efficient handling of molten metals,\" DOE Project Final Rept. No. DE-FC36-04GO13038, 2009. J.G Hemrick, R.B. Dinwiddie, E.R. Loveland, and A. Prigmore, \"Development of a test technique to determine the thermal diffusivity of large refractory ceramic test specimens,\" Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol., 9 [1] 108-14 (2012). 8J.G. Hemrick, J.D. Smith, K. O\'Hara, A. Rodrigues-Schroer, and D. Colavito, \"Novel refractory materials for highalkali, high-temperature environments,\" ORNL Rept. No. TM-2012/245, 2012. \'J.G Hemrick, M. Hu, K.M. Peters, and B. Hetzel, “Nanoscale interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) for industrial and vehicle applications,\" ORNL Rept. No. TM-2010/80, 2010. 35 36 mmm GEMM McGill ALMATIS alteo ANN ALCOA Leoben Autriche Montreal, Canada ENSCL Limoges, France calders Elkem 生 polytechnique Polytech Orians, France 《天》 RWTH Aachen University, Allemagne Kerneos Silicon Materials IMERYS gengsheng Magnesita S.A. Pyrotek MISSOURI S&T RHI Rio Tinto Alcan SAINT-GOBAIN Missouri Science & Technology Rulla Etats-Uni Wuhan University of Science and Technology Chine Tenaris vallourec Nagoya Institute of Technology lapon Figure 1. Logos of FIRE\'s academic institutions (left) and industrial partners (right). FIRE: A hot idea for international refractory education and research By Michel Rigaud An international network of universities and industry partners crafts an innovative approach to graduate refractory engineering education while leveraging research funds. T TATA TATA STEEL Federation he Federation for International Refractories Research and Education FIRE-incorporated as a nonprofit organization in May 2005¹². Organized as an outsourcing network of academic and industrial partners, its mission is to train highly qualified engineers for the refractory industry. Initially comprising four academic institutions in Austria, Brazil, France, and the United States and three refractories companies RHI, Magnesita, and Pyrotek-the Federation has grown into a collaboration of 10 academic groups from eight countries, which now include Germany, Japan, China and Canada (the last to join), supported by 17 industrial companies from 11 countries (Figure 1). Today, FIRE is a multinational group representing the refractory world constituency and working in a common language: English. Hot spots-International education and research To promote the education system in refractory materials engineering education at the MS and PhD levels, FIRE offers graduate students the opportunity to acquire an international perspective through international study programs and student exchanges. To meet the cultural, educational, and research needs of the refractory industry, FIRE has established education programs based on research programs under the direction and approval of its board members³. Research programs center on selected themes and last three to four years. Plans for 2012-2015 will be described in detail at the upcoming United Technical Conference on Refractories (UNITECR 2013) in Victoria, www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 Figure 2. The first FIRE school took place in Orléans, France, June 16-21, with 64 registrants from 11 countries. British Columbia, Canada, September 10th-13th, 2013.4 To meet its education mission goals, FIRE recently undertook two recent initiatives—organization of FIRE schools and launching of the FIRE Compendium Books series. The FIRE school format is similar to a Gordon Conference. Students, alumni, and research associates from academia and industry gather for one week to develop a common understanding through lectures by FIRE professors. Professors review fundamental principles and define key challenges that need to be addressed by a younger generation of researchers. For example, during the recent inaugural weeklong \"school,\" discussions centered on fracture mechanics; design of thermal shock resistance materials; multiscale composite approaches to effective mechanical properties, from grains to material level; modeling and design of refractory lining masonries; refractory corrosion and the relationship between phase transformations and thermomechanical behavior; and, finally, use of Fact Sage thermodynamic calculations to understand chemical corrosion of refractories. It was full week of discussion, believe me! The second education initiative that eventually will be tied to the FIRE schools and courses (to be offered at UNITECR meetings) is a series of books presenting fundamental concepts, which are essential to a comprehensive knowledge of refractory engineering. The first book on refractory castables will be published in late 2014. Its coauthors are FIRE faculty member Victor Pandolfelli (professor at Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil), and two FIRE PhD alumnae, Mariana Braulio and Ana Paula Luz. The book will present the basic principles needed to obtain the desired characteristics of castable materials with a strong emphasis on structures (micro-macro-texture) and their influence on service properties. The content will be conceptual rather than descriptive, covering the traditional families of castables as well as basic (MgO) and carbon-containing castables. Catching FIRE-Joining the network Students wishing to obtain a degree in refractory engineering must enroll first at one of the FIRE network institutions at the MS or PhD level³ and qualify to become a FIRE student. Students obtain a FIRE fellowship to travel abroad to Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, or the United States, where they complete a six-month internship at another university. When they fulfill all the requirements dictated by their home institution, FIRE issues a certificate testifying that the student has studied in at least two different countries and been \"coached\" by two interacting groups of researchers in the FIRE network. Since 2007, 40 students have graduated from the program. Industrial members wishing to join the FIRE network are asked to support FIRE\'s mission with entrance fees of $15,000 per year for three years. After joining, they can participate in technical research themes, which may include providing extra funding according to the needs of the research efforts. Industrial partners have benefited from FIRE\'s ability to leverage $40 worth of research for each $1 invested, per year, in the last three years. The initiative taken by FIRE members to train refractory engineers with international experience has been accepted well so far. Globalization, a large factor in the refractory industry evolution in the last 25 years, has now reached the academic institutions. FIRE\'s refractory engineering educators lead the way to adopting a new paradigm for graduate education, which is in the best interest of the students involved and the industrial partners that support them and, later, hire them. About the author Michel Rigaud is professor at Université de Montréal, Ecole Polytechnique, Montréal, Canada, and executive secretary of FIRE. Contact Michel Rigaud at michel.rigaud@polymtl.ca. References ¹S. Pirker, C. McFarlane and M. Rigaud: \"FIRE: Federation for International Refractories Research and Education.\" RHI Bulletin, Vol. 1, pp 43-45, 2006. 2M. Rigaud, \"An International Education for Refractories Engineers: The FIRE\'s Experience\", Proceedings, 5th International Symposium on Advanced in Refractories V, The Michel Rigaud Symposium, COM 2010, Vancouver, BC, Canada, Ed. By G. Oprea and L.G. Hemrick, 3-8. pp http://www.fire.polymtl.ca/FIRE 4M. Rigaud: \"Graduate Programs in Refractory Engineering: What is duly needed?\" Proceedings, UNITECR 2013, Victoria, B.C., Canada, September 10th13th, 2013, to be published. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 37 (Credit: Rigaud; FIRE.) 13th Biennial Worldwide Congress on Refractories Unitecr 2013 The Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories 2013 UNITECR Organization Louis J. Trostel Jr., President Rob Crolius, Treasurer Jeffrey Smith, N.A. UEB Chair Dana Goski, Technical Program Chair Nancy Bunt, Social Program Chair Mike Alexander, N.A. UEB Member Th he Unified International Technical Conference on Refractories is a biennial international conference that advances the progress and exchange of industrial knowledge and technologies concerning refractories. UNITECR\'13 is designed for manufacturers, scientists, engineers, and industry professionals interested in the science, production, and application of refractory materials. Attendees are involved in materials development, formulation, production, and engineering of refractories for ferrous and nonferrous metals industries as well as the minerals-processing, glass, cement, and petrochemical industries. Welcome reception Register now! www.unitecr2013.org Scan for UNITECR\'13 app UNITECR welcome receptions are events to be remembered. With hundreds of artifacts, specimens, and dramatic displays of British Columbia\'s natural and human history, the Royal BC Museum is sure to capture your attention. Add in food, beverages, and your fellow UNITECR attendees, and you have the making of a truly memorable event. Museum docents will be on hand to share their knowledge and answer questions. Totem Hall is the central exhibit in the First Peoples gallery, and the perimeter of the hall is surrounded by examples of masks, regalia, and modern works. The display unites old and new works, which is appropriate in an exhibit that emphasizes the continuing artistic traditions of the Northwest Coast First Nations. The reception includes food and beverage stations highlighting local cuisine. Thank you to Kerneos for sponsoring this event. Keynote Speaker Remco De Jong Vice president and general manager, Refractory Minerals Division, IMERYS Title: Minerals to materials: The changing face of the global refractory industry 38 De Jong Plenary Speakers Tom Vert General manager of primary manufacturing, ArcelorMittal Dofasco Title: How do steelmakers pick refractories-Logic, emotion, or dartboard? Vert Semler Charles E. Semler President/consultant, Semler Materials Services Title: Trends for the world\'s most important, but least known, products www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 SEPT. 10-13, 2013 Sponsors ALMATIS kerneos PREMIUM ALUMINA IMERYS TRANSFORM TO PERFORM ALUMINATE TECHNOLOGIES ▶CALUCEM C-E Minerals CHRISTY MINERALS Conference dinner The UNITECR’13 conference dinner is your opportunity to celebrate the refractory industry in the company of nearly 800 of your closest UNITECR friends. The 2013 conference dinner is hosted in the iconic Crystal Gardens, which was Victoria\'s first convention center. The facility also has been an arboretum, restaurant, art gallery, and swimming pool. This unique structure is the ideal setting for a lively evening of good food, good drink, good friends, and live jazz music. A highlight will be the induction of the 2013 class of UNITECR Distinguished Life Members, in addition to other award presentations. Thank you to The Refractories Institute (TRI) for sponsoring the conference dinner. RefractoryCeramicsDivision The American Ceramic Society TRI THE REFRACTORIES INSTITUTE KROSAKI HARIMA KROSAKI HARIMA CORPORATION NARCO Harbison ANH Refractories AP Green ALUCHEM inc. Refined Minerals and Chemicals VIRGINIA K KYANITE Closing ceremony *j[PN* Friday\'s lunch and closing ceremony take place in the Palm Court/ Crystal Ballroom from 1:00 to 2:00 p.m. UNITECR organizers will be raffling off prizes, but you must be present to win. UNITECR exhibit More than 30 companies will showcase their products and services in the UNITECR exhibit, which is open from 9:30 am to 6:00 pm on Wednesday, Sept. 11, and from 9:30 am to 5:00 pm on Thursday, Sept. 12. Conference breaks and lunches will be held in the exhibit hall on both days. Poster session UNITECR\'13 introduces its inaugural poster session, hosted Wednesday, Sept. 11, from 5:30 to 7 p.m. in the Palm Court Ballroom. This session will feature 32 presentations. Meet with authors to discuss their research over light refreshments. Please attend and cast your vote for Attendee\'s Choice Best Poster winner. Thank you to The Technical Association of Refractories, Japan (TARJ), for sponsoring the poster session. Short courses Sponsored by ANH Refractories Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013 8:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. Early-Bird Rate: $595 | Regular Rate: $745 Dispersion and Packing of Ceramics Particles for Advanced Refractory Castables Instructors: Ana Paula Luz, Mariana A. Braulio, and Victor C. Pandolfelli, Federal University of São Carlos, Brazil fire Fundamentals on Corrosion Behavior of Refractories Instructors: Christos Aneziris, Technical University Freiberg, Germany, and Jacques Poirier, University of Orléans, France American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org ARL 39 Unitecr 2013 Technical Sessions Sessions Opening Ceremony and Keynote Speaker Plenary Session I Plenary Session II Date Time Location Poster Session Wednesday, September 11 Thursday, September 12 Friday, September 13 Wednesday, September 11 8:40 10:00 a.m. Lecture Theatre 8:00 9:00 a.m. Lecture Theatre 8:00 9:00 a.m. 5:30-7:00 p.m. Lecture Theatre Palm Court (Hotel) Advanced Installation Techniques and Equipment Advanced Installation Techniques and Equipment Wednesday, September 11 10:40 a.m. 12:20 p.m. Sidney Cochairs: Jim Stendera, Vesuvius, USA; Hirohide Okuno, Taiko Refractories, Japan Advanced Testing of Refractories Advanced Testing of Refractories I Advanced Testing of Refractories II Advanced Testing of Refractories III Advanced Testing of Refractories IV Advanced Testing of Refractories V Wednesday, September 11 Wednesday, September 11 Wednesday, September 11 Thursday, September 12 Thursday, September 12 10:40 a.m.-12:20 p.m. Oak Bay 1:40 - 4:20 p.m. 4:20 5:40 p.m. 9:20 11:20 a.m. 11:20 a.m. 12:40 p.m. Oak Bay Oak Bay Oak Bay Oak Bay Cochairs: Len Krietz, Plibrico Company LLC, USA; Nigel Longshaw, Ceram, UK Cement and Lime Refractories Cement and Lime Refractories I Thursday, September 12 Cement and Lime Refractories II Thursday, September 12 9:20 11:20 a.m. 2:20-4:40 p.m. Esquimalt Esquimalt Cochairs: Fielding Cloer, Spar Refractories, USA; Swapan Das, Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, India Developments in Basic Refractories Developments in Basic Refractories I Wednesday, September 11 10:40 a.m. 12:20 p.m. Esquimalt Developments in Basic Refractories II Wednesday, September 11 Developments in Basic Refractories III Wednesday, September 11 1:40 - 4:20 p.m. 4:20 5:20 p.m. Esquimalt Esquimalt Cochairs: Dominick Colavito, Minerals Tech, USA; Andrie Garbers-Craig, University of Pretoria, South Africa Energy Savings through Refractory Design Energy Savings through Refractory Design I Energy Savings through Refractory Design II Cochairs: James Hemrick, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA; Valeriy Martynenko, The Ukrainian Research Institute of Refractories, Ukraine Thursday, September 12 Thursday, September 12 11:20 a.m.-1:00 p.m. 2:20 4:40 p.m. Sidney Sidney Global Education in Refractories Global Education in Refractories I Global Education in Refractories II Facilitated Discussion on Global Education in Refractories Friday, September 13 9:20 11:20 a.m. Sidney Friday, September 13 Friday, September 13 11:20 a.m. Noon Sidney Noon 12:40 p.m. Sidney Cochairs: George Oprea, University of British Columbia, Canada; Yawei Li, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China Iron & Steelmaking Refractories Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Coke Ovens Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Continuous Casting Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Submerged Entry Nozzles Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Ladles Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - BOF Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - RH Snorkels Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Spinel Castables Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Magnesia-Carbon | Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Magnesia–Carbon II Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Blast Furnace and Troughs I 40 40 Wednesday, September 11 Wednesday, September 11 Thursday, September 12 10:40 a.m. 10:40 a.m. - 12:20 p.m. Saanich 4:20 - 5:40 p.m. 9:20 Colwood Saanich 11:00 a.m.- 1:00 p.m. 2:00-4:20 p.m. 4:40 5:40 p.m. 9:20 11:20 a.m. 1:40-4:20 p.m. 4:20 - 5:40 p.m. 4:20-6:20 p.m. Saanich Saanich Esquimalt Lecture Theatre Saanich Saanich Saanich Thursday, September 12 Thursday, September 12 Thursday, September 12 Friday, September 13 Wednesday, September 11 Wednesday, September 11 Thursday, September 12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 Technical Sessions Sessions Date Iron and Steelmaking Refractories Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - Blast Furnace and Troughs II Friday, September 13 Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - General Session I Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - General Session II Thursday, September 12 Time 11:20 a.m.- 1:00 p.m. 4:40 - 5:40 p.m. Location Lecture Theatre Lecture Theatre Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - General Session III Iron and Steelmaking Refractories - General Session IV Thursday, September 12 Friday, September 13 Friday, September 13 4:40-5:40 p.m. 9:20-11:20 a.m. 11:20 a.m.- 1:00 p.m. Sidney Colwood Saanich Cochairs: Mike Alexander, Riverside Refractories, USA; Patrick Tassot, Calderys, Germany Modeling and Simulation of Refractories Modeling and Simulation of Refractories I Modeling and Simulation of Refractories II Modeling and Simulation of Refractories III Wednesday, September 11 Thursday, September 12 Thursday, September 12 1:40 - 4:20 p.m. Colwood 2:20-4:20 p.m. 4:20-5:40 p.m. Oak Bay Oak Bay Cochairs: Bill Headrick, MORCO, USA; Harald Harmuth, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria Monolithics Monolithics I Monolithics II Monolithics III Monolithics IV Monolithics V Monolithics VI 10:40 a.m. Noon 1:40 - 4:20 p.m. 4:20-5:40 p.m. 9:20 11:20 a.m. 11:20 a.m. 1:00 p.m. 9:20 11:20 a.m. Lecture Theatre Lecture Theatre Lecture Theatre Lecture Theatre Lecture Theatre Saanich Cochairs: Dale Zacherl, Almatis, USA; Goutam Bhattacharya, Kerneos, India Nonoxide Refractory Systems Thursday, September 12 9:20 11:20 a.m. Colwood Cochairs: Dave Derwin, Superior Graphite, USA; Marcus Vinicius Moraes Magliano, Morgan Advanced Materials, Brazil Petrochemical Thursday, September 12 2:20-4:20 p.m. Colwood Cochairs: Don McIntyre, ANH, USA; Ken Moody, Refractory System Solutions, USA Wednesday, September 11 Wednesday, September 11 Wednesday, September 11 Thursday, September 12 Thursday, September 12 Friday, September 13 Raw Materials Developments and Global Raw Materials Issues Raw Materials Developments and Global Raw Materials Issues | Raw Materials Developments and Global Raw Materials Issues II Raw Materials Developments and Global Raw Materials Issues III Cochairs: Shane Bower, Christy Minerals, USA; Phil Edwards, Imerys, France Thursday, September 12 Thursday, September 12 Friday, September 13 9:20 11:20 a.m. Sidney 11:20 a.m. 12:40 p.m. Esquimalt 9:20 10:40 a.m. Esquimalt Refractories for Chemical Processes Thursday, September 12 2:20-4:40 p.m. Lecture Theatre Cochairs: James Bennett, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA; Matthias Rath, Rath, Austria Refractories for Glass Wednesday, September 11 10:40 a.m. 12:20 p.m. Colwood Co-chairs: James Bennett, National Energy Technology Laboratory, USA; Matthias Rath, Rath, Austria Refractories for Non-ferrous Metallurgy Refractories for Non-ferrous Metallurgy I Refractories for Non-ferrous Metallurgy II Wednesday, September 11 Friday, September 13 4:20-5:40 p.m. 9:20 11:20 a.m. Sidney Oak Bay Cochairs: Rick Volk, United Refractories, USA; Angela Rodrigues-Schroer, Wahl Refractory Solutions, USA Refractories for Waste to Energy Processing and Power Cochairs: Ben Markel, Resco, USA; Andy Wynn, Morgan Advanced Materials, China Wednesday, September 11 1:40 - 4:20 p.m. Sidney Safety, Environmental Issues, and Recycling Solutions for Refractories Cochairs: Jason Canon, Christy Refractories, USA; Leonardo Curimbaba Ferreira, US Electrofused Minerals/Electroabrasives LLC, USA/ Brazil Friday, September 13 11:20 a.m. 1:00 p.m. Oak Bay American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 41 Unitecr 2013 UNITECR 2013 expo preview ALTEO Booth No. 21 Alteo is a fully integrated supplier of specialty aluminas. Production facilities in France and Germany produce a range of products that includes calcined, reactive, tabular, fused, and zirconia aluminas. Supported by a global sales network and an expanding research and development facility, Alteo welcomes you to a New World of Alumina. specialtyaluminas-marketing@alteo-alumina. com www.alteo-alumina.com Floor plan 1 10° SEPT. 10-13, 2013 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 FOOD & BEVERAGE 20\' x 20\' 31 37 30 ܀ ܀ BassTech International Booth No. 17 Bass Tech International supplies performance additives to the refractory, coating, and ceramic industries, including a full line of metal phosphates for high-temperature binders and deflocculants, glass and polymer fibers, sodium silicate powders, silicon metal, low-temperature thermopolymer binders, and green strength enhancers. We offer technical support through offices in the United States, China, Europe, and India. Our customers also benefit from just-in-time deliveries from inventories in North America, Europe, and worldwide. info@basstechintl.com http://www.basstechintl.com Blastcrete Equipment Co. Booth No. 31 ܀ Blastcrete Equipment Co. designs and manufactures refractory mixing and placement equipment. Products include the Blastcrete gun, featuring the genuine Piccola clamping system; and the Dampcon rig for gunnite applications. Our 2200Ib capacity refractory mixer is the fastest in the industry, while the MX-10 mixer/pump placement rate is up to 13 tons per hour. Our new two-stage continuous mixer will be officially introduced at UNITECR 2013. tripp@blastcrete.com http://www.blastcrete.com ENTRANCE 18\'-6\" мен Companies ALTEO b 10\' 14 15 18 10\' 墨 19 BassTech International 22 22 16 17 FOOD & BEVERAGE 00 20 21 23 24 23 20\' x 20\' 25 26 10\' 29 22 28 H 27 Booth Companies Booth 21 Laeis GmbH 13 17 Laser Distance Spectrometry 8 Blastcrete Equipment Co. 31 Orind Special Refractories Ltd. 29 China Mineral Processing Ltd. 3 Putzmeister Shotcrete Technology 18 Claisse, Corporation Scientifique Curimbaba Group: Electro Abrasives 24 Refmin China Co. Ltd. 9 Riedhammer GmbH 12 25 Rütgers Basic Aromatics GmbH 2 26 Shengquan Hepworth Resin Co. Ltd. 25 25 Steuler-KCH GmbH Sub-Floor Science LLC Elkem Fibercon International Inc. WOLNE 16 11 Superior Graphite 10 4 Swindell Dressler International Co. Syrah Resources Ltd. 27 22 VELCO GmbH 15 Verband der Deutschen Feuerfest 14 Industrie 20 Washington Mills Electro Minerals 5 16082319 Curimbaba Group: Elfusa Curimbaba Group: US Electrofused Minerals, Inc. Eirich, Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co KG ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ China Mineral Processing Ltd. Booth No. 3 CMP group has focused on development and utilization of mineral products since it was founded in 1993. Now it has expanded to a large enterprise group with eight mineral-processing plants, containing four large business categories, and producing more than 300,000 metric tons of mineral products annually. lily@cmptj.com | http://www.cmptj.com Claisse, Corporation Scientifique Booth No. 24 Providing sample preparation by fusion for X-ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma, and atomic absorption spectrometry, Clarisse offers gas and electric multiposition automatic fusion instruments, fused borate fluxes with integrated non-wetting agents, and platinumware for glass disk and Huang He Minerals Co. Ltd. Imerys Refractory Minerals Kerneos Kyanite Mining Corporation solution preparation. Claisse provides CRM and fusion monitors in addition to analytical consulting and platinum polishing/scrap services. carsenault@claisse.com | www.claisse.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Curimbaba Group: Elfusa Booth No. 26 Producers of fused minerals, including alumina, mullite, magnesia spinel, magnesia-chrome, chrome-alumina, calcium-aluminate cements, and more for use in refractories, ceramics, abrasives, investment casting, friction, and many other applications. jaime.splettstoser@grupocurimbaba.com.br www.elfusa.com.br/ Curimbaba Group: US Electrofused Minerals/Electro Abrasives Booth No. 25 Producers of fused minerals, including alumina, mullite, black and green silicon carbide, boron carbide, magnesia spinel, magnesia-chrome, chrome-alumina, calcium aluminate cement, and more for use in refractories, ceramics, abrasives, investment-casting, friction, and other applications. brian@electroabrasives.com www.usminerals.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Eirich, Maschinenfabrik Gustav Eirich GmbH & Co. KG Booth No. 11 www.eirich.com 42 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 UNITECR 2013 expo preview Elkem Booth No. 10 Elkem produces high-quality microsilica and metallurgical silicon for refractories and ceramic applications. We have three production plants in Norway (Bremanger, Salten, and Thamshavn) as well as a network of sales offices covering the most important markets in Europe, Americas, and Asia. elkem.materials@elkem.no | www.elkem.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Fibercon International Inc. Booth No. 4 Manufacturers of ASTM Type II (slit/cut sheet) and Type III (melt extract) steel reinforcing fibers for the refractory and civil industries. Check out our special Type II alternative to cold-drawn (Type I) fiber recently approved by a major refining company. info@fiberconfiber.com www.fiberconfiber.com ܀ Huang He Minerals Co. Ltd. Booth No. 22 Huang He Minerals manufactures and supplies a wide range of refractory raw materials, including brown- and white-fused alumina, calcined bauxite, high-density alumina aggregate, silicon carbide, fused and sintered mullite, fused and sintered spinel, fused silica, graphite, deadburned magnesite, fused magnesite, and various refractory additives. Fax: 86-22-27463966, 23558601 huanghetj@hotmail.com http://www.huangheminerals.com Imerys Refractory Minerals Booth No. 15 Imerys Refractory Minerals manufactures and supplies minerals for refractory, investment casting, and other industrial applications. Our broad product range includes calcined aluminosilicates, chamottes, andalusites, fused silicas, refractorygrade clays, metakaolins, and fused minerals. Through our extensive global sales network, we offer local commercial, technical, and supply solutions to meet the needs of the refractory and investment casting markets. inquire@ceminerals.com www.ceminerals.com Kerneos Booth No. 14 ܀ ܀ ܀ Kerneos manufactures calcium aluminate cements, aggregates, and specialty additives. karine.vaher@kerneos.com www.kerneos.com ܀ Kyanite Mining Corporation Booth No. 6 Throughout North America, South America, and in much of Europe and Asia, kyanite is used in many monolithic refractory mixes with alumina content between 45 and 85 percent. Whether the monolith is a mortar, castable, plastic, ramming mix, company gunning mix, or coating, kyanite is used to minimize firing shrinkage and reduce cracking during initial heat-up. An added benefit of using kyanite is that it results in a mullite phase after decomposition, imparting refractoriness, thermal shock resistance, and strength to the product. hankjamerson@kyanite.com www.kyanite.com Laeis GmbH Booth No. 13 ܀ Laeis manufactures high-performance hydraulic presses for refractories, advanced ceramics, carbon products, and special applications. Presses with up to 4500 metric ton capacity can be equipped with vacuum systems for delicate materials. Grain heaters, mixers and robotic systems, plant engineering, and research and development round out our services. fournier@laeis.eu | www.laeis.eu ܀ * ܀ ܀ ܀ Laser Distance Spectrometry Booth No. 8 The MAYA real-time laser elemental analyzer now makes it possible to know the chemical composition of a mineral raw material moving on a conveyor belt, in a falling stream, slurry pipeline, or an open-pit mine in real time, giving users an opportunity to batch sort ore or make corrective additions to raw mix chemistries before it is too late. The instrument involves no sampling and runs continuously under harsh conditions in mining, metallurgy, refractories, fertilizer, and other applications with no hazardous gamma or X-ray radiation. Quality improvement, improved customer satisfaction, and reductions in energy and materials consumption can result in payback periods of three to six months. alex@laser-distance-spectrometry.com www.laser-distance-spectrometry.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Orind Special Refractories Ltd. Booth No. 29 Orind Special Refractories is a refractory company in India. We supply the entire range of refractories required in steel melt shops. Some of our major products include magnesia-carbon brick and monolithics for basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces and ladles, and alumina-magnesia-carbon and alumina-enriched-spinel brick for ladles, alumina-silicon-carbide carbon brick for torpedo and hot metal ladles, and magnesite and highalumina brick for permanent linings. siddharth@orindref.com | www.orindref.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Putzmeister Shotcrete Technology Booth No. 18 A provider of refractory placement technology, Putzmeister delivers dependable, high-performance equipment backed by the industry\'s best service. Putzmeister offers a wide variety of equipment geared for use in the refractory industry. Small gunning machines easily accomplish patch work without disruption to operations. Mid-sized trailer-mounted units feature small footprints that allow them to easily navigate the refractory plant to the placement location, while larger units can be stationed outside and have the power to pump the shotcrete via hoses over long distances to the exact point of placement. pmr@putzam.com www.PutzmeisterShotcrete.com Refmin China Co. Ltd. Booth No. 9 ܀ Refmin processes and distributes Chinese refractory raw materials, including flake graphite, bauxite, fused magnesite, tabular alumina, brown- and white-fused alumina, and silicon carbide. Last year we supplied more than 100,000 metric tons of various materials to customers around the world. info@refmin.com.cn | www.refmin.com.cn ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Riedhammer GmbH Booth No. 12 Riedhammer is a global manufacturer of kiln plants. Located in Nuremberg, Germany, the company offers new and innovative kiln technology for the refractory industry. Riedhammer is the perfect partner for customers requiring advanced and reliable technological solutions for all thermal processes, including complete plant solutions, upstream and downstream, with worldwide installation capabilities. ernst.hartung@riedhammer.de www.riedhammer.de ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Rütgers Basic Aromatics GmbH Booth No. 2 Producer of binders for refractories. jens.stiegert@ruetgers-group.com www.ruetgers-group.com ܀ ܀ * ܀ ܀ Shengquan Hepworth Resin Co. Ltd. Booth No. 19 Founded in 1997 as a Sino-UK joint venture, SQH is a Chinese phenolic resin manufacturer with total capacity of 350,000 tons annually. We serve customers in the refractories, friction materials, foundry, abrasives, electronic materials, and other industries. chris.huang@shengquan.com http://e.shengquan.com/news_508 ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Steuler-KCH GmbH Booth No. 16 * Steuler supplies refractory systems worldwide. The company produces shaped and unshaped nonbasic refractory products, and it provides refractory engineering, research and development, production, and turnkey installation of refractory systems for iron and steel, cement and lime, chemical and petrochemical, non-ferrous metals, and waste incineration applications. ulf.frohneberg@steuler-kch.de www.steuler.de ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Sub-Floor Science LLC Booth No. 30 Sub-Floor Science LLC proudly represents Walter+Bai AG in North America. Visit our booth to see a SWG-H-400 for measuring dimensional change. Other instruments available include American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 43 44 Unitecr 2013 UNITECR 2013 expo preview equipment for static tension, compression, flexure and shear, low- and high-cycle fatigue, component life, fatigue crack growth, fracture toughness, tensile and ultimate strength testing, creep and viscoelastic characteristics, modulus of elasticity, and Poisson\'s ratio. bill@subfloorscience.com www.subfloorscience.com ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Superior Graphite Booth No. 28 Headquartered in Chicago, Superior Graphite was founded in 1917. Superior Graphite specializes in thermal purification, advanced sizing, blending, and coating technologies, providing value-added graphite and carbon-based solutions globally. We serve a wide range of markets, including agriculture, battery, fuel cells, ceramic armor, carbon parts, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, friction management, hot metal forming, polymer and composites, powder metals, lubricity, and performance drilling additives. cbaer@superiorgraphite.com www.superiorgraphite.com Swindell Dressler International Co. Booth No. 27 Swindell Dressler has serviced the ceramic industry for nearly 100 years. The company custom SEPT. 10-13, 2013 designs tunnel, shuttle, bell, and roller hearth kilns that are heated by either natural gas or electricity. Our customers include the structural clay, whiteware, refractory, technical ceramics, and carbon graphite industries. We also design kiln-carhandling equipment and can provide a turnkey solution to your project. dbuszinski@swindelldressler.com www.swindelldressler.com Syrah Resources Ltd. Booth No. 23 Syrah Resources is an Australian resource company focused on developing its core Balama Graphite Project in Mozambique. The project is the world\'s biggest flake graphite resource, with 1.15 billion metric tons available and more than 10 percent fixed carbon content. The company aims to produce 200,000 metric tons of concentrate with more than 96 percent fixed carbon content concentrate and very low impurities. s.uysal@syrahresources.com.au www.syrahresources.com.au/ VELCO Booth No. 1 ܀ ܀ ܀ VELCO supplies stand-alone refractory gunning machines as well as engineered gunning manipulators for the hot repair of electric arc furnaces, ladles, RH-snorkels, and so on. Our patented Gunmix moistening system makes it possible to process LC/ULC concretes using a dry gunning procedure. info@velco.de | www.velco.de ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Verband der Deutschen Feuerfest Industrie Booth No. 20 Founded in 1949, the German Refractories Association (GRA) represents the interests of German refractory products suppliers to all institutions and social groups. The GRA is one of the four founding members of UNITECR and will organize the 14th UNITECR Worldwide Congress on Refractories in the Hofburg in Vienna, Austria, from September 15 to 18, 2015. info@vdffi.de | www.vdffi.de ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ ܀ Washington Mills Booth No. 5 Washington Mills produces abrasives and fusedmineral products, offering an exceptionally wide line of standard abrasive grain and specialty electrofused minerals from multiple plants worldwide. info@washingtonmills.com www.washingtonmills.com Materials Challenges In Alternative & Renewable Energy February 26-March 1, 2012 | Hilton Clearwater Beach Resort | Clearwater, Fla., USA www.ceramics.org/mcare2014 SUBMIT YOUR ABSTRACT BY SEPTEMBER 19TH! H₂ Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Co-organized by: The Material Information Society Everything Material. MRS Endorsed by: Materials Research Society THEMES HYDROGEN SOLAR FUELS SOLAR POWER AND CONCENTRATORS BATTERIES AND ENERGY STORAGE NANOCOMPOSITES AND NANOWIRES MATERIALS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND PHOTONIC TECHNOLOGIES NUCLEAR CRITICAL RESOURCES OTHER ENERGY AREAS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 october 27-31, 2013 | Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada MS&T 13 Materials Science & Technology 2013 premeeting planner www.matscitech.org Join us for the ACerS 115th Annual Meeting! Lectures Sunday, Oct. 27 5:00 6:00 p.m. ACers Frontiers of Science and Society: Rustum Roy Lecture Larry Hench, Florida Institute of Technology, \"Affordable Healthcare? Role of Bio-Ceramic Technology, Socio-Economic, and Ethical Issues\" Monday, Oct. 28 8:00 10:20 a.m. MS&T\'13 Opening Plenary Session Kevin G. Bowcutt, Senior Technical Fellow, Chief Scientist of Hypersonics, The Boeing Co. Tresa M. Pollock, Alcoa Professor at the College of Engineering, Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara John Sarrao, Associate Director for Theory, Simulation, and Computation, Los Alamos National Laboratory 2:00 4:40 p.m. ACers Richard M. Fulrath Session 2:00-2:40 p.m. Japanese Academic: Yuji Noguchi, University of Tokyo 2:40-3:00 p.m. Japanese Industrial 1: Yuji Kintaka, Murata Manufacturing Co. 3:00-3:20 p.m. American Industrial: Michael Halbig, NASA Glenn Research Center 3:40-4:00 p.m. Japanese Industrial 2: Jun Tsutsumi, Taiyo Yuden Co. 4:00-4:40 p.m. American Academic: Pelagia-Irene (Perena) Gouma, SUNY - Stony Brook 2:00 5:10 p.m. ACers Cooper Session Distinguished Lecturer: Alexandra Navrotsky, University of California, Davis, \"New Frontiers in the Thermochemistry of Glassy, Amorphous, and Nanoscale Materials\" Cooper Scholar Lecturer: Maxwell Marple, Iowa State University, \"Thermal Behavior of Mechanically Milled Chalcogenide Glass Na2S+P2S Through DSC Studies\" Tuesday, Oct. 29 8:00 9:00 a.m. ACers Arthur L. Friedberg Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Lecture Greg E. Hilmas, Missouri University of Science and Technology, \"Engineered Structural Ceramic Materials: Novel Methods for Increasing Toughness, Wear Resistance, and Thermal Shock\" 1:00 2:00 p.m. ACers Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture Sheldon M. Wiederhorn, National Institute of Standards & Technology, \"Griffith Cracks at the Nanoscale\" Wednesday, Oct. 30 1:00-2:00 p.m. ACerS Robert B. Sosman Lecture Nava Setter, École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne, Switzerland, \"Structure and Functions of Ferroic Domain Walls\" Special events Sunday, Oct. 27, 2013 | 6:00-7:30 p.m. Welcome Reception Network with your colleagues, meet new people, and learn about the exciting membership offerings of the organizing societies. Monday, Oct. 28, 2013 ACerS 115th Annual Meeting | 1:00-2:00 p.m. Be there as newly elected officers take their positions during the Annual Membership Meeting. All ACerS members and guests are welcome. Women in Materials Science Reception | 5:30 - 6:30 p.m. Enjoy the chance to network with professionals and peers in a relaxed environment. ACerS 115th Annual Honors & Awards Banquet | 7:30 - 10:00 p.m. Enjoy dinner, conversation, and the presentation of Society awards. Purchase tickets for $90 via the conference registration form. Tuesday, Oct. 29, 2013 MS&T\'13 Exhibit Happy Hour Reception | 4:00 - 6:00 p.m. Network with colleagues and build relationships with attendees, buyers, and prospects! MS&T Young Professional Reception | 4:30 - 6:00 p.m. Attend this reception to meet and network with fellow young professionals. American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 45 october 27-31, 2013 | Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada MS&T\'13 Materials Science & Technology 2013 register at www.matscitech.org today! Plenary session Oct. 28, 2013, at 8 to 10:20 a.m. | Rm 517 Advanced Materials and Manufacturing for Extreme Environments Bowcutt Kevin G. Bowcutt, Senior Technical Fellow, Chief Scientist of Hypersonics, The Boeing Company Hypersonic Flight: The Final Frontier of Aeronautics Sarrao John Sarrao, Associate Director for Theory, Simulation, and Computation, Los Alamos National Laboratory The Codesign of Experiment and Theory at the Mesoscale: A MARIE Perspective Pollock Tresa M. Pollock, FASM, ALCOA Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara Materials in Turbine Engine Environments ACers short courses Saturday, Oct. 26 Sunday, Oct. 27 Sintering of Ceramics 2:30 p.m. Thursday, Oct. 31 Friday, Nov. 1 8:30 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. 8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. 9:00 a.m. – 4:30 p.m. | 9:00 a.m. – Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology Instructor: Arun K. Varshneya, Saxon Glass Technologies, Alfred University Description: The course covers basic glass science and technology in order to broaden or improve one\'s foundation in the understanding of glass as a material of choice. Topics include glass science (commercial glass families, glassy state, nucleation and crystallization, phase separation, glass structure); glass technology; batch calculations; glassmelting and glass forming; glass properties and engineering principles; and elementary fracture analysis. At the end of the course, the attendee should • Know the various commercial oxide glass families, their nominal chemical composition, and their key properties that are important for applications; • Understand the physical relationship of glass to liquids and solids; • Have a general idea of key physical and chemical properties that lead to common applications; and • Know the basics of glassmelting and glass forming, including annealing of the more common commercial glass products. Thursday, Oct. 31 8:30 a.m.-5:30 p.m. Electroceramics Basics: Applications and Devices Instructor: R.K. Pandey, Texas State University Description: Electroceramics have become an integral part of modern microelectronics because of advancements made in the past decade and the advent of multifunctional oxides, multiferroics, spintronics, radhard electronics, bioelectronics, detectors and sensors, etc. The objective is to review the current state of knowledge in this field and emphasize practical applications and potential for inventions as well as prospects for commercialization. Key topics include Introduction to electroceramics suitable for microelectronic applications; • • Introduction to the interacting forces that result in some unique phenomena found in electroceramics; • Processing and characterization of materials for low-cost R&D; Physical basis for multifunctional materials and multiferroics, and their applications; • Nonlinear dielectrics, magnetics and their applications; . • Oxide-based hybrid structures for novel microelectronic devices; and • Detectors and sensors. Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman, Missouri University of Science and Technology Description: The course reviews sintering basics: characterization of sintering (methods used to measure/monitor the progress of sintering); driving forces; diffusion and defect chemistry; solid-state and viscous sintering; microstructure development and control; liquidphase sintering; special topics; effect of homogeneities on sintering; constrained sintering of composites, adherent thin films, and multilayers; solid-solution additives (dopants); reaction sintering; viscous sintering with crystallization; sintering practice; \"how to do\" sintering; effect of various materials and processing parameters on sintering; and case studies. The attendee will develop sufficient background in the principles and practice of sintering to be able to • • Sinter to achieve specified target microstructures; • Understand the difficulties encountered in practical sintering; and Take practical steps to rectify the problems encountered in producing required target microstructures. 46 Organizers: AÍST ASSOCIATION FOR ROW & SIZE LIST S100 ANNIVERSARY MET SOC 1913-2013 ICM TMS Cosponsor: NACE ITERNATIONAL THE CORROSION SOCIETY Calendar of events (Information subject to change) Event SATURDAY, OCT. 26 Legend: HR-Hyatt Regency PDC- Palais des Congrès Time Location Event TUESDAY, OCT. 29 Time Location Educational Courses Fundamentals of Glass Science and 9:00 a.m. 4:30 p.m. HR Poster Installation General Poster Viewing 11:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. PDC 2:00 6:00 p.m. PDC Technology MS&T\'13 Exhibit Mini-Materials Camp® 9:00 a.m. 11:00 p.m. PDC SUNDAY, OCT. 27 Conference Activities Show Hours 11:00a.m. - 6:00 p.m. PDC Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion 11:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. PDC Technical Programming Support Desk Registration Noon 5:30 p.m. PDC MS&T Food Court Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC 2:00-7:30 p.m. PDC Mini-Materials CampⓇ Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC Society Member Lounges ographic Exhibit & Competition Welcome Reception 2:00 7:30 p.m. PDC Happy Hour Reception 4:00 6:00 p.m. PDC ACerS Basic Science Division Ceram2:00 7:30 p.m. PDC Lectures 6:00 7:30 p.m. PDC Educational Courses Fundamentals of Glass Science and Technology 9:00 a.m.-2:30 p.m. HR ACerS Arthur L. Friedberg Memorial Lecture ACerS Edward Orton Jr. Memorial Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest 8:00 9:00 a.m. PDC 1:00 2:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. PDC Display Lectures ACerS Frontiers of Science and Society: Rustum Roy Lecture Material Advantage Student Functions Material Advantage Chapter Leadership Workshop Mug Drop Contest 11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m. PDC 5:00 6:00 p.m. PDC Disc Golf Contest 12:30 1:30 p.m. PDC Student Awards Ceremony 2:00 3:00 p.m. PDC Social Functions ACerS Companion Breakfast 7:30 10:00 a.m. HR 10:00 a.m. - Noon PDC Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest Semifinals 1:00-3:00 p.m. PDC Guest Tour: Bernard Seguin Poirier Enamel on Copper 9:45 a.m. - 12:45 p.m. PDC Young Professional Reception 4:30-6:00 p.m. PDC Undergraduate Student Speaking Contest 4:00 – 5:00 p.m. Finals PDC WEDNESDAY, OCT. 30 Undergraduate Student Poster Contest 6:00-7:30 p.m. PDC Conference Activities Display Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. PDC Student Networking Mixer 7:00-9:00 p.m. PDC Technical Programming Support Desk Registration 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. PDC MONDAY, OCT. 28 Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. PDC Conference Activities ACerS Basic Science Division 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. PDC Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. PDC Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition Technical Programming Support Desk 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. PDC Poster Session with Presenters 9:30 10:30 a.m. PDC Registration 7:00 a.m. -5:00 p.m. PDC Poster Dismantle 10:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. PDC Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. PDC MS&T\'13 Exhibit ACerS Basic Science Division 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC Mini-Materials Camp® 9:00 11:00 a.m. PDC Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition Show Hours 9:00 a.m.-2:00 p.m. PDC Lectures Professional Recruitment & Career Pavilion 9:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. PDC MS&T\'13 Opening Plenary 8:00 10:20 a.m. PDC MS&T Food Court Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC ACerS Richard M. Fulrath Session ACerS Cooper Session Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display ACerS Student Tour Social Functions Guest Tour: Bonjour Montréal City Tour Women in Materials Science Reception ACerS Banquet Reception ACerS Annual Honors & Awards Banquet Annual Meetings ACerS 115th Annual Membership Meeting TUESDAY, OCT. 29 Conference Activities Authors\' Coffee Technical Programming Support Desk Registration Society Member Lounges ACerS Basic Science Division Ceramographic Exhibit & Competition 7:00 8:00 a.m. 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. PDC American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org FRIDAY, NOV. 1 Educational Courses Sintering of Ceramics 2:00 4:40 p.m. 2:00 5:10 p.m. PDC Mini-Materials CampⓇ Noon 2:00 p.m. PDC PDC Lectures ACerS Robert B. Sosman Lecture 1:00-2:00 p.m. PDC 7:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m. PDC 1:00 5:00 p.m. PDC Material Advantage Student Functions Undergraduate Student Poster Contest Display 7:00 a.m. 1:00 p.m. PDC 9:00 a.m. Noon PDC THURSDAY, OCT. 31 5:30-6:30 p.m. PDC Conference Activities 6:45 7:30 p.m. 7:30-10:00 p.m. HR Authors\' Coffee 7:00 8:00 a.m. PDC HR Technical Programming Support Desk Registration 7:00 a.m. Noon PDC 7:00 a.m. Noon PDC 1:00 2:00 p.m. PDC Society Member Lounges 7:00 a.m. Noon PDC Educational Courses Electroceramics Basics: Applications and 8:30 a.m. 5:30 p.m. HR PDC Devices Sintering of Ceramics 8:30 a.m. 5:30 p.m. HR 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. HR 47 october 27-31, 2013 | Palais des congrès de Montréal | Montréal, Québec, Canada MS&T\'13 Materials Science & Technology 2013 ACers Committee Meetings register at www.matscitech.org today! Legend: HR-Hyatt Regency PDC- Palais des Congrès (Information subject to change) Event FRIDAY, OCT. 25 Time Location Event Time Location MONDAY, OCT. 28 (continued) ACerS Executive Committee Meeting Noon 5:00 p.m. HR SATURDAY, OCT. 26 ACerS President\'s Council of Student Advisors Business Meeting - Day 1 ACerS Board of Directors Meeting 8:00a.m.-6:00 p.m. HR ACerS Meetings Committee Meeting ACerS NICE Business Meeting ACerS GOMD General Business Meeting ACerS NICE Order of Engineer Ceremony ACerS NETD General Business Meeting 3:00 4:30 p.m. 4:00-5:30 p.m. HR PDC 5:30-6:30 p.m. PDC 5:30 - 6:30 p.m. 5:45-6:45 p.m. PDC PDC 9:30 a.m.-5:00 p.m. HR SUNDAY, OCT. 27 TUESDAY, OCT. 29 Keramos National Board & Business Meeting 7:00 9:00 a.m. Keramos Student Chapter Business Meeting 8:00 9:00 a.m. Keramos Convocation and Business Meeting 9:00 11:00 a.m. ACerS Board and Division Leaders 9:00 a.m. Noon HR HR HR Roundtable Keramos Career Speaker Keramos Board, Student Representative, & Chapter Advisors Meeting ACerS Publications Committee Meeting ACerS Electronics Division Executive Committee Meeting ACerS BSD Executive Committee Meeting 11:00 a.m. Noon Noon 1:00 p.m. 12:30-3:00 p.m. 1:00-4:00 p.m. 2:30 4:30 p.m. HR HR HR HR 또 또 또 또 또 또 또 또 또 또 또 ACers Past Presidents Council Meeting ACerS International Journal of Applied Glass Science Associate Editors Meeting 9:00 11:00 a.m. 8:00 9:00 a.m. HR HR ACerS AACS General Business Meeting ACers Panel of Fellows Meeting ACerS Books Subcommittee Meeting Noon 1:00 p.m. 3:00-5:00 p.m. 3:15 4:15 p.m. 또 또 또 PDC PDC HR HR WEDNESDAY, OCT. 30 HR ACerS Strategic Planning & Emerging 7:30-9:00 a.m. HR Opportunities Committee Meeting HR ACerS Nominating Committee Meeting 9:00 10:00 a.m. HR ACerS NETD Executive Committee 2:30 4:30 p.m. Meeting ACerS ECD Executive Committee 3:00 4:30 p.m. HR Meeting ACerS President\'s Council of Student 5:00 7:00 p.m. PDC Advisors Business Meeting - Day 2 ACerS GOMD Programming & Executive Committee Meeting 6:00 7:00 p.m. HR MONDAY, OCT. 28 ACerS BSD General Business Meeting ACerS ECD General Business Meeting Noon 1:00 p.m. PDC Holiday Inn Select Montréal Noon 1:00 p.m. PDC ACerS ED General Business Meeting Noon 1:00 p.m. PDC Reserve your room online at www.matscitech.org. ACerS EIC Business Meeting 2:00 4:00 p.m. PDC Hotel Information Reserve your room through reservation@tourisme-montreal.org at one of the official conference hotels. Hyatt Regency - ACerS Headquarters Hotel Le Westin Montréal - ASM Headquarters Hotel Intercontinental Montréal – TMS and AIST headquarters hotel Travelodge Montréal Centre 48 Young Professional Programming at MS&T\'13 Monday, Oct. 28 | Noon - 4 p.m. Student Plant Tour Hosted by AIST Tuesday, Oct. 29 | Noon - 2:00 p.m. Young Professional Tutorial Luncheon - Hosted by TMS Tuesday, Oct. 9 | 4:30 – 6 p.m. Young Professional Reception - Hosted by ACerS www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 Program-at-a-glance BIOMATERIALS Bioinspired Materials Engineering Next-Generation Biomaterials Surface Properties of Biomaterials IV CERAMIC AND GLASS MATERIALS Amorphous Materials: Common Issues within Science and Technology Ceramic-Matrix Composites Glass and Optical Materials, Including the Cooper Award Session Innovative Processing and Synthesis of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites Multifunctional Oxides Solution-Based Processing for Ceramic Materials Robert B. Sosman Award Symposium Richard M. Fulrath Award Session ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS Advances in Dielectric Materials and Electronic Devices Pb-Free Solders and Advanced Interconnecting Materials Recent Advances in Low-Temperature Processes for the Development of rf, EO, Magnetic, and Electronic Bulk and Thin-Film Crystals ENERGY ISSUES Energy Storage III: Materials, Systems, and Applications Symposium Hybrid Organic - Inorganic Materials for Alternative Energy Materials Development and Degradation Management for Nuclear Applications Materials for CO2 Capture and Conversion Materials Issues in Nuclear Waste Management in the 21st Century Thin-Film Structures for Energy-Efficient Systems Water and Energy in Mineral Processing FUNDAMENTALS AND CHARACTERIZATION Applied Neutron Scattering in Engineering and Materials Science Research Boron, Boron Compounds, and Boron Nanomaterials: Structure, Properties, Processing, and Applications Deformation and Transitions at Grain Boundaries III Failure Analysis and Prevention First Symposium on Computational Materials Design - CMAD I International Symposium on Defects, Transport, and Related Phenomena Material Data and Software Tools Needed to Make MGI and ICME a Reality Materials Tribology: Fundamentals, Applications, and Solutions Mechanical Properties of Thermoelectric Materials Multiscale Modeling of Microstructure Deformation in Material Processing Multiscale Perspectives on Plasticity in BCC Metals Optical and X-ray Imaging Techniques for Material Characterization Phase Stability, Diffusion, Kinetics, and Their Applications (PSDK-VIII) Recent Approaches and Challenges in Smart Coatings Scanning Probe Techniques for Functional Materials Semiconductor Heterostructures: Theory, Growth, Characterization, and Device Applications Synthesis and Structural and Functional Characterization of Thin Films and Self-Assembled Nanostructures American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed Wed Thu a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 49 Program-at-a-glance IRON AND STEEL Advanced Steel Metallurgy: Design, Processing, and Technological Exploitation Tubular Processing and Technology MATERIALS PERFORMANCE Light Metals for Transportation Magnesium Technology Measurement and Modeling of High-Strain-Rate Deformation Particulate Composites Surface Protection for Enhanced Materials Performance: Science, Technology, and Application Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Processing, Deformation Behavior, Properties, and Applications MATERIALS-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS Advanced Materials for Harsh Environments Coatings for Corrosion and Wear-Resistance Applications Environmentally Assisted Cracking (EAC): Laboratory Research and Field Experiences High-Temperature Corrosion and Oxidation of Materials Predicting and Combating Corrosion and Degradation of New Coating and Material Technologies NANOMATERIALS Commercial Production and Applications of Nanomaterials Controlled Synthesis, Processing, and Applications of Structural and Functional Nanomaterials Nanostructured Magnetoelectrics and Multiferroics Nanotechnology for Energy, Environment, Electronics, and Industry Optical Nanomaterials for Photonics/Biophotonics Structure-Property Relationships in Low-Dimensional Metallic Nanostructures PROCESSING AND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Advanced Materials, Processes, and Applications for Additive Manufacturing Advanced Materials, Processes, and Evaluation Methods for Aerospace and Defense Applications Advances in Hydroelectric Turbine Manufacturing and Repair Advances in Metal-Casting Technologies Green Composite Materials: Development, Manufacturing, and Testing Green Technologies for Materials Manufacturing and Processing V Hydrometallurgy: Materials and Equipment Joining of Advanced and Specialty Materials (JASM XV) Metal- and Polymer-Matrix Composites Powder-Based Processes and Products for Advanced Applications Rare-Earth Elements Sintering and Related Powder-Processing Science and Technologies SPECIAL TOPICS ASM/TMS Distinguished Lecture Symposium Continuous Improvement of Academic Programs (and Satisfying ABET Along the Way): The Elizabeth Judson Memorial Symposium Ensuring Safety in Academic and Industrial Lab Settings Perspectives for Emerging Materials Professionals Ralph Lloyd Harris Memorial Symposium Rustum Roy Memorial Symposium Technology Cross-Pollination 50 Mon Mon Tue Tue Wed Wed Thu a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. p.m. a.m. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 MS&T\'13 Exhibitors (As of 8/1/13) 110 Material 是 20 20 Materials Camp 927 1026 1126 40\' Putter Contest Mug Drop 30 925 1024 1025 1124 30 9-6 523 923 1022 1023 1122 1125 1225 PROFESSIONAL RECRUITMENT/ CAREER PAVILION 10 1327 50 Football 20 919 1018 1019 1118 1119 1218 1219 1318 1319 1418 1419 1518 1519 1618 MS&T Show Office 917 1016 1017 1116 1117 1216 1217 1316 1317 1416 1417 1516 1517 1616 9-6 9-6 915 1015 1114 1115 1214 1215 1315 1414 1415 1514 1515 Exhibitor Lounge 913 1012 1013 1112 1113 1212 1213 1312 1313 1412 9-6 9-6 1413 1512 1513 1612 911 1010 1011 1110 1111 1210 1211 1310 1311 1410 1411 1510 1511 1610 10 706 707 806 807 906 907 1006 1007 1106 1107 1206 1207 1306 1307 1406 1407 1506 1507 1606 1607 704 705 9-6 804 9-6 805 904 905 1004 1005 1104 1105 1204 1205 1304 1305 1404 1405 1504 1505 1604 1605 702 703 802 803 902 903 1002 1003 1102 1103 1202 1203 1302 1303 1402 1403 1502] 1503 1602 1603 700 701 800 801 900 901 1000 1001 1100 1101 1200 1201 1300 1301 1400 1401 1500 1501 1600 1601 Booth# Company Booth# Company Booth# 1504 Accutek Testing Laboratory 1316 800 Across International LLC 1414 Hitachi High Technologies America Inc. Hockmeyer Equipment Corporation 1301 1107 1117 Activation Laboratories LTD (ACT Labs) 1303 Horiba Scientific 707 1307 AdValue Technology LLC 1305 Hoskin Scientifique LTEE 1313 1000 Agilent Technologies 1011 Hysitron Inc. 1410 Rigaku Americas Corporation 1006 Air Liquide Canada 923 IMS Metallographic Contest Display 903 Company Proto Manufacturing PTX-Pentronix/Simac Ltd. Pultrusion Technique Inc. Quinn Process Equipment Company Romquest Technologies 1007 Aldrich Materials Science 1026 International Metallographic Society 1506 RPS Composites Inc. 1100 Alfa Aesar, a Johnson Mathey Company 1400 IMR Test Labs 1206 Sente Software Ltd. 1115 Alfred University 1317 INNOVNANO S.A. 1023 Shape Memory & Superelastic Tech. 1104 Allied High Tech Products Inc. 1101 JEOL USA Inc. Society 1105 American Stress Technologies Inc. 1507 Keyence Canada Inc. 700 Springer 1116 Angstrom Scientific Inc. 1201 LECO Corporation T17 SSAB 1311 Applied Test Systems, Inc. 1100 Leica Microsystems 901 Strem Chemicals Inc. 1510 Ashland Inc. 917 Maney Publishing 1111 Struers Inc. 1419 Blasch Precision Ceramics 900 Metal Samples Company 1018 Surface Combustion Inc. 1312 Brim G&H Fluid Handling Products Inc. 1207 Metcut Research Inc. 1517 Swiss Pavilion 911 Buehler 1319 Micro Materials 1102 TA Instruments 1304 Carbolite 1500 Micromeritics Instrument Corporation 1019 TEC 1001 Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC 919 Momentum Press 1300 Tescan USA T13 Carpenter Technology Corporation 1118 MTI Corporation 1025 Thermal Spray Society 1407 Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. 1110 MTS Systems Corporation 1204 Thermcraft Inc. 1411 Clemex Technologies 807 NANOVEA 907 Thermo-Calc Software 1406 CM Furnaces Inc. 1200 Netzsch Instruments North America LLC 1122 TSI Inc. 1214 Computherm LLC 1210 NIST 1114 UES, Inc. 701 CSM Instruments Inc. 1219 Ocean Optics 1401 Union Process Inc. 1205 Delong America Inc. 1217 Olympus Canada Inc. T9 United States Steel T16 Dispersion Technology Inc. 1511 OSIsoft Canada ULC 1016 University of California, Davis 1418 Edax Inc. 1310 Oxford Instruments 806 Watson Valve Services Inc. 1024 EDFAS Society 1005 T18 Euraxess Links North America T12 PANalytical Photon etc 1202 Wiley 1013 Evans Analytical Group 1211 FEI Company 801 GEA Westfalia Separator 1119 Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd. 906 Granta Design 1022 Heat Treating Society Contact Pat Janeway to reserve your booth space at MS&T\'13. pjaneway@ceramics.org or 614-794-5826 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 51 Registration coming soon! 38TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ADVANCED CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES January 26-31, 2014 Hilton Daytona Beach Resort and Ocean Center Daytona Beach, Florida, USA www.ceramics.org/icacc2014 3020 10 N 102 3 04 05 06 07 0 Organized by: The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Engineering Ceramics Division INTRODUCTION The 38th International Conference & Exposition on Advanced Ceramics & Composites (ICACC) continues the strong tradition as the leading international meeting on advanced structural and functional ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and technologies. Since its inception in 1977, this prestigious conference has been organized by ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division and ACerS. Since then, the conference has experienced tremendous growth in interest and participation from ceramic researchers and developers from national, regional, and global technical communities. The technical program consists of oral and poster presentations and provides an open forum for scientists, researchers, and engineers from around the world to present and exchange findings on recent advances on various aspects related to ceramic science and technology. Michael Halbig 2014 ICACC Program Chair NASA Glenn Research Center 21000 Brookpark Road, MS 106-5 Cleveland, OH 44135 USA Tel: +1-216-433-2651 Fax: +1-216-433-5544 E-mail: michael.c.halbig@nasa.gov ICACC\'14 SYMPOSIA S1 Mechanical Behavior and Performance of Ceramics & Composites S2 Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications S3 11th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC): Materials, Science, and Technology S4 Armor Ceramics S5 Next-Generation Bioceramics and Biocomposites S6 Advanced Materials and Technologies for Energy Generation and Rechargeable Energy Storage S7 8th International Symposium on Nanostructured Materials and Nanocomposites S8 8th International Symposium on Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Structural and Multifunctional Materials and Systems (APMT8) in Honor of Professor Stuart Hampshire S9 Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications S10 Virtual Materials (Computational) Design and Ceramic Genome S11 Advanced Materials and Innovative Processing Ideas for the Industrial Root Technology S12 Materials for Extreme Environments: Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) and Nanolaminated Ternary Carbides and Nitrides (MAX Phases) S13 Advanced Ceramics and Composites for Sustainable Nuclear Energy and Fusion Energy FS1 Geopolymers, Chemically Bonded Ceramics, and Eco-friendly and Sustainable Materials FS2 Advanced Ceramic Materials and Processing for Photonics and Energy FS3 Rare-Earth Oxides for Energy, Optics, and Biomedical Applications FS4 Ion-Transport Membranes 3rd Global Young Investigator Forum 2nd Pacific Rim Engineering Ceramics Summit 52 52 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No.7 HILTON DAYTONA BEACH RESORT 100 North Atlantic Avenue Daytona Beach, Fla. Phone: 1-386-254-8200 Fax: 1-386-253-8841 Rates One to Four Occupants Students $149 $123 US Government Employee Prevailing Rate Mention The American Ceramic Society to obtain the special rate. Room rates are effective until December 13, 2013, and are based on availability. wwxx 双刀 TENTATIVE SCHEDULE OF EVENTS Sunday - January 26 Welcome Reception Monday - January 27 Opening Awards Ceremony and Plenary Session Concurrent Technical Sessions Tuesday - January 28 Concurrent Technical Sessions Exposition and Reception Poster Session A Wednesday - January 29 Concurrent Technical Sessions Exposition and Reception Poster Session B Thursday - January 30 5 p.m. - 7 p.m. 8:30 a.m. Noon 1:30 p.m. - 6 p.m. 8 a.m.- 6:00 p.m. 5 p.m. - 8 p.m. 5 p.m. - 8 p.m. 8 a.m. - 5:30 p.m. 5 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. 5 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. Concurrent Technical Sessions 8 a.m. - 6 p.m. Friday - January 31 Concurrent Technical Sessions 8 a.m. - Noon EXHIBITION INFORMATION Reserve your booth space today for the premier advanced ceramics and composites event. This event offers an exceptional opportunity to present your company\'s latest products, services, and technology to a sophisticated audience sharply focused on this market. Exhibits Open: Tuesday, January 28, 2014, 5:00 p.m. - 8:00 p.m. Wednesday, January 29, 2014, 5:00 p.m. - 7:30 p.m. Exposition Location: Ocean Center Arena 101 North Atlantic Avenue Daytona Beach, Fla. Visit www.ceramics.org/icacc2014 for more details or contact Patricia Janeway at pjaneway@ceramics.org or at 614-794-5826. Exhibitor Booth No. Exhibitor Booth No. Exhibitor Booth No. Alfred University 315 Heraeus Thick Film Division 212 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics 210 American Ceramic Society (The) 101 Hockmeyer Equipment Corp. 205 Process Design & Innovation 302 Carbolite Inc. 206 Innovnano 204 PTX-Pentronix (Gasbarre Products) 207 CM Furnaces Inc. 311 Keith Co. 220 R.D. Webb Co. 216 Deltech Inc. 326 Laeis GmbH 321 Robocasting Enterprises 200 Dorst America 303 Linseis Inc. 304 Sonoscan Inc. 221 Evans Analytical Group 412 MTI Corp. 222 Swindell Dressler International 301 Furuya Metal Co. Ltd. 223 Nabertherm 307 TEAM by Sacmi 321 H.C. Starck 305 NETZSCH Instruments NA LLC 300 TevTech 214 Haiku Tech Inc. 313 New Lenox Machine Co. Inc. 306 Thermal Wave Imaging 323 Harper International 317 NIST 111 Watt Fuel Cell 203 Harrop Industries Inc. 201 Oxy-Gon Industries Inc. 320 American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 53 www.ceramics.org/ema2014 E LECTRONIC MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS 2014 Jan. 22-24 | DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World® | Orlando, Fla., USA Call For Papers Submit your abstracts by Sept. 12, 2013 INTRODUCTION Electronic Materials and Applications 2014, jointly programmed by the Electronics Division and Basic Science Division of The American Ceramic Society, is the fifth in a series of annual international meetings. EMA 2014 will be held January 22-24, 2014, at the DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World. EMA 2014 focuses on the basic science, engineering, and applications of electroceramic materials for electronic, magnetic, dielectric, and optical components, devices, and systems. Don\'t miss this year\'s plenary speakers: James Bray, GE Global Research; Joseph V. Mantese, United Technologies Research Center; and Jürgen Rödel, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. We are pleased to build on the previous successes of this conference series in providing a distinctive forum to address emerging needs, opportunities, and key challenges in the field of electronic materials and applications. We anticipate that this meeting will continue to highlight the most recent scientific advances and technological innovations in the field and to facilitate the interactions and collaborations that will help to shape its future. Please join us in Orlando, Fla., to participate in this unique experience. - EMA 2014 Organizing Committee ORGANIZING COMMITTEE 700 Tidrow Rossetti EMA 2014 SYMPOSIA S1 Functional and Multifunctional Electroceramics for Commercialization S2 Multiferroic Materials and Multilayer Ferroic Heterostructures: Properties and Applications S3 Structure of Emerging Perovskite Oxides: Bridging Length Scales and Unifying Experiment and Theory S4 LEDs and Photovoltaics-Beyond the Light: Common Challenges and Opportunities S5 Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Electronic Materials S6 Thermoelectrics: Defect Chemistry, Doping, and Nanoscale Effects CONFIRMED PLENARY SPEAKERS James Bray, GE Global Research, USA Joseph V. Mantese, United Technologies Research Center, USA Jürgen Rödel, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 2012-2014 DIVISION OFFICERS Basic Science Division Officers Chair: Jian Luo Chair-Elect: Wayne Kaplan Vice Chair: Eduardo Saiz Secretary: Bryan D. Huey Programming Chairs: Karren More and Wang George A. Rossetti Jr. Steven C. Tidrow, ED The University of Texas - Pan American sctidrow@utpa.edu George A. Rossetti Jr., BSD University of Connecticut | rossetti@ims.uconn.edu Haiyan Wang, ED Texas A&M University | wangh@ece.tamu.edu Electronics Division Officers Trustee: Dwight Viehland Chair-Elect: Steven C. Tidrow Chair: Quanxi Jia 54 S7 Computational Design of Electronic Materials S8 Advances in Memory Devices S9 Thin-Film Integration and Processing Science S10 Ceramic Composites for Defense Applications S11 Failure: The Greatest Teacher S12 Recent Developments in HighTemperature Superconductivity S13 Highlights of Undergraduate Student Research in Basic Science and Electronic Ceramics Students-submit your presentation for judging in the Best Student Presentation competition. HOTEL INFORMATION DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea World 10100 International Drive Orlando, FL 32821 Phone: 407-352-1100 or 800-327-0363 Fax: 407-352-2632 Rate: Single/double/triple/quad-$149.00 US Government Employee-current prevailing rate * *Limited number of available rooms COANENECHC Vice-Chair: Tim Haugan Secretary: Haiyan Wang Secretary-Elect: Geoffrey Brennecka Programming Chair: Tim Haugan www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 The American Ceramic Society www.ceramics.org Are You Graduating Soon and Wondering What to Do? Sign up for a FREE year of membership in The American Ceramic Society! ACers can help you succeed by offering you a FREE Associate Membership for the first year following graduation. By becoming an ACerS Associate Member, you\'ll have access to valuable resources that will benefit you now and throughout your career. With your complimentary membership, you will receive: • Young Professionals Network: includes resources for early career professionals, plus the chance to rub elbows with some of the most accomplished people in the field • Employment Services • Online Membership Directory • Networking Opportunities • Free Online Access to the Journal of the American Ceramic Society (searchable back to 1918), the International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology and the International Journal of Applied Glass Science • ACers Bulletin, the monthly membership publication ⚫ ceramicSOURCE, Company Directory and Buyers\' Guide • Discounted registration at all ACers meetings and discounts on all publications • Ceramic Tech Today: ACerS ceramic materials, applications and business blog • Ceramic Knowledge Center: includes a growing video gallery covering ceramic materials, applications, emerging technologies and people Become an ACers Associate Member After Graduation! To join, contact Tricia Freshour, ACerS Membership Services Staff, at tfreshour@ceramics.org. For more information, visit www.ceramics.org/associate. A World of Science and The 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology PACRIMO including GOMD 2013 - Glass & Optical Materials Division Annual Meeting Technology 1,000 attend PACRIM-GOMD, while partners sign MoU to secure future 2 (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) early 1,000 ceramic and glass scientists Nand and engineers from 39 countries attended the 10th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass Technology and the concurrent Glass and Optical Materials Division meeting at the iconic Hotel Del Coronado near San Diego, Calif. The dual meeting took place June 3-7. Attendees presented more 3 than 1,000 technical talks and 200 posters. In addition to the technical program, students participated in the first ACerS career mentoring roundtable. The five Pacific Rim ceramic societies that organize the conference signed 4 a memorandum of understanding that secures the future of the PACRIM series for the next 18 years. On the last evening, attendees celebrated the conference\'s success with a banquet on the beach at dusk. 1 Hua-Tay Lin, PACRIM organizer, opens the conference and plenary session. 2 The plenary session audience fills the Hotel Del Coronado\'s historic ballroom. 3 Hua-Tay Lin and his family welcome Chinese professor Dongliang Jiang. 5 99 56 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 7 4 Ling Fei, New Mexico State PhD candidate, reported on the conference through the Ceramic Tech Today blog. Here she chats with ACerS director Keith Bowman at the opening lawn reception. 5 GOMD organized a symposium to honor physicist James Phillips. The symposium drew a standing-room-only crowd. 6 James Phillips makes a point during his talk. 7 The poster session is traditional, although the science usually is not. 8 Speed mentoring at the career roundtable for students. 9 More than 1,000 technical sessions were the highlight of the conference. 10 Signatories to a memorandum of understanding ensure PACRIM will continue through 2031. From left: Hai-Doo Kim, The Korean Ceramic Society; Takashi Goto, The Ceramic Society of Japan; Christopher Berndt, The Australian Ceramic Society; Richard Brow, The American Ceramic Society; and Cewen Nan, The Chinese Ceramic Society. 11 The beachside banquet at dusk for 650. 8 10 9 www.ceramics.org/pacrim10 12 A mariachi band set a celebratory mood for the banquet. 11 12-> American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org 57 40 Structural Clay Products Division and industry leaders meet in Salt Lake City T he Structural Clay Products Division held its meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah, May 13-14, in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center\'s spring meeting. The highlight of the first day of the two-day event was a tour of Interstate Brick (West Jordan, Utah). The company manufactures reinforceable brick, which allows for construction of taller, thinner walls that can withstand earthquakes, extreme wind, and fire. 1 The 60 attendees heard nine speakers during the technical program that covered topics ranging from modeling, experiences with thin brick, and biomass gasifiers to efflorescence. 1 Greg Grabert of Basic Machinery (left) and SCPD chair presents a certificate of appreciation to outgoing chair Jim Hopkins of Swindell Dressler. 2 Interstate Brick welcomed SCPD attendees for a plant tour, lunch, and stunning mountain vista. 3 State-of-the-art robotic production equipment is one key to the 122-year-old company\'s longevity. 4 Interstate Brick produces brick using 10 body mixes sourced from eight regional mines. 5 Terry Schimmel of Boral Brick updates the audience on MACT the EPA\'s \"Maximum Achievable Control Technology\" rule. (Credit for all photos: ACerS.) 2 3 Cements Division symposium advances state-of-the art in cement characterization T The Cements Division held the fourth installment in its series on Advances in Cement-Based Materials, focusing on characterization, processing, modeling, and sensing. The technical program addressed cement chemistry and structure, character(Credit for all photos: ACerS.) ization techniques, alternative cementitious 1 materials, durability, computational materials science, smart materials, and self-consolidating concrete. Besides the technical program, this year\'s tutorial topic was \"Probing the Structure of Hydration Products.\" 1 More than 100 cement scientists and engineers met at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign July 8-10 for the 4th Advances in Cement-Based Materials: Characterization, Processing, Modeling, and Sensing Symposium. Seated in the first row is Sidney Diamond, Purdue University professor emeritus and MS and Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia; and Scott PhD advisor to Leslie Struble. Muzenski, Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Not Students presenting award-winning posters received a certificate and $100. Presenters of winning posters (left to right): Jeevaka Somaratna and Suengmin Lim, UIUC; Elizabeth Nadelman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Saamiya Seraj, Univ. of Texas at Austin; Nima Zohhadi, 2 Leslie Struble delivered the Della Roy Lecture pictured: Jason Mote, UIUC. on the topic, \"Calcium in Geopolymers.\" Here she is pictured with Edward Garboczi, last year\'s Della Roy lecturer. Undaunted by summertime heat, attendees enjoyed a reception at UIUC\'s historic Allerton Park, which is famous for its ceramic Fu Dog collection. 58 2 3 LO 5 new products AREMCO PYRO-PUTTY 653 value, minimum and maximum values, and standard deviation. Accuracy is ±0.02°C over a temperature range of 200°C-850°C. ASL U.S. (Danville, Va.) www.aslus.com | 434-799-0800 Low-cost plasma cleaner Designed for lab as well as production facilities, the Venus plasma cleaning system has unique automatic system control and process sequencing capabilities. Proprietary software enables features such as multiple recipe storage, data logging/trending, events/ alarms, and multistep sequencing. Other capabilities not found in similar systems include mass flow controllers, process data acquisition and archiving, dual sequence programming, hard copy process recording, and on-screen process trend plotting. Plasma-Etch Inc. (Carson City, Nev.) www.plasmaetch.com | 775-883-1336 MOBEL OVENSTRE NE Laboratory temperature controllers Lata tonyp soak capabilities are aboratory temperature controllers self-contained in a single enclosure and have their own power supply, enabling users to plug the device into any outlet for convenient access to temperature control from any location. The compact unit connects to PCs through an electrically isolated RS232 communications port for easy programming. Other features include a large digital display, auto output shutdown if the sensor opens or shorts, and high, low, and no alarm settings. Oven Industries Inc. (Mechanicsburg, Pa.) www.ovenind.com | 877-766-6836 High-temperature sealant and repair yro-Putty 653 is a single-part that bonds to cast iron, steel, and stainless steel, and withstands continuous operating temperatures and thermal cycling to 2,000°F. The thixotropic paste can be applied in cross-sections up to 0.5-in. thick on horizontal and vertical surfaces. It can be machined and sanded after setting at room temperature for 4-8 h and curing in situ to a minimum of 200°F for 2-4 h. Chemically inert, water-dispersible, environmentally safe, and resistant to most fuels, solvents and other corrosives, the material is useful in applications such as repairing afterburners, boilers, exhaust pipes, furnaces, incinerators, and ovens. Aremco Products Inc. (Valley Cottage, N.Y.) www.aremco.com | 845-268 0039 22045 Hand-held thermometer The F100 handthermometer for Pt100 and thermistor probes is said to have accuracy and resolution comparable to those of benchtop instruments. Two inputs provide direct temperatures or display the temperature difference between them. The unit also displays ohms for calibrating one probe against another. Measurements log to the unit\'s onboard memory or download to a PC via a USB port. The instrument also displays statistical analysis of measurements, including average American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 92, No. 7 | www.ceramics.org FIB/SEM microscopy systems HEDOS NANOLAS 660 \"wo new DualBeam imaging systems Two new DualBeam imaging ning electron microscope capabilities and allow high-quality imaging and fast analysis of a broad range of samples. One instrument, dubbed Scios, provides 2D and 3D characterization. The Helios NanoLab 660 adds capabilities for applications such as fabrication of prototypes for nanometer-scale devices. The Scios instrument uses three in-lens detectors. Manipulating the detectors and mixing their signals allows operators to selectively enhance material or topographic contrast, edge detection, surface specificity, and other attributes. The Helios uses proprietary electron optical and detector technologies to deliver subnanometer imaging resolution over accelerating voltages from 0.5-30 kV for characterization of fine structural, nanoscale details in delicate or beam-sensitive materials without damage. FEI Co. (Hillsboro, Ore.) www.fei.com | 503-726-7500 59 resources Calendar of events September 2013 2-3 Cement and Concrete Science Conference 2013 - University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England; www.port.ac.uk/departments/academic/sces/ccs2013/ 2-5 DCM 2013: Int\'l Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials - Riva del Garda, Italy; www.diamond-conference.elsevier.com 3-6 International Porous and Powder Materials Symposium and Exhibition - Sheraton Hotel Resort & Spa, Izmir, Çe me, Turkey; www.ppm2013.org 9-11 International Symposium on Dynamic Deformation and Fracture of Advanced Materials D2FAM 2013 Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK; www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/ mechman/news/conferences/ d2fam2013/ 11-12 GlassBuild America 2013Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, Ga.; www.glassbuildamerica.com 16-20 E-MRS 2013 Fall Meeting Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland; www.emrs-strasbourg.com/index.php?option=com_con tent&task=view&id=572&Itemid=1584 16-20 JSAP-MRS Joint Symposia - Kyotanabe Campus, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; www.gakkaiweb.net/gakkai/jsap/jsap_mrs/hp/ index.html 22-26 HTCMC-8: 8th Int\'l Conference on High-Temperature Ceramic-Matrix Composites - Qujiang Int\'l Exhibition Center, Xi\'an, China; www.htcmc8.org 25-27 Int\'l Ceramic Exhibition - Tokyo Big Sight East Hall, Tokyo, Japan; www. ceramic-expo.jp 29-Oct. 2 Fractography of Advanced Ceramics - Smolenice Castle, Smolenice, Slovakia; www.imr.saske.sk 29-Oct. 3 ATPC 2013: 10th Asian Thermophysical Properties Conference - Ramada Plaza Jeju Hotel, Jeju, Korea; www.atpc2013.org 10-13 UNITECR 2013 - The Fairmont Empress and Victoria Conference Centre, 29-Oct. 4 Int\'l Conference on Victoria, British Columbia, Canada; www. unitecr2013.org 16-18 ASME 2013 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems Snowbird Resort and Conference Resort, Snowbird, Utah; www.asmeconferences.org/smasis2013/ 16-19 Advanced Materials World Congress (AMWC 2013) – Altinyunus Hotel Çeşme, Çeşme, Turkey; www. amwc2013.org 16-19 Metamaterials\'2013: 7th Int\'l Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics. Metamorphose Virtual Institute / Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; http://congress2013.metamorphose-vi.org 60 60 Silicon Carbide and Related Materials Phoenix Seagaia Resort, Miyazaki, Japan; www.icscrm2013.org October 2013 1-2 ACerS AACS Division Workshop: Using X-rays to Analyze Cultural Heritage SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory and the Cantor Art Museum at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; www.ceramics.org/meetings/acersmeetings 1-4 Nanoscale Multilayers\' 13 IMDEA Materials Institute, Madrid, Spain; www.tms.org/meetings/2013/ nanoscalemultilayers13 5-9 TACT 2013: Int\'l Thin Films Conference - The Grand Hotel, Taipei, Taiwan; www.tact.org.tw 7-11 IC-RMM1: 1st Int\'l Conference on Rheology and Modeling of Materials - Hunguest Hotel Palota, MiskolcLillafüred, Hungary; www.ic-rmm1.eu 8-11 MiMe: Materials in MedicineCeramics Cells and Tissues - City Hall, Faenza, Italy; http://mime.centuriaagenzia.it 14-17 74th Conference on Glass Problems - Greater Columbus Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio; www.glassproblemsconference.org 14-17 SPIE OptiFab 2013 Rochester Riverside Convention Center, Rochester, N.Y.; www.spie.org/ x6567.xml 22-25 The 4th Asian Symposium on Advanced Materials (ASAM-4) National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; www. asam4.org 27-30 NuMat 2014: The Nuclear Materials Conference Hilton Clearwater, Clearwater, Fla.; www. nuclearmaterialsconference.com 27-31 MS&T\'13: Materials Science & Technology Conference and Exhibition - Palais des Congrès de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; www.matscitech.org 27-31 ACerS Annual Meeting and Awards Banquet - Palais des Congrès de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; www.ceramics.org November 2013 4-7 ➡CICC-8: 8th Int\'l Conference on High-Performance Ceramics Chongqing, Sichuan Province, China; www.ccs-cicc.com Dates in RED denote new entry in this issue. 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Cleveland Ave, Suite 210 merican Westerville, OH 43082 Ceramic ociety ww.ceramics.org 63 O deciphering the discipline Morgan O\'Neil Guest columnist Finding real education outside the classroom Howdy! My name is Morgan O\'Neil. I am a mechanical engineering major and a member of the Texas A&M University Fightin\' Aggie class of 2015. I am also performing undergraduate research in the area of MAX phase composites. I was fortunate to get this opportunity after my professor, Miladin Radovic, told me he had an opening for an undergraduate student to work in his lab. Before I started my undergraduate research in May, materials were not extremely high up on the list of things I wanted to study. I have always been fascinated by space and the aerospace industry, and that is ultimately the area where I would like to work for the rest of my life. The opportunity to conduct materials-related undergraduate research has not changed my goal of working in the aerospace field. But I find researching 64 materials extremely interesting, and I view it as something that will help me reach my dream career by broadening my horizons. Research gives me the chance to apply knowledge from materials courses I have taken in the real world, every day, which is very rewarding. I not only get to apply knowledge and concepts with which I am already familiar, I also learn about new ideas and concepts. I recommend undergraduate research to everyone. The undergraduate research experience also gives a glimpse of what graduate school might be like as well as what a career in research might be like. This experience has taught me more about the professional field and what it is like to participate with professional, likeminded students. Another advantage provided by the experience is that it has allowed me to work more closely with faculty members. I hope this will translate to internships, job opportunities, or a better chance at acceptance into a topnotch graduate program. 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